ON BONESETTING

(so called)

And

Its relation to the treatment of joints crippled by injury, rheumatism, inflammation, &c, &c

By

Wharton P. Hood, M.D. M.R.C.S.

1871

Still National Osteopathic Museum © [2006.41.02]

RD686.H76

May not be reproduced with the permission of the Still National Osteopathic Museum \

.-a

o z

Cd O

W i in W H H

1—4 z o ON BONE-SETTING

(SO CALLED),

ITS RELATION TO THE TREATMENT OF JOINTS CRIPPLED BY INJURY, RHEUMATISM, INFLAMMATION, &c. &c.

BY WHARTON P. HOOD, M.D., M.R.C.S.

itoirtfmt avto jgefo MACMILLAN AND CO.

1871.

[The Right of Translation and Reproduction is reserved.} PREFACE.

The substance of the following pages appeared in the columns of the Lancet during March and April of the present year. My own impression of the practical importance of the subject, strength

LONDON: ened by the numerous letters I have since received R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS, BREAD STREET HILL. from many members of the profession, has induced

me to re-publish the papers in a separate form,

with such additional matter as I could command.

The following is the history of their production :—

About six years ago my father, Dr. Peter Hood,

in conjunction with Dr. lies of Watford, attended

the late Mr. Hutton, the famous bone-setter,

through a long and severe illness. On his recovery my father refused to take any fees from Mr.

Hutton, out of consideration for the benefit which

he had rendered to many poor people. Mr. Hutton expressed himself as being thereby placed PREFACE. PREFACE. vn under great obligation, and as being very desirous private friends; and Mr. Hutton's recent death to do something to show his gratitude. He has released me from any scruples about the offered, as an acknowledgment of the kindness he propriety of making these methods more widely had received, to explain and show all the details known. of his practice as a bone-setter. Pressure of work During a second illness from which Mr. Hutton prevented my father from availing himself of this suffered, I took absolute charge of the poorer class offer, and Mr. Hutton then extended it to me. of patients whom he was accustomed to attend

After some consideration, I determined to accept gratuitously, and found that I could easily accom it; and accordingly I went, when I could spare plish all that I had seen him do. I declined, how the time, to Mr. Hutton's London house, on the ever, to undertake the remunerative portion of his days of his attendance there. My decision was practice, and from this and other reasons my inter prompted not only by the curiosity I felt to see course with him had wholly ceased for about two how he treated the cases that came under his care, years prior to his death. I found, however, that it but also by the desire to make known to the had lasted long enough to give me knowledge of profession, at some future time, any insight that a kind that is not conveyed in ordinary surgical

I could gain into the apparent mystery of his teaching, and that, when guided by anatomy, is frequent success. I did not feel justified, however, of the highest practical vaiue, as well in preventive in publishing anything during Mr. Hutton's as in curative treatment lifetime, because, although he exacted from me In the present work, therefore, I purpose giving no conditions, he was freely imparting what he a brief account of the salient features of a bone- thought, and was fairly entitled to think, an setter's method of procedure in the treatment of important and valuable secret. I have not damaged joints, of the results of that treatment, and hesitated, however, to discuss his methods with of the class of cases in which it was successful. And PREFACE. PREFACE. here, in the first place, I must bear tribute to Mr. When I first knew Mr. Hutton, I often tried to Hutton's perfect good faith and honesty. He had argue the point with him, and to explain what it received but a plain education, was entirely desti really was that he had done. I soon found, how tute of anatomical knowledge, and firmly believed ever, that, if I wished to learn from him, I must the truth of his ordinary statement that "the joint simply content myself with listening and observ was out." To him there was no other possible ing. He had grown old in a faith which it was explanation of a constantly recurring sequence of impossible to overturn. events. A joint previously stiff, painful, and help I think, however, that the time is come when less, was almost instantly restored to freedom of the profession should no longer be prevented, by action by his handling, and the change was often the customary mis-statement that "a bone is attended by an audible sound, which he regarded out," from making themselves acquainted with as an evidence of the return of a bone to its place. the means by which the conditions thus falsely When this, to him, pleasant noise was heard, he described may be cured; and at which they may would look in his patient's face and say, in his also reconsider with advantage some of those broad dialect, " Did ye hear that ?" The reply traditions about rest and counter-irritation which would be " Yes ;" and his rejoinder, " Now ye're all have been handed down to them through suc right—use your limb." To the patient, probably cessive generations of surgeons. as ignorant of anatomy as Mr. Hutton himself, who had hobbled to him on crutches, often after Upper Berkeley St., Portman Sq. prolonged surgical treatment, and who went away July 1871. "walking and leaping," it can be no matter for surprise that the explanation was also fully sufficient. CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

PAGE INTRODUCTORY ...... I

CHAPTER II.

PATHOLOGY , . 24

CHAPTER III.

MANIPULATIONS - 59

CHAPTER IV.

MANIPULATIONS (continued) 73

CHAPTER V.

AFFECTIONS OF THE SPINE . 138 A TREATISE

ON

LISTOF ILLUSTRATIONS. BONE-SETTING, etc.

U' PAGE

I. MANIPULATIONOF WRIST yy

CHAPTER I.

2- ,, ELBOW gj

INTRODUCTORY.

3- ,7 SHOULDER 85

Itisknowntomostpractitionersofsurgery,

4- „ ANKLE g9

andhasbecomeknowntomanytotheirgreat

5- ,, KNEE 93 costandloss,thata largeproportionofcasesof

impairedmobilityorusefulnessoflimbs,after 6- „ HIP 97

diseaseorinjury,fallintothehandsofa classof

7- » SPINE IA7 •nencalled"bone-setters."Inallthesecasesitis

-hecustomofsuchmentosaythattheaffected

honeorjointis"out,"althoughtheremaybean

entireabsenceoftheanatomicalsignsofdisplace

ment;andthentoproceedinduecoursetothe

performanceofmanipulationsbywhich,inmany

instances,thepatientisspeedilycured.Teachers

B ON BONE-SETTING.

INTROD UCTORY.

ofsurgery,whentheycondescendtospeakatall

abone-setterforyourenemy;andifhecancure ofbone-settersandtheirworks,aremoreprone

acasewhichyouhavefailedto cure,hisfortune todilateupontheinjurysometimesoccasioned

maybemadeandyoursmarred."Itwouldatfirst byassumed«rough"handling,thanuponthe

sightseemlikelythattheconditionsthusstated improvementwhichitoftentimeseffects.Itis

byMr.Pagetcouldonlyberealizedinthepractice doubtlessnecessarytocautionstudentsagainst

ofsurgeonsofslenderskill,andamongthepoorer twistingorpullinganinflamedorulceratedjoint;

andmoreignorantclassesofthecommunity.This butitwouldsurelyalsobewelltoinquirecare

surmise,however,wouldbeverywideofthetruth; fullywhatisthenatureofthecasesinwhichbone-

forIshallhavetorefertoinstancesinwhichthe settersdogood,andwhatisthechangewhich

failureshavebeenthoseofmennotlessemi theirmanipulationsbringabout.Mr.Paget,in

nentthanMr.Pagethimself,andinwhichthe aclinicallecturedeliveredatSt.Bartholomew's,

patientshaveoccupiedpositionsofprominenceor andpublishedintheBritishMedicalJournal'three

yearsago,standsprobablyaloneinhavingmade distinction.Suchcasesmaynotonlyseriously

thislaudableattempt;buthelabouredunderthe injuretheindividualpractitioner,buttheyserve

disadvantageofbeingguidedonlybyconjecture, tolowerthewholeartofsurgeryintheestimation

ofthepublic.Theyrenderitobligatory,Ithink, orbytheimperfectdescriptionsofpatients,inhis

uponanyonewhomaypossessthepower,toplace ideasofthenatureofthebone-setter'streatment.

Itnecessarilyfollowedthathisconjectureswere beforetheprofessionaclearaccounttheso- of

may calledbone-setting—ofitsmethods,itsfailures, insomerespectserroneous;buthisauthority

anditssuccesses.Tothistask,sofarasmy nonethelessshowthegreatpracticalimportance

powersextend,I purposetoaddressmyselfin ofthequestionsatissue.Hesaystohisstudents:

the followingpages. "Fewofyouarelikelytopractisewithouthaving

Whathasbeencalledbone-settingmaybecon-

B 2 ON BONE-SETTING. INTRODUCTORY.

cisely defined as the art of overcoming, by sudden bent nearly at a right angle to each other; the flexion or extension, any impediments to the free forearm is intermediate between pronation and motion of joints that may be left behind after the supination; the hand in a line with it; and the subsidence of the early symptoms of disease or fingers are straight and rigid, the patient being injury; perhaps, indeed, more frequently of the unable to move them, and also unable to move latter than of the former. either the wrist or elbow. Passive motion can be I could, perhaps, describe no more typical case, accomplished within narrow limits, but produces and none of more frequent occurrence, than the sharp pain, distinctly localized in some single spot following:— about each joint, in which spot there will also be A healthy man sustains a fracture of one or tenderness on pressure. The bone-setter will tell both bones of the forearm, and applies at a hos the man that his wrist and his elbow are " out." pital, where splints are adapted in the usual way. The man may object that the injury had been in He is made an out-patient, and the splints are the middle of the forearm—perhaps from a blow occasionally taken off and replaced. After the or other direct violence. The reply would be that lapse of a certain number of weeks the fracture perhaps the arm had indeed been broken as alleged, becomes firmly united, the splints are laid aside,* but that -the wrist and the elbow had been put out and the man is discharged cured. He is still at the same time, and that these injuries had been unable to use either his hand or his forearm, but overlooked by the doctors. The bone-setter would is assured that his difficulty arises only from the then, by a rapid manipulation hereafter to be stiffness incidental to long rest of them, and that described, at once overcome the stiffness of the it will soon disappear. Instead of disappearing, it fingers, and enable the patient to move them to rather increases, and in due time he seeks the aid and fro. The instant benefit received would dispel of a bone-setter. The arm and forearm are then all scruples about submitting the wrist and the ON BONE-SETTING. INTRODUCTORY,

elbow to manipulation; and these also would be can believe it possible that the first " bone-setter" set free in their turn. The man would go away was the servant or the unqualified assistant of a easily flexing and extending his lately rigid joints, surgeon who had known exactly what could be and fully convinced that he had sustained grievous done by sudden movements, and how those move harm at the hands of his legitimate doctors. ments should be executed. This, however, like all types, is to some extent Such knowledge might easily perish as a pro an ideal case ; and it may be worth while to fessional possession (for, even in our own day of append to it a series of actual narratives. In one books and pamphlets and journals, what a vast instance, where I have obtained permission to do amount of the experience of every man dies with so, I have given the name of the patient, not only him!), and might as easily be handed down as the as a guarantee of authenticity, but also as an secret of a quackery by those who had good reason additional evidence that the art of the bone-setter to appreciate its value. has been successfully called into requisition by From the inquiries I have been able to make, persons who were able to command, and who I gather that the practice of all bone-setters is actually did obtain, the aid of London surgeons much alike as far as manipulation is concerned, of the highest professional position. The fact that and that they differ in the results they bring about these gentlemen failed to cure the patients, and partly because some of them possess more natural that a quack immediately succeeded in doing so, mechanical tact than others, but in a far higher is the ground of my belief that the practice of the degree because some possess sufficient acuteness bone-setter has not only lain in what the Lancet of observation to note and to remember the mani calls a "neglected corner of the domain of surgery," fest symptoms in cases that turn out unfavourably, but also that it has been baseid upon sound tra and to avoid others like them in the time to come. ditions handed down from some earlier day. I Mr. Hutton probably owed his reputation and sue- ON BONE-SETTING. INTRODUCTORY.

cesstoa combinationofboththesequalities.It equallyignorantofanatomyandthemeaningand

wouldbeimpossibleforanymanwhowasignorant signsofdislocation),theexplanationappearsto

ofanatomyandpathologytoenteruponthecareer beamplysufficient;anda surgicaldenialthat

ofabone-setterwithoutdoingmuchmischiefand anysuchinjuryhadexistedwouldcarrybut

littleweightwitha suffererwhomthesurgeon encounteringmanydisastrousresults;butitwould

bequitepossibleforhim,ifsufficientlyintelligent, hadfailedtocure,orwiththenon-professional

tolearntoshunpitfallsbythelightofexperience. witnessesofthecase.

Hewouldcomeintimetoknowtheaspectof Theeffectproduceduponsuchpersonsmaybe

jointsthatitwasprudenttoleavealone,as well illustratedbythefollowingletter,whichappeared

asofthosethatmightbemovedwithsafetyand intheEchonewspaperinMarch1870:—

advantage.Experience,however,wouldinnoway «Sir,—Ashorttimeago,a painter,workingforme,fell

enlightenhimwithregardtothenatureofthe iromonefloortoanother,wasmuchhurt,andsenttoBar

tholomew'sHospital.Afterremainingthereaboutthree difference,orwithregardtothecharacterofthe weekshewassentoutas cured,althoughhecouldnotwalk

lesionsthatherelieved.Thetraditionofthe withoutcrutches.Afterabouta fortnight,seeingthathe

craftisthat"aboneisout,"andtothisstatement gotnobetter,I senthimtoMr.Hutton,ofWyndham

Place,CrawfordStreet,W.,whofoundthathislefthipand itsmemberssteadilyadhere,lessperhapsfrom kneewerebothdislocated,whichsincethenhehasput duplicitythanfrompureignorance. intotheirrightplaces,andthemannowcomestowork his

A sufferercomeswithajointthatisstiff,pain asheusedtodobeforetheaccident.

"Ihaveseveralothercasesshowingtheincapacityofthe ful,andhelpless;andsuchajointisrestoredto surgicalprofession.They,thestudents,aretaughttoknow

freedomandactivitybymovementsthatproduce howtoamputatelegsandarmsandmakecripples,but anaudiblesound,easilytoberegardedasbeing notoneofthemknowshowtodealwithdislocations,

andthussavethenecessityofamputation.Ihavemyself causedbythereturnofa bonetoitsplace.To beenthecauseofsaving,throughMr.Hutton,twolegs thepatient,aswellasthebone-setter(bothbeing frombeingcutoff.OfthisIamreadytogivepositive IO ON BONE-SETTING. INTRODUCTORY. 11

proof.Thisquestionisworthattention,withtheviewto theimputationwhichitwouldcastupon them

establishahospitalfordislocations.Iamquitereadyto

selves,andhaveattributedthecuretotheopera assistandbeconsiderable a subscriber,incasetheproject

canberealized. tionofmentalinfluences,ortothemerelapse

"Yoursrespectfully, oftime,ortotheeffectofprevioustreatment,

"ThomasLawes." "65,CityRoad." andhaverefrainedfrominquiringwhatcolourable

groundtheremightbeuponwhichtheideaof

Ithinktherecanbelittledoubtthattheneglect dislocationcouldrest,orwhatchangethemani

oftheprofessiontoinquireintothetruthslurking pulationsofthebone-setterhadreallybrought

underbone-settinghasbeenmainlyduetotwo about.

causes.First,totheseriousandoftenfatalre WiththesepreliminaryobservationsIproceed

sultsthathaveoccurredinthepracticeofallbone- withtheaccountofthecasestowhichI have

setters,andthathaveprobablyoccurredveryoften referred:—

inthehandsofthelessskilfulandlessdiscreet

A gentlemanwhomI willcallMr.A ,

membersofthefraternity.Secondly,tothe whensittingona stoolinhisoffice,hastilyde

practicaleffectofthestatementthata"bonewas scendedtowelcomea friend.As soonashis

out,"andthatithadbeenreplaced.Surgeons feetreachedthegroundheturnedhisbody

whoknewthisstatementtobeentirelywithout withoutmovingthem,andindoingsohetwisted

foundationhaveperhapsbeentooreadytoat orwrenchedhisleftknee.He immediatelyfelt

tributeittointentionalfraud,andadesireto considerablepaininthejoint,whichlastedforan

deceive;andhavenotbeensufficientlyready hourortwo,butdecreasedasthedayworeon;

tomakeallowancesforthe ignoranceofthose andhecontinuedtomoveaboutasoccasionre

withwhomitoriginated.Hencetheyhavebeen quired.Inthenighthewasarousedbyincreased annoyedanddisgustedbothbyitsfalsityandby pain,andfoundthejointmuchswollen.Mr. 12 ON BONE-SETTING. INTRODUCTORY.

A wasthebrotheroftheprofessorofmid oftheinnercondyleofthefemur,andthepatient

wiferyatoneoftheprincipalmedicalschoolsin shrankfromthepressureandcomplainedofgreat

London,andhehadthebestsurgicaladvicethat pain.He(Mr.Hutton)madenofurtherexami

Londoncouldafford.Hewasorderedtorest nationthelimb, of but.said,"WhatdidItell

thelimb,andtoapplyheatandmoisture.In youtwoyearsago?" Mr.A replied,"You

thiswayheobtainedsomediminutionofthepain, saidmykneewasout.""AndI tellyousonow,"

buttheswellingcontinued.Heatlastsentfor wastherejoinder."Canyouputitin?"saidMr.

Mr.Hutton,whoatoncedeclaredthattheknee A # «Ican.""Thenbegoodenoughtodo

was"out,"andproposedtoreplaceit.An ap so,"saidMr.A ,holdingouthislimb.Mr.

pointmentforthispurposewasmade,butinthe Hutton,however,declinedtooperateforaweek;

meantimethepatienthadagainseeneminent orderedthejointtobeenvelopedinlinseed

surgeons,andhewrotetopreventMr.Hutton poulticesandrubbedwithneat's-footoil,made

fromcoming.Twoyearsofuninterruptedsurgical anappointment,andtookhisleave.Duringthe

treatmentpassedwithoutimprovement,andthen dialogueIhadcarefullyexaminedthelimb,had

Mr-A sentforMr.Huttonagain.Onthis, satisfiedmyselfthattherewasnodislocation,and

thesecondvisit,Iaccompaniedhim,andwhatI hadarrivedattheconclusionthatrest,andnot

witnessedmadeagreatimpressiononmymind. movement,wasthetreatmentrequired.Attheex

Wefoundtheknee-jointenvelopedinstrapping; pirationoftheweekIwentagaintothehouse,and

andwhenthiswasremoved,thejointwasseen Mr.Huttonarrivedshortlyafterwards."How's

tobemuchswollen,andtheskinshiningand theknee?"washisinquiry."Itfeelseasier."

discoloured.Thejointwasimmoveable,andvery «Beenabletomoveit?""No.""Giveittome."

painfulontheinnerside.Mr.Huttonatonce Thelegwasstretchedout,andMr.Huttonstoodin placedhisthumbonapointovertheloweredge frontofthepatient,whohesitated,andloweredhis ON BONE-SETTING. INTROD UCTOR V.

. limb. "You are quite sure it is out, and you can few days he returned to business, and from that put it right ?" There was a pause, and then, " Give time until his death, which occurred three years me your leg, I say." The patient obeyed reluctantly, afterwards, his knee remained perfectly well. and slowly raised it to within Mr. Hutton's reach.' A case hardly less remarkable was that of the He grasped it with both hands, round the calf, Hon. Spencer Ponsonby, which attracted consider with the extended thumb of the left hand pressing able attention at the time. As Mr. Ponsonby has on the painful spot on the inner side of the knee, kindly written out for me the history of his case, and held the foot firmly by grasping the heel and as his description is very graphic, I cannot between his own knees. The patient was told to do better than give it in his own words. I need sit steadily in his chair, and at that moment I only add to it that the initials A , B , think he would have given a good deal to have C , &c, represent the names of men of con regained control over his limb. Mr. Hutton siderable standing in the profession. inclined his knees towards his right, thus aiding "On Nov. 26th, 1864, m running across the in the movement of rotation which he impressed garden at Croxteth, near Liverpool, I felt and

upon the leg with his hands. He maintained firm heard something crack in the calf of my left leg.

pressure with his thumb on the painful spot, and It was so painful that I rolled over like a shot suddenly flexed the knee. The patient cried out rabbit, and could scarcely reach the house, a few with pain. Mr. Hutton lowered the limb, and yards off. I at once put my leg up to the knee told him to stand up. He did so, and at once in a pail of hot water, and boiled it for an hour. declared he could move the leg better, and that Next day, being no better, I sent for a medical the previously painful spot was free from pain. man in the neighbourhood, who told me I had He was ordered to take gentle daily exercise, snapped a muscle, and must keep quiet for a and his recovery was rapid and complete. In rt few days. He rubbed in a strong liniment, there IT

16 ON BONE-SETTING.

INTRODUCTORV.

beingnosignofinflammation;andputona

"Aug.14th.—AsIdidnotimprove,Mr.C strongleatherplaster.Incouple a ofdaysI

putmy legintoa gum-plasterfora month.I wasabletohobble;butbeingtelegraphedto

thenwentyachting,soastoobtainperfectre^ London,andgoingintoanemptyhouse,I

poseforthattime.My health,whichhadbeen

knockedmytoeagainsta tackinthefloor,and

gettingbad,wasimprovedbythesea-air,but hurtmyselfworsethanever.

mylegwasnobetter.Thesurgeononboard "Fromthistime(Dec.2nd)tothebeginning

theyacht,Dr.E ,alsoexaminedme,and ofMayIwasattendedbyMr.A andMr.

agreedastothecauseofthelameness,butsaid, B inconsultation,whoagreedinsayingthat

'Anoldwomanmaycureyou,butnodoctorwill.'

the'stockingofthecalfwassplit'(gastrocnemius, "OnSept.7thgum-plaster the wasremoved,

Ithinktheycalledit),andtreatedmeaccordingly.

andgalvanismwasthentriedforaboutthree Occasionallymyleggotbetter;buttheslightest

weeks.AttheendofthistimeIwentona exertionproducedpainandweakness.

yachtvoyageforfourmonths,and,duringthe "Onthe2ndofMay,Mr.C undertookme.

wholeofthisperiod,hadsea-waterdouches.All He agreedasthe toinjury,butthoughtthat,

thistimeIhadbeeneitheroncrutchesortwo constitutionally,Iwasoutoforder,andgaveme

sticks.Myhealthwasmuchimprovedbythe someiron,&c,withouteffect.My legwasalso

sea-voyage,butmylegwasthesameasbefore, fixedinanironmachinetorelievethemuscles

andhadshrunktoabouthalfitspropersize. ofthecalffromtheweightoftheleg.Another

-April5rt.-Mr.F beganhissystemto eminentsurgeoncameinconsultationonJune

curemyleg.Hisideathat was,themuscles

26th.HeagreedinMr.C 'streatment,andin

wereseparated,butthatifbroughttogethercon thecauseofthelameness,asdidDr.D

tinuously,theywouldrejoin.Iworeahigh- whowasconsultedastomygoingtoWildbad.

heeledbootduringtheday,andduringthenight

C 18 ON BONE-SETTING. INTRODUCTORY.

my heelwasfixedso thatitwaskeptinthesame uponme,and,aftera time,therewasa distinct

position.No goodarosefromthistreatment, report,andfromthatmomentthepainwasgone.

andconsequently,aftera month'strial,I went Mr.Huttondesiredme towalkmoderately,but

toMr.Hutton,who,,on seeingmy highheel, totakenoviolentexercisefora longtime,and Do said,'Whatdoyouwearthatmachinefor? tousegood a dealofcoldwater.Fromthat

youwanttolameyourself?'I wasproceeding momentmy leggraduallygotbetter.Iwasable

totellhimtheopinionofthevarioussurgeons towalkoutshootingquietlyinSeptember,and

onmy case,whenhesaid,'Don'tbothermeabout on the14thOctober,having misseda train,

anatomy;I knownothingaboutit:butI tell walkedhomefifteenmilesalongthehighroad. youyourankleisout,andthatI canputitin InthefollowingyearI resumedcricket,tennis, again/ andotherstrongexercise,andhavecontinued

"Aftera fewweeks,duringwhichhad he been themeversince. totheNorth,andcouldnotthereforeundertake "IomittedtomentionthatonJuly5th,1866, my case,I returnedtohimonJune27th,telling aboutaweekaftermy firstoperation,I hurtmy himthatI hadinthemeantimeconsultedsur legagainbyover-exertion,andwasaslameas geonswhohadassuredme that,whateverelse ever.ButMr.Huttonrepeatedhistreatment,

mightailme,my anklewasmostassuredly*all andIhaveneverhadanotherrelapse.Hisstate right/butthatI wouldnotwithstandingsubmit menttome was,thattheankle-jointbeingmis tohistreatment.He againexaminedme most placed,themuscleswerealsomisplaced,and carefully,beginningattheankleroundbone,and wouldnotheal." hethenputhisthumbontoa placewhichhurt Thehistoryofthefollowingcasehasbeen me a gooddeal,andproduceda sensationofa kindlycommunicatedtome,partlybythepatient sharpprickofa pin.He proceededtooperate himself,andpartlybymy friendMr.Keyser,of

C 2 2O ON BONE-SETTING, INTRODUCTORY. 21

Norfolk Crescent, who took charge of it at a late ment, however, his knee and wrist were left period. The patient, Mr. G , was a member immovable. Active mischief having at length of the House of Commons, and had been in good ceased, gentle passive motion of the joints was health until October 1866. tried; but was discontinued on account of the

One morning, in the beginning of that month, extreme pain produced when an attempt was while staying in the country, he awoke suffering made to flex either limb beyond a certain angle. from severe pains in almost every joint of his A starch bandage was then applied to the knee, body. He remained in bed until his servants but proved unbearable, and was removed at the were stirring; and when assistance came, he tried end of two days. Various local remedies were to rise. He found himself almost unable to do next employed, and by the aid of crutches Mr. so, but by dint of great effort he succeeded, only G was rendered able to hobble about to return to bed again after a short interval. Six months after the commencement of his The pain, which was decided by his medical malady, no marked change having taken place, advisers to be rheumatic in character, increased he determined to try what a bone-setter could as the day wore on, and ultimately centred in do for him. He sent for Mr. Hutton, who placed the left knee and left wrist, where it was ac his thumb upon a spot on the inner side of the companied by considerable swelling and heat of knee, and produced great pain by pressure there. the joints. Mr. Keyser, who was present, placed his thumb The patient was treated for this condition in also on the same spot, and assured himself of its the usual manner; and, after the lapse of some tenderness. The delay of a week for poulticing time, his pain was relieved. He then came to and oiling was recommended ; and at the end of town, and was under the care of Mr. Keyser and that time the joints were manipulated in the two hospital surgeons. Notwithstanding all treat- customary manner; and the painful spot when INTRODUCTORY. 22 ON BONE-SETTING.

distinguished hospital surgeon, under whose advice sought for by Mr. Keyser was no longer to be found. Comparative freedom of motion followed a splint was applied, and iodine used externally. the treatment The patient was at once able to At the end of some weeks the joint was still cross the affected knee over the other, a position stiff, useless, and tender; and tthe patient heartily never attained since the beginning of the illness, tired both of its condition and the treatment. She determined to apply to a bone-setter, who and the usual motions of the joint were not only nearly perfect, but were unattended by pain. gave the usual verdict upon her case, and with a single sharp flexion and extension restored her to In Mr. G 's own words, he felt, after the ope comfort, and the injured thumb to usefulness. ration, that the leg had once more got into a line Such, together with others to which I shall with the thigh. He then made rapid progress to come in the sequel, are the kind of cases in which recovery, and soon regained the almost complete some of the best skill of surgeons has been at power over his knee which he still possesses. The important point in his case was the fact that fault, and in which speedy relief has been given he had remained for many weeks stationary, with by the proceedings of a quack. It will be the object of the following pages to show to what tenderness on the inner side of his knee, and that principles these proceedings were indebted for the immediate effect of the manipulation to which their curative power; and in what way the appli he was subjected was the loss of this tenderness, cation of these principles may be undertaken, and the commencement of a speedy recovery of normal function. safely and scientifically, by the legitimate mem The next case has been kindly communicated bers of the profession. by Dr. Douglas Reid, of Pembroke. Lady , having sustained an accidental injury to one of her thumbs, was taken by her father to a very PATHOLOGY,

partcontiguoustoit,andtheimmediateeffectsof

thediseaseorinjurymusthavealreadyingreat

partpassedaway.Ifthejointitselfhasbeen

originallyimplicated,itwillusuallybemoreor

CHAPTER II. lesstumidandtender,withperhapsa slight

PATHOLOGY. elevationoftemperature; butifnotoriginally

implicated,theseconditionswillnotexistIn

PREMISINGthatthetreatmentemployedbybone- anycaseitwillbestiff,andwillbedescribedby

settersconsistsinthesuddenforcible and over thepatientas"weak;"andanattempttomove

comingofresistancetomotion,itnecessary is itbeyonda certainrangewillbeproductiveof

toinquirewhatisthenatureofthecasesinwhich pain.On carefulexaminationsomespotwillbe

thistreatmentmaybebeneficiallyemployed,and found,oftenverylimitedinextent,atwhichpain

whataretheimpedimentsthatcanbethusover isproducedbypressure,anditwillbe fromthis

come.Theactualpracticeofbone-settersisren spotthatthepainofmovementradiates.In

deredmoreperplexingthanitneedbebytheir mostinstancestheoriginalmischiefwillhave

errors—thatis,bytheirliabilitytooverlookcon beentreatedbyrigidlyenforcedrest,andthe

ditionswhichshouldprohibitinterference;but,if patientwilloftenpresenthimselfwearingsome

abstractionbemadeofthissourceofdifficulty,it splint,bandage,machine,orotherappliancein

willbefoundthatthecasestheytreatsuccessfully restraintofmovement.It isquitenecessary,

havecertaincommoncharactersonwhichaclassi however,thatsomepossibilityofpassivemove

ficationmaybebased. mentshouldremain,andbone-settersarepower

Theyoriginate,inmostinstances,indiseaseor lessagainsttrueosseousanchylosis,inwhichjoints injuryeitheroftheaffectedjointitselforofsome areabsolutelyfixedandpainless.Theyavoid 26 ON BONE-SETTING. PATHOLOGY. 27

casesinwhichthereismuchheat,orswelling,or tothemselves,ortothesoftpartsaroundthem,

redness,oracutegeneralpain;andalsocasesin oraftersomepainfuldiseaseaffectingeither—

whichthereisanydischargeofdeadbone,oreven e.g.a stiffshoulder-jointfollowinginflammation

ofpus;exceptpossiblyinafewexamplesofwhat andsuppurationofthebursabeneaththedeltoid

asurgeonwoulddescribesinuses asintheneigh muscle;orastiffhip-jointafterinflammationof

bourhoodofajoint,butnotactuallyimplicatingit. thebursaoverthegreattrochanter.

Thevariouspositiveandnegativeconditionsthus 4.Rheumaticandgoutyjoints.

describedmayofcoursebevariouslybrought 5.Displacedcartilages.

about,andthemorbidstatesthatareactually 6.Ganglionicswellingsaboutthecarpus.

successfullytreatedIshouldclassifyinthefollow 7.Subluxationofbonesofthecarpusandtarsus.

ingmanner:— 8.Displacedtendons.

I.Stiffnessandpainofjointsfollowingfracture 9.Hystericaljoints.

ofoneofthebonesformingthem.Thesecases Themanipulationofcasesofnearlyallthese

areoftwoclasses:(a)simplystiffjoints,rendered kindshasfullyconvincedmethatwhenajoint

sobywantofmovement,byhaving and been iskeptatrest,itisapttoundergochangesin

includedinthesplintsappliedtothefracture; restraintofmovementaffectingeitheritsown

and(ff)stiffandswollenjoints,whichhadbeen structuresorthoseimmediatelysurroundingit.

moreorlessimplicatedintheoriginalinjury. Itisprobablethatsomeconstitutionalstates

2.Sprains,whetherofrecentdateorofold involvea specialproclivitytosuchchanges,and standing,butwhichhavebeentreatedbyrigidly thattheyoccurearlierinsomepersonsthanin enforcedrest. others.Itwouldbedifficulttospeakwithcer

3.Jointsthathavebeenkeptatrestvoluntarily taintyabouttheirseatornaturewithoutanato fortheavoidanceofpain,eitheraftersomeinjury

micalexamination;buttheyresistpassivemotion 28 ONBONE-SETTING. PATHOLOGY. 29

——___

withasortofelasticresistance,asifthejoints thatseemsnaturallytosuggesttheuseofsome

wererestrainedbyligamentousorstrongfibrous formofmechanicalsupport.Whilethisisworn

tissue.Possibly,insomecases,theproperliga itgivesaslightincreaseofpower,butitsremoval

mentsmaybecomecontractedorrigid,oradherent leavestheformerconditionessentiallyunchanged.

toneighbouringparts-;inothers,externalin or Themeaningof"weakness"insuchcasesisthat

ternaladventitiousfibrousbandsmaybeformed; thejointcannotbemovedwithoutpain,and

inothers,musclesmayhaveundergoneshortening! peopleonlyusethewordforwantofknowing

Again,effusionmayhavebecomesolidified,and howtodescribeaccuratelytheexistingcondition.

thusmovementbeimpaired,asifbyastateof Anyonewhohaseversufferedfromlumbagowill

thingsanalogoustoarustyhinge.Itiseven understandthis.A personsosufferingfeels

probablethatoneeffectofrestmaybetodimi "weakness"inthesensethatthepowertorise

nishsecretion(thenaturalstimulusaffordedby fromtherecumbentpostureisapparentlygone.

movementbeingwithdrawn)bothm thearticu Itisnotreallygone,butthereisaninstinctive

lationsthemselvesandinthesheathsoftendons; dreadofcallingtheaffectedmusclesintoaction;

andsotoproduceakindofunnaturaldryness,' andthisdreadconveystothemindanimpression

analogoustothatwhichwemaysupposetoexist ofinabilitytomove,whichcanonlybeovercome

inthecaseahorse ofthatis-stiffatstarting." byamostdeterminedeffortofthewill.

Inall,however,theimpedimenttomotionbe Now,thecasesinwhichbone-settersattaintheir

comesasourceofpainwhenmotionisattempted; successesarethoseinwhichsomerestraintof andthispainisoftenerroneouslylookeduponas movement,dueeithertoaninjuryortotherest anindicationforcontinuedrestA patientwill consequentuponit,ortobothtogether,andwhich unintentionallydeceivehissurgeonbysayingthat painfullychecksthemotionsofthejoint,admits theaffectedjoint"feelsweak/'-anexpression ofbeingatonceovercomebymanipulation.In ONBONE-SETTING. PATHOLOGY.

.

thanby SirThomasWatson,thatthevariety thecaseMr.A of ,alreadydescribedinthe

precedingchapter,nodoubtsomeadventitious ofstructurescontainedwithintheeyerendersit

bandwasrestrainingmovement,andthatoneof liabletomanyofthediseasesthataffectother

itsattachmentswastothelowermarginofthe partsofthebody,whileitstransparencyallows

internalcondyleofthefemur.Painatthisspot themtobestudiedwitha precisionthatisunat

wasexperienced,andfurthermovementwas tainableelsewhere;andthatitishencewell

checked,assoonasthebandwasrenderedtense. calculatedtoafforda keytomanyobscureques

Itsfrequenttractionuponitsinsertioncaused tionsinpathology.I venturetothinkthatwe

thatto partbeconstantlytenderunderpressure; mayobtainanillustrationfromitinthepresent

anditsgenerallydisturbinginfluenceexcitedand instance.

maintainedanirritatedandswollenconditionof Itiswellknownthat,inmoderatelycontracted

thejoint.Mr.Huttonrupturedthebandwhen statesofthepupil,theposteriorsurfaceofthe

hetwistedandsharplyflexedthelimb;andall irisrestsabsolute in "contactwiththeanterior

thetroublesconsequentuponitspresenceeither surfaceofthecrystallinelens;butthat,when

immediatelyorgraduallysubsided.Ifrequently thepupilisfullydilated,thetwostructuresare

sawhimhandlingjointswhichatthetimeseemed separatedbya layerofaqueoushumour.

tomenotlikelytobeimprovedbysuchtreat Whentheirisisinflamed,ifitcontinuein

absolutecontactwiththelens,weseeadhesions ment;andyet,whentheoperationwasfinished

andmuchpainhadbeenproduced,thepatients takeplacespeedily;whereas,ifthepupilbe

joyfullyexpressedtheirsenseofincreasedpower welldilated,anditsmarginnolongertouches

andfreedomofmovement. thelens,thelymphthatwouldhaveformedan

adhesionremainsasan harmlessnodule,or Ithasoftenbeenpointedoutbydistinguished

becomesdiffusedthroughtheaqueoushumour. writersonmedicine,andbynonemoreforcibly ON BONE-SETTING. PATHOLOGY. 33

We therefore see that, in a shut cavity containing tism, exposure to cold, or other general cause, fluid, the effect of inflammation is to produce but it may be, and often is, produced by the speedy agglutination between surfaces in contact. extension of inflammation from parts external The adhesions produced by iritis may, at an to the ocular cavity, as from the conjunctiva in early stage of their formation, be stretched by purulent ophthalmia. movement. The application of atropine will Now, reasoning from the analogies thus pre dilate the pupil; and if made in time will trans sented to us, I am disposed to infer that intra- form the adhesion into a band, or will even detach articular inflammation, however arising, may easily or rupture it. If the application be too long produce adhesions between surfaces resting in ap delayed, the adhesion will resist its influence, and position ; that such adhesions, if so placed as to the lymph will undergo a subsequent process of restrain movement, will cause pain and irritation contraction. whenever they are rendered tense; and that in When the subsidence of an attack of iritis flammation sufficient to produce them may be leaves behind it an adhesion that has neither been insidiously set up in a joint by extension from detached nor thoroughly stretched, this in most neighbouring structures. cases becomes a source of future trouble. It In support of this view, Sir B. Brodie, in his abruptly checks the natural changes of the pupil work on " Diseases of the Joints," says: " I have at some given point. When this happens, the seen several cases where, from the appearance of patient is often conscious of a feeling of tension, the the joint and other circumstances, there was every eye is generally more or less irritable, and another reason to believe that the inflammation had pro attack of iritis will sooner or later be the result. duced adhesions, more or less extensive, of the The original iritis may not only be excited reflected folds of the membrane (synovial) to each by direct injury, or arise from syphilis, rheuma- other; and I have observed occasionally in dis-

D 34 ON BONE-SETTING. PATHOLOGY. 35 section such partial adhesions as might reasonably think that the use of gentle or gradually increasing be supposed to have arisen from inflammation at passive movements of partially fixed joints is fairly some former period." comparable to the use of atropine; and that the Apart from these considerations, there can be sudden rupture of articular adhesions is fairly no question about the amount of mechanical comparable to the operation of corelysis. impediment to movement that may be produced In my own early endeavours to overcome by extra-articular inflammation. If we consider impediments to articular motion, I fell, not the amount and character of the effusion that unnaturally, into the error of not using sufficient takes place after some sprains and injuries, in force to overcome the resistance. I was too tender some gouty and rheumatic affections, and in some in my handling, because possessed by a perfectly cases of suppuration occurring in bursa or beneath groundless fear of exciting inflammatory action. deep fascia, we cannot doubt that such effusion Mr. Hutton has often told me that he had never may easily assume forms in which it will tie seen inflammation follow his manipulations ; and down muscles, tendons, or even articular extre although it is very possible that some persons in mities themselves. whom it did follow may have kept away from him, If we return to the consideration of the pheno I have no hesitation in saying that it is not to mena of iritis, we shall find that the adhesions of be feared as a result of forcibly overcoming the the pupillary margin may sometimes be broken, kind of restraints to motion that I have been con or so stretched as to become innocuous, by the sidering. Such restraints would be present in persistent use of atropine; but that when they greater or lesser degree in the first four of the resist this treatment, modern surgeons break them classes of cases that I have set down; although mechanically, by introducing a hook or forceps into in the fourth class, the gouty and rheumatic joints, the eye and employing the necessary traction. I there would often be such other changes as to

D 2 PATHOLOGY. 37 ON BONE-SETTING.

of adhesion about the joints, or by a twist or other render the treatment by movement of only limited direct violence. I see no other explanation, for utility. Cases of displaced cartilage, too, would example, of Mr. Ponsonby's account of the accident often be attended by voluntary restraint of move that happened to him after the first manipulation. ment for fear of pain, and hence by the formation It seems clear that in the first instance the artificial of some kind of adhesion; and then manipulation position so long maintained had given rise to might effect the double purpose of breaking the some kind of adhesion about the tarsus, the exact adhesion and of rectifying the displacement. spot where pain was so acute being over the upper Ganglionic swellings about the carpus are com portion of the calcaneo-cuboid articulation, and monly attended with pain and weakness of the that this adhesion was broken through and the joint. Their occasional stony hardness induces foot restored to freedom. But the lameness that bone-setters to look upon them as displaced was soon after produced by over-exertion, and bones ; even if told better, they are* unable to en that was immediately removed by manipulation, tertain the idea that a bag of fluid can give such must surely have been due to some change in the a sensation to the touch; and when ganglia dis relations or apposition of the articular surfaces. appear from under the thumb, from the pressure Displacement of a tendon is certainly of more and flexion employed, it is easily believed that frequent occurrence than is usually supposed; a bone has slipped into its place. and, excluding several cases where the symptoms Subluxations of carpal and tarsal bones must were unmistakable, I have seen numerous others occur, I think, in a considerable number of in operated upon in which the alteration in the stances. I mean by subluxation some disturbance appearance of the joint immediately afterwards of the proper relations of a bone, without absolute could only be accounted for by this explanation displacement; and I believe that such disturbance of the injury. Mr. Paget refers to this accident may be produced either by the traction of a band ON BONE-SETTING. PATHOLOGY. 39

in his lecture already quoted; and Mr. Curling exercise forbidden. After a few weeks, I had a has published the following interesting case :— laced-up ankle-support, with a pad to fit behind "A young gentleman, about twenty-one years the fibula, made; and he was then allowed to of age, in May last met with an accident in jump move about, and he shortly returned into the

ing, by his left foot slipping on a stone and country. He paid me a visit in December, seven

turning outwards. He felt considerable pain in months after the accident He stated that the the ankle, became lame, and sensible of some tendon had kept in place ; but he occasionally thing being wrong. On taking off his boot, he felt a weakness in the part, and a sensation as found a projecting cord at the outer and front if the sinew was not secure, especially in walking part of the ankle; this he easily pressed back, on rough ground. He was about to emigrate to with instantaneous relief. In the course of the Australia. I recommended his continuing to wear following week, the displacement recurred twice; the laced-up sock and pad for some years. and the patient sent for Mr. Bailey, a surgeon at " Dislocation of the peroneus longus tendon is

Wansford, who at once ascertained the case to so rare an accident, that the particulars of a case be a dislocation of the tendon of the peroneus are worthy of record. Two or three of my pro longus muscle. He applied an angular piece of fessional friends state that they have met with it, cork to the margin of the fibula, so as to prevent but I have no recollection of having read any the tendon from slipping over it; and confined account of it in books. The nature of the case this with a bandage. A few days afterwards, the can readily be recognized, and the tendon can be patient called on me, when I found the tendon easily replaced behind the fibula. The great in its usual site, rather more prominent than difficulty is to keep it there after rupture of the usual The cork pad was re-applied, and kept in sheath, as the tendon so readily slips forward in place with strapping and a bandage; and walking the movements of the foot, which at once gives 7"

ON BONE-SETTING. PATHOLOGY.

risetolameness.Thishascausedsomuchan operationuponthemind;inothersagain,Ithink,

noyance,thatithasbeenproposedtodividethe theoriginallyhystericalaffectionhasbrought

tendonsubcutaneously.Intheabovecase,the afteritanactualmalady.Mr.Skeydescribes

tendonhadbeenretainedinplacemanymonths a hystericaljointinthefollowingwords:—

by greatcareonthepartthe ofpatient,who "Youwillfind,ontheoccasionofyourfirst

fullyappreciatedthedifficultyofthetreatment, visit,thepatientwalkinglame.Thislameness

andnevermovedaboutwithoutthesupportof hasexistedforseveraldays,probablyweeks,

thebandage." beforeattentionhasbeenattractedtoit,andhas

IntheinstancesthatI havemyselfseen,the comeonverygradually.Thejointisstiff—not

tendencytorecurrenceofthedisplacementhas thatitwillnotbend,butthemovementispainful.

notbeenpresentinanythinglikethedegreethat Theremaybeincreasedheatinthejointwhen

comparedwiththatoftheoppositelimb,butnot isheredescribed;butthedifferencemightdepend

partlyupontheextenttowhichthesheathhad muchindegree.Thekneeisslightlyswollen.

beentorn;andpartlyuponthe characterofthe Ifyouseethecaseaftertreatmenthascom

reparativeprocess. menced—i.e.aftertherepeatedapplicationof

Thecasesof"hystericaljoints"thatcome leeches,blisters,andtinctureof iodine(thealmost

beforebone-settersareprobablynumerous,and universalagentindifficulty)—theswellingwillbe

forthemostpartarelikelytohavebeenlong palpable,andtheoutlineofthejointhasunder

undermedicaltreatmentInsomeofthemthere gonea change."

maybeconsciousimposturewhichthepatientis Thesameauthoralsosays:—

"InthecourseoflastyearIwasconsultedby wearyof,andwishfulofanexcusetolayaside;

thefamilyofa younglady,eighteenyearsofage, inothersthenatureof thetreatmentandthe

attendantcircumstancesmayeffectacurebytheir livingata distancefromLondon,relativetoan

iii ON BONE-SETTING. PATHOLOGY. 43

affectionoftheknee,fromwhichshehadbeen settermayhave beentheprecisethingthatwas

sufferingforaperiodoftenmonths.Thejoint requiredtoremedy,not theoriginalnervous

malady,buttheprejudicialeffectsoftreatment. wasstiffandpainful;shemovedabouton

We haveabundantevidencethatevenanordinary crutches; therewas noconsiderableamountof

heat,andwhatalterationexistedintheformand blisterwillattimesexciteinflammationinasub

outlineofthekneewasduetotheactivityofthe jacentserouscavity;suchasthepleuraorthe

pasttreatment;thetissueshadlosttheirnatural pericardium;andIseenoreasontodoubtthat

softnessandflexibility;thejointhadbeenre itwilldothesameinthecavityofa joint;

peatedlyleechedandblistered,andsubjectedto causingadhesionswhichmaysometimesyieldto

thegradualtractionproducedbyeffortstoresume theapplicationoflinimentsinvarietyofcolour

ordinarymovement,butwhichmaysometimes andcomposition;anissuehadbeenmadeonthe

innersideofthepatella,which,judgingfromthe requirebetorn tothroughbysuddenflexion.

Inmy originalpapersonthissubjectinthe cicatrixitleftbehind,hadnotbeenasmallone,

andthecurativeinfluenceofwhichhadnotbeen Lancet,Isaidthatacutearticulardiseasemustbe discoverableduringfourmonths,attheexpiration excludedfromtheclassofcasesinwhichthe

ofwhichnaturewasallowedtohealit." movementspractisedbybone-setterscouldbe

Ifwecarefullyconsiderthisdescription,and useful.Thereis,however,aperiodatwhichthis

statementceasestoholdgood;andinwhich admit,asIfearwemust,thatithasbeenverified

ininnumerableinstances,Ithinkweshallalso timelymovementmaypreventtheoccurrenceof bedriventotheconclusionthatadhesiveinflam permanentadhesion.Ihavemetwithanarrative mationinoraroundajointmayverywellhave oftwocases,publishedbyMr.Carterinthethird beenexcitedbythecombinedeffectsofrestand volumeoftheLondonHospitalReports,bywhich

ofcounter-irritation,andthattheartofthebone- thisisparticularlywellillustrated;somuchso, 44 ON BONE-SETTING. PATHOLOGY. 45

indeed,thatI havethoughtitworthwhileto bya freeincisionintothejoint,inthedirection

transcribethem.Theyareentitled oftheaxisthe oflimb,andjustexternaltothe

outerborderofthepatella.Thepressureof the TwocasesofAcuteSuppurationinKnee-joint,in

distendedjointupontheveinshadproducedcon whichrecoverywithfreemotionensued.

siderableoedemaoftheleg;and,onthisaccount,

"H.C ,a coalminer,intheprimeoflife,

itseemeddesirabletoobtainfirmandaccurate

andremarkableamonghisfellow-workmenforhis mechanicalsupportfortheleg,aswellasim greatstrengthandendurance,receiveda blow mobilityofthearticulation.Forthesepurposes

uponhisleftknee,bythefallingofsomemasses thefollowingcontrivancewasemployed:—

ofstonefromtheroofofthestallinwhichhe "A.splint,aslightandthinaswasconsistent

worked.Notwithstandingseverepain,hecon withthenecessarystrength,wascutfromaflat

tinuedtolabouruntilhisusualhour;andthen pieceofdeal.Thissplintwaslongenoughto

walkedamileandahalftohishome.Onarriving reachfromthetuberischiitotheoscalcis.At

there,hewenttobed,andenvelopedtheinjured

theupperenditwasaboutthreeinchesinwidth, jointinmustardpoultices.ThenextdayIwas

anditgraduallytaperedtoaninchandahalf askedtoseehim.

atthelowerend;sothat,wheninposition,it

"Itisnotremarkablethatajointthusinjured, waseverywhereoverlappedbythelimb.Itwas andthusingeniouslymaltreatedaftertheinjury, paddedbytwoorthreestripsofblanketing,and

becametheseatofinflammation;northat,when

bya littlecushiontofilltheham;anditwas theinflammationhadsomewhatsubsided,the secureduponthecentre-pieceofa many-tailed articularcavitywasleftmuchdistendedbyfluid. bandage.Thiscentre-piecewassomewhatlonger

"Induetime,anexploratorypunctureshowed thanthesplint,soastoturnroundtheheel,and

thecontainedfluidtobepus;anditwasevacuated reachalongthesoleofthefoottotherootof PATHOLOGY. ON BONE-SETTING. 47

loosened the bandage. It was then carefully cut the toes. The tails were rolled up and tacked through on both sides of the limb, and the whole to two pieces of tape, and the whole apparatus so fastened together that it could be put into dressing removed and re-applied with the smallest its place by once elevating the limb. The heel possible movement or disturbance. and malleoli were then protected by strips of soft " The discharge from the joint, at first purulent leather, spread with lead plaster; the splint was and profuse, gradually became serous and scanty. placed in position, and the leg gently lowered After a time it formed a scab, by which the down to rest upon it. The pad under the ham wound was completely sealed. I expected no better result than anchylosis, and when the scab was accurately adjusted, a little cotton-wool placed to fill up any hollows, and then the tails fell and disclosed a firm cicatrix I removed the of the bandage were laid down firmly and closely splint and bandage, and left the patient in bed. from the toes upwards, and thoroughly secured On visiting him the next day he was up and by starch. Opposite the knee-joint two tails on dressed, sitting in a chair with both knees bent each side were left unstarched; but the starch in the ordinary manner. He said that a stiff leg was again applied above. The unstarched tails would cripple him as a miner, that he determined to try and bend his knee, and that the attempt were pinned, so that they could be opened to succeeded. No bad symptoms followed, and he renew some charpie, placed over the wound to absorb the discharge. As soon as the starch soon returned to his work. He remained under had hardened, the limb was slung by tapes from my observation for more than two years; and the joint that suppurated was in every respect a common cradle, so as to move freely from the acetabulum, and to allow the patient to lie in as strong, as flexible, and as useful as the other. almost any position. "With the preceding case fresh in my recol lection, I was asked by the late Mr. Fox of "After a few days the subsidence of oedema 48 ON BONE-SETTING. PATHOLOGY.

Nottingham to visit for him a pauper patient the patient, it was manifest that a good result who lived near my own house. I found a young could only be obtained by extreme care; and, woman, the daughter of parents in easy circum living near, I availed myself of the proximity to stances, but who had been seduced, and had left superintend the nursing. For many weeks I took her home in consequence. She had earned a charge of the affected limb during every change scanty subsistence by needle-work; and, when I of bedding, clothing, or positioa The case was saw her, she had been three weeks delivered of much more protracted than the former one; but a puny infant, that died shortly afterwards. its course was in all essentials the same. The "A few days after her confinement, her right purulent discharge became serous, and the wound knee-joint became inflamed. I found her with was sealed, after a time, by a scab, under which the joint much distended and pointing, in a it united firmly. When this scab fell, gentle high degree of irritative fever, half-starved, and passive motion was carefully employed. It was thoroughly miserable. Mr. Fox was kind enough followed by increased heat of the joint; and this to surrender her entirely to my care, and to heat was subdued by irrigation with cold water. furnish me with orders to the relieving officer for By slow degrees, free movement was obtained; everything that her case required. but, for many months, increased heat was pro "A free incision into the joint gave exit to a duced by any undue exertion, and sometimes by large quantity of pus, and to masses of pus clot, atmospheric change. Cold water was always some of which were so large that they required effectual as a remedy, strength was gradually to be eased through the wound. After the gained ; and, after the lapse of a year, the patient incision, the splint and bandage already described was able to say that nothing remained, save the were carefully applied. cicatrix of the incision, by which she could dis " On account of the unfavourable condition of tinguish the joint that had been inflamed from its

E ON BONE-SETTING. PATHOLOGY. fellow. I saw her at intervals for nearly three through, or so stretched that they were no longer years, and her condition underwent no change." impediments to motion. Every one of the gentle attempts at passive movement was probably quite Regarding these cases by the light of my own as dangerous as, while it was far less efficacious experience, I cannot avoid the conclusion that than, the single complete flexion that would have in the former of them, if the patient had lain still overcome the difficulty in a moment. Allowing with a straight limb, permanent and probably this, the successful issue even of the second case is irremediable anchylosis would have been produced of great interest, and may well make us inquire by the firm adhesion of the opposed articular how many of the limbs that have been left to surfaces. By rising, and bending the knee com undergo anchylosis might have been saved from pletely and with decision, the patient ruptured that condition by timely movement. every impediment to motion, and was at once Upon the whole, then, I think it is tolerably cured. In the second case, if Mr. Carter had clear that the success of the bone-setter rests, in proceeded in a similar manner, he would probably point of fact, upon the frequent occurrence of what have brought about a similar result. Instead of may be called a minor degree of false anchylosis, this, he proceeded, as he thought, more cautiously. variously produced, and perhaps located in dif Instead of at once rupturing the adhesions, he ferent natural or adventitious structures. stretched them a little while they were still yield While pronounced degrees of false anchylosis ing, and produced pain and heat by the traction have long been recognized, and have lately, in upon their attachments. When the pain and heat an increasing number of cases, been successfully had subsided, the same process was repeated with broken through, the minor degrees seem to have the same consequence ; and, as it fortunately be almost entirely escaped observation; and it is fell, the adhesions were thus in time either broken worthy of remark, that their partial character has

E 2 ON BONE-SETTING. PATHOLOGY. 53 probably served to disguise their nature, and to as to prevent adhesions from being formed. To cause them to be mistaken for more active forms this part of the subject I shall return in a future of articular disease. A complete false anchylosis chapter. almost entirely prevents movement; while an ad Not less important than the pathology of the hesion that only checks movement will be a con conditions in which motion will be successful, is that of the conditions in which it would certainly stant source of injurious strain upon the structures of the joint, and will be liable again and again to or probably be injurious; and any surgeon who set up acute irritation. It seems, therefore, in the attempts to deal with instances of partial adhesion in the manner I am about to describe, can hardly highest degree important that these single or exercise too much caution in the selection of his partial adhesions should be fully recognized by cases, and in the exclusion of those in which any the profession; and that it should no longer be mischief would be likely to ensue. left to unauthorized practitioners to treat them It is well known that bone-setters often inflict successfully after surgeons have failed to do so. For their ready recognition I think two chief in serious injury upon their patients ; but I believe this can only happen when they overlook the dications are fully sufficient, when once attention presence of conditions which a surgeon ought at has been drawn to their occurrence. A slight degree of mobility, checked by pain, and accom once to recognize. Mr. Paget, in his lecture already quoted, relates panied by a spot tender on pressure, is sufficient, an instance in which a recent fracture of the fore in the absence of any evidence of acute disease, arm was moved about by a bone-setter; and Mr. to justify manipulation having for its object the Prall, of West Mailing, has communicated to the breaking down of adhesions. The chief lesson, Lancet two cases, one of which is described as however, which these cases should teach is the having been inflammation at the ankle-joint, the desirableness of so treating the original malady PATHOLOGY. 55 54 ON BONE-SETTING.

other as hip-joint disease; in both of which, move or rather by the attitude of some members of the ments effected by a bone-setter were followed by profession towards their methods, is, that patients suppuration and death. Mr. Prall's communi are cured by them whom legitimate surgeons have cation would have been more valuable, if he had failed to cure or have pronounced incurable, and described the original maladies of these patients hence the confidence of the public in surgery is with greater precision, and especially if he had rudely and unnecessarily shaken. If surgeons told us whether the symptoms in either case were would only give proof of their knowledge of the such as to render the diagnosis at all doubtful. good that bone-setters accomplish, the public For although, in the hands of a quack, it is would then be ready to listen to any reasonable inevitable that errors must be committed in the warnings about the harm, and would be equally application of any treatment, and that these errors ready to submit to any precautions by which this must be followed by a certain proportion of disas harm might be reduced to the smallest possible

trous results ; yet it is surely unnecessary to warn quantity. A practitioner who said, "This joint professional readers against disturbing a case of might probably be cured at once by a sharp move manifest acute intra-capsular disease. The only ment, but before moving it I should like to wait warning required by them would be against errors until assured of being able to do so with perfect of diagnosis in doubtful cases ; and even these safety," would generally retain both the confidence need scarcely ever be committed. In cases that of the patient and the care of the limb. He would, can be cured by movement, the application of the at all events, not lose his reputation, even if a treatment can never be very urgent in point of bone-setter should intervene successfully; and at time; and may always therefore be delayed for the worst could only be accused of having exer time to clear up any point that appears to be cised over-caution. But the cures effected by bone- obscure. The mischief now done by bone-setters, setters have been far too real and too striking to ON BONE-SETTING. PATHOLOGY. 57 be ignored; and hence a practitioner who shuts signs of those diseases of joints for which move his eyes to them, or who imagines that they can ments are either directly contra-indicated or would be rendered non-existent by a sort of set-off of be especially hazardous. The symptoms which mistakes, will find to his cost that he will every denote acute synovitis or ulceration of cartilage now and then lose, not only an important patient will generally be as unmistakeable as those of whose cure will be effected in direct contravention fracture; and, as already suggested, must in any of all the surgical treatment to which he had pre case be cleared up by time. viously been subjected, but that he will also, and The necessity for the exercise of great caution in a very serious manner, lose credit generally in will be most conspicuous when there is any evi dence of either local or constitutional struma; his locality, or among the class to which his patient belongs. Such a case as that of Mr. Ponsonby and although, as Mr. Barwell has shown, the fact would not only foster the practice of bone-setting that the disease is strumous does not afford any all over the kingdom, but it would also promote reason why the adhesions left by it should not the success of every kind of quackery in the circles eventually be broken, yet it does afford a reason in which he moves. Errors of opinion and of for treating the patient with extreme caution, treatment that the event renders only'too mani and for obtaining certainty that we do not stir fest, and that are committed by qualified surgeons smouldering embers into flame. of high reputation, can hardly fail to lead those The most noted successes of bone-setters have who are not very profound thinkers to the belief been obtained on patients past the age at which that equally grave errors are as likely to be struma shows itself actively; and it is probable committed in other departments of practice. that their most disastrous results have been in the It would be wholly foreign to the scope of this young. A marked elevation of the temperature of treatise to enter at any length into the diagnostic a joint, and the existence of pain when its articular ON BONE-SETTING.

surfacesaregentlypressedtogether,withoutany

otherdisturbanceoftheirrelations,wouldbothbe

signsbeforewhichthecarefulsurgeonwouldhold

hishand;andbeyondthisitisdifficulttosay

morethanthateverycasemustbecarefullystudied CHAPTER III.

withdueregardtoitshistory,itssymptoms,and MANIPULATIONS.

theconstitutionalconditionswithwhichitisasso

ciated.Thepresenceofthespecificdepositsof THE methodsofhandlingemployedbybone-

gout,forexample,wouldmaketheadhesionsleft setters,andthewayinwhichtheyproceedto

behindbyinflammationlesstractable,andthe bringabouttheircures,havehithertobeen

inflammationmoreliabletobere-excited,thanif mattersonlyofspeculationforsurgeons,and

ithadbeentheresultofrheumatism,ofinjury, havebeensurroundedwithveryunnecessary

orofnon-specificirritation;andinthesejoint mysterybytheimaginativenarrativesofpatients.

cases,asinallothers,hewillbethemostsuc Mr.Pagetsays,forexample,"Bone-settersvio

cessfulwhomostcarefullyweighsalltheelements lentlymovethejoints,againsttheresistanceof

oftheproblemwithwhichheiscalleduponto muscles,untilthelatterareweariedandbeaten;" deal.Itisonlyinthisway,indeed,thatthe andthelateMr.CharleyWaterton,theeminent randomsuccessesofthebone-settercanbere naturalist,haswrittenanaccountofhisown

placedbytheproperandlegitimateresultsofthe treatmentwhichImaybepardonedforbelieving scientificsurgeon. tobeexaggerated,andwhichiscertainlywell

calculatedtoimpressthemindoftheunprofes

sionalreader.

ThisdescriptionIproceedtoquote;andIam 6o ON BONE-SETTING. MA NIPULA TIONS. 61

surethatwhatIhaveafterwardstosay,inthe memberofsocietydesignatedasa merequack;

wayofanunvarnishedversionofwhatisre butmostunjustlyso,becauseaquackisgenerally

quiredtobedone,cannotseemotherwisethan consideredasonedevoidofprofessionaleducation,

flatbycomparison.Mr.Watertonsays:— andheistooapttodealinspuriousmedicines.

"BeforeIclosethesememoranda,Ihaveto Butnotsothebone-setter,whoseextensiveand

describeanothermishapofa verydarkcom almostincessantpracticemakesampleamends

plexion.Letmecravethereader'sleavetopen forthelossof anythingthathemighthave

downafewremarksonbone-setting,practised acquired,byattendingaregularcourseoflectures,

bymencalledbone-setters,who,onaccountof orbycullingtheessenceofabstruseandscientific

theextraordinaryadvanceintheartofsurgery, publications.Withhimtheoryseemstobea

arenotnow,I fear,heldinsufficientestimation meretrifle.Practice—dailyandassiduouspractice

amongstthehigherordersofsociety.Every —iswhatrendershimsosuccessfulinthemost

countryinEurope,sofarasIknowtothecon complicatedcases.Bythewayinwhichyouput

trary,hasitsbone-setter,independentofthe yourfootthe toground,bythemannerinwhich

surgeon.In Johnson'sDictionary,underthe youhandlean object,thebone-setter,through

article'Bone-setting/wereadthata SirJohn themerefacultyofhissight,oftentimeswithout

Denhamexclaimed,'Givemeagoodbone-setter!' eventouchingtheinjuredpart,willtellyouwhere

InSpainthebone-settergoesunderthesignificant theailmentlies.Thoseonlywhohavepersonally denominationofAlgebrista.HereinEngland, experiencedtheskillofthebone-settercanform however,thevastincreaseofpractitionersinthe atrueestimationofhismeritinmanagingfractures artofsurgeryappearstohaveplacedtheold andreducingdislocations.Furtherthanthis,his originalbone-setterintheshade;andImyself, servicesinthe healingandrestorativeartwould inmanyinstances,haveheardthismostuseful neverbelookedfor.Thislastisentirelythe 62 ON BONE-SETTING. MA NIP ULA TIONS.

province of Galen and his numerous family of "Towards the close of the year 1850 I had practitioners. Wherefore, at the time that I un reared a ladder, full seven yards long, against a equivocally avow to have the uttermost respect standard pear-tree, and I mounted nearly to the for the noble art of surgery in all its ramifications, top of this ladder with a pruning-knife in hand, I venture to reserve to myself the following (with in order that I might correct an over-grown out any disparagement to the learned body of luxuriance in the tree. Suddenly the ladder

gentlemen who profess it) sincere esteem for the swerved in a lateral direction. I adhered to it

old practitioners who do so much for the public manfully, myself and the ladder coming simul good amongst the lower orders, under the de taneously to the ground with astounding velocity. nomination of British bone-setters. Many people In our fall I had just time to move my head

have complained to me of the rude treatment in a direction that it did not come in contact they have experienced at the hands of the bone- with the ground; still, as it afterwards turned

setter; but let these complainants bear in mind out, there was a partial concussion of the brain; that, what has been undone by force, must abso and add to this, my whole side, from foot to lutely be replaced by force ; and that gentle and shoulder, felt as though it had been pounded in emollient applications, although essentially neces a mill. In the course of the afternoon I took sary in the commencement, and also in the con blood from my arm to the amount of thirty tinuation of the treatment, would ultimately be ounces, and followed the affair up the next day of no avail, without the final application of actual with a strong aperient. I believe that, with these force to the injured parts. Hence the intolerable necessary precautions, all would have gone right and excruciating pain on these occasions. The again (saving the arm) had not a second misad actual state of the accident is to blame—not the venture followed shortly on the heels of the first; operator. and it was of so alarming a nature as to induce 64 ON BONE-SETTING. MANIPULA T/ONS.

me to take thirty ounces more of blood by the standing the best surgical skill, my arm showed lancet. In order to accommodate the position of the appearance of stiff and withered deformity my disabled arm, I had put on a Scotch plaid at the end of three months from the accident in lieu of my coat, and in it I came to dinner. And now my general state of health was not as One day, the plaid having gone wrong on the it ought to be; for incessant pain prevented sleep, shoulders, I arose from the chair to rectify it, and whilst food itself did little good. But my slum the servant, supposing that I was about to retire, bers were strangely affected. I was eternally unluckily withdrew the chair. Unaware of this fighting wild beasts, with a club in one hand, i •' act on his part, I came backwards to the ground the other being bound up at my breast. Nine with an awful shock, and this no doubt caused bull-dogs one night attacked me on the highroad, concussion of the brain to a considerable amount. some of them having the head of a crocodile. Symptoms of slowly approaching dissolution now I had now serious thoughts of having the arm became visible. Having settled all affairs with amputated. This operation was fully resolved my solicitor betwixt myself and the world, and upon when, luckily, the advice of my trusty game with my Father Confessor betwixt myself and my keeper, John Ogden, rendered it unnecessary. Maker, nothing remained but to receive the final One morning, ' Master/ said he to me, i I'm sure catastrophe with Christian resignation. But though you're going to the grave. You'll die to a cer I lay insensible, with hiccups and subsultus ten- tainty. Let me go for our old bone-setter. He dinunty for fifteen long hours, I at last opened cured me, long ago, and perhaps he can cure my eyes, and gradually arose from my expected you.' It was on the 25th of March, then—alias ruin. Lady-day, which every Catholic in the universe " I must now say a word or two of the externals knows is a solemn festival in the honour of the damaged by the fall with the ladder. Notwith- Blessed Virgin—that I had an interview with Mr.

F 66 ON BONE-SETTING. MANIP ULA TIONS.

Joseph Crowther, the well-known bone-setter, elbow was a complicated affair. It required

whose family has exercised the art, from father greater exertions and greater attention. In fact,

to son, time out of mind. On viewing my poor it was a job for Hercules himself. Having done remnant of an arm—'Your wrist/ said he, 'is the needful to it (secundum artem) for one-and-

sorely injured; a callus having formed betwixt twenty days, he seemed satisfied with the progress

the hand and the arm. The elbow is out of which he had made ; and he said, quite coolly, joint, and the shoulder somewhat driven forwards. (I'll finish you off this afternoon/ At four o'clock,

This last affair will prevent your raising the arm post meridian, his bandages, his plasters, and his to your head. Melancholy look out!' ' But can wadding having been placed on the table in you cure me, doctor ?' said I. * Yes/ replied he, regular order, he doffed his coat, tucked his shirt firmly; ' only let me have my own way/ ' Then above his elbows, and said that 'a glass of ale take the arm, and with it take elbow, wrist, and would do him good.1 'Then I'll have a glass of shoulder. I here deliver them up to you. Do soda-water with you/ said I; * and we'll drink what you please with them. Pain is no consider each other's health, and success to the under ation in this case. I dare say I shall have enough taking/ The remaining act was one of unmiti of it.' ' You will/ said he, emphatically. This gated severity: but it was absolutely necessary. resolute bone-setter, whom I always compared to My sister, Eliza, foreseeing what was to take Chiron the Centaur for his science and his strength, place, felt her spirits sinking, and retired to her began his operations like a man of business. In room. Her maid, Lucy Barnes, bold as a little fourteen days, by means of potent embrocations, lioness, said she would see it out; whilst Mr. stretching, pulling, twisting, and jerking, he forced Harrison, a fine young gentleman who was on the shoulder and the wrist to obey him, and to a visit to me (and, alas! is since dead in Cali perform their former healthy movements. The fornia), was ready in case of need. The bone-

F 2 68 ON BONE-SETTING. MANIPULA TIONS. 69 setter performed his part with resolution scarcely well as alarming description, it will sound prosaic to be contemplated, but which was really required to describe what the processes really are. After under existing circumstances. Laying hold of the having satisfied oneself by examination and in crippled arm just above the elbow with one hand, quiry that a given case is suited for the treatment, and below with the other, he smashed to atoms by the first step is to feel all round the affected joint main force the callus which had formed in the for a spot that is painful on pressure, and in all dislocated joint; the elbow itself cracking, as subsequent manipulations to be careful to fix this though the interior parts of it had consisted of painful spot by firm pressure with a thumb. It tobacco-pipe shanks. Having pre-determined in may be found anywhere about a joint, but more my mind not to open my mouth, or to make any frequently on the inner than the outer aspect; stir during the operation, I remained passive and and in each joint it has its most frequent situation silent whilst this fierce elbow-contest was raging, —in the hip, over the head of the femur; about All being now effected, as far as force and skill the centre of the groin; in the knee, at the lower were concerned, the remainder became a mere edge of the internal condyle; in the elbow, over work of time. So putting a five-pound note, by the internal condyle of the humerus; at the wrist, way of extra fee, into this sturdy operator's hand, over the scaphoid or semilunar bone ; and so on. the binding up of the now rectified elbow-joint The painful spot being discovered, the limb must was effected by him, with a nicety and a know be steadied on the proximal, and grasped on the ledge truly astonishing. Health soon resumed distal, side of the affected joint, the thumb pressure her ancient right; sleep went hand in hand with applied to the seat of pain, and the joint sharply a quiet mind; life was once more worth enjoying flexed, or flexed and extended, sometimes also and here I am, just now sound as an acorn.'* abducted or adducted, as the case may be. The After this graphic, and yet somewhat vague as direction of movement must depend mainly upon ON BONE-SETTING. MANIP ULATIONS.

thedirectionofresistance—aprinciplewhich hand,likethemovementsofa surgeoninthe

presentsitselftothemindofabone-setterinthe reductionofanactualdisplacement.

shapeofthemaximthat"ajointmustbeputin Thecasesalreadycitedareallinstancesin

thereversewaytowhatithasbeenputout." whichfreedomofactionwasrestoredby a

Theresistanceofmusclesisovercome,oratleast singleoperation.This,however,cannotalwaysbe

reducedtoaminimum,byrotatingthelimbbelow accomplished,andthemanipulationmustsome

thejointasmuchaspossibleonitsaxis.Inthis timesberepeatedagainandagain.Insuchcases

waythemusclesarethrownoutoftheirordinary Mr.Huttonattachedimportancetotheproduction

linesofaction,andarerenderedalmostpowerless. ofsensationsoftinglinginthecourseofthe

Mr.Paget,asalreadyquoted,says,"Bone-setters affectedlimb,andwasnotsatisfiedthathehad

violentlymovethejointsagainstthemuscular doneallthatwasinhispoweruntilthetingling

resistanceuntilthemusclesareweariedand extendedquitetothetipsofthefingersortoes.

beaten."As farasMr.Huttonwasconcerned, TheinstancesofthiskindthatIcanrecallwere

thisdescriptionisnotfoundeduponfact,forhe chieflyoflongstanding,andconsecutivetoinjury

byhisrotationmanoeuvresimplyevadedmuscular ordiseaseofconsiderableoriginalseverity.

resistance,andhismanipulationswereneverso Perhapsthemostnoteworthyfeatureofbone-

prolongedthatmusclescouldbe"weariedand settingistheingenuitywithwhichtheleverageof

beaten."Theforce,moreover,wasappliedina thelimbsthemselvesisrenderedavailableforthe perfectlydefiniteway,fortheattainmentofa purposeofobtainingthepowernecessaryforthe definiteend,andceasedassoonasthatendwas accomplishmentoftheobjectsoastodispense

arrivedat.Therewasnoobjectlessmovement entirelywithmechanicalappliances.Themethods hitherandthither;butonlya movementevery beartothoseordinarilyusedinanchylosisthe stepofwhichwasconsideredandplannedbefore- samerelationthatthereductionofa dislocated ON BONE-SETTING.

hipbysimplemanipulationbearstoitsreduction

bypulleys;andhere,Ithink,surgerymayobtain

usefulhints.Itisalsonoteworthy,thatlittleor

nouseismadeofextension.Mr.Huttonusedto

say,«Pullingisoflittleuse:thetwististhe CHAPTER IV.

thing."AndIhavenodoubtthatthismethodof

MANIPULATIONS(continued). evadingmuscularresistancemightbemadevery

extensivelyuseful.Theprecisemannerofapply In theruptureofadhesionsby manipulation,

ingittoeachjointcanonlyberenderedfully thefirstprinciplesbywhichtheoperatorshould

intelligiblebytheaidoffigures;andIenter be guidedare—toobtainsufficientfirmness of uponthispartofthesubjectinthefollowing grasp,sufficientleveragetoapplythenecessary- chapter.

forcesuddenly,andtoapplyitgenerally,in

thefirstinstance,inthedirectionofflexion,

beforeanyattemptismadetorestoreother

movements.In theirapplicationtoindividual

joints,theseprinciplesrequirecertainmodi

ficationsofdetail,toeachofwhichattention

may nextbedirected.

Thethumbandfingersfrequentlyrequireto

bemadethesubjectsoftreatment.Theirseveral

articulations,andespeciallythoseofthethumb,

aremuchexposedtoinjuries(e.g.bya blow

fromacricket-ball,orineffortstosaveoneself 74 ON BONE-SETTING. MAN IPULATIONS. 75

fromfalling),andtheseinjuriesareoftentreated thefullextentthatthefulcrumfingerwill

byrest.Whenthethumbisthepartinjured, allow.Itisthen witha continuousmovement

andsurgicaladviceissought,itisnotuncom broughtbacktoa stateofhalfflexion,andin

monfora splinttobeputonandforiodine thatpositionisabducted,andthenadducted,to

tobeappliedexternallyassoonasinflammatory thelimitednaturalextentofthesemovements

symptomshavesubsided.Sometimes,however, ina healthyjoint.Itisthenstraightened,and

therestismerelyinobediencetotheinstincts themomentaryoperationiscomplete.The

ofthepatient;but,inwhateverwayproduced,it patient,ina properlyselectedcase,willim

will,inacertainproportionofcases,befollowed mediatelybeabletoflexandextendthejoint

bypainfulrestrictionofmobility.Insuchcases withoutpain,andmustbe encouragedtobring

themodeofprocedureisasfollows:— itintomoderateuseimmediately.Itisquite

Supposingthatanarticulationbetweenthe plainthattokeepitstillatrest,ortoputit

twophalangesistheoneaffected,theoperator upona splint,wouldbetoallowtheadhesions

graspstheproximalphalanxfirmlybetweenthe tore-unite,andalltheformertroublestobe

forefingerandthumbofhislefthand,placing restored. thesecondphalanxofhisforefingeronthe The metacarpo-phalangealarticulationsare palmaraspectofthepatient'sfinger,anddirectly treatedpreciselyasthephalangeal,withthe transverseinrelationtoit,andhisthumbon singledifferencethatthelargersizeofthe thedorsalaspect.Inthispositiontheforefinger proximalboneenablestheoperatorto grasp oftheoperatorfurnishesasteadyfulcrum.The itwiththetipsoftwofingersonthepalmar phalanxonthedistalsideofthejointisthen aspect,whileitsrelationtoitsfellowsrenders graspedbytheforefingerandthumbofthe theforefingerunavailableasa transversefulcrum. righthand,andthejointissharplyflexedto Thenaturalmovementsofabductionandadduc- 76 ON BONE-SETTING.

tion are also more extensive. In some cases we may place the left thumb on the palmar aspect of the head of the metacarpal bone implicated, steadying the whole metacarpus with the fingers, and may then push over the finger to extreme flexion, by placing the right thumb on the dor sal aspect of the first phalanx and employing the necessary force. In these small joints the practice of exerting thumb-pressure upon a painful spot is not generally available, as the painful spot is not always present. Indeed, it seems likely that the arrest of mobility may often be due to effusions in the sheaths of the tendons rather than to changes in the structures which compose the joint. Proceeding to the wrist, however, the thumb- Fig. i. pressure becomes important; and here it probably enables the operator to fix the proximal attach ment of an adhesion. The manner of mani pulating is displayed in Fig. i. The operator, as here shown, standing by the side of the patient, whose hand and fore-arm are prone, grasps the carpal extremities of the radius and ulna firmly MANIPULATIONS. 79 with the left hand, and places his thumb upon the tender spot. He then encloses the thumb and metacarpus in the right hand, exerts steady- traction, impresses slight rotation upon the hand by turning one of its margins downwards while the radius is kept fixed, presses very firmly with his left thumb, sharply flexes the wrist- joint to the full extent, arid as sharply brings the hand up again to complete extension; the fore-arm having been all the while immoveable. In this manoeuvre the importance of the thumb-pressure is manifest; for, as the proxi mal attachment of an adhesion may be to one of the bones of the carpus, it would be quite possible that the bone itself, unless supported from without, might be dislocated from its posi tion by the force employed. With the aid of pressure, however, such an accident could hardly happen, and the adventitious structure is com pelled to yield. In the case of the elbow-joint, the first care of the operator is to discover in what direction movement is most painful. For this purpose, 8o ON BONE-SETTING.

thearmandfore-armbeingeachfirmlygrasped,

he makesaneffortatflexionwiththehand

carriedtowardsthemedianline,andagainwith

itcarriedoutwardsintheoppositedirection.

He inquireswhichmovementismostpainful,

andwherethepainisfelt.Theoperatorand

patientthenseatthemselves,withthecornerof

a tablebetweenthem;andtheoperator,placing

thebackofhislefthandonthetable,receives

theelbow-jointinhispalmandgraspsitfirmly,

asshowninFig.2,atthesametimeplacing

theleftthumbsteadilyontheseatofpain.He thengraspsthewristwithhisrighthand.If themostpainfulmovementwas flexionwith adduction,he twiststhepalmof thehand towardsthemedianlineandflexestheelbow sharply,atthesametimebringingthehand Fig.2. acrossthechest.Ifflexionwithabductionwas

mostpainful,thepalmistwistedoutwards,and thefore-armcarriedintothepositionmarked

bydottedlinesinthefigure.Inmanycases boththesemanoeuvreswouldbeperformed,the thumb-pressurebeingshiftedtothespotespecially MA NIP ULA TIONS. 83 painful in relation to each; and, lastly, complete extension and rotation would be made. (The table on which the left hand of the operator should rest has been accidentally omitted in the drawing.) For the shoulder, the principle of action is entirely the same; and the relative positions of operator and patient are shown in Fig. 3, which also very well illustrates the most usual point for thumb-pressure. The dotted lines show the positions into which it is necessary to move the arm frequently in quick succession, but always first in the direction in which movement is most painful. Proceeding to the consideration of the adhesions about the ankle-joint or foot, the method of grasping the limb for rupturing them is shown in Fig. 4, which seems hardly to need any kind of explanation. The proximal side of the affected joint being firmly held, and the thumb-pressure made in the ordinary way, the tarsus is so grasped as to give the greatest attainable leverage, the foot twisted a

G 2 ON BONE-SETTING.

little inwards or outwards, then sharply bent up

upon the leg, and again straightened. As a rule, it is desirable to execute this manoeuvre twice—once with an inward, and once with an outward twist, and also to take care that the movements of the joint are free in all directions. In order to secure this freedom the shortness of the lever renders it especially necessary that the movements should be quick, or almost sudden, in their character, so that they may the more certainly rupture, and not stretch, any adventitious impediment to motion. The method of bending the knee-joint is shown in Fig. 5, and requires rather more assistance from description. In the first place, the operator grasps the heel of the patient between his knees, the inner condyles resting on the sides of the calcaneum below the malleoli, and receives the foot between the adductor muscles of the thighs, so as to grasp its whole length. In this position the foot serves as a lever by which to rotate the leg almost without assistance from the hands, which grasp it just below the knee-joint and MANIPULA TIONS. 87

withthumb a asusualuponthepainfulspot.

Theoperatorthenrotatesthelegbya lateral movementofhis thighs,andthenextinstant

flexesitbya consentaneousmovementofthighs

andhandstogether.Itismanifestthatthis movementcanonlycarryflexiontoa certain

point,andassoonasthislimiti.sreachedthe operatorrelinquisheshisoriginalgrasp,places hisrightfore-arm(nearthewrist)underthe kneeasa fulcrum,graspsthelegnearthe

anklewiththelefthand,andflexesittothe

fullextentThefirstpartof theprocedurewill

servetoovercomethemostimportantresistance;

whilethelastcompletestheliberationthus

commenced.

In dealingwiththehip-joint,theleverage

affordedbythelengththe oflimbisusedby

bone-setterswithgreatingenuity,andinthe

mannershowninFig.6. Thetwistbeinggiven

bythegraspoftheoperator'shands,theflexion

isaccomplished,andwithalmostirresistible

force,byraisinghisbodysoto asbringthe

patient'slimbintothepositionofthedotted 88 ON BONE-SETTING.

lines.Whenthispositionisreached,therightor

lefthand,accordingtothelimb,isshifteddown

soastomakepressureuponanypainfulspotin

thegroinwhiletheflexioniscompleted.Inthis

waythepelvisofthepatientisfixedtothe

couch;andanytiltingofhisbodyupwardsis

prevented.Aswithotherjoints,thetwistshould

bemadeinthedirectioninwhichitmost is

painful;and,ifthelimbiselongated,itshould

be carriedoutwardsfromthemedianline—if

shortened,inwards,duringtheactofflexion.

Inexecutingthesevariousmanipulationsthe

chiefthingnecessaryisfortheoperatortohave

confidenceandtoexertsharplyandinstan

taneouslythefullleveragegiventohimbythe

limbs.Ifheattempttomovethemslowlyhewill

probably,inmanycases,stopshortofdoinggood Fig.4.

—thatistosay,of rupturingadhesions;being

deterredeitherbytheresistancethathefeelsor

bythepaincomplainedofbythepatient.

Itneedsnodemonstrationthatatimidope

ratormayeasilydomischiefbytractionupon

ajoint,which,afterall,hefailstorelieve,when MANIPULATIONS. 91 a bolder and more rapid movement would at once have set the patient free. I am disposed to think that much of the fear of articular inflam mation entertained by surgeons is based, if upon any clinical facts at all, almost entirely upon the results of passive motion of an inefficient kind ; sufficient to increase the hurtful traction of an adhesion, but at the same time insufficient for its destruction.

The bone-setter's methods of dealing with the knee and hip-joints serve very well to illustrate what I have already said about the ingenuity of the means by which all mechanical or instru mental aids are dispensed with.

In Mr. Brodhurst's recent admirable work upon deformities, at pages 139 and 141 respectively, there are drawings of the contrivances to which he has had recourse, in cases of false anchylosis of the knee and hip-joints ; but although such instruments are sometimes necessary, I think the methods I have described would be sufficient in most cases, and that, whenever sufficient, they would be preferable. They enable the ON BONE-SETTING.

operatortoexertas greata degreeof force

aswouldusuallybenecessary;andtoexert

itundertheconstantguidanceofmuscular

senseandconsciousness,sothat,whatevermight

happeninthehandsofanignorantperson,it

oughttobeabsolutelyimpossiblefora surgeon

toinflictanyinjuryuponnormalstructures.

Therearealsotheincidental,ifminor,advantages

ofbeingindependentofanyinstrumentsbutthose

withwhichweareallfurnishedbynature;so

thatthepatientissavedthelossoftimeand

thecostincidentaltotheconstructionofan

apparatus,aswellasthedisquietudeofmind

likelytobeproducedbyitssomewhatformidable

aspectwhencomplete.

StillMr.Brodhursthasbeengoodenoughto

showmethat,byhiscontrivances,hecandeal successfullywithcasesagainstwhichthehands wouldbepowerless,andwhich,indeed,wouldbe takenfortrueorbonyanchylosisbyanybuta verypractisedobserver.

Atthispointitmaybeinterestingtocompare themethodsabovedescribedwiththosewhich MANIPULATIONS. 95 have been in use in the profession for the purpose of breaking adhesions of a firmer character than those which are of frequent occurrence, and for which the aid of bone-setters is gene rally sought. Mr. Barwell, in his very practical and useful treatise on " Diseases of the Joints," has devoted a chapter to the restoration of mobility in those that are crippled ; and he lays down rules which, if they had been generally followed, would have prevented much suffering to many patients. Neither he nor any other surgeon, as far as I am aware, has ever plainly set forth that slight or partial impe diments to motion, after disease or injury, are due to bands that may be easily broken; but the formation and treatment of adhesions in severe cases have been abundantly recognized.

Mr. Barwell thus describes the manner of mani pulating the shoulder and elbow:—"Let me strongly caution the surgeon- against beginning at once to force the arm away from the side in the direction above described, as such procedure is extremely likely to produce dislocation into 96 ON BONE-SETTING.

the axilla. The first movement must be simple

rotation; by bending the elbow at right angles with the humerus and using the fore-arm as a lever, sufficient power is gained, and by grasping the upper arm as high as possible the surgeon

can direct the force. Let him not rotate the humerus further outwards than it normally ought to go. When this movement is pretty free, he places the arm in front of the body, and makes

it cross the chest, till the elbow lies over the ensiform cartilage; he rotates the humerus a little while in that situation, then places the arm behind the trunk until the elbow lies just above the sacro-iliac synchondrosis, in which situation the humerus is not to be rotated. Having thus loosened the adhesions to a cer tain degree, the operator holds the acromion and joint with one hand, in the manner previously described, and lifts the arm, as far as it will go, directly in front, without the use of force, and commences circumduction, endeavouring to make the arm describe as large a circle as possible; it must be brought to at least a right angle and

H MANIPULATIONS. 99

ahalfwiththebody.Thisamountofelevation

istheveryleastthatshouldsatisfyhim;and

themorehecanraisethearminthiscircum-

ductorymethodthebetter.He willprobably

requireassistanceincarryingouttheseactions,

butheshouldwithhisowndisengagedhand

holdthehumerus,andgovernthemovement,

and onnoaccountshouldheallowittobeforced

upwarddirectlyfromtheside,orgreatperilof

dislocationwillbe incurred.Duringallthese

manoeuvresconsiderableextensionshouldbe

madetodiminishthatriskasmuchaspossible.

Thehandintheaxillawillenablehimtojudge

veryaccuratelyoftheeffectsthatarebeing

produced.

"Moreorlessimmobilityoftheelbow-jointis

afrequentresultofitsinflammation.Ifthesur

geonhaveconvincedhimselfthatthereisnotrue

anchylosis,henextmustdeterminewhichare

thecontracturedparts.Itisveryrarethe that

postureduringaninflammatorydiseaseofthis

articulationhasbeensuchthatthearmisfixed

ina straightposition;stillitisfrequentlyas

H 2 IOO ON BONE-SETTING. MANIP ULA TIONS. 101

much extended as seriously to diminish the use if it be immoveabiy too much bent, we first of the hand. In such a case it becomes a ques bend it still more and then straighten it. tion whether or no it will be better to divide "Some care is necessary in effecting this last the triceps, and the answer must be sought from change. When the arm is overflexed, the surgeon three circumstances :—the age of the patient, the should grasp the elbow-joint in such a manner amount and the duration of the malposture. If as to keep his thumb over the head of the the person be under fourteen years of age, if a boy radius and biceps tendon. During the action of —twelve if a girl—the muscle must be divided, extension, which is better performed in a number ••unless the malposition be very slight. In adults, of jerky actions than by a constant force, the if the arm be fixed at more than 1200, myotomy above tendon may become perfectly tense, while should be used in cases where the contracture the head of the radius does not follow the is not more than six months old, and the movement. The attempts at forcible extension original disease has been something beyond a must then be discontinued for a while. It may slight attack. be that increased narcotism will cause sufficient "Let us first suppose the muscle is not to be relaxation, and a more careful and gradual mode cut: the patient being subjected to the influence of procedure will effect the object without injury; of chloroform, the first movement is to be simply whereas a continuance of the same means would rotation, carried, if possible, to the normal extent; be very likely to produce dislocation of the the next is to be that which is the opposite of radius. It may be, however, that the biceps the particular mobility we wish to establish. tendon must be divided, and it will be far better For instance, if the elbow be too straight, we, to perform this little operation than to run any desiring to procure flexion, must first straighten risk of dislocating the radius forwards. In flexing

it still more, and then flex it. In the same way, an over-straight arm the surgeon secures a greater MANIP ULA TIONS. 103 IO2 ON BONE-SETTING.

its effect has been simply preventive of nearly power by placing his knee in the bend of the all the troubles that such an accident so often elbow, but he must take care not to use sufficient entails. pressure to endanger vessels and nerves; usually, Perhaps the chief lesson to be learnt from indeed, sufficient force is obtained by the use of bone-setting is, after all, the means of avoiding the hands only. Flexion should be carried so far adhesions ; and in order to show how this may that the hand can be laid upon the pectoral be done, I will quote certain passages from my muscle.'* father's pamphlet.1 There still remain certain considerations which " Ten years have elapsed since I first sprained require attention, some of a general character, my ankle. Jumping one morning from the step and others special to individual articulations. of an omnibus, I alighted on a loose stone, and Among the former, perhaps the most important my foot turned completely under me. When I is the period at which movement may most mention that my weight at the time was upwards properly be practised; and this must vary, of of twelve stone, the amount of injury to the joint course, with the nature of the original malady. can be very well imagined. In cases of disease, it will be proper to wait "Though I had not far to go to reach the until all active mischief has subsided ; and this house for which I was bound, I arrived there more particularly in strumous subjects; but in with great difficulty. The temporary rest of a cases of injury, we may resort to movement few minutes there did not alleviate my pain, and either immediately, or after the lapse of a few I proceeded in a very hobbling manner to my days. The former course has long been pursued home, a distance .of a quarter of a mile, Circum- by my father, Dr. Peter Hood, in the treatment of sprained ankle; and in his hands, and in the 1 On the Treatment of Sprained Ankle. By Peter Hood, M.D. hands of others who have followed the practice, [London : Messrs. Churchill, 1858.] IO4 ON BONE-SETTING. MANIPULA TIONS. 105

stancescompelledme to wearmy bootuntil couldbearit.To my surprise,I foundthatthe

themiddleoftheday,whentheagonybecame bandagingenabledme atoncetoputmy footto

sogreatthatI wascompelledtoremoveit—a theground,andeasedthepainconsiderably;

featwhichIaccomplishedwithgreatdifficulty. somuchso,indeed,thatby carefulmanagement

Onremovingthestocking,Ifoundthefootand I wasabletogoandseea fewofmy patients.

ankleweremuchswelled,andveryred;the Towardsevening,however,theoldtorturere

slightestpressureonthepartoccasioningacute turned;butasI attributedthistoover-exercise

pain.I atonceappliedtwelveleechesaround ofthejointduringtheday,I merelyrestedit,

thejoint,andafterwardsimmersedthefootin andcontinuedthewater-dressing.

waterashotasIcouldbear,andkeptitthere "On steppingoutofbedthefollowingmorning

forhalfanhourtoencouragethebleeding.I I feltthepainasacuteasever;thesensation

thenapplieda largewarmbread-and-water wasasifeverymuscleandligamenthadbeen

poultice,androlleda bandagelooselyoverthe lacerated,andtheattachmentofthefoot to

joint.I restedmy footon a chairforthe thebonesofthelegloosened.Thisfeeling

remainderoftheday,andongoingtobedat mademe resolvetoadoptthefollowingcourse

nightwasforcedtocrawlupstairsonmy hands oftreatment—namely,tostrapthewholeofthe

andknees. footandankleoverwithadhesiveplaster,and

"Thenextday,thepaininmyankle-jointwas thencoverthiswitha bandage.To accomplish

muchdiminished;buttheinstantI attempted this,I requestedtheassistanceofa militarysur

tobearmy weightuponit,thepainbecame geonlivingnearme,who kindlycameatmy

intolerable.I thenappliedtothepartlint summons.Whenhesawmy foot,andI had

wettedincoldwater,andoverthatoiledsilk, toldhimthehistoryofitsinjury,andwhatI fasteningthesewitha bandagedrawnastightasI nowdesiredtobedone,heatoncedeclined io6 ON BONE-SETTING. MA NIP ULA TIONS. 107

acceding to my wish, declaring that such a mode was convenient for me to bear it. There are of treatment was highly dangerous, and would always plenty of Job's comforters in the world, add greatly to my suffering. I told him that if and one of them kindly informed me, when he refused to strap my foot, I must do it myself. he heard of my misfortune, that I should never This declaration had the effect of overruling his be entirely free from pain as long as I lived; previous determination. He put the plaster evenly ' for/ said he, ' I sprained my ankle forty years over the foot and ankle, and then applied a ago, and I am continually reminded of it when bandage moderately tight. I drew on my stock ever there is a change in the weather about to ing, and, to my delight and surprise, I was at occur, or it is damp/ &c I did not, however, once able to walk across the room without any realize any of his predictions, as, at the end pain, and continued so throughout the day as of three weeks from the day I met with the long as I did not twist the foot, but kept it injury, I should not have known any accident perfectly straight and flat when I placed it on had befallen me. the ground. "Five years after this, I sprained the same " I employed these means for four days, chang ankle a second time whilst getting over a stile; ing the plaster and bandage each morning ; and and although I did not allow more than an hour at the end of one week from the time of the to elapse before I attempted to take off my injury, I was able to walk as well as I had ever boot, the foot had become so swollen in that done. interval, that I feared I should not be able to " I used the plaster for a few days longer, and draw it off; and it was only by the ingenuity of then discontinued it, wearing for a fortnight a friend who was with me that I succeeded in longer a simple bandage, in the form of the accomplishing it. figure 8, bound as tightly round tHe ankle as it " On reaching London, I adopted the plan of io8 ON BONE-SETTING. MA NIPULATIONS. 109

treatmentdescribedabove—namely,leeching, "I havefoundthetreatment,inseveresprains

poulticing,fomenting,strappingandbandaging; oftheknee,asefficaciousasIhavedescribedit

andsoeffectualandimmediatewastherelief tobeinthecaseofsprainsoftheankle-joint."

thenceobtained,thatIdidnotfinditnecessary We may,Ithink,fairlycontrasttheresultsthus

toremaininthehouseevenoneentireday,but obtainedwiththeprolongedpainandweakness

visitedmypatientsasusual—sparingmyfoot, whichordinarilyfollowsprainedankle,andstill

ofcourse,asmuchasIconvenientlycould.At morewithcasesinwhichtheusualtreatmenthas,

theendoffivedaysIwasagainabletowear afterall,driventhepatienttoseekreliefatthe

aWellingtonboot. handsofabone-setter.Iappendtwowhichmay

"Icontinuedwearingthebandagelongerthan beregardedastypical:—

Ihaddoneonthepreviousoccasion,because Mr.J sprainedhisleftankleeighteenweeks

theswellingandwantoftoneabouttheparts beforecomingundertreatment.Forthefirst

weregreater,probablyonaccountoftheprevious monthhelayonasofa;attheendofthattime

injurythejointhadsustained.SincethenI hewasabletogetaboutoncrutches,andwhen

haveneverfeltanydiminutioninstrength,or hepresentedhimselffortreatmentwascompelled

paininthejoint,beingonlyfromtimetotime tousea coupleofsticks.Atnotimesincethe

remindedofmyaccidentbyslightitchingofthe injuryhadhebeenabletowalkfartherthantwo

skinatthepartwheretheleecheswereapplied. or threehundredyardswithoutresting.Hecom

"Theprinciplesofthepracticehererecom plainedof painontheinnersideofthefoot,and

mendedasappropriate,inthecaseofsprains stiffnessandpaininthegreattoewhenheat

oftheankle-joint,Ineedhardlysayareequally temptedtousethefoot.Hewasoperatedupon

applicableinthetreatmentofsprainsofother forthepurposeofreplacingtheboneofthefoot jointsofthebody. andovercomingthestiffnessofthetoe.He MA NIP ULA TIONS. in no ON BONE-SETTING.

returned home by rail the same day, and, on usual manipulations were employed for their re

alighting at the station, walked half a mile slowly duction. It required three operations, at intervals to his house. His powers of locomotion steadily of a week, before the stiffness of the foot was improved, and four days after the operation he removed, but at the end of the three weeks he walked three miles. walked as well as he ever did in his life. When he Mr. G came to Mr. H on the recom first came he had his foot in a sling suspended mendation of Mr. J , and also was induced to from his neck, so utterly useless was the limb. do so from the benefit he saw that Mr. J had The advantage of the employment of movement derived from the treatment. In this case the a few days after the receipt of injury is well ankle had been sprained and bruised by a horse shown by the history of one of the cases that falling on him a year and a half previous to his I saw with Mr. Hutton :— I. F. (Stanmore) was thrown from a cart by visit to Mr. H . Owing to the road along which he was riding having been much cut up the horse stumbling when going down hill. He by cart-wheels, his injury was much more severe fell on his right shoulder, and side of his head. than would usually occur from this form of ac He remained stunned for about an hour ; on cident. When the horse fell, he was not thrown, coming to himself and trying to rise with the but went down with it; the injured foot touched assistance of the right arm, he found himself the ground, sinking into one of the ruts, when, unable to raise it, much less to bear any weight before he could withdraw it, the animal rolled upon it. He succeeded with great difficulty over, wrenching and bruising the limb most fear in getting into his cart (the horse, it appears, did fully. The foot when seen by Mr. H was not fall completely, and waited quietly at the still much swollen, and very stiff in all parts. He side of the road) and driving home. He suffered was considered to have " five bones out," and the great pain all night, the arm being perfectly 112 ON BONE-SETTING. MA NIP ULA TIONS. 113

useless, and the parts about the shoulder much It will be observed that, in this case, the incipient swollen. He saw Mr. H. the following day, and adhesions yielded to the application of very trifling was directed by him to poultice and use neat's- force; and many would believe that they might foot oil for a week. At the end of the week never have become actual impediments to motion, he was operated upon. Increased pain followed and that rest alone would have brought about the operation; it however was not in the same recovery. The belief in the great value of rest in spot, having shifted from the shoulder to the such cases may be regarded as a tradition handed outer side of the arm, near the insertion of the down from the time of Sir Astley Cooper, who deltoid. No improvement in power of movement said: "In no case, after injury, should the patient occurred at the time; he could not raise his hand be allowed to exercise the parts as usual, until all to his head or bend his fore-arm. On his next pain has ceased, and the part has nearly regained visit, three days afterwards, he said that the pain its original form." The advice thus given has continued through the night, that he dropped off become impressed upon the surgical mind of this to sleep towards morning, and when he awoke country, and has been followed, not always with he found that it had materially abated, and his due discrimination of the conditions under which it sufferings had been comparatively slight since. is applicable. The swelling had diminished, but the motions It is manifest that there will be certain of the joint were not much freer. states of acute disease in joints for which a At the expiration of a week from the time of short period of absolute rest may be required to the operation, he appeared again; and he could stop the course of destructive processes; and it then place his hand behind his head, and also on is also manifest, that if permanent anchylosis be the opposite shoulder. With the exception of a the result aimed at by the surgeon, rest must slight stiffness, he considered his limb quite well. be a necessary condition for bringing it about.

I ON BONE-SETTING. MA NIPULATIONS.

Butitseemsaparadoxtoassertthatprolonged

down,alightinguponthegravelwalk.Ifeltnoill restcaneverbeinstrumentalinrestoringthe

effectsfromthejumpatthattime,but,awaking integrityofanorganwhosefunctionismovement.

earlynextmorning,I foundmy leftlegvery Howlittletendencyithasinthisdirectionhas

stiff,andsupposingthatthiswouldpassoffIwent alreadybeenshownbyillustrativecases;andto

tobusinessasusual;butonwalkingIexperienced theseIwilladdonemore—thehistoryofwhich

painon theinsideoftheknee-joint,which isgiveninthepatient'sownwords.Thenarra

increasedduringtheday,andatnightI could tivemay,perhaps,onthisaccount,losesome

scarcelywalk.ThenextmorningIsentformy

whatinsurgicalprecision;butitunquestion

medicaladviser(Mr.A ),who,afterexamining

ablygainsmorethananequivalentinitsgraphic

myknee,pronouncedtheinjurytobeexternalto

andtellingcharacter.Itisverydesirable,too,

thejoint,andIthinkhesaidthatsomecartilage thatsurgeons,inthesecases,shouldendeavour

hadbeenstrainedHeorderedmetopumpcold tolookatthematterinhandfromthepatient's

wateronit,whichIdidforseveraldays;butthe pointofviewratherthanfromtheirown.The

painincreasedandthekneebegantoswell. latterisdoubtlesstheeasiertothemselves;but

Mr.A thenorderedleechestobeapplied,and itisnotnecessarilythemosttrustworthy.

afterwardsa largeblisterenvelopingtheknee.

"InJuly1859,Iwasplayinginthegardenwith

Afterthisthelegbecameveryrigidatthejoint, my children,whenoneofthemtosseda large andflexedsothattheheelwouldnottouchthe india-rubberballintotheadjoininggarden,which

ground,andI couldonlymovefromoneroom wasseparatedfrommyownbyastonewallabout

toanotherbythehelpcrutches. of Afterabout sixfeethigh.Iprocuredpairof astepsandgot twomonths'confinementtothehousemy appetite overthewall;andcomingback,Isatfora few

failed,andI becameveryunwell.I thensaw minutesonthetopofthewall,andthenjumped

anothersurgeon(Mr.B ),whothoughtthat

I 2 MANIPULA TIONS.

n6 ON BONE-SETTING.

purchaseda veryeasyinvalidcarriagewith somethingwasforminginthejoint,butthatmy shaftsfora donkey,Iwentoutwhentheweather generalhealthwasfailing,andthatI oughtto permitted.I continuedto applyiodineand

havechangeofair,sobyhisandMr.A 's keptwet clothsconstantlyuponthelimbto adviceIwenttotheseaside,whereI remained keepdowntheinflammation,andthistreatment untilNovember. succeededinameasure,butonlysolongasIkept

"WhilstthereIappliedsea-weedpoultices,and thelegat rest;foron makingthesmallest bathedmy kneeinwarmsea-water;butwassoon attemptto useittheinflammationreturned. obligedtodiscontinuethistreatment,asitgreatly Inthespringofi860itwasthoughtadvisable irritatedthejoint,whichbecamesotenderand thatI shouldconsultSirB. Brodie,andmy painfulthatI couldnotbeartheweightofthe medicalman(Mr.A )wentwithmetoLondon;

sheetonitasI layinbed.Thefleshofmy butfindingthatSirBenjaminwasoutoftown,he thighbegantowasteawayatthistime,andIlost tookmetoMr.D ,whoaffectedtotreatthe powerinmy leftarm,thumb,andforefinger,so matterverylightly,andsaidthatIwastotake thatforsometimeIwasunabletousea forkat a tonic,whichhe prescribed,andthatasmy

meals.Icalledinalocalpractitioner(Mr.C ), healthimprovedmy kneewouldgetwell.He whogaveme medicine;but,ashesaidthepain alsosentme toa surgical-bandagemaker,who inthekneewasofsecondaryimportance,hedid measuredme foraknee-cap,whichwastoenable

notprescribeforit.Itookexerciseoccasionally me towalkandtakemoreexercisethanI had inaninvalidchair,but,owingtothedifficultyof hithertobeenenabledtodo.Thisknee-capI gettingdownstairsandthevibrationofthechair was,however,atfirstunabletowear,untilsome itself,thisdidme moreharmthangood.I monthslater,when,theinflammationhaving

returnedhomeinNovember,passed andthe subsided,I founditgavemesomesupport;but

winterwith verylittleimprovement;andhaving n8 ON BONE-SETTING, MANIPULATIONS. 119

Iwasneverabletowearitwithoutmuchdis tionsofmy friends.I thenwrotetohim,and

comfort.UptoOctober1865(aperiodofsix madeanappointment.Atthefirstinterviewhe

yearsandaquarter)Iusedcrutches—sometimes cametome inthewaiting-room,and,lookingme

two,atothertimesonecrutchandastoutstick— hardintheface,hesaid,'Whosentyouhere?'

andwasneveratease,thekneealwaysstonecold I toldhimwhoitwasthatrecommendedmeto

wheninbedorotherwiseresting,andhotafter him.Hethensaid,'DoyouknowthatI amnot

exertionofanykind—thepainalwaysbecoming a regularsurgeon?' I answered,'Yes.''Well,

acutewheneverI attemptedtouse thelimb then,what'smatter thewithyou?'ItoldhimI

beyondjustcrossingaroom.Duringthisperiod waslame.'Arethoseyoursticks?'pointingto

(sixyears)Ispentaportionofeverysummerat thecrutches.'Yes/'Well,letme lookatyour

theseaside,andwaswithdrawnalmostentirely leg/Hetheninstantlyplacedhisthumbonthe

frombusiness.Atlength,aftersolongacourse tenderspotinsidetheknee,causingmegreatpain.

oftreatment,I ceasedtoseekfurtheradvice, Isaid,'Yes,thatistheplace,andnoother/

believingwhatIwastold,thatthecauseofall

mysufferingwasconstitutional,andIsettleddown Howlonghaveyoubeenlame?''Sixyears/

totheconclusionthatIshouldbeacripplefor 'Whattreatmenthaveyouhad?'Itoldhim,and

life,andthatthiswasunavoidable. alsothatIwasadvisedthatmylamenessresulted

"InJune1865,1wasrecommendedbyafriendto fromconstitutionalcauses.Hesaid,'Bah!If

consultMr.Hutton,butwhenIhadlearnedthat youhadnothadaprettygoodconstitution,they

hewasanirregularpractitioner,Ideclined;andit wouldhavekilledyou/ItoldhimthatIhad

wasnotuntilOctober,whenowingtoanacci seenMr.D .'Well,7hesaid,'youmightaswell

dentalstumbleagainstthedoor-sillIwasinmuch haveseenmycook.Hecan'tcurethatknee/I

painagain,thatIaccededtotheearnestsolicita- askedhimwhathethoughtwasthematterwithit. I2O ON BONE-SETTING. MAN IPULA TIONS. 121

Hesaid,

pain,tension,andcoldnessinthejointthatIhadsufferedfor tiononit,andIcancureit.'Iwasorderedto

sixyears,andwasabletowalk.Thisrecovery,whichtomyself applylinseed-mealpoulticesforaweek,andthen

andfriendsseemedlittleshortofa miracle,wasthusac

gotohimagain,whichI did,andhappilywith countedforbythefaculty:—Mr.A (whosepatientIhad

thebestresults.Ihaveneverneededtheuseof been),onthesubjectbeingmentionedtohim,laughed,and

said,witha significantshrug,'Yes,yes!a nervousknee! crutchessince,and,althoughitwassometime

weallknowwhatnervouskneesare!—ay!ay!7Mr.B ,

beforeIgainedmuchstrengthintheleg,Iamnow whoasa friendhadseenmy kneefrequently(thoughnot

abletowalkaswellasbeforetheinjury.Iforgot professionally),assuredallwhomentionedthecasetohim

thatImight havewalkedtwelvemonthsearlierhadIcared tomention,thatbeforeleavingMr.Hutton'shouseI todoso.Otherprofessionalmenaccountedforthe manifest

walkedupaflightofstairsanddownagainwithout changeinanyconditionononehypothesisandanother,whilst

allaffectedtosmileatmy ignoranceanddelusion.Thus assistance,afeatIhadnotaccomplishedforyears."

myownthoughts muchastotheprofession:butwhatwere Asacontributiontothepatient'spointofview,

andthoseofmyfriendsandthepublicgenerally? Iwas

andasapendanttosomeremarksmadeinthe lilfethemanspokenofintheGospels,whohadbeenblind,

andcouldnowsee.Ihadbeenlameandinpain,andcould courseof theprecedingpages,Ihavethoughtit

nowwalkand wasatease.Icarednothingforprofessional desirabletoprinthereaportionoftheletterthat sneersastonervousornotnervous;andhadthewhole

accompaniedthenarrative:— CollegeofSurgeonsclearlydemonstratedtotheirentire

satisfactionthatIcouldnotpossiblyhavebeenbenefitedby "May,1871.

Mr.Hutton'streatment,myopinionwouldnothavebeenin "MydearSir,—InmycommunicationIhaveconfined

thesmallestdegreeshakenbyit.Then,astothepublic:my myselftoarelationoffactsonly,abstainingfromallcom

casehavingbeenwellknown,myrecoverywasquicklynoised ment,butIshouldnowliketosay,thatIthinkyouare

abroad,anda numberofpeopleintheneighbourhoodwho doinggreatservicetothepublicinbringingthesubjectof

had'sufferedmanythingsofmanyphysiciansandwere (so-called)bone-settingprominentlybeforetheprofession,so

nothingbettered,butrathergrewworse/soughtMr.Hutton's astoinducethemtogiveitameasureofattention,instead

adviceandwerecured;andthishashappenedinsomany ofpooh-poohingit,ashasbeentheiralmostinvariableprac

instancesthatpublicconfidenceintheabilityoftheregular ticehitherto.Inmyowncase,aftersubmittingtoMr.

practitionertodealwiththisclassofcaseshasbeengreatly 122 ON BONE-SETTING, MANIPULA TIONS. 123

shaken. I cannot better illustrate this.than by relating the Mr. Hutton, he walked several miles to see a friend, and then following case :—One Thursday morning last autumn a man back to the railway-station; he rested the next day, and on came to me, and, on my inquiring his business, he told me Wednesday returned to his work, and has been quite well that he wanted my advice. He was a labourer in a factory, ever since. who, in lifting a weight, had twisted his knee, which was " The sentence in italics is one to which I desire to call much swollen and painful when he walked. I asked him particular attention, since it gives expression to a feeling what advice he had had. He said he had been under the of want of confidence in the profession, which I know to doctor's hands some time, but the leg was worse, and he was be widely, though often secretly, entertained in this neigh

now ordered to lay up entirely for a month, and was assured bourhood. that, unless he did so, he would lose his leg. In one hand " Would it not, then, be to the interest of the profession he held a medical certificate to entitle him (being unable to to examine into these cases, and not obstinately to close work) to go on his club ; in the other he had a lump of dark their eyes to facts, which, but for professional prejudice, they paste, about the size of an egg, which he said was a blister, would not fail to see as clearly, and reason upon as logically, and which he was ordered to apply to the joint immediately, as common people do. and to rest at home until the doctor called on him next day. " I am, my dear Sir, yours very truly, I examined his knee, and from the similarity of his symptoms " &c. &c." to those I had myself experienced, I felt satisfied that his was a case for Mr. Hutton, and told him so. He immediately Another joint requiring very special considera said that he had heard of my case and so many others that he would rather take my advice than the doctor's. I ex tion is the hip, on account of its well-known liability plained to him that he could not follow the advice of both, to disease of a kind that should forbid operative and if he decided on going to Mr. Hutton he must on no interference. It may be safely assumed that in any account apply the blister. To this he assented. The doctor's assistant called on him next day, and was very angry that he case of mischief about the hip-joint, the mind of had not done as he was ordered, and then left, threatening a surgeon would be likely to lean towards the to return with his master, who, he said, would make him put probable presence of morbus coxae, while a bone- on the blister whether he liked it or not. This threat, how ever, was not carried out, and on Monday morning ho went setter, on the other hand, would lean towards the to Mr. Hutton, with several other patients who were going opposite view, and would hope and thence believe up on a similar errand. He did not return until the last the malady to be of a kind that movements would train at night, and I learned next morning that, after visiting 124 ONBONE-SETTING. MANIPULA TIONS. 125

cure.Henceitisthatthehip-jointhasfurnished

lengthhewasbroughttoMr.Hutton,whosaidthe thebone-setterwithsomeofhismostconspicuous

hipwas"out,"andoperatedinhisusualmanner. successeswhenhehasbeenright,andwithsome

Theboyhadgreatandincreasedpainafterwards, ofhismostdisastrousfailureswhenhehasbeen

andwasorderedtoapplypoultices.Infivedays wrong;andabone-setterwhohasbecomemore

hisfriendssentwordthathewasmuchworse,and fearfuloffailurethaneagerforsuccessgenerally thatagreatquantityofmatterhadbeendischarged. looksuponthehip-jointwithsuspicion.Mr.Hut-

I anticipatedtheworstpossibleissuetothecase, ton,atallevents,musthavelearntthislessonby andsupposedthatthemovementsmusthavedone experience,forhewasnotonlyextremelycareful

greatmischief;butamonthafterwardsI metthe inhisexaminationofthehip,butalsoseemed,as

boywalkinginthestreet,ingoodhealth,freefrom

itappearedtome,bynomeanssorrywhenhe

pain,andwithascarcelyperceptiblelimp. foundreasonforlettingitalone.

Mr.Huttonentertainedabeliefthatinallcases

IsawwithhimoneinstanceinwhichIthought

ofhipdiseasetheoriginofthemischiefwasafall hehada luckyescape,andwhichIcouldnot

orablowonthepart,andthisconvictionwasnever understandatthetime;butsincethepublication shakenbytheabsenceofsuchanincidentfromthe byMr. TealeandDr.Macnaboftheircasesof

historyrelatedbythepatientorhisfriends.He simulationofhip-jointdiseasebysuppurationof

maintained,anddoubtlesswithmuchtruth,that thebursaoverthetrochantermajor,Iimaginethat

blowsandfallswereoftenunknowntoparents,and suchaconditionmayhavebeenthecauseofmy

weresoonforgotten,notonlybychildren,but,if perplexity.Thefollowingisanoutlineofthecase:

attendedby no immediateillresults,alsoby A boyhadbeenkickedononehipbyapony,and

childrenofalargergrowth.Thehipcasesinwhich theinjuryproducedsymptomsresemblingthoseof

hewasusefulwereprobablythoseinwhich,after morbuscoxse,which fortheboywastreated.At

injury,thelimbhadbeenkeptvoluntarilyatrest 126 ON BONE-SETTING. MANIPULA TIONS. 127

for fear of exciting pain, or in which some inflam side of the bone-setter's account. When they matory mischief had existed external to the joint, have occasioned rest to the joint, or have been and had kept all the parts in a state of unnatural treated by counter-irritants, they may in course of quiescence. A test to which he attached import- time be followed by adhesions, and they must ance, and which points clearly to extra-articular as almost of necessity have been productive of stiff distinguished from intra-articular mischief, was ness in the muscles and tendon-sheaths, and of that, in the absence of pain from direct pressure or clryness in the synovial sacs. These conditions shocks upon the heel, pain was still felt if the may be quite sufficient to overpower the efforts patient rested the heel firmly on the ground, and of a feeble will at voluntary motion, and to then, keeping it fixed as a pivot, attempted to overcome them by manipulation will be to effect rotate the foot inwards or outwards. A sign of a cure. To treat them by rest, or by so-called similar import was the production of pain on stoop moral suasion, is to leave an easy victory over the ing forwards. To these rough indications, however, profession in the hands of quacks. the diagnostic skill of the surgeon should add The practitioner should beware, however, of the others of a more precise character, gathered from a grounds of his diagnosis in cases that are supposed careful study and comparison of all the general and to be hysterical, and should avail himself of all local symptoms of the case, and especially from the the resources by which art discovers the presence temperature of the body at different periods of the of disease, before he allows himself to be committed day, from the presence or absence of shivering, and to any course. I was once made acquainted from the state of the circulation and the secretions. with the case of a young lady who complained of pain in the upper part of the left thigh, which The hip is frequently the locality of some form of hysterical affection, and such disorders have was aggravated on movement. She lived in a fashionable watering-place, and was attended by doubtless contributed their quota to the credit 128 ON BONE-SETTING. MANIPULA T/ONS. 129

two physicians of great local repute. They pathy between this joint and the uterus, and that pronounced the case to be hysterical, and decided inflammation in or about the former is not un- against the reality of sufferings that the patient frequently associated with disorder of the latter. herself declared to be agonizing. After a long Dr. Meadows has recently read to the Clinical period a third physician was called in for a single Society the case of a lady in whom acute consultation. He suggested the possibility of suppuration within the hip-joint followed the ♦deep suppuration; but the others would not listen application of " tangle tents " to the cervix uteri. to him, and he unfortunately withdrew without The general opinion of the Society was that the pressing his opinion. Some months of pain and case was one of pyaemia ; and it is known that misery followed, and then at last a surgeon saw Mr. Barwell regards ordinary " gonorrhoeal rheu the limb. He at once gave exit to an enormous matism " as being itself a form of pyaemic infec collection of matter from beneath the deep fascia tion. If these views are correct, we must expect of the thigh, and the unfortunate patient then in to meet with various degrees of hip-joint disorder one sense recovered, but only to be more or less associated with, or consecutive to, uterine maladies. a cripple for life, in consequence of the extensive In the Berlijt. Med. Zeittmg, Dr. Hoppe has called injury done to the muscles among which the pus attention to this. He says, that " in the course of had burrowed. In this case the attendants had uterine disease there may be well-marked hip- permitted the word " hysteria" to stand between joint disease set up, as indicated by pain and their judgments and the patent facts of the tenderness in the region of the joint or the tro- case. chanter, and impeded movement, owing to the con

It should be remembered, also, in considering traction of the adductors and flexors. Both sides the nature of affeotions of the hip in the female, may be affected, either simultaneously or in suc that there exists a considerable degree of sym- cession. It may exist only in a trifling degree; and

K I3O ON BONE-SETTING. MANIPULA TIONS. when it prevails to a greater extent, it may go on other; since rheumatism is a specific disorder, afterwards independently of the uterine affection. requiring specific constitutional conditions to call In moderate cases the affection of the hip-joint it into activity, and not liable to be lighted up disappears with that of the uterus." If it should not by any merely local accident. The field here do so, the result will probably be to leave behind opened to treatment is a very wide one; since the adhesions, either within the joint or around it, and number of rheumatic cases applying to bone- these, when the acute stage has subsided, properly setters has been small in comparison with the directed movements may safely and effectually number of sufferers, and since the suggestion that overcome. something is out and must be replaced would The degree in which the crippling effects of hardly commend itself to the common sense of ordinary rheumatic inflammation may be over the patients. A true and reasonable explanation come by movement would be scarcely credible to of the condition and the means of cure would any who had not witnessed the actual results of probably render many rheumatic people readily treatment. In these cases I believe the inflam amenable to treatment; but it is right to caution matory deposits are chiefly extra-articular, and those who would undertake such cases that the that they speedily undergo some kind of organi necessary manipulations are often more difficult zation. They may be heard to tear under flexion than in cases of injury. They must be planned with an audible rending sound, and the consequent with care and forethought, and executed skilfully restoration of free movement is always followed and with decision. by the relief of any pre-existing pain, and The joints most prone to partial dislocation generally by the gradual subsidence of heat or from injury are probably those of the tarsus and swelling. In these cases a recurrence of inflam wrist. Sir Astley Cooper mentions also the mation is perhaps less to be feared than in any ankle, knee, shoulder, and elbo*, as being liable

K 2 MANIPULA TIONS. 133 132 ON BONE-SETTING. upon the ligaments. These, being non-elastic, to this form of accident, and gives an account of must either hold or tear. In the former case the the anatomical conditions in a partial dislocation joint will escape with slight injury; in the latter, of the humerus found in a subject dissected at the process of repairing the torn fibres will be St. Thomas's Hospital in 1819. Partial disloca attended with more or less effusion, according to tion would be very likely to deceive a surgeon who the extent of the rupture. This effusion, unless was not fully prepared for the possibility of its wholly re-absorbed, must remain in and around the occurrence, since the ordinary signs of complete ligament, like callus around a fracture of bone, displacement would be wanting, while at the same more or less impeding movement. In some cases, time mobility would be impaired. In such cases too, the synovial membrane adherent to the inner bone-setters have often been successful; since surface of the ligament will be torn with it, and the displaced bone, when once started from its synovitis will be the probable result. In either false position by the preliminary twist, would be case, the effect of prolonged rest may be to likely to return at once to its natural relations solidify and organize effusion in a position where with neighbouring parts. it cripples movement. The art of the bone-setter In severe sprains it may be assumed, as a rule, has been to tear such effusions after they have that the amount of tension put upon the ligaments become organized and firm. The skill of the of the affected joint will be the measure of the surgeon will be better displayed in stretching injury done, and will also determine the nature and rendering them harmless while they are still of the process of repair. If a joint be forced tender. In the treatment of fracture, for example, in an abnormal direction by external violence, the too much pains can hardly be taken to commence muscles and soft parts surrounding it will yield; early passive motion of the articulations of the and, unless movement is checked by the apposition affected limb, and on no account to dismiss as of bony surfaces, the stress will then be thrown MA NIP ULA TIONS. 134 ON BONE-SETTING. 135 cured a patient in whom this precaution has been ordinary practice of bone-setters to have them neglected, with the wholly unfounded expectation rubbed twice a day with neat's-foot oil, and kept that the stiffness will cure itself. Of late years, constantly enveloped in linseed-meal poultices for especially in fractures of the fore-arm, I have made a week before, and for some days after opera it a rule to move the joints frequently from the ting, and in many instances to have the joint very beginning of the treatment, taking the thumb, steeped in water as hot as it can be borne for fingers, wrist, and elbow seriatim, and of course care half an hour before commencing the manipula fully steadying the fractured bones during the time. tions. They believe that by these means they I have already referred to the importance of diminish the resistance of the muscles and the the thumb-pressure as a means of fixing the risk of subsequent inflammation. So many of their attachment of an adhesion, and preventing the acts and precautions are based upon the results possibility of partial displacement of a bone, of large experience, that it would perhaps be especially in the carpus or tarsus, by the force hasty to infer that this practice would be as well

employed by the operator. I am disposed to dispensed with. Mr. Hutton, for example, was think that this thumb-pressure exerts yet another a shrewd and observant man, and the poulticing

beneficial influence, and that, by fixing the covered an interval of time during which there attachment of an adhesion, it secures that the were many risks of his losing the case. I do

adventitious material shall be broken through at not think he would have adhered to the custom

some point of its own length, and not torn from unless he had seen reason to believe that he would

either of its insertions. It is manifest that the incur clanger by abandoning it. At all events, former result would be far less likely to produce it amused and satisfied the patient, and gave an

irritation or mischief than the latter. air of deliberateness to the manipulation even In the case of all the larger joints it is the tually practised for his cure. 136 ON BONE-SETTING. MANIPULA TIONS. 137

AmongthesymptomswhichMr.Huttonwas verywellchancetoimitate.Themethodof

wonttoremarkasevidenceofabonebeing"out" reducingdislocationsoftheshoulderthatwas

(thatis,asevidenceoftheexistenceofa state contrivedbySchinzinger,forexample,aswellas

ofthingsinwhichhe coulddo good)inthe thatofRichet,thevalueofbothofwhichhasbeen

shoulderorhip,wastheoccurrenceofacutepain confirmedby nolessauthoritiesthanProfessors

inornearthejointon awaking,so thatthe DumreicherandVonPitha,willoccurtoeveryone

patient,ifa child,wouldwakeup crying.I asexamplesinpoint;anditclear is thatwhat

presumethatinthesecasesthejointwasmoved hasthusbeendonedesignedlybysurgeonsmay

so freelyinthehalf-consciousperiodbetween alsonowandthenbeaccomplishedaccidentally

sleepingandwakingas toexcitethepainin by a quack.As a rule,however,bone-setters

thismanner. do nothingforactualdislocations;unless,by

Itwillsurprisemanyto learnthatactual movingthedisplacedbonefreelyinitsnew

dislocationsrarelycomeunderthenoticeofbone- position,theypromotetheattainmentofthat

degreeofusefulnesswhichtimeinsuchcases setters.When theydo come,itisprobable

thattheyaresometimesreplaced,quiteun isoftenfoundtorestore.

consciouslyonthepartoftheoperator,bythe

ordinarymovementsthatheemploys.There

hasbeenoflateyearsa growingtendencyto

substituteskillforforceinthereductionofdis locations,especiallyinthoseofthehipand

shoulder;andthebasisofthenewmethodsis generallycombination a ofrotationandflexion whichthemanipulationsofa bone-settermay AFFECTIONS OF THE SPINE. 139

causeofcomplaint,been"outofsorts,"shenoticed

afeelingofstiffnessandnumbnessextendingover

thewholeofthebody,butmoreespeciallyinthe

CHAPTER V. extremities.Shortlyafterthisoccurredshewas

seizedwithconvulsionsofanepileptiformcharacter. AFFECTIONSOF THE SPINE.

Theseconvulsionsrecurredatvaryingintervalsof

SINCEthepublicationofmyoriginalpapers sometimesthreeorfourdays,andatother times

intheLancet,alargenumberofinquirieshave oftendaysora fortnight,untilherconfinement

beenaddressedtomeonthesubjectofthetreat Afterthiseventshewassubjecttothem,but

mentbybone-settersofdiseasesof thespine; atlongerintervals,untilOctober1869.Their

andIhavethoughtthattheimportanceofthe increasedfrequencyaboutthistimeinducedher

subjectissuchthatitcanbestbedealtwithina toconsultMr.Hutton,bothsheandherfriends

separatechapter.Iwillcommencewithnarrating consideringthat,asshehadneverhadany

thehistoryofwhatMr.Huttonhimselfconsidered affectionofthisdescriptionprevioustoherfall,

oneofhis"goodcases." theblowonthebackmightfairlybelooked

A verytender Mrs-J >onrisingfromherchaironeday uponasthecauseofhertrouble.

in1864,caughtherheelinhercrinoline,and spotwascomplainedofatthejunctionofthe

fellbackwardsuponhersacrum.Shedidnot lastlumbarvertebrawiththesacrum.Sensations

feelmuchpainfromthe.fallatthemoment, whichprecededthecommencementofthefitwere

althoughshefelta gooddealshaken.At referredtothatspot,andtheopiniongivenby

thisperiodshehadbeensixweekspregnant. Mr.Huttonwasthatabonewas"out"there.On

Onthefifthdayfromthedatethe ofaccident, thethreeorfourdaysprecedinghisvisitshe

havinginthemeantime,withoutanydefinite hadmanysevereconvulsions;shewassuffering 140 ON BONE-SETTING. AFFECTIONSOF THE SPINE. 141

fromexhaustionconsequentuponthem,and Asacontrasttotheforegoingnarrative,andin

fullyexpectedtobeobligedtoremaininbed ordertoexhibitanothersideofthepicture,Iwill

forsomedaystorecoverherself.Shedescribes quotea passagefromMr.Shaw'sarticleon

herselfassufferingatthesametimefromhead «DiseasesoftheSpine"inthefourthvolumeof

acheandfulness;herbackwasverypainful; thesecondeditionofHolmes'sSystemofSurgery.

shewasflushedintheface,verydepressedin Mr.Shawsays:—

spirits,hereyesightwasdim,andshewas "Itissometimesadvantageousforthesurgeon

veryfaintWhenoperatedoninthemanner tobeacquaintedwiththeproceedingsofquacks.

hereaftertobedescribed,shefelt"asudden Bone-settersandothersfrequentlyundertaketo

feelingofnumbnessofthebrain,"thisfeeling straightenthespineincasesofangulardeformity,

travellingupwardsfromthespotwherepressure andastheyoccasionallyhaveacertaintemporary

wasapplied;andthenimmediatelyfollowingthis, successwhichgainsthemreputation,itmore is

a sensationwhichmadehersay"I'mallright." necessarytounderstandwhattheydo,andatwhat

Ina minuteortwoshegotintobedwithout arisk.Theywilltake,forexample,a youngman

assistance,laydownonherleftside—aposition whohasa prominenthumpinthedorsalregion,

shehadnotbeenabletotakebefore—hercolour consequentondiseasewhichhemayhavehad

becamenatural,herheadfeltasifaweighthad inchildhood.Byconfininghimintherecumbent

beenremovedfromit,thedimnessofsight position,employingmechanicalmeanstostretch

disappeared,andadifficultyofraisingthelidspre theback,andputtinghimonphysicalexercises, viouslywas presentgone.Sheremainedinbed notforgettingmanipulate to theprojectingver fortwohours,andthenwasabletobedressedand tebrasufficientlyoften,thespinemaybemade godownstairs.Shehadnoreturnofthefits,and straighter,andthehumplessdistinct.Thequack hadbeenquitefreefromthemuptoOctober1870. willprobablyrepresentthatthecurehasbeen AFFECTIONS OF THE SPINE. 143 142 ON BONE-SETTING,

maybethestateoftheabscess.Ifthecavity effectedbyhisreducingthedislocatedbonesat

oftheabscesshasbeenobliterated,theformer theangularprojection.Butitobvious is that

communicationit betweenandthecariousbodies theapparentimprovementhasbeenbroughtabout

closed,andiftheanchylosishasbeenperfectso whollybytheextensionofthesoundportions

thatnoremnantofthediseasehasbeenleft,the ofthespineaboveandbelowtheapexofthe

treatment,howeverrough,mightdo noharm, angle.Eachoftheseportions,besidesbeingin

ifitdidnogood.Buttheresultwouldbe clinedfrombeforebackward,iscurved;anditcan

disastrousiftheanchylosiswerespurious,andthe beeasilyunderstoodthatbyrestoringthemtoa

wallsoftheabscessweretheonlyconnectionbe verticalline,thewholecolumnwillberendered

tweentheupperandlowerportionsinfront.Owing straighter,andtheprotuberancelessdistinct.But

totheunionbetweenthevertebraattheback,the

itisnottobeexpectedthattheimprovement

mobilitywouldbedestroyed,anditmightbein willlast.Asnochangecanbemadeintherela

ferredthattheanchylosiswasperfect;yettheos tionofthevertebraeattheseatofanchylosis,and

seousbondmightnotbesufficientlystrongtoresist theirsurfacesinconformitywiththeanglethey

theviolencesometimesemployedinendeavouring formareplacedobliquely,thelongitudinalaxis

tostraightenthespinebyignorantpractitioners." oftheupperandlowerportionsrespectivelymust

"A friendrelatedtothewriterthefollowing likewisebebentinreferencetoeachother.Hence

case,andalsoshowedhimthepreparationcon thespinewillsoonreturntoitsformercondition.

nectedwithit. Butitthe isdangerofthetreatmentwhich

"A youngwomanhadcariesofthelower constitutesthechiefobjection;andthatarises

cervicalandupperdorsalvertebrae,fromwhichshe fromitsbeingimpossibletoknowbeforehandwhat

recovered,soastobeabletoresumeheremploy istheexactkindanddegreeofunionthatmay

ment.Theangulardeformitybeingconsiderable, havetakenplaceattheseatofdisease,orwhat AFFECTIONS OF THE SPINE. 145 144 ON BONE-SETTING. she applied to a quack, who promised to make the gravity of its diseases, have rather tended to make spine straight. The treatment consisted chiefly professional men overlook the osseous and liga- in employing mechanical means to stretch the neck. mentous case by which it is enclosed, and which While increasing the power one day, there was is liable to all the maladies that befall bones and an audible snap, with sudden pain. The patient ligaments elsewhere. The quack, on the other was found immediately afterward paralysed from hand, who probably never heard of the spinal the neck downwards, and in a few days she died. cord, recognizes only the presence of structures It was found at the post-mortem examination with which he is familiar, and deals with them as that there was an abscess nearly obliterated in he does in other situations. The result is much front of the carious vertebrae; and that the walls the same as in the hip-joint. The quack every of the abscess had been extensively torn from their now and then cures conditions which the autho connections with the bones. The spinal cord was rized practitioner had regarded with a sort of diffluent near the seat of injury. It cannot be reverence because they were "spinal;" and he doubted that when the force of extension was every now and then kills a patient, because this increased, and the snap heard, that the bony reverence did not exist for his protection. If the connections of the posterior segment and the profession generally would so study the diseases of vertebras had been broken, the walls of the ab the spinal cord as to rescue them from specialists, scess detached from the bodies in front, and the the first step would be taken towards rescuing the spinal cord ruptured." diseases of the vertebral column from quacks. In considering the relation which these two However the matter may be explained, it is histories respectively bear to the question now quite certain that many people now resort to bone-setters, complaining of a "crick," or pain, before us, I fear it must be admitted that the or weakness in the back, usually consequent upon great importance of the spinal cord, and the L 146 ON BONE-SETTING.

someinjuryorundueexertion,andthatthese applicantsarecuredby movementsofflexion andextension,coupledwithpressureuponany painfulspot.

Ina fewcasesMr.Hutton wasconsultedon

accountofstiffnessabouttheneckorcervical vertebrae;and he thenwas accustomedto

straightentheminthewayshownbyFig.7. His

leftfore-armwouldbeplacedunderthelowered chinofthepatient,withthehandcominground tothebaseof theoccipitalbone.The right thumbwouldthenbeplacedonanypainfulspot on thecervicalspine,and thechinsuddenly elevatedasmuchasseemedtoberequired.As farasmy observationextends,theinstancesof thiskindwerenotbondfideexamplesofadhesion, butgenerallysuchasmightbeattributedto

slightmuscularrigidity,oreventosomeformof imaginarymalady.Thebenefitgainedwaspro bablyratherduetothepainoftheoperation,

andtheeffectproducedbyituponthemindof thepatient,thantoanyactualchangeinthe physicalconditionsconcerned.

L 2 AFFECTIONS OF THE SPINE. 149

For the lower regions of the spine he had two methods of treatment, differing in detail but not in principle. In the first, when a painful spot was found, the patient was made to get out of bed and to stand facing its side, with the front of the legs, or perhaps the knees—according to the height of the patient and of the bedstead—pressed against it She was then told to bend forward until the bed was touched by the elbows. His left arm was then placed across the chest, and the thumb of the right hand upon the painful spot. Firm pressure was made with the thumb, and as soon as he felt that he had settled himself into such a position that he could obtain the full power of the left arm, the patient was told to assume the erect posture with as much rapidity and vigour as she could command. This move ment was facilitated and expedited by the throw ing up of his left arm and the opposing force of the right thumb. As a rule there seemed to be two painful spots, answering to the upper and lower border of the affected vertebra, so that the

manoeuvre would require to be repeated. ISO ON BONE-SETTING. AFFECTIONS OF THE SPINE. 151

In the second method the patient was seated lower cervical vertebrae was to place the operator's in a chair placed a short distance from the wall, knee against the painful spot, and, with the hands so that the feet could be firmly pressed against placed upon the shoulders, to draw the upper it. She was told to bend forward and place her part of the body as far back as possible. arms between her legs, with the elbows resting In cases where pain was complained of in the against the inner side of the knees: to sit firmly dorsal and lumbar region, and the backward on the chair, and at a given signal to throw herself movements did not afford the required relief, upright The operator passed his left arm under the patient was made to bend sideways, and the chest, placed his right thumb on the painful a similar process was gone through as in the

spot, and, in order to obtain firm and resisting other manipulations. pressure, rested his elbow against the back of the As a commentary upon all this there is mani chair. The signal being given, the operator, festly little to say, except that the size of the keeping the fist clenched, so as to support his vertebral canal is such as to admit of considerable thumb, and the elbow being held firm in its diminution without injury to the cord, and that position, when the patient throws herself upright, the bones and ligaments of the column, as already resists the approach of her back to the chair, observed, are liable to the same results of injury, and bends her head and shoulders as far back and to the same diseases, that befall bones and wards as possible, the position of the feet pre ligaments elsewhere. venting any forward movement The surgeon who is consulted about a case of These two methods are used for cases in spinal malady should first of all make sure that which pain is present in the dorsal vertebrae he is not frightened by a bugbear, and should then below the eighth, or in any of the lumbar. proceed to determine, by scientific methods of ex The treatment used for the upper dorsal and amination, whether or not he is in the presence 152 ON BONE-SETTING. AFFECTIONS OF THE SPINE. 153

of disease of the nervous centres, or of caries, ''John S , aged 21, labourer, of St. Mary's

abscess, or other destructive change in the verte Cray, was admitted on May 26, 1865, under Mr.

bral column. On such points as these, no man Hilton. who possesses a thermometer, a microscope, and "States that he has been ailing for the last

a test-tube has any excuse for remaining long in three months; loss of appetite and general de

doubt; and if he is able to exclude the possibility bility ; has, however, followed his employment. of such conditions, he may then regard the spine " On Sunday, May 14, he was stooping down simply as a portion of the skeleton, and may deal to black his boots as they were on his feet, when with it accordingly. Here, as elsewhere, injury and suddenly he ' felt a snap' in the upper and back rest, or rest and counter-irritation, may produce part of his neck; ' he felt as if some one had struck adhesions that painfully limit movement, and that him there/ About a quarter of an hour after he may at once be broken by resolute flexion and became insensible, and continued so about half an extension. Here, as elsewhere, partial displace hour; then he felt a stiffness and numbness at the

ment may occur, and may be rectified by pressure back and side of his head and the back of his

and motion. In the lower cervical, the dorsal and neck, with a fulness in the throat and difficulty of lumbar portions of the spine, the change of positioil swallowing. At first he had no loss of power over of any single vertebra can be only slight—enough his limbs, only slight pain down the right arm; to produce pain and stiffness, but not enough to some days after admission, however, he had partial produce visible deformity. In the highest region, loss of power in the right arm, which shortly re however, partial dislocations are sometimes more covered itself. manifest. The following case is quoted from the " On admission he carries his head fixed, and hospital reports of the Medical Times and Gazette has pain on slightest attempt to rotate, flex, or for August 5, 1865 >— extend the head ; his jaw is partially fixed, and AFFECTIONS OF THE SPINE. 154 ON BONE-SETTING. 155 he cannot open his mouth wide enough to admit mation of the right knee and elbow-joint, followed of a finger being passed to the back of the in a day or two by a similar state in the left knee- pharynx ; his voice is thick and guttural; deglu joint. There was no evidence of a pysemic state. tition not attended by any great uneasiness. Com The joints were blistered, he has been treated with plains of all the symptoms before enumerated. pot. nitr. and lemon-juice, and is now fast recover

Externally, over the spine of the second cervical ing. The tenderness and all the symptoms have vertebra, there is a tumour hard and resisting, but disappeared, the projection still remaining, and he tender on pressure: this is evidently formed by expresses himself as much relieved by the con the undue prominence of the spine of the axis tinued rest in bed. itself; the tenderness is not general, but circum " Mr. Hilton, in remarking on this case, observed scribed ; the parts all round are numb. He was that it had been demonstrated that the area of the put on his back on a hard bed, his head but vertebral canal might be diminished by one-third, slightly elevated; a small sandbag was placed provided that the diminution was slowly effected, beneath the projecting spine, and the whole head without giving rise to any alarming, or indeed maintained in a fixed position by larger sandbags. marked, symptoms of compression of the cord." He was ordered pulv. Dov., gr. v.; hydr. c. cre.ta, Now, there can be no doubt that most surgeons gr. iij., bis die. This was continued for about ten would agree that Mr. Hilton exercised a sound days, when his gums became affected slightly, and discretion in simply placing this man in conditions it was then omitted. Marked improvement has favourable to recovery, or in keeping him at rest taken place in his general appearance, and more until the axis was fixed in its new position, and particularly in his special symptoms. He con the spinal cord accustomed to the change in its tinued thus till July 3, gradually and steadily relations. There can be as little doubt that improving. He then had acute rheumatic inflam- Mr. Hutton would have made thumb-pressure on Bedford Street, Covent Garden, London, 156 ON BONE-SETTING. April, 1872.

the prominent spine while he sharply raised the

head. The probability is, that he would by this Macmillan & Co:s Catalogue of Works manoeuvre have cured his patient; the possibility in the Departments of History, Biography, is, that he might have killed him. This sort of and Travels; Politics, Political and Social " make-a-spoon or spoil-a-horn" practice we may Economy, Law, etc.; and Works connected contentedly leave to quacks ; and, without risking with Language. With some short Accottnt reputation in doubtful cases, I think we may find or Critical Notice concerning each Book. a considerable number which are not doubtful, in which skilled observation may exclude all elements HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, and TRAVELS. of danger, and in which the rectification of dis

placement, or the rupture of adhesions, will be Baker (Sir Samuel W.)—Works by Sir Samuel Baker certainly followed by the most favourable results. M.A., F.R.G.S.:— THE ALBERT N'YANZA Great Basin of the Nile, and Explora For the discovery of these cases no settled rules tion of the Nile Sources. New and Cheaper Edition. Maps and can be laid down, since they can only be known Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 6s. "Bruce won the source of the Blue Nile; Speke and Grant won the by negations—by the absence of the symptoms Victoria source of the great White Nile; and I have been permitted to that would give warning of danger. The diagnosis succeed in completing the Nile Sources by the discovery of the great reservoir of the equatorial waters, the Albert N'yanza, from which the must be made in each instance for itself, and in river issues as the entire White Nile."—Preface. "As a Macaulay each must depend upon the sagacity and the skill arose among the historians" says the Reader, "so a Bake?- has arisen among the explorers." " Charmingly written;" says the Spectator, of the practitioner. "full, as might be expected, of incident, and free from that wearisome reiteration of -useless facts which is the drawback to almost all books oj African travel."

THE NILE TRIBUTARIES OF ABYSSINIA, and the Sword Hunters of the Hamran Arabs. With Maps and Illustrations. Fourth and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s.

LONDON : R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS. A._2. A io.ooo.4-72- 2\ MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &> TRAVELS.

Sir Samuel Baker here describes twelve months' exploration, during These letters are the exact account of a lady's experieiice of the brighter which he examined the rivers that are tHbutary to the Nilefrom Abyssinia, and less practical side of coloni%ation. They record the expeditions, ad including the Aibara, Settite, Royan, Salaam, Angrab, Rahad, Vinder, ventures, and emergencies diversifying the daily life of the wife of a New and the Blue Nile. The interest attached to these portions of Africa differs Zealand sheep-far?ner; and, as each was written while the novelty and entirely from that of the White Nile regions, as the whole of Upper Egypt excitement of the scenes it describes werefresh upon hei', they may succeed and Abyssinia is capable of development, and is inhabited by races having in giving here in England an adequate impression of the delight andfree some degree of civilization; while Central Africa is peopled by a race of dom of an existence so far removedfrom our own highly-wrought civiliza savages, whosefuture is more problematical. The Times says: "It solves tion. " We have 7iever read a more truthful cr apleasanter little book."— finally a geographical riddle which hitherto had been extremely perplexing, Athen^um. and it adds much to our information respecting Egyptian Abyssinia and the different races that spread over it. It contains, moreover, some notable Bernard, St.—See Morison. instances of English daring and enterprising skill; it abounds in a?ii- ■mated tales of exploits dear to the heart of the British sportsma?i; and it Blanford (W. T.)—GEOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY OF will attract even the least studious reader, as the author tells a story well, ABYSSINIA. By W. T. Blanford. 8vo. 21 j. and can describe nature with uncommon power." This work contains an account of the Geological and Zoological Barante (M. De).—^Guizot. Observations made by the author in Abyssinia, when accompanying the British Army on its march to Magdala and back in 1868, and during a Baring-Gould (Rev.- S., M.A.)—LEGENDS OF OLD short journey in Northern Abyssinia, after the departure of the troops. TESTAMENT CHARACTERS, from the Talmud and other Parti. Personal Narrative; Part II. Geology; Part III. Zoology. sources. By the Rev. S. Baring-Gould, M.A. Author of With Coloured Illustrations and Geological Map. "The result of his '•' Curious Myths of the Middle Ages," " The Origin and Develop labours" the ACADEMY says, "is an important contribution to the ment of Religious Belief," " In Exitu Israel," &c. In Two Vols. natural history of the country." Crown 8vo. 16s. Vol. I. Adam to Abraham. Vol. II. Mel- Bryce.—THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. By James Bryce, chizedek to Zechariah. D.C.L., Regius Professor of Civil Law, Oxford. New and Re Mr. Baring-Gould's previous'contributions to the History of Mythology vised Edition. Crown 8vo. p. 6d. and the formation of a science of comparative religion are admitted to be The object of this treatise is not so much to give a narrative history of of high importance; the present work, it is believed, will he found io the countries included in the Romano-Germanic Empire—Italy during the be of equal value. He has collected from the Talmud and other sources, Middle Ages, Germany from theninth century to thenineieenth—as to describe Jewish and Moha?nmedan, a large number of curious and interesting the Holy Empire itself as an institution or system, the wonderful offspring legends concerning the principal characters of the Old Testament, com of a body of beliefs and traditions which have almost wholly passed away paring these frequently with similar legends current among many of the from the world. To make such a descriptio7i intelligible it has appeared peoples, savage and civilized, all over the world. <' These volumes contain best to give the book the form rather of a narrative than of a dissertation ; ■much thai is very strange, and, io the ordinary English reader, very and to combine zvith an exposition of what may he called the theory of the novel"—Daily News. Empire an outline oj the political history of Germany9 as well as some notice of the affairs of medieval Italy. Nothing else so directly linked the Barker (Lady).—See also Belles Lettres Catalogue. old world to the new as the Roman E?npire, •which exercised 07/er the minds of men an influence such as its material strength could never have commanded. STATION LIFE IN NEW ZEALAND. By Lady Barker It is of this influence, and the causes that gave it pozve?; that the present Second and Cheaper Edition. Globe 8vo. $s. 6d. work is designed to treat. i: It exactly supplies a want; it affords a key 4 MACMILLAWSCATALOGUEOFWORKSIN HLSTORY,BIOGRAPHY,& TRAVELS.

tomuchwhichmenreadofintheirbooksasisolatedfacts,butofwhichthey

T the^0lJ0Wt^W*rLetterswhichappearedfirstin^Daily havehithertohadnoconnectedexpositionsetbeforethem.Weknowofno

andwereafterwardspublishedcollectively,weareofferingthema writerwhohassothoroughlygraspedtherealnatureofthemedieval ,

pictureo;theeventsofthewarofaquitepeculiarcharacter.Theircom Empire,anditsrelationsaliketoearlia-andtolatertimes."-—Saturday

Review. municationshavetheadvantageofbeingatonceentertainingandinstruc

tive,freefromeveryromanticembellishment,andneverthelesswritten

inaveinintelligibleandnotfatiguingtothegeneralreader.Thewriters Burke(Edmund).—SeeMorley(John).<

lingeroverevents,anddonotdisdaintosurroundthegreata7idheroic

war-pictureswitharabesques,gayandgrave,takenfromcamp-lifeand CameosfromEnglishHistory—^Yonge(Miss).;

thelifeofthe^habitantsoftlieoccupiedterritory.Afeaturewhich

Chatterton—SeeWilson(Daniel). distinguishestheseLettersfromallotherdelineationsofthewaristhatthey

donotproceedfromasinglepen,butwerewrittenfromthecampsofboih

Cooper.—ATHENECANTABRIGIENSES.ByCharles belligerents."Thesenotesandcomments,"accordingtotheSaturday

HenryCooper,*.F.S.A.,andThompsonCooper,F.S.A. KEVIEW,aretnrealityaverywellexecutedandcontinuoushistory."

Vol.I.8vo.,1500—85,i&.;Vol.II.,1586—1609,iSs.

Dilke.-GREATERBRITAIN.ARecordofTravelinEnglish- Thiselaboratework,whichisdedicatedbypermissiontoLordMacaulay-, speakingCountriesduring1866-7.(America,Australia,India.) containslivesoftheeminentmensentforthbyCambridge,afterthe

BySirCharlesWentworthDilke,M.P.FifthEdition. fashionofAnthonyH Wood,inhisfamous"AthenaOxonienses." Crown8vo.6s.

Cox(G.V.,M.A.)—RECOLLECTIONSOFOXFORD. "Mr.Dilke,"saystheSaturdayReview,« haswrittenabookzohi-h

By G.V.Cox,M.A.,NewCollege,lateEsquireBedeland isprobablyaswellworthreadingasanybookofthesameaimsand

CoronerintheUniversityofOxford.CheaperEdition.Crown8vo. characterthateverwaswritten.Itsmeritsarethatitiswrittenina

6s. livelyandagreeablestyle,thatitimpliesagreatdealofphysicalpluck

thatnopageofitfailstoshowanacuteandhighlyintelligentobserver, "Anamusingfarragoofanecdote,andwillpleasantlyrecallinmany

thatitstimulatestheimaginationaswellasthe?udg?nentofthereader acountryparsonagethememoryofyouthfuldays."—Times."Those

andthatjlisonperhapsthemostinterestingsubjectthatcanattractan whotvishtoviakeacquaintanceiviththeOxfordoftheirgrandfathers,

Englishmanwhocaresabouthiscountry.""Manyofthesubjectsdis andtokeepuptheintercoursewithAlmaMaterduringtheirfather'stime,

cussedinthesepages,"saystheDailyNews,«areofthewidestinterest ez'eutothelatestnoveltiesinfashionorlearningofthepresentday,do will andsuchasnomanwhocaresforthefutureofhisraceandoftheworld wdltoprocurethispleasant,unpretendinglittlevolume."—-Atlas. canaffordtotreatwithindifference."

"DailyNews."—THEDAILYNEWSCORRESPOND Dfirer(Albrecht).—SecHeaton(Mrs.c.) ENCEoftheWarbetweenGermanyandFrance,1870—1.Edited

withNotesandComments.NewEdition.CompleteinOne

EuropeanHistory,Narratedina SeriesofHistorical Volume.WithMapsandPlans.Crown8vo.6s.

SelectionsfromthebestAuthorities.Editedandarrangedby ThisCorrespondencehasbeentranslatedintoGerman.InaPreface

E.M.SewellandC.M.Yonge.FirstSeries,crown8vo.6s.; theEditorsays:— SecondSeries,1088-1228,crown8vo.6s.

"Amongthevariouspictures,recitals,anddescriptionswhichhave Whenyoungchildrenhaveacquiredtheoutlinesofhistoryfromabridg appeared,bothofourgloriouslyendednationalwarasawhole,andofits

mentsandcatechisms,anditbecomesdesirabletogivea moreenlarged smralepisodes,wethinkthatinlayingbeforetheGermanpublic,through

viewofthesubject,in07'dcrrender toitreallyusefulandinteresting,a 6 MACMILLAJSTS CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &- TRAVELS.

difficulty often arises as to the choice of books. Two courses are open, either Freeman (E. A.)—continued. io take a general a?id consequently dry history of facts; such as Russell1s viz. the Achaian League, the Swiss Cantons, the United Provinces, the Modern Europe, or to choose some work treating of a particular period or United States. The first volume, besides containing a Ge?ieral Introduc subject, such as the works of Macaulay and Froude. The for?ner course tion, treats of the first of these. In writing this volume the author has usually renders history uninteresting; the latter is unsatisfactory, because endeavoured to combine a text which may be instructive and interesting to it is not sttfficiently comprehensive. To remedy this difficulty, selections, any thoughtful reader, whether specially learned or not, with notes tvhich continuous and chronological, have in the present volume been taken from may satisfy the requirements of the most exacting scholar. l( The task the larger works oj Freeman, Milman, Palgrave, Lingard, Hume, and Mr. Freema7t has U7idertake7i" the Saturday Review says, "is one others, which may serve as distinct landviarks of historical reading. of great magnitude and i?nportance. It is also a task of an almost " We know of scarcely anything" says the Guardian, of this volume', entirely novel character. No other work professing to give the history of "which is so likely to raise to a higher level the average standard of English a political principle occurs to us, except the slight contributions to the education." history of representative government that is contained in a course oj Fairfax (Lord).—a life of the great lord fair- M. Guizof's lectures .... The history of the development of a principle fax, Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the Parliament of is at least as important as the history of a dynasty, or of a race.^ England. By Clements R. Markham, F.S.A. With Portraits, Maps, Plans, and Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 16s. OLD ENGLISH HISTORY. With Five Coloured Maps. Second No full Life of the great Parliamentary Commandei' has appeared; Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo., half-bound. 6s. and it is here sought to produce one—based upon careful research in con "Its object,^ the Preface says, "is to shoiv that clear, accurate, and temporary records and ttpon family and other documents, " Highly scientific views of history, or indeed of any subject, may be easily given to useful to the careful student of the History of. tJie Civil War. . , , Pro children from the very first. , . , I have throughout striven to connect the bably as a military chronicle Mr. Markham's book is one of the most full history of England with the general history of civilized Europe, and I have and accurate that we possess about the Civil War.3*—FORTNIGHTLY especially tried to make the book serve as an incentive to a more accurate Review. study of historic geography." The rapid sale of the first edition and the Field (B. W.)— See Sadler. universal approval with which the work has been receivedprove the correct ness of the author's notions, and shozv that for stick a book there was ample Freeman.—Works by Edward A. Freeman, M.A., D.C.L. room. The work is suited not only for children, but will serve as an ex "That special power ever a subject which conscientious and patient cellent text-book for older students, a clear and faithful summary of the research can only achieve, a strong grasp offacts, a true mastery over history of the period for those who wish to revive their historical know detail, with a clear and manly style—all these qualities join to make ledge, and a book full of charms for the general reader. The work is the Historian of the Conquest conspicuous in the intellectual arena."— preceded by a complete chronological Table, and appended is an exhaustive Academy. and useful Index. In thepresent edition the whole has been carefully revised, HISTORY OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, from the Foun and such improvements as suggested themselves have been introduced. dation of the Achaian League to the Disruption of the United " The book indeed is full of instruction and intei'est to students of ail States. Vol. I. General Introduction, History of the Greek ages, and he must be a well-informed man indeed who will not rise from Federations. 8vo. 21s. its perusal with dearer and more accurate ideas of a too much neglected Mr. FreemaiCs aim, in this elaborate and valuable work, is not so portion of English history."—SPECTATOR. much to discuss the abstract nature of Federal Governmenty as to exhibit HISTORY OF THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF WELLS, its actual working in ages and countries widely removedfrom one another. as illustrating the History of the Cathedral Churches of the Old Four Federal Commonwealths stand out, in four different ages of the world, Foundation. Crown 8vo. 3^. 6a7. as commanding above all others the attention of students ofpolitical history, HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &> TRAVELS. 8 MACMILLAN'SCATALOGUE OF WORKS IN

Freeman(E.A.)—continued. Galileo.—THEFRIGATELIFEOF GALILEO.Compiled

principallyfromhisCorrespondenceandthatofhiseldest

I havehere"theauthorsays,"triedtotreatthehistoryofthe ' daughter,SisterMariaCeleste,NunintheFranciscanConventof

ChurchofWellsasa contributiontothegeneralhistoryoftheChurch S.MatthewinArcetri.WithPortrait.Crown8vo.Js.6d.

andKingdomofEngland,andspeciallytothehistoryofCathedral

Ithasbeentheendeavourojthecompilertoplacebeforethereadera ChurchesoftheOldFoundation....Iwishtopointoutthegeneral

principlesoftheoriginalfoundersasthemodeltowhichtheOldFowi- plain,ungarbledstatementoffacts.;7and,asa meanstothisend,toallow

dationsshouldbebroughtback,andtheNewFou7idationsreformedafter Galileo,hisfriends,andhisjudgestospeakforthemselvesasfaraspossible.

theirpattern."" ThehistoryassumesinMr.Freemartshandsasigni Allthebestauthoritieshavebeenmadeuseof,andallthematerialswhich

ficance^and,wemayadd,apracticalvalueassuggestiveofwhatacathe existforabiographyhavebeeninthisvolumeputintoa symmetricalform.

draloughttobe3whichmakeitwellworthyof'mention."—Spectator. Theresultisa mosttouchingpictureskilfullyarrangedofthegreatItcivic

manofscienceandhisdevoteddaughter,whoselettersarefullofthedeepest

reverentialloveandtrust,amplyrepaidbythenoblesoul.TheSatur HISTORICALESSAYS.SecondEdition.8vo.10s.6d.

dayReviewsaysofthebook,"Itisnotsomuchthephilosopherasthe

TheprincipleonwhichtheseEssayshavebeenchosenisthat manwhoisseeninthissimpleandlife-likesketch,andthehandwhich

ofselectingpaperswhichrefertocomparativelymoderntimes,or,at portraysthefeaturesandactionsismainlythatofonewhohadstudiedt7ie

least,totheexistingstatesandnationsofEurope.Byasortofaccident subjecttheclosestandthemostintimately.Thislittlevolumehasdone

anumberofthepieceschosenhavethrownthemselvesintosomethinglike muchwithinitsslendercompasstoprovethedepthandtendernessof

acontinuousseriesbearingonthehistoricalcausesofthegreateventsoj Galileo}sheart.71

1870—71.Noteshavebeenaddedwhenevertheyseemedtobecalledfor;

andwheneverhecouldgaininaccuracyofstatementorinforceorclear Gladstone(RightHon.W. E.,M.P.)—juventus

nessofexpression,theauthorhasfreelychanged,addedto,orleftout, MUNDI. TheGodsandMenoftheHeroicAge.Crown8vo. whatheoriginallywrote.TomanyoftheEssayshasbeenaddedashort cloth.WithMap. iar.6d.SecondEdition.

■noteofthecircumstancestinderwhichtheyzuerewritten.Itisneedlessto

saythatanyproductofMr.Freeman'spenisworthyattentive of perusal: ThisworkofMr.Gladstonedealsespeciallywiththehistoricelement

anditisbeliroedthatthecontentsofthisvolumewillthrowlighton inHomer,expoundingthatelementandfurnishingbyitsaida full

severalsubjectsojgreathistoricalimportanceandthewidestinterest. accountoftheHomericmenandtheHomericreligion.Itstarts,after

Thefollowingisa listojthesubjects:—I.TheMythicalandRomantic theintroductorychapter,zvithadiscussionoftheseveralracesthenexisting

ElementsinEarlyEnglishHistory;2.TheContinuityofEnglish inHellas,includingtheinfluenceofthePhoeniciansandEgyptians.It

History; 3.TheRelationsbetweentheCrownsofEnglandandScotland: contains chaptersontheOlympiansystem,withitsseveraldeities;onthe

4.SaintThomasofCanterburyandhisBiographers;5.TheReignoj EthicsandthePolityoftheHeroicage;ontheGeographyofHomer;on

EdwardtheThird;6.TheHolyRomanEmpire;7.TheFranksand thecharactersofthePoems;presenting,infine,aviewofprimitivelife theGauls;8.TheEarlySiegesofParis; 9.FredericktheFirst,King andprimitivesocietyasfoundinthepoemsofHomer.TothisNew ofItaly; 10.TheEmperorFredericktheSecond;11.CharlestheBold: Edttionvariousadditionshavebeenmade."Seldom,"saystheAthe

12.PresidentialGovernment."Henevertouchesa questionwithout naeum,"outofthegreatpoemsthemselves,havetheseDivinitieslooked

addingtoourcomprehensionofit,withoutleavingtheimpressionofan somajesticandrespectable.Toreadthesebrilliantdetailsislikestanding ampleknowledge,a righteouspurpose,a clearandpowerfulunder ontheOlympianthresholdandgazingattheineffablebrightnesswithin." standing."—SaturdayReview. fiThereis,"accordingto^WestminsterReview,"probablynoother

writernozvlivingwhocouldhavedonetheworkofthisbook...Itwould

THE GROWTHOFTHE ENGLISHCONSTITUTIONFROM bedifficulttopointoutabookthatcontainssomuchfulnessofknowledge

alongwithsomuchfreshnessofperceptio7ia?idclearnessofpresentation." THE EARLIESTTIMES.Inthepress. io MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, & TRAVELS. II

GuizOt.—M. DE BARANTE, a Memoir, Biographical and Auto Hosier (H. M.)—continued. biographical. By M. Guizot. Translated by the Author of This account of the brief but momentous Austro-Pmssian War ofiS66 "John Halifax, Gentleman." Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. claims consideration as being the product of an eye-witness of some of its " It is scarcely necessary to write a preface to this book. Its lifelike, most interesting incidents. The author has attempted to ascertain and portrait of a true and great man, painted unconsciously by himself in his to advance facts. Two maps are given, o?ie illustrating the opera letters and autobiography, and retouched and completed by the tender hand tions of the Army of the Maine, and the other the operations f?-om of his surviving friend—the friend of a lifeti?ne—is sure, I think, to be Koniggratz. In the Prefatory Chapter to this edition, events resulting appreciated in England as it was in France, where it appeared in the from the war of 1866 are set forth, and the current of European history Revue de Deux Mondes. Also,] I believe every thoughtful mind will traced down to the recent Franco-Prussian war, a natural consequence enjoy its clear reflections of French and European politics and history for of the war whose history is narrated in this volume. ltMr. Hozier the last seventy years, and the curious light thus thrown upon many present added to the knowledge of military operations and of languages, which events. and combinations of circumstances."—PREFACE. " The highest he had proved himself io possess, a ready and skilful pen, and ex purposes of both history and biography are answered by a memoir so life cellent faculties of observation and description. ... All that Mr. like, so faithful, and so philosophical^—BRITISH QUARTERLY REVIEW. Ilozitr saw of the great events of the war—and he saw a large share " This eloquent memoir, which for tenderness, gracefulness, and vigour, of them—he describes in dear and vivid language."—Saturday might be placed on the same shelf with Tacitus' Life ofAgricola. . . . Mrs. Review. " Mr. Hozier's volumes deserve to take a permanent place Craik has rendered the language of Guizot in her own sweet translucent in the literature of the Seven Weeks' War:'—Pall Mall Gazette. English."—Daily News. THE BRITISH EXPEDITION TO ABYSSINIA. Compiled from Heaton (Mrs. C.)—HISTORY OF THE LIFE OF AL- Authentic Documents. 8vo. gs. BRECHT DURER, of Niirnberg. With a Translation of his Several accounts of the British Expedition have been published. Letters and Journal, and some account of his Works. By Mrs. TJiey have, however, been written by those who have not had access to those Charles Heaton. Royal 8vo. bevelled boards, extra gilt. sis. 6d. authentic documents, which cannot be collected directly after the termination of a campaign. The endeavour of the author of this sketch has been to This work contains about Thirty Illustrations, te?t of which are produc present to readers a succinct and impartial account of an enterprise which tions by the Autotype {carbon) process, and are printed in permanent tints has rarely been equalled in the annals of war. " This" says the by Messrs. Cundall and Fleming, under licence from the Autotype Com Spectator, " will be the account of the Abyssinian Expedition for pany, Limited; the rest are Photographs and Woodcuts. professional reference, if not for professional reading. Its literary Hole.—A GENEALOGICAL STEMMA OF THE ICINGS ■merits arc really very great." OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE. By the Rev. C. Hole, THE INVASIONS OF ENGLAND. A History of the Past, with M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge. On Sheet, is. Lessons for the Future. In the press. The different families are printed in distinguishing colours, thus facili tating reference. Huyshe (Captain G. L.)—THE RED RIVER EXPE DITION. By Captain G. L/Huyshe, Rifle Brigade, late on Hozier (H. M.)—wrorks by Captain Henry M. Hozier, the Staff of Colonel Sir Garnet Wolseley. With Maps. 8vo. late Assistant Military Secretary to Lord Napier of Magdala. \os. 6d.

THE SEVEN WEEKS' WAR; Its Antecedents and Incidents. This account has been ivriiten in the hope of directing attention New and Cheaper Edition. With New Preface, Maps, and Plans. io the successful accomplishment of an expedition which was attended with Crown 8vo. 6s. more than ordinary difficulties. The author has had access to the official HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &> TRAVELS. 12 MACMILLANKS CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN

since the beginning of her Majesty's reigji, he mayjustly claim the credit documents of the Expedition, and has also availed himself of the reports on of having done so most briefly, succinctly, and simply, and in such a the line of route published by Mr. Dawson, C.E., and by the Typogra manner, too, as to furnish him with the details necessary in each case to phical Department of the War Office. The statements made may therefore comprehend the event of which he is in search in an intelligent manner." be relied on as accurate and impartial The endeavour has beefl made to —Times. avoid tiring the general reader with dry details of military movements, and yet not to sacrifice the character of the work as an account of a military expedition. The volume contains a portrait of President Louis Rid, and Kingsiey (Canon).—Works by the Rev. Charles Kingsley, Maps of the route. The Athenaeum calls it " an enduring authentic M.A., Rector of Eversley and Canon of Chester. (For other record of one of the most creditable achievements ruer accomplished by the Works by the same Author, see Theological and Belles British Army." Lettres Catalogues.)

ON THE ANCIEN REGIME as it existed on the Continent before Irving.—THE ANNALS OF OUR TIME. A Diurnal of Events, the French Revolution. Three Lectures delivered at the Social and Political, Home and Foreign, from the Accession of Royal Institution. Crown 8vo. 6s. Queen Victoria to the Peace of Versailles. By Joseph Irving. These three lectures discuss severally (1) Caste, (2) Centralization, (3) Second Edition. 8vo. half-bound. 16s. The Explosive Forces by which the Revolution was superinduced. The Every occurrence, metropolitan or provincial, home or foreign, which Preface deals at some length with certain political questions of the present gave rise to public excite?nent or discussion, or became the starting pointfor day. new trains of thought affecting our social life, has been judged proper matter for this volume. In the p-oceedings of Parliament, an eiideavour h&s AT LAST : A CHRISTMAS in the WEST INDIES. With nearly been made to notice all those Debates which were either remarkable as Fifty Illustrations. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. affecting the fate of parties y or led to important changes in our relations I or. 6d. with Foreign Powers. Brief notices have been given of the death of all Mr. Kingsley1s dream offorty years ivas at last fulfilled, when he noteworthy persons. Though the events are set dotvn day by day in their started on a Christmas expedition to the West Indies, for the purpose of order of occurrence, the book is, in its way, the history of an importa?tt becoming personally acquainted with the scenes which he has so vividly and well-defined historic cycle. In these ' Afinals,' the ordinary reader described in " Westward Ho!" These two volumes are the journal of his may make himself acquainted [with the history of his own time in a way voyage. Records of natural history, sketches of tropical landscape, chapters that has at least the merit of simplicity and readiness ; the more cultivated on education, views of society, all find their place in a work written, so to student will doubtless be thankfulfor the opportunity given him ofpassing say, under the inspiration of Sir Walter Raleigh and the other adventurous down the historic stream undisturbed by any other theoretical or party men who three hundred years ago disputed against Philip II. the possession feeling than what he himself has at hand to explain the philosophy of our of the Spanish Main. " We can only say that Mr. Ringsltfs account of national story. A complete and useful Index is appended. The Table a l Christmas in the West Indies' is in every ivay worthy to be classed of Administrates is designed to assist the reader infollozving the various among his happiest productions."—Standard. political changes noticed in their chronological order in the 'Annals? In the new edition all errors and omissions have been rectified, 300 pages THE ROMAN AND THE TEUTON. A Series of Lectures been added, and as many as 46 occupied by an impartial exhibition of the delivered before the University of Cambridge. 8vo. 12s. wonderful series of events marking the latter half of 1870. " We Contents -.—Inaugural Lechtre; The Forest Children ; The Dying have before us a trusty and ready guide to the events of the past thirty Empire; The Human Deluge; The Gothic Civilizer; Dietrich's End; Tfie years, available equally for the statesman, the politician, the public Nemesis of the Goths ; Paulus Diaconus ; The Clergy and the Heathen ; writer, and the general reader. If Mr. Irving's object has been to bring The Monk a Civilizer ; The Lombard Laws: The Popes and the Lombards ; before the reader all the most notrtuorthy occurrences which have happened HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, fr TRAVELS. 15 14 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN

natural scenery and the peculiarities of the human life in the midst of which The Strategy of Providence. "He has rendered" says the NONCON the plants wei'e found. By this method the subject is made interesting to FORMIST, "good service and shed a ncnv lustre on the chair of Modern a very large class of readers. "Botanical knowledge is blended with a History at Cambridge .... He has thrown a charm around the work love of nature, a pious enthusiasm, and a rich felicity of diction not to be by the marvellous fascinations of his own genius, brought out in strong met wkh in any works of kindred character, if we except those of Hugh relief those great principles of which all history is a revelation, lighted Miller."—Telegraph. "Mr. M.'s glowing pictures of Scandinavian up many dark and almost unknown spots, and stimulated the desire to scenery:'—Saturday Review. understand more thoroughly one of th: greatest movements in the story of humanity." Martin (Frederick).—THE STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK: See p. 36 of this Catalogue. Kingsley (Henry, F.R.G.S.)—For other Works by same Author, see Belles Lettres Catalogue. Martineau.—BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, 1852-1868. By Harriet Martineau. Third and Cheaper Edition, with TALES OF OLD TRAVEL. Re-narrated by Henry Kingsley, New Preface. Crown 8vo. 6s. F.R.G.S. With Eight Illustrations by Huard. Third Edition-. Crown 8vo. 6s. A Collection of Memoirs under these several sections:—(1) Royal, (2) Politicians, (3) Professional, (4) Scientific, (5) Social, (6) Literary. These In this volume Mr. Henry Kingsley re-narrates, at tfie same time Memoirs appeared originally in the columns oftlie Daily News. " Miss preserving much of the quaintness of the original, some of the most fasci Martineau}s large literacy powers and her fine intellectual training make nating tales oftravel contained in the collections of Hakluyt and others. The these little sketches more instructive, and constitute them more genuinely Contents are—Marco Polo; The Shipwreck of Pelsart; The Wonderful works of art, than many more ambitious and diffuse biographies."— Adventures of Andrew Battel; The Wanderings of a Captichin; Peter Fortnightly Review. "Each memoir is a complete digest of a Carder; The Preservation of the "'Terra Nova:" Spitzbergen; VErmc- celebrated life, illuminated by the flood of searching light which streams nonvillis Acclimatization Adventure: The Old Slave Trade; Miles Philips; from the gaze of an acute but liberal mindr."'—Morning Star. The Sufferings of Robert Everard: John Fox ; Alvaro Nunez; The Foun dation of an Empire. u We knew no better bo&k for those who want knowledge or seek to refresh it. As for the t sensational',' most novels are Masson (David).—For other Works by same Author, see Philo tame compared with these narratives."—Athenaeum. "Exactly the sophical and Belles Lettres Catalogues. book to interest and to do good to irJMigenl and Jdgh-spirited boys.''— LIFE OF JOHN MILTON. Narrated in connection with the Literary Churchman. Political, Ecclesiastical, and Literary History of his Time. By David Masson, M.A., LL.D., Professor of Rhetoric and English Macmillan (Rev. Hugh).—For other Works by same Author, Literature in the University of Edinburgh. Vol. I. with Portraits. see Theological and Scientific Catalogues. Svo. i8j. Vol. IL, 1638-1643. 8vo. 16.. Vol. III. in the

HOLIDAYS ON HIGH LANDS ; or, Rambles and Incidents in press. search of Alpine Plants. Crown 8vo. cloth. 6s. This work is not only a Biography, but also a continuous Political, Ecclesiastical, and Literary History of England through Milton s whole TJie aim of this book is to impart a genera,7, idea of the origin, character, time In order to understand Milton, his position, his motives /*s and distribution of those rare and beautiful Alpine plants which occur on thoughts by himself, his public words to his countrymen, and the prooatHe the British hills, and which ars found almost everywhere on the lofty effect of those words, it was necessary to refer largely to the History of His mountain chains of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. The informa Time, not only as it is presented in well-known books, but as it had to oe tion the author has to give is conveyed in untechnical language, in c: rediscovered by express and laborious investigation in original ana jotgon setting of personal adventure, and associated zvith descriptions of the 16 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN HISTORY,BIOGRAPHY,&*TRAVELS.

records:thusoftheBiography,a Historygrew:nota 7?ierepopular fewyears,becompletelyextinct.Itwasimportant,therefore,topreserve compilation,butaworkofindependentsearchandviethodfromfirstto asfaraspossibletrustworthyrecordsofa stateofsocietywhich, although last,whichhascostmorelabourbyfarthantheBiography.Thesecond venerablefromitsantiquity,hasforEuropeansthedawnofnovelty; volumeissoarrangedthatthereadermayselectoromiteithertheHistory hencetheseriesofnarrativesandlegendstranslatedbyMr.Mitford, or Biography.TheNorth BritishReview,speakingofthefirst andinwhichtheJapaneseareveryjudiciouslylefttotelltheirowntale.

volumeofthisworksaid,l(TheLifeofMiltonisherewrittenoncefor Thetwo volumescomprisenotonlystoriesandepisodesillustrativeof all."TheNonconformist,innoticingthesecondvolume,says,"Its Asiaticsuperstitions,butalsothreesermons.Thepreface,appendices,

literaryexcellenceentitlesittotakeitsplaceinthefirstranksof our andnotesexplainanumberoflocalpeculiarities;thethirty-onewoodcuts literature,whilethewholestyleofitsexecutionmarksitastheonlybook arethegenuineworkofa nativeartist,who,uncotisciouslyofcourse,has thathasdoneanythinglikeadequatejusticetooneofthegreatmastersofour adoptedtheprocessfirstintroducedbyt/ieearlyGermanmasters."These language,andoneofourtruestpatriots,aswellasourgreatestepicpoet." veryoriginalvolumeswillalwaysbeinterestingasmemorialsmost of a

exceptionalsociety,whileregardedsimplyastales,theyaresparkling,sensa

Mayor(J.E.B.)—WORKSEditedByJohnE.B.Mayor, tional,anddramatic,andtheoriginalityoftheirideasandthequaintness

M.A.,FellowofSt.John'sCollege,Cambridge. oftheirlanguagegivethema mostcaptivatingpiquancy.Theillustra

tionsareextremelyinteresting,andforthecuriousinsuchmattershave

CAMBRIDGEIN THE SEVENTEENTHCENTURY. PartII. aspecialahdparticularvalue."—PallMallGazette.

AutobiographyofMatthewRobinson.Fcap.8vo.5^.6d.

ThisisthesecondoftheMemoirsillustrativeof"Cambridgeinthe Morley(John).—EDMUNDBURKE,aHistoricalStudy.By

SeventeenthCentury,"thatofNicholasFarrarhavingprecededit.Itgives JohnMorley,B.A.Oxon.Crown8vo.Js.6d.

alivelypictureofEnglandduringtheCivilWars,themostimportant "Thestyleisterseandincisive,andbrilliantwithepigramandpoint. crisisofournationallife;itsuppliesmaterialsforthehistoryofthe ItcontainspithyaphoristicsentenceswhichBurkehimselfwouldnothave UniversityandourEndowedSchools,andgivesusa viewofcountry disowned.Itssustainedpowerofreasoning,itswidesweepofobservation cUrgyatatimewhentheyaresupposedtohavebeen,withscarceanex andreflection,its[elevatedethicalandsocialtone,stampitasaworkof ception,scurriloussots.Mr.Mayorhasaddedacollectionofextractsand highexcellence:1—-SaturdayReview."Amodelofcompactconden documentsrelatingtothehistoryofseveralotherCambridgemenofnote sation.Wehaveseldommetwithabookinwhichsomuchmatterwas belongingtothesameperiod,all,likeRobinson,ofNonconformistleanings. compressedintosolimitedaspace."—Vau,MallGazette."Anessay

ofunusualeffort"—WESTMINSTERREVIEW. LIFEOF BISHOPBEDELL.ByhisSon.Fcap.8vo.$s.6d.

ThisisthethirdoftheMemoirsillustrativeof"Cambridgeintheijth Morison.—THELIFEAND TIMESOFSAINTBERNARD, Century."ThelifeoftheBishopofKilmorehereprintedforthefirsttime AbbotofClairvaux.ByJamesCotterMorison,M.A.Cheaper ispreservedintheTannerAISS.,andispreliminarytoalargeronetobe

Edition.Crown8vo.4?.6d. issuedshortly.

ThePallMallGazettecallsthis"oneofthebestcontributionsin

Mitford(A.B.)—TALESOF OLD JAPAN.ByA.B. ourliteraturetowardsa vivid,intelligent,andworthyknowledgeof

Mitford,SecondSecretarytotheEritishLegationinJapan. Europeaninterestsandthoughtsandfeelingsduringthetwelfthcentury.

Withupwardsof30Illustrations,drawnandcutonWoodby A delightfulandinstructivevolume,andoneofthebestproductsofthe

modernhistoricspirit.""Awork,"saystheNonconformist,"of JapaneseArtists.TwoVols.crown8vo.21s.

greatmeritandvalue,dealingmostthoroughlywithoneofthenvntw-

Undertheinfluenceofmoreenlightenedideasandofalibe>'alsystemof )crestingcharacters,andoneofthemostinterestingperiods,intheChurck policy,theoldJapanesecivilizationisfastdisappearing,andwill,in[a historyoftheMiddleAges.Mr.MorisonisthoroughlymasterofMssubject, 18 MACMILLAN'SCATALOGUEOF WORKS IN H1ST0RY,-BIOGRAPHY,frTRAVELS. 19

andwiiteswithgreatdiscriminationandfairness,andinachasteand Paris.—INSIDEPARISDURING THE SIEGE.By an

elegantstyle."TheSPECTATORsaysitis"notonlydistinguishedby OxfordGraduate.Crown8vo.7.?.6d.

researchandcandour,iihasalsothegi-eatmeritofneverbeingdull,1''

ThisvolumeconsistsofthediarykeptbyagentlemanwholivedinParu

duringthewholeofitssiegebythePnissians.Hehadmanyfacilitiesfor Palgrave(SirF.)—HISTORYOF NORMANDYAND

corningincontactwithmenofallpartiesandofallclasses,andascertain OF ENGLAND.BySirFrancisPalgrave,DeputyKeeper ingtheactualmotiveswhichanimatedthem,andtheirrealultimateaims. ofHerMajesty'sPublicRecords.CompletingtheHistorytothe 77iesefacilitieshetookadvantageof,andinhisdiary,daybyday,care DeathofWilliamFoifus.FourVols.8vo.^44s. fullyrecordedtheresultsofhisobservations,aswellasfaithfullybut

VolumeI.GeneralRelationsofMedicevalEurope—TheCarlovingian graphicallyphotographedthevariousincidentsofthesiegewhichcame

Empire—TheDanishExpeditionsintheGauls—AndtheEstablishment underhisownnotice,theactualconditionofthebesieged,thesayingsand

ofRollo.VolumeII.TheThreeFirstDukesojNormandy;Rollo, doings,thehopesandfearsofthepeopleamongwhomhefreelymoved.

GuillaumeLongue-Epee,andRichardSans-Peur—TheCarlovingian IntheAppendixisanexhaustiveandelaborateaccountoftheOrganization

linesupplantedbytheCapets,VolumeIII.RichardSans-Peur— oftheRepublicanparty,senttotheauthorbyM.JulesAndrieu; anda

RichardLe-Bon—RichardIII.—RobertLeDiable—WilliamtheCon translation

queror.VolumeIV.WilliamRufus—AccessionofHenryBeauclerc. datedApril19,1871."Theauthortellshisstoryadmirably.The

OxfordGraduateseemstohave goneeverywhere,heardwhateveryonehad Itisneedlesstosayanythingtorecommendthisworkoflifetime a toall

tosay,andsobeenabletogiveusphotographsofParislifeduringthe studentsofhistory;itis,astheSPECTATORsays,"perhapsthegreatest

siegewhichwehavenothadfromanyothersource."—Spectator. singlecontributionyetmadetotheauthenticannalsthis ofcountry"and

"Hehaswrittenbrightly,lightly,andpleasantly,yetinperfectgood "must"saystheNonconformist,"alwaysrankamongourstandard

authorities." taste."—SaturdayReview.

Palgrave(W.G.)—Anarrativeof a year's JOURNEY THROUGH CENTRAL AND EASTERN Prichard.—THEADMINISTRATIONOF INDIA.From

ARABIA,1862-3.By LIAMGiffordPalgrave,lateof 1859to1868.TheFirstTenYearsofAdministrationunderthe

theEighthRegimentBombayN.I. SixthEdition.WithMaps, Crown.By IltudusThomasPrichard,Barrister-at-Law.

Plans,andPortraitofAuthor,engravedonsteelbyJeens.Crown TwoVols.Demy8vo.WithMap.21j.

8vo.6s.

Inthesevolumestheauthorhasaimedtosupplyafull,impartial,and " Thework,isamoddofwhatitsclassshouldbe;thestylerestrained,

independentaccountofBritishIndiabetween1859and1868—whichis thenarrativeclear,tellingusallwewishtoknowofthecountryand

inmanyrespectsthemostifnportantepochinthehistoryofthatcountry peoplevisited,andenoughoftheauthorandhisfeelingstoenableuste

thatthepresentcenturyhasseen."//hasthegreatmeritthatitisnot trustoii7'sehcstohuguidanceinatracthithertountrodden,anddangerous

exclusivelydevoted,asaretoomanyhistories,tomilitaryandpolitical Hehasnotonlywrittenoneofthebestbooks inmoresensesthanu;u\..

details,butentersthoroughlyintothemoreimportantquestionsofsocial ontheArabsando:ucfthebestbooksonArabia.,buthe hasdonesoina history.Wefindinthesevolumesa well-arrangedandcompendious mannerthatmustcommandtherespectnolessthantheadmirationofhis referencetoalmostallthathasbeendoneinIndiaduringthelastten fellozo-countrymen.'"'—FortnightlyReview."Consideringtheextent years;andthemostimportantofficialdocumentsandhistoricalpiecesare ofourprruiousignorance,theamountofhisachievements,andtheim wellselectedanddulysetforth.'''—Scotsman."Itisaworkwhich portanceofhiscontributionstoourknowledge,wecannotsaylessofhim

t?ueryEnglishmaninIndiaoughttoaddtohislibrary."—Starof thanivasoncesaidofafargreaterdiscoverer—-Mr.Palgravehasindeed India. %ivcna ne?vworldtoEurope."—PallMallGazette.

b 2 20 MACMILLAJSTS CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, fr> TRAVELS. 21

Robinson (H. Crabb)—THE DIARY, REMINISCENCES, 7o the enlarged French edition of PassavanCs Life of Raphael, that AND CORRESPONDENCE, OF HENRY CRABB ROBIN painter's admirers have turned whenever they have sought information, SON, Barrister-at-Law. Selected and Edited by Thomas and it will doubtless remain for many years the best book of reference on Sadler, Ph.D. With Portrait. Third and Cheaper Edition. all questions pertaining to the great painter. The present work consists of a translation of those parts of Passavant's volumes which are most Two Vols. Crown 8vo. ids. likely to interest the general reader. Besides a complete life of Raphael, it The Daily News says: " The two books which are, most likely to contains the valuable descriptions of all his known paintings, and the survive change of literary taste, and to charm while instructing generation Chronological Index, which is of so much service to amateurs who wish to afier generation, are the 'Diary' of Pepys and BosweWs 'Life oj study the progressive character of his works. The Hhistrations by Johnson.' The day will come when to these many will add the ' Diary of Woodbury's new permanent pi'ocess of photography, are taken from the Henry Crabb Robinson.' Excellences like those which render the personal finest engravings that could be procured, and have been chosen with the revelations of Pepys and the observations of Bosxvell such pleasant reading intention ofgiving examples ofRaphaePs various styles ofpainting. The abound in this work . ... In it is to be found something to suit every taste Saturday Review says of them, " We have seen not a few elegant and inform every mind. For thegeneral reader it contains much light and specimens of Mr. JVoodbur/s new process, but we have seen none that amusing matter. To the lover of literature it conveys inforynation which equal these." he will prize highly on account of its accuracy and rarity. The student of social life will gather from it many valuable hints whereon to base theories as to the effects on English society of the progress of civilization. Sadler.—EDWIN WILKINS FIELD. A Memorial Sketch- For these and other reasojis this ' Diary' is a work to which a hearty By Thomas Sadler, Ph. D. With a Portrait Crown Svo. 4s. 6d. welcoine should be accorded." Mr. Field was well known duiing his life-time not only as an eminent lawyer and a strenuous and successful advocate of law reform, but, both Rogers (James E. Thorold).—HISTORICAL GLEAN- in England and America, as a man of wide and thorough culture, varied INGS : A Series of Sketches. Montague, Walpole, Adam Smith, tastes, large-heartedness, and lofty aims. His sudden death was looked Cobbett. By Prof. Rogers. Crown 8vo. 4s. 6d. Second Series. upon as a public loss, and it is expected that this brief Memoir will be Wiklif, Laud, Wilkes, and Home Tooke. Crown 8vo. 6s. acceptable to a large number outside of the many friends at whose request it has been written. Professor Rogers's object in these sketches, which are in the form of Lectures, is to present a set of historical facts, grouped round a principal figure. The author has aimed to state the social facts of the time in Somers (Robert).—THE SOUTHERN STATES SINCE which the individual whose history is handled took part in public business. THE WAR. By Robert Somers. With Map. 8vo. 9*. It is frotn sketches like these of the great men who took a prominent This work is the result of inquiries made by the author of all authorities and influential part in the affairs of their time that a clear conception of competent to afford him information, and of his own observation during a the social and economical condition of our ancestors can be obtained. lengthened sojourn in the Southern States, to which writers on America so History learned in this way is both instructive and agreeable. " His Essays," seldom direct their steps. The author's object is to give some account of the the Pall Mall Gazette says, " arefull of interest, pi-egnant, thoughtful, condition of the Southern States under the new social and political system and readable." " TJiey rank far above the average of similar perfor introduced by the civil war. He has here collected such notes of the progress mances" says the Westminster Review. of their cotton plantations, of the state of their labouring population and of Raphael.—RAPHAEL OF URBINO AND HIS FATHER their industrial enterprises, as may help the reader to a safe opinion oj GIOVANNI SANTI. By J. D. Passavant, formerly Director their means and prospects of development. He also gives such information of the Museum at Frankfort. With Twenty Permanent Photo of their natural resources, railways, and other piblic works, as may 'fend to shoru to what extent they are fitted to become a profitable field of graphs. Royal 8vo. Handsomely bound. 31J. 6d. 22 MACMILLAN'SCATALOGUEOF WORKSIN HISTORY,BIOGRAPHY, & TRAVELS.

Taylor(Rev.Isaac).—wordsand places.See enlargedimmigration,settlement,andforeigntrade.Thevolumecontains

manyvaluableandreliabledetailsastotheconditionoftheNeoropopula p.44ofthisCatalogue.

tion,thestateofEducationandReligion,ofCotton,Sugar,andTobacco

Cultivation,ofAgriculturegenerally,ofCoalandIronMining,Manu Trench(Archbishop).—ForotherWorksbythesameAuthor,

factures,Trade,MeansofLocoviotion,andtheconditionofTownsattdof seeTheologicalandBellesLettresCatalogues,andp.45

Society.A largemapoftheSouthernStatesbyMessrs.TV.andA.K. ofthisCatalogue.

Johnstonisappended,whichshowswithgreatclearnesstheCotton,Coal

GUSTAVUSADOLPHUS: SocialAspectsoftheThirtyYears, andirondistricts,therailwayscompletedandprojected,theStateboundaries

War.ByR.ChenevixTrench,D.D.,ArchbishopofDublin. andotheri??iportantdetails.»Fullinteresting of andvaluableinforma

tion.'1—SaturdayReview. Fcap.8vo.2s.6d.

"Clearandlucidinstyle,theselectureswillbeatreasuretomanyto

Smith(ProfessorGoldwin).—threeEnglish whomthesubjectisunfamiliar:'—DublinEveningMail."These

STATESMEN.Seep.37ofthisCatalogue. Lecturesarevividandgraphicsketches:thefirsttreatsofthegreat

KingofSweden,andofhischaracterratherthanofhisactions;the

seconddescribestheconditionofGermanyinthatdreadfultimewhen StreetsandLanesofaCity.—SeeDutton(Amy)p.31 famine,battles,andpestilence,thoughtheyextermitiatedthree-fourthsofthe ofthisCatalogue.

population,,wen>lessterriblethanthefiend-likecruelty,theutterlawless

nessanddepravity,bredoflonganarchyandsuffering.Thesubstanceoj

TacitUS.—THEHISTORYTACITUS, OF translatedinto thelecturesisdrawnfromcontanporaryaccounts,-whichgivetothem

English.ByA.J.Church,M.A.andW.J.Brodribb,M.A. especialfreshnessandlife."—LiteraryChurchman.

WithaMapandNotes.8vo.10s.6d.

Thetranslatorshaveendeavouredtoadhereascloselytotheoriginalas Trench(Mrs.R.)—RemainsofthelateMrs.RICHARD-

wasthoughtconsistentwitha properobservanceofEnglishidiom.At TRENCH.BeingSelectionsfromherJournals,Letters,and

thesametimeithasbeentheiraimtoreproducethepi'eciseexpressionsof otherPapers.EditedbyArchbishopTrench.Newand

theauthor.ThisworkischaracterisedbytheSpectatoras"ascholarly CheaperIssue,withPortrait.8vo.6s. andfaithfultranslation."

ContainsNoticesandAnecdotesillustratingthesociallifeoftheperiod

THEAGRICOLAANDGERMANIA.TranslatedintoEnglishby —extendingoveraquarterofacentury(1799—^27)-R deludesalso-

A.J.Church,M.A.andW.J.Brodribb,M.A.WithMaps Poemsand.othermiscellaneouspiecesbyMrs.Trench.

andNotes.Extrafcap.8vo.2s.6d.

Thetranslatorshavesoughttoproducesuchaversionasmaysatisfy Wallace.—WorksbyAlfredRusselWallace.Forc-the*

scholarswhodemandafaithfulrenderingoftheoriginal,andEnglish WorksbysameAuthor,seeScientificCatalogue.

readerswhoareoffendedbythebaldnessandfrigiditywhichcommonly

Dr.Hooker,inhisaddresstotheBritishAssociation,spokethusof the disfiguretranslations.ThetreatisesareaccompaniedbyIntroductions,

author:—"OfMr.Wallaceandhismanycontributionstophilosophical Notes,Maps,andachronologicalSummary.TheAthen^umsaysof

biologyitisnoteasytospeakwithoutenthusiasm;for,pittingasidetheir thisworkthatitis"aversionatoncereadableandexact,whichmaybe

greatmerits,he,throughouthiswritings,withamodestyasrareasI perusedwithpleasurebyall,andconsultedwithadvantagebytheclassical

believeittobeunconscious,forgetshisownunquestionedclaimtothehonour student;"and/^PallMallGazettesays,"Whattheeditorshave

ofhavingoriginated,independentlyofMr.Danvin,thetheorieswhich attemptedtodo,itisnot,wethinkprobablethatanylivingscholarscould havedonebetter•." hesoablydefends.1' 24 MACMILLAN'SCATALOGUEOF WORKS IN HISTORY,BIOGRAPHY,6-TRAVELS.

Wallace(A.R.)_continued. WedgWOOd.—JOHN WESLEYAND THE EVANGELICAL

A NARRATIVEOF TRAVELSON THE AMAZON AND REACTION oftheEighteenthCentury.ByJuliaWedgwood.

RIONEGRO,withanAccountoftheNativeTribes,andObser Crown8vo.%s.6d.

vationsontheClimate,Geology,andNaturalHistoryofthe Thisbookisanattempttodelineatetlieinfluenceofaparticularman AmazonValley.WithaMapandIllustrations.Svo.I2s. uponhisage.Tliebackgroundtothecentralfigureistreatedwith

Mr.Wallaceisacknowledgedasoneofthefirstofmodemtravellers considerableminuteness,theobjectofrepresentationbeingnotthevicissitude

andnaturalists.This,hiseai'liestwork,willbefoundtopossessmany ofaparticularlife,butthatelementinthelifewhichimpresseditself011

charmsforthegeneralreader,andtobefullofinteresttothestudentof thelifeofanation,—anelementwhichcannotbeunderstoodwithouta naturalhistory, studyofaspectsofnationalthoughtwhichonasuperficialviewmight

appearwhollyunconnectedwithit."Instyleandintellectualpower,in THE MALAYARCHIPELAGO:theLandoftheOrangUtan

breadthofviewandclearnessofinsight,MissWedgwood'sbookfar andtheBirdofParadise.A NarrativeofTravelwithStudies

surpassesallrivals"—ATHENAEUM."Asa shortaccountofthemost ofManandNature.WithMapsandIllustrations.Thirdand

remarkablemovementintheeighteenthcentury,itmustfairlybedescribed CheaperEdition.Crown8vo.p.6d.

asexcellent:'—PallMallGazette.

"Theresultisavividpictttreoftropicallife,whichmaybereadwith

unflagginginterest,andasufficientaccountofhisscientificconclusionsto Wilson.—A MEMOIR OF'GEORGE WILSON,M.D.,

stimulateourappetitewithoutwearyingusbydetail.Inshort,wemay. F.R.S.E.,RegiusProfessorofTechnologyintheUniversityof

safelysaythatwehaveneverreada moreagreeablebookofitskind." Edinburgh.ByhisSister.NewEdition.Crown8vo.6s. SaturdayReview."Hisdescriptionsofscenery,ofthepeopleand

theirmannersandcustoms,enlivenedbyoccasionalamusinganecdotes, "Anexquisiteandtouchingportraitofarareandbeautifulspirit"—

constitutethemostinterestingreadingwehavetakenupforsometime."— GUARDIAN."Hemorethanmostmenofwhomwehavelatelyread

Standard. deserveda minuteandcarefulbiography,andbysuchalonecouldhebe

understood,andbecomeloveableandinfluentialtohisfellow-men.Such Ward(Professor).—THEHOUSEOFAUSTRIAINTHE a biographyhissistei'haswritten,inwhichlettersreachalmosttothe

THIRTYYEARS'WAR.TwoLectures,withNotesandIllus extentofacompleteautobiography,withalltheadditionalcharmofbeing

trations.ByAdolphusW.Ward,M.A.,ProfessorofHistory unconsciouslysuch.Werevereandadmiretheheart,andearnestlypraise

inOwensCollege,Manchester.Extrafcap.8vo.2s.6d. thepatienttenderhand,bywhichsuchaworthyrecordoftheearth-story

ofoneofGod'strueangel-menbeen hasconstructedforourdelightand ThesetwoLecturesweredeliveredinFebruary,1869,atthePhilosophical profit."—Nonconformist. Institution,Edinburgh,andarenowpublishedwithNotesandIllustrations,

bearmorethoroughlytheimpressofonewhohastrue aandvigorousgrasp

Wilson (Daniel,LL.D.)—WorksbyDanielWilson, "Wehavejieverread,"saystheSaturdayReview,"anylectureswhich

ofthesubjectinhand."<'Theyare,"Scotsman the says,''thefruitof LL.D.,ProfessorofHistoryandEnglishLiteratureinUniversity

muchlabourandlearning,anditwouldbedifficulttoco?npressintoa College,Toronto:—

hundredpagesmoreinformation"

PREHISTORICANNALSOF SCOTLAND.New Edition,

Warren.—anessayongreekfederalcoinage. withnumerousIllustrations.TwoVols.demy8vo.36*.

BytheHon.J.LeicesterWarren,M.A.8vo.2s.6d.

Oneobjectaimedatwhenthebookfirstappearedwastorescuearchaeological

ThepresentessayisanattempttoillustrateMr.Freeman'sFederal researchfromthatlimitedrangetowhichatooexclusivedevotiontoclassical Governmentbyevidencededucedfromthecoinageofthetimesandcountries studieshadgivenrise,and,especiallyinrelationtoScotland,topovehow thereintreatedof

greatlymorecomprehensiveandimportantareitsnativeantiquitiesthanall 26 MACMILLAiWS CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, & TRAVELS. 27

Wilson (Daniel, LLr.D.)—continued. Wilson (Daniel, LL.D.)—continued.

the traces of intruded art. The aim has been to a large extent effectually opportunities of investigating the antiquities of the American Aborigines, accomplished, and such an impulse given to archceological research, that in and of bringing to light many fads of high importance in reference to this new edition the whole of the work has had to be remodelled. Fully a primeval man. The changes in the new edition, necessitated by the great third of it has been entirely re-written; and the remaining portions have advance in Archeology since the first, include both reconstruction and undergone so ?ninute a revision as to -render it in many respects a neiv condensation, along with considerable additions alike in illustration and work. The number of pictorial illustrations has been gj-eatly increased, in argument. " We find," says the ATHENAEUM, " the main idea of his and several of the former plates and woodcuts have, been re-engraved treatise to be a pre-eminently scientific onet—namely, by archceological from new drawings. This is divided into four Parts. Part I. deals records to obtain a definite conception of the origin and nature of man's with The Primeval or Stone Period: Aboriginal Traces, Sepulchral earliest efforts at civilization in the New World, and to endeavour to dis Memorials, Dwellings, and Catacombs, Temples, Weapons, etc. etc; cover, as if by analogy, the necessary conditions, phases, and epochs through Part II. The Bronze Period: The Metallurgic Transition, Pri?nilive which man in the prehistoric stage in the Old World also must necessarily Bronze, Personal Ornaments, Religion, Arts, and Domestic Habits, with have passed." The NORTH BRITISH Review calls it "a mature and other topics; Part III. The Iron Period : The Introduction of Iron, The mellow work of an able vian ; free alike from crotchets and from dog Roman Invasion, Strongholds, etc. etc.; Part IV. The Christian Period: matism, and exhibiting on every page the caution and moderation of a Historical Data, the Norriis Law Relics, Primitive and Medieval well-balanced judgment.'' Eeclesiology, Ecclesiastical and Miscellaneous Antiquities. The work is CHATTERTON: A Biographical Study. By Daniel Wilson, furnished with an elaborate Index. " One of the most interesting, learned, LL.D., Professor of History and English Literature in University and elegant works we have seen for a long lime."—WESTMINSTER College, Toronto. Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. Review. " The interest connected with this beautiful volume is not limited to that part of the kingdom to which it is chiefly devoted; it will be The author here regards Chatterion as a poet, not as a "mere resetter consulted with advantage and gratification by all who have a regard for and defacer of stolen literary treasures" RevUived in this light, he has National Antiquities andfor the advancement of scientific Archeology."— found much in the old materials capable of being turned to new account: and to these materials research in various directions has enabled him to Archaeological Journal. make some additions. He believes that the boy-pod has been misjudged, and PREHISTORIC MAN. New Edition, revised and partly re-written, that the biographies hitherto written of him arc not only ijnperfect but with numerous Illustrations. One vol. 8vo. 21s. untrue. While dealing tenderly, the author has sought to deal truthfully with the failings as well as the virtues of the boy: bearing always in This work, which carries out the principle of the preceding one, but with remembrance, what has been too frequently lost sight of, that he was but a a wider scope, aims to " view Man, as far as possible, unaffected by those hoy ;—a boy, and yet a poet of rare power. The EXAMINER thinks this modifying influences which accompany the development of nations and the "the most complete and the purest biography of the poet which has yet maturity of a true historic period, in order thereby to ascertain the sources appeared." The Literary Churchman calls it "a most charming from whence such development and maturity proceed. These researches literary biography" into the origin of civilization have accordingly been pursued under the belief which "influenced the author in previous inquiries that the investigations Yonge (Charlotte M.)—-Works by Charlotte M. Yonge, of the archaeologist, when carried on in an enlightened spirit, are replete Author of "The Heir of Redclyfife," &c. &c. :— with interest in relation to some of the most important problems of ?nodern science. To reject the aid of archeology in the progress of science, and A PARALLEL HISTORY OF FRANCE AND ENGLAND : especially of ethnological science, is to extinguish the lamp of the student consisting of Outlines and Dates. Oblong 4to. 3s- ^d. when most dependent on its borrowed rays." A prolonged residence on This tabitlar history has been drawn up to supply a want felt by many some of the neivest sites of the New World has afforded the author many teachers of some means of making their pupil? realize what events in the 28 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE.

Yonge (Charlotte M.)—continued. two countries were contemporary. A skeleton narrative has been constructed of the chief transactions in either country, placing a column between for what affected both alike, by which means it is hoped that young people may be assisted in grasping the mutual relation of events.

CAMEOS FROM ENGLISH HISTORY. From Rollo to Edward II. Extra fcap. 8vo. Second Edition, enlarged. 5^. POLITICS, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL A Second Series, THE WARS IN FRANCE. Extra fcap. ECONOMY, LAW, AND KINDRED 8vo. 5j. SUBJECTS. The endeavour has not been to chroniclefacts, but to put iogetJier a series of pictures ofpersons and events, so as to arrest the attention, and give Baxter.—NATIONAL INCOME: The United Kingdom. By some individuality and distinctness to the recollection, by gathering together details of the most memorable moments. The " Cameos " are intended as R. Dudley Baxter, M.A. Svo. 3^. 6d. a book for youngpeople just beyond the elementary histories of England, The present work endeavours to answer systematically &uch questions and able to enter in some degree into the real spirit of events, and to be as the following:— What are the means and aggregate wages of our struck zvith characters and scenes presented in some relief " Instead of labouring population ; what are the numbers and aggregate profits dry details," says the NONCONFORMIST, "we have livingpictures, faithful, of the middle classes; what the revenues of our great proprietors invid, and striking." and capitalists ; and what the pecuniary strength of the nation to bear the burdens annually falling upon us ? What capital in Young (Julian Charles, M.A.)—a MEMOIR OF land and goods and money is stored up for our subsistence, and for CHARLES MAYNE YOUNG, Tragedian, with Extracts carrying out our enterprises ? The author has collected his facts from his Son's Journal. By Julian Charles Young, M.A. from every quai'tcr and tested them in various ways, in order to Rector of Ilmington. With • Portraits and Sketches. New and make his statements and deductions valuable and trustworthy. Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. Js. 6d. Part I. of the work deals with the Classification of the Population into—Chap. I. The Income Classes ; Chap. II. The Upper and Round this memoir of one who held no mean place in public estimation Middle and Manual Labour Classes. Part II. treats of the In as a tragedian, and who, as a man, by the unobtrusive simplicity and come of the United Kingdom, divided into—Chap. Ill Upper moral purity of hisprivate life, won golden opinionsfrom all sorts of men, and Middle Incomes ; Chap. IV. Wages of the Manual Labour are clustered extracts from the author's Journals, containing many Classes—England and Wales ; Chap. V. Income of Scotland ; curious and interesting reminiscences of his fathers and his own eminent Chap. VI Income of Ireland; Chap. VII Income of the andfamous contemporaries and acquaintances, somewhat after the manner United Kingdom. In tJie Appendix will be found many valuable of H. Crabb Robinsoris Diary. Every page will be found pill both of and carefully compiled tables, illustrating in detail the subjects entertainment and instruction. It containsfour portraits of the tragedian, discussed in the text. and a few other curious sketches. " In this budget of anecdotes, fables, and gossip, old and new, relative to Scott, Moore, Chalmers, Coleridge, Words Bernard.—FOUR LECTURES ON SUBJECTS CONNECTED worth, Croker, Mathews, the third and fourth Georges•, Bowles, Beckford, Lockhart, Wellington, Peel, Louis Napoleon, DyOrsay, Dickens, WITH DIPLOMACY. By Mountague Bernard, M.A., Thackeray, Louis Blanc, Gibson, Constable, and Stanfield, etc. etc. the Chichele Professor of International Law and Diplomacy, Oxford. reader must be hard indeed to please who cannot find etitertainment."— 8vo. 9s. Pall Mall Gazette. WORKS INPOLITICS,ETC.1 3o MACMILLAWS CATALOGUE OF

aresixinnumber,exclusiveofthePrefaceandDedicationtoPro T/iesefourLecturesdealwith—I."TheCongressofWestphalia;" fessorMaurice,whichcontainsmanyinterestinghistoricaldetails II."Systemsof Policy;"III."Diplomacy,PastandPresent;" concerningtheBallot."Youhavethoughttogreaterpurposeon IV. "TheObligationsofTreaties."—"Singularlyinteresting themeansofpreventingelectoralcorruption,andarelikelytobeof lectures,soable,clear,andattractive"—Spectator."The moreserviceinpassingmeasuresforthathighlyimportantend,

authoroftheselecturesisfulloftteknowledgewhichbelongsto thananyotherpersonthatIcouldname."—].S.Mill,ina hissubject,iwdhasthatpowerofclearandvigorousexpression

publishedlettertotheAuthor,May1868.

whichresultsfromclearandvigorousthought."—SCOTSMAN..

(ProfessorW. H.)—ADIGESTOFFACTS Bright(John,M.P.)—SPEECHESON QUESTIONSOF Corfield RELATINGTOTHE TREATMENTANDUTILIZATION PUBLICPOLICY.BytheRightHon.JohnBright,M.P.

OFSEWAGE.ByW.H.Corfield,M.A.,B.A.,Professorof EditedbyProfessorThoroldRogers.Author'sPopularEdition.

HygieneandPublicHealthatUniversityCollege,London.8vo. Globe8vo.3*.6d.

10s.6d.SecondEdition,correctedandenlarged.

Thespeecheswhichhavebeenselectedforpublicationinthesevolumes

Inthiseditiontheauthorhasrevisedandcorrectedtheentirework, possessavalue,asexamplesoftheartofpublicspeaking,whichno

andmademanyimportantadditions.The/leadingsofthe elez'm personwillbelikelytounderrate.Thespeecheshavebeenselected

chaptersareasfbUov:-I"EarlySystems:Midden-Heapand withavietuofsupplyingthepublicwiththeevidenceonwhichMr.

Ccssiools."II "FilthandDisease-CauseandEffect.III.im Bright3sfriendsasserthisrighttoaplaceinthefrontrankof

provedMidden-PitsandCesspools;Midden-Closets,Patl-Cosets Englishstatesmen.Theyaredividedi?itogroups,according

etc"IV."TheDry-ClosetSystems."V."Water-Closets.VI. totheirsubjects.Theeditorhasnaturallygivenprominenceto

^Sezuerage."VII."SanitaryAspectsoftheWater-Carrying thosesubjectswithwhichMr.Brighthasbeenspeciallyidentified,

Svstem"VIII."ValueojSewage;InjurytoRivers.IX. as,forexample,India,A~merica,Ireland,andParliamentary

TownSeivage;AttemptsatUtUwUwn"X."Filtrationand Reform.Butnearlyeverytopicofgreatpublicintereston which

Irrigation."XL "InfluenceofSeivageFarmingonthePublic Mr.Brighthasspokenisrep-resentedinthesevolumes."Mr.

Health."Anabridgedaccountofthemorerecentlypublished Brighfsspeecheswillalwaysdeservetobestudied,asanapprentice

researchesonthesubject-willbefoundintheAppendices,whneuic shiptopopularandparliamentaryoratory;theywillform

Summarycontainsaconcisestatementoftheviewswhichtheminor ■materialsforthehistoryofcurtime,andmanybrilliantpassages,

himselfhasbeenledtoadopt;referenceshavebeeninsertedthrough perhapssomeentirespeeches,willreallybecomeapartoftheliving

outtoshowfromwhatsourcesthenumerousquotationshavebceu literaturecfEngland."—DailyNews.

Indexhasbeenadded."Mr.CorfieWsworkis ' derived,andan

LIBRARYEDITION.TwoVols.8vo.WithPortrait.25J. entitledtorankasa standardauthority,nolessthanaconvenient

handbook,inallmattersrelatingtosewage."—AtheN/UUM. Christie.—THEBALLOT AND CORRUPTIONAND

EXPENDITUREAT ELECTIONS,a CollectionofEssaysand Dutton(Amy).—STREETSANDLANESOFA CITY:

Addressesofdifferentdates.ByW.D.Christie,C.B.,formerly beingtheReminiscencesofAmyDutton.WithaPrefaceby

HerMajesty'sMinistertotheArgentineConfederationandto theBishopofSalisbury.Pp.viii.159.Globe8vo.3*.<*'•

Brazil;Authorof"LifeoftheFirstEarlofShaftesbury."Crown

Thislittlevolumerecords"aportionojtheexperience,selectedoutof 8vo.4s.6d.

overflowingmaterials,oftwoladies,during^al^/{^h

Mr.Christiehasbeenwellknownforupwardsofthirtyyeaisasa workasdistrictparochialvisitorsinalargeP %

strenuousandableadvocatefortheBallot,bothinhisplacein NorthofEngland."The"ReminiscencesofAmy

Parliamentandelsewhere.Thepapersandspeechesherecollected MACMILLAWS CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN POLITICS,ETC. 33

toillustratethelineofargumentadoptedbyMissStepheninher Fawcett(H.)~-continued. workonthe"ServiceofthePoor,"becausetheyshowthatas inone

examinations,hehasprefixedaverydetailedsummaryofContents, aspecttheladyvisitormaybesaidtobea linkjbetiveenrichand

whichmayberegardedasananalysisofthework.Thenezv poor,inanothershehelpstoblendthe"religious"lifewiththe

editionhasbeensocarefullyrevisedthatthereisscarcelya "secular"andinbothdoesserviceofextremevaluetotheChurch

J>ageinwhichsomeimprovementhasnotbeenintroduced.The andNation."A recordonlytoobriefofsomeoftherealpor

DailyNewssays:"Itformsonethe ofbestintroductionstoth<- traitsofhumanity,paintedbyapencil,tenderitideedandsympa

principlesofthescience,andtoitspracticalapplicationsinthe thetic,butwithtooclearasight,tooreadyasenseofhumour,and

problemsofmodern,andespeciallyofEnglish,governmentand tooconscientiousa spiritevertoexaggerate,extenuate,oraughtset

society.""Thebookiswrittenthroughout"saystheExaminer, denuninmalice."—Guardian.

"withadmirableforce,clearness,andbrevity,everyimportant

partofthesubjectbeingdulyconsidered" Fawcett.—WorksbyHenryFawcett,M.A.,M.P.,Fellowoi

TrinityHall,andProfessorofPoliticalEconomyintheUniversity PAUPERISM:ITSCAUSESAND REMEDIES.Crown8vo.

ofCambridge:— 5.9.6d.

THE ECONOMIC POSITIONOF THE BRITISH InitsnumberforMarchnth,1871,theSpectatorj/wV/:"Wewish

ProfessorFawcettwotilddez>otealittlemoreofhistimeatzdenergy LABOURER. Extrafcap.8vo.5*

tothepracticalconsiderationofthatmonsterproblemofPauperism,

ThisworkformedaportionofacourseofLecturesdeliveredbythe forthetreatmentofwhichhiseconomicknowledgeandpopular

authorintheUniversityofCambridge,andhehasdeemedit sympathiessoeminentlyfithim" Thevolumenowpublishedmay'

advisabletoretainmanyoftheexpositionsoftheelementaryprin beregardedasan answertotheabovechallenge.Theseven

ciplesofEconomicScience.IntheIntroductoryChapterthe chaptersitcomposesdiscussthe•followingsubjects■;—/."Pauperism

authorpointsoutthescopeoftheworkandshowsthevastimport andtheoldPoorLaw."II."ThepresentPoorLawSystem:'

anceofthesubjectinrelationtothecommercialprosperityandeven III.''TheIncreaseofPopulation" IV."NationalEducation:

thenationalexistenceofBritain.Thenfollozufive chapterson itsEconomicandSocialEffects."V."Co-partnershipandCo

"TheLandTenureofEngland""Co-operation,""TheCauses operation."VI "TheEnglishSystemofLandTenure."VII.

whichregulateWages,""TradeUnionsandStrikes,"and "TheInclosureofCommons."TheAthen/EUMcallsthework"a

"Emigration."TheExaminercallsthework"averyscholarly repertoryofinterestingandwell-digestedinformation.''*

expositiononsomeofthemostessentialquestionsofPolitical

Economy"andtheNonconformistsays"itiswrittenwith ESSAYSON POLITICALAND SOCIALSUBJECTS.By Pro

charmingfreshness,case,andlucidity" fessorFawcett,M.P.,andMillicentGarrettFawcett.

8vo.ioj.6d. MANUALOF POLITICALECONOMY.ThirdandCheaper

Edition,withTwoNewChapters.Crown8vo.10s.6d. Thisvolumecontainsfourteenpapers,someofwhichhaveappeared

invariousjournalsandperiodicals;othershavenotbeforebeen Inthistreatisenoimportantbranchofthesubjecthasbeenomitted, published.Theyareallonsubjectsofgreatimportanceanduni andtheauthorbelievesthattheprincipleswhicharethereinex versalinterest,andthenamesofthetwoauthorsarcasufficient plainedwillenablethereadertoobtainatolerablycompletevieivoj guaranteethateachtopicisdiscussedwithfullknowledge,great

thewholescience.Mr.Fawcetthasendeavouredtoshowhew ^ability,clearness,andearnestness.Thefollowingarcsomeofthe

intimatelyPoliticalEconomyisconnectedwiththepracticalques titles:—"ModernSocialism;""FreeEducationinitsEconomic

tionsoflife.Fortheconvenienceoftheordinaryreader,and Aspects;""Pauperism,Charity,andthePoorLaw;""National

especiallyforthosewhomayusethebooktopreparethemselvesfor DebtandNationalProsperity:""Whatcanbedoneforthe

c 34 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN POLITICS, ETC. 35

Agricultural Labourers;" " The Education of Women ;" " The Hill.—CHILDREN OF THE STATE. THE TRAINING OF Electoral Disabilities of Women;'" " The House of Lords." Each JUVENILE PAUPERS. By Florence Hill. Extra fcap. article is signed with the initials of its author. 8vo. cloth. 5s. Fawcett (Mrs.)—POLITICAL ECONOMY FOR BEGIN In this work the author discusses the various systems adopted in this NERS. WITH QUESTIONS. By Millicent Garrett and other countries in the treatment of pauper children. The Fawcett. i8mo. 2s. 6d. Birmingham Daily Gazette calls it "a valuable contribution In this little work are explained as briefly as possible the most im- to the great and important social question which it so ably and portant principles of Political Economy, in the hope that it will be thoroughly discusses; and it must materially aid in producing a useful to beginners, and perhaps be an assistance to those ivko are wise method of dealing with the Children of the State." desirous of introducing the study of Political Economy to schools. In order to adapt the book especially for school use, questions have HistoricuS.—LETTERS ON SOME QUESTIONS OF been added at the end of each chapter. The Daily News calls it INTERNATIONAL LAW. Reprinted from the Times, with "clear, compact, and comprehensive;" and the SPECTATOR ~.ay.*, considerable Additions. 8vo. Js. 6d. Also, ADDITIONAL "Mrs. Fawcett1s treatise is perfectly suited to its purpose." LETTERS. Svo. 2s. 6d.

Freeman (E. A., M,A., D.C.L.)—HISTORY OF The author's intention in these Letters was to illustrate in a popular FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. See p. 6. of preceding His form clearly-established principles of law, or to refute, as occasion required, errors which had obtained « mischievous currency. lie torical Catalogue. has endeavoured to establish, by sufficient authority % propositions Godkin (James).—THE LAND WAR IN IRELAND. A which have been inconsiderately impugned, and to point out the History for the Times. By James Godkix, Author of '-'Ireland various methods of reasoning which have led some modem writers to erroneous conclusions. The volume contains: Letters o?i "Recog and her Churches," late Irish Correspondent of the Times. Svo. nition;" "On the Perils ef Intervention;'' "The Rights and I2S. Duties of Neutral Nations;" "On the Law of Blockade;" "On A History of the Irish Land Question. " There is probably no other Neutral Trade in Contraband of War;" " On Belligerent Viola account so compendious and so complete."—Fortnightly Review. tion of Neutral Rights;" "The Foreign Enlistment Act;" " The Right of Search;1* extracts from letters on the Aflair of the Guide to the Unprotected, in Every Day Matters Re Trent; and a paper on the " Territoriality of the Merchant, lating to Property and Income. By a Banker's Daughter. Vessel."—"It is seldom thai the doctrines of International Law on Third Edition. Extra fcap. Svo. 3*. 6d. debateablc points have been stated with more vigour, precision, ami certainty."—Saturday Review. Many widenus and single ladies, and all young people, or? first possessing money of their oiuti, are in want of advice when they have commonplace business matters to transact. The author of Jevons.—Works by W. Stanley Jevons, M.A., Professor of this work writes for those who knena nothing. Her aim throughout Logic and Political Economy in Owens College, Manchester. (For is to avoid all technicalities; to give plain and practical directions, other Works by the same Author, see Educational and Philo not only as to what ought to be done, but henv to do it. "Many en sophical Catalogues.) unprotectedfemales will bless the head which planned and the h'c.nd which compiled this admirable little manual. .. . This book was THE COAL QUESTION : An Inquiry Concerning the Progress very much 7vanted, and it could not hare been better done.'*— of the Nation, and the Probable Exhaustion of our Coal Mines. Morning Star. Second Edition, revised. 8vo. ia»\ 6d.

C 2 WORKS IN POLITICS, ETC. MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF

Frederick Martin. Ninth Annual Publication. Revised after Jevons (W.S.)—continued. Official Returns. Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d.

"Day by day," the author says, "it becomes moi-e evident that the The Statesman's Year-Book is the only work in the English language coal we happily possess in excellent quality and abundance is the which furnishes a clear and concise account of the actual condition mainspring of modern material civilization." Geologists and of all the States of Europe, the civilized countries of America, other competent authorities have of late been hinting that the Asia, and Africa, and the British Colonies and Dependencies in simply of coal is by no means inexhaustible, and as it is of vast all parts of the world. T/ie new issue of the work has been revised importance to the country and the world generally to know tlie real and corrected, on the basis of official reports received direct from ihe state of the case, Professor Jevons in this work has endeavoured to heads of the leading Governments of the world, in reply to letters sait solve the question as far as the data at command admit. He to them by the Editor. Through the valuable assistance thus given, believes that should the consumption multiply for rather more than it has been possible to collect an amount of information^ political, a century at its present rate, the average depth of our coal mines statistical, and commercial, of the latest date, and of unimpeachable would be so reduced that we could not long continue our present rate trustworthiness, such as no publication of the same kind has ever of progress. iiWe have to make the momentous choice," he believes, been able to furnish. The new issue of the Statesman's Year- "between brief greatness and long-continued prosperity."—"The Book has a Chronological Account of the principal events of the question of our supply of coal," says the Pall Mall GAZETTE, " be past momentous hvelve months. "As indispensable as Bradshatv." comes a question obviously of life or death. . . . The whole case is —Times. stated with admirable clearness and cogency. .. . We may regard his statements as unanswered and practically established." Phillimore.—private law among the Romans, from the Pandects. By John George Phillimore, Q.C. Svo. \yTHJR THEORY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. 8vo. gs. 16s. In this vjork Professor Jevons endeavours to construct a theory of The author's belief tJuit some knozuledge of the Roman Sysuu: if Political Economy on a mathematical or quantitative basis, believing Municipal Lmv will contribute to improve our oiun, has induced that many of the commonly received theories in this science are per him to prepare the present zuork. His. endeavour has been to select niciously erroneous. The author here attempts to treat Economy those parts of the Digest which would best show the grand manner as the Calculus of Pleasure and Pain, and has sketched out, ahnost in which the Roman jurist dealt with his subject, as well as those irrespective of p7'evious opinions, the form which the science, as it which most illustrate the principles by which he was guided in seems to him, must ultimately take. T/ie tJteory consists in apply establishing the great lines and propositions ofjurisprudence, whuh ing the differential calculus to the faviiliar notions of Wealth, every lawyer must havefrequent occasion to employ. "Air. Philli- Utility, Value, Demand, Supply, Capital, Interest, Labour, and viore has done good service totuards the study of jurisprudence in all the other notions belonging to the daily operations of industry. this country by the production of this volume. The work is one As the complete theory of almost every other science involves the use which should be in the hands of every student."—Athkn.^um. of that calculus, so, the author thinks, we cannot have a true theory of Political Economy without its aid. "Professor Jevons has done Smith.—Works by Professor Goldwin Smith :— invaluable service by"courageously claiming political economy to be sttictlv a branch of Applied Mathematics."—Westminster A LETTER TO A WHIG MEMBER OF THE SOUTHERN Review. INDEPENDENCE ASSOCIATION. Extra fcap. Svo. 2s. Martin.—THE STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK: A Statistical This is a Letter, written in 1864, to a membei- of an Association and Historical Annual of the States of the Civilized World. formed in this country, the purpose of ivMch was "to lendassistn-f Handbook for Politicians and Merchants for the year 1872. By WORKS IN POLITICS, ETC. 39 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF of those works." Arguing from that point of view, slie devotes the first part of her volume to a brief history of religious associations, Smith (Prof. G.)—continued. taking as specimens-I. The Deaconesses of the Primitive Church to the Slave-ures. The author believes it possible to explain ^principles 'tion and ItidiviUual Benroolence-their Achievements and Short- ;f uch a system in a ,nanncr both intelligible and interesting orit'S " IV " Organization and Individualism—their Co- %'" Contents are-I "The Province of the Ovnina Law 'operation Indispensable." V. "Instances and Experiments." VI. II "Historical Sketch of English Criminal Law. III. Dfi- ''T/u Sphere of Government^ " Conclusion." T/ic vieu/s urged Ztion of Crime in General." IV. "Classification and Definition r/v r" sentimental theories, but have grown out of the practical ex- of Particular Crimes" V. "Criminal Procedure in General. "ocrience acauired in actual work. "Mr. Rathbone's earnest and VI "English Criminal Proper VII. "The Principle; oj 'icnv-kearted little book 'Mil help to generate both a larger and wiser Evidence in Relation to the Criminal Law.; VIII. -£^ charity."—British Quarterly. Rules of Evidence." IX. "English Criminal Legisla,wi; The liLso Pages are occupied with the discussion of a number Stephen (C. E.)-THE SERVICE OF THE POOR; ^Z^Uates. "Readers feel in his i,ook the co,ifidencM Bein"an Inquiry into the Reasons for and against the Establish Itacles to the writings of a ,;'< ^'^l Caroline Emilia Stephen. Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. Jnr that it fully satisfies the standard of professtona, accuuu) . islxuRDAY REVIEW. "Ilusiylcis forciblcandfcrspici«>iu, and Miss Stephen defines Heinous Sisterhoods as «associations the o-"vmzaiion of which »V Ai«i upon the assumption that works of singularly free from the umuccsary «* cf fofcss,onai.cr;n>. -H-i-v o'-i r'l'tr acts ofwo-ship in themselves, or means to an end, Spectator. 7ai Id'being'the spiral welfare cf the *,«* or the performers MACMILLAWS CATALOGUE.

Thornton.—ONLABOUR:ItsWrongfulClaimsandRightfuS

Dues;ItsActualPresentStateandPossibleFuture.ByWilliam

ThomasThornton,Authorof"A PleaforPeasantProprietors,"

etc.SecondEdition,revised.8vo.14?.

Theobjectofthisvolumeutoendeavourtofind"0cureforhuman

destitution,"thesearchafterwhichhasbeenthepassionandthe WORKS CONNECTEDWITHTHE SCIENCE -workoftheauthor'slife.Thezvorkisdividedintofourboohs,

andeachinto booka numberofchapters.BookI."Labour's OR THE HISTORYOF LANGUAGE.

CausesofDiscontent."If."LabourandCapitalinDebater

III."LabourandCapitalinAntagonism."IV."Labourand (ForEditionsofGreekandLatinClassicalAuthors,Gram CapitalinAlliance."AllthehighlyimportantproblemsinSocial

mars,andotherSchoolworks,seeEducationalCatalogue.) andPoliticalEconomyconnectedwithLabourandCapitalarc

herediscussedwithknowledge,vigour,andoriginality,andfora

noblepurpose.Theneweditionhasbeenthoroughlyrevisedand

considerablyenlarged."Wecannotfailtorecognizeinhiswork Abbott.—ASHAKESPERIANGRAMMAR: An Attemptto

theresultofindependentthoug/it,highmoralaim,andgenerous illustratesomeoftheDifferencesbetweenElizabethanandModern

intrepidityinanoblecause.....A reallyvaluablecontribution. EnglishBytheRev.E.A.Abbott,M.A.,HeadMasterofthe

Thenumberoffactsaccumulated,bothhistoricalandstatistical, CityLondon of School.FortheUseofSchools.Newand

makeanespeciallyvaluableportionofthework:'—WESTMINSTER EnlargedEdition.Extrafcap.8vo.6s.

Review. TheobjectofthisworkistofurnishstudentsofShakespeareand

Baconwithashortsystematicaccountofsomepointsofdijjerencc

behveenElizabethanSyntaxandourown.Thedemandjorathird

editionwithinayearofthepublicationofthefirst,hasencouraged

theauthortoendeavourtomaketheworksomeivhatmoreuseful,

andtorenderit,asfaraspossible,acompletebookofreferencefor

alldifficultiesofShakesperianSyntaxorProsody.Forthispurpose

thewholeofShakespearehasbeenre-read,andanattempthasbeen

madetoincludewithinthiseditiontheexplanationof*>ery

idiomaticdifficulty(whei-etextisnot theconfessedlycorrupt)that

comeswithintheprovinceofagrammarasdistinctfromaglossary

ThegreatobjectbeingtomakeausefulbookofreferenceJorsiudenh

midforclassesinschools,severalPlayshavebeenindexed$oJuU)\

thatwiththeaidofglossary a andhistoricalnotesthereferences

willservefen-acompletecommentary."AcriticalWW™»

ductedwithgreatskillandknowledge,andwithallhefPj™'"

ofmodernphilology»-V^ MallGazette.\

onlyasanaidtothecriticalstudyofShakespeare,butas

familiarizethereaderwithElizabethanEnglishm ge

Athe.weum. WORKS ON LANGUAGE. 43 42 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF

Morris.—HISTORICAL OUTLINES OF ENGLISH ACCI Besant.—studies in early french poetry. By DENCE, comprising Chapters on the History and Development Walter Besant, M. A. Crown 8vo. Ss. 6d. of the Language, and on Word-formation. By the ^Richard A so7't of impression rests on most minds that French literature begins Morris, LL.D., Member of the Conned of the PhdoL boo. with the "siecle de Louis Quatorzej" aizy previous literature being Lecturer on English Language and Literature in King s College for the most part unknown or ignored. Few know anything of the School, Editor of "Specimens of Early English, etc., etc. enormous literary activity that began in the thirteeitth century, was Fcap. 8vo. 6s. carried on by Rulebeuf, iWarie de France, Gaston de Foix, Thibault de Champagne, and Lorris; was fostered by Charles of Orleans, Dr Morris has endeavoured to write a work which can beprofitably by Margaret of Valois, by Francis the First; that gave a crowd of used by students and by the «//«- forms in our public scwls. Mu versifiers to France, enriched, strengthened, developed, andfixed the almost unequalled knowledge of early English Literature render, French language, and prepared the zvay for Corneille and for him peculiarly qualified to write a work of ths k*d; and Enghsh Racine. The present work aims to afford information and direction . Grammar, he believes, without a reference tohhe olderfirnu ™st touching these early efforts of France in poetical literature. "In one appear altogether anomalous, inconsistent, and umntelhgyle. In moderately sized volume he has co7ttrived to introduce us to the very the writing of this volume, moreover, he has taken advance oj he best, if not to all cf the early French poets.'11—Athen^EUM. researched our language made by all the wstemiwt scholars * ''Industry, the insight of a scholar, and a genuine enthusiasm for in England, America, and on the Continent. The abhorshows his subject, co?nbine to make it of very considerable 'value."— the /ace of English among the languages of the r*^ expound* Spectator. dearly and with great minuteness « Grimm s Lazv, gn-x a In.ej history of the English language and an account cj tv various dialects!investigdialects!investigates the historyy and pnnaples oj »«»<**» Helfenstein (James).—a COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR Orthography, Accent, andd EtlEtymology, ana *™*''™™c'!a*£* OF THE TEUTONIC LANGUAGES : Being at the same to the consideration of the various Farts of Speech, ami time a Historical Grammar of the English Language, and coin- one to Derivation and Word~forr,iaiwn. prising Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, Early English, Modern English, Icelandic (Old Norse), Danish, Swedish, Old High German, Middle High German, Modem German, Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Peiie (John, M.A.)-AN INTRODUCTION TC> GREEK and Dutch. By James Helfenstein% Ph.D. 8vo. iSj.\ AND LATIN ETYMOLOGY. By John Peile, MA., This zvork traces the different stages of development through which the SlL and Assistant Tutor of Christ's College Can.bnag, various Teutonic languages have passed, and the laws which have Jonnerly Teacher of Sanskrit in the University of Cambridge, regulated their growth. The reader is thus enabled to study the New and revised Edition. Crown 8vo. ioj. bd. relatiofi which these languages bear to one another, and to the Eng lish language in particular, to which special attention is devoted throughout. In the chapters on Ancient and Middle Teutonic languages no grammatical form is omitted the knoiuledgv of •which JSToies were put into the shape of lectures, ;<;•—t h>1.je be£H is required for the study of ancient literature, whether Gothic or College, as one set in the "Litcrcoawak .&• .vyn,bstantiaUy Anglo-Saxon or Early English. To each chapter is prefixed a ■hrinted with some additions ana modtj^^y1 ' ~ ^ a Vt,ty sketch showing the -relation of the Teutonic to the cognate languages, 'as they were delivered. "The loot: may ^ ^l Greek. Latin, and Sanskrit. Those who have mastered the book valuable contribution to Ihc scknx cf h''.,ll:'-.L- will be in a position to proceed with intelligence to the more elaborate Review. works of Grimm, Bopp, Pott, Schleicher, and others. MACMILLAWS CATALOGUE OF WORKS ON LANGUAGE. 45 44

SaturdayReviewacknoavledges,"isonewhich Philology.—THEJOURNALOF SACREDAND CLAS Thiswork,asthe

standsaloneinourlanguage:9Thesubjectisoneacknozvledgedto SICALPHILOLOGY.FourVols.8vo.12*.6d. beofthehighestimportanceasahandmaidtoHistory,Ethnology,

Geography,andeventoGeology;andMr.Taylor'sworkhas THEJOURNALOFPHILOLOGY.NewSeries.EditedbyWo

takenitsplaceastheonlyEnglishauthorityofvalueonthesubject. G.Clark,M.A.,JohnE.B.Mayor,M.A.,andW.Aldis

Notonlyistheworkofthehighestvaluetothestudent,butbe will

Wright,M.A.Nos.T.II.,HI.,andIV.8vo.4*°*each> foundfullofinteresttothegeneralreader,affordinghimwonderful

(Half-yearly.) peepsintothepastlifeandwanderingsoftherestlessracetowhich

hebelongs.Everyassistanceisgiveninthewayofspeciallypre

Roby(H.J.)—AGRAMMAROFTHELATINLANGUAGE, paredMaps,Indexes,andAppendices;andtoanyonewhowishes

FROM PLAUTUSTO SUETONIUS.ByHenryJohn topursuethestudyofthesubjectfurther,theBibliographicalListof

Roby,M.A.,lateFellowofSt.John'sCollege,Cambridge. Bookswillbefoundinvaluable.TheNonconformistsays,"The^

PartI.containing:—BookI.Sounds.BookII.Inflexions. historicalimportanceofthesubjectcanscarcelybeexaggerated.

"Hisbook,"theREADERsays,"willbeinvaluabletothestudent0} BookIII.WordFormation.Appendices.Crown8vo.Ss.6d.

Englishhistory:'"Asallcultivatedmindsfeelcuriosityabout

Thisworkistheresultofanindependentandcarefulstudyofthe localnames,itmaybeexpectedthatthiswillbecomeahousehold

writersofthestrictlyClassicalperiod,theperiodembracedbetween book,"saystheGUARDIAN. thetimeofPlautusandthatofSuetonius.Theauthor'saimhas

beentogivethefactsofthelanguageinasfewwordsaspossible.It Trench.—WorksbyR.ChenevixTrench,D.D.,Archbishopof willbefoundthatthearrangementofthebookandthetreatmentof Dublin.(ForotherWorksbythesameAuthor,seeTheological thevariousdivisionsdifferinmanyrespectsfromthoseofprevious Catalogue.) orammars.Mr.Robyhasgivenspecialprominencetothetreat

mentofSoundsandWord-formation;andintheFirstBookhehas ArchbishopTrenchhasdonemuchtospreadaninterestinthehistory

ofourEnglishtongue.He isacknowledgedtopossessanun donemuchtowardssettlingadiscussionwhichisatpresentlargely

commonpowerofpresenting,inaclear,instructive,andinteresting engagingtheattentionofscholars,viz.,thePronunciationofthe

manner,thefruitofhisawnextensiveresearch,aswellasthe Classicallanguages.InthefullAppendiceswillbefoundvarious

resultsofthelaboursofotherscientificandhistoricalstudents valuabledetailsstillfurtherillustratingthesubjectsdiscussedintnc

oflanguage;while,asrt*ATHEN*UMsays,"hissoberjudgment text.Theauthor'sreputationasascholarandcriticisalready

andsoundsensearebarriersagainstthemisleadinginfluenceof wellknown,andthepublishersareencouragedtobelievethathis

presentworkwilltakeitsplaceasperhapsthemostoriginal,exhaus arbitraryhypotheses"

tive,andscientificgrammaroftheLatinlanguagethathasever

SYNONYMSOF THENEW TESTAMENT.NewEdition, issuedfromtheBritishpress.''Thebookismarkedbytheclear

andpracticalinsightofamasterinhisart.Itisabookwhich enlarged.8vo.cloth.I2J,

woulddohonourtoanycountry:'—Athenaeum."Bringsbefore Thestudyofsynonymsinanylanguageisvaluableasadisciplinefor

thestudentinamethodicalformthebestresultsofmodernphilology- trainingthemindtocloseandaccuratehabitsofthought;more

bearingontheLatinlanguage."—Scotsman. especiallyisthisthecaseinGreek-"alanguagespokenbyapeopleof

thefinestandsubtlestintellect;whosawdistinctionswhereotherssau

none;whodividedouttodifferentwordswhatothersoftentoar Taylor(Rev.Isaac).—WORDSAND PLACES;or,

contenttohuddleconfusedlyunderacommonterm."This*wr EtymologicalIllustrationsofHistory,Ethnology,andGeography.

recognizedasavaluablecompaniontoeverystudentoftheI'* BytheRev.IsaacTaylor.SecondEdition.Crown8vo.

Testamentintheoriginal.This,Seventh theEdition,hasot

12s.6d. WORKS ON LANGUAGE. 47 MACMILLANKSCATALOGUE OF

Trench(R.C)—continued. Trench(R.C.)—continued.

toshowhowslightandsubtle,whileyetmostreal,thesechanges

carefidlyrevised,andaconsiderablenumberofnewsynonymsadded. haveoftenbeen,totracehereandtheretheprogressivestepsby

AppendedisanIndextothesynonyms',andanIndextomanyother whichtheoldmeaninghasbeenputoffandthenewputon—the

wordsalludedtoorexplainedthroughoutthework."Heis,"the exactroadwhichawordhastravelled.Theauthorthushopesto

ATHENAEUMsays,liaguideinthisdepartmentofknnvledgito rendersomeassistancetothosewhoregardthisasaserviceabledis whomhisreadersmayentrustthemselveswithconfidence." ciplineinthetrainingoftheiroiunmindsorthemindsofothtrs.

AlthoughthebookisintheformofaGlossary,itwillbefoundas ON THE STUDYOF WORDS.LecturesAddressed(originally)

interestingasaseriesofbriefwell-toldbiographies. tothePupilsattheDiocesanTrainingSchool,Winchester.

FourteenthEdition,revisedandenlarged.Fcap.8vo.4s.6d. ON SOMEDEFICIENCIESINOURENGLISHDICTION

ARIES:BeingthesubstanceofTwoPapersreadbeforethe This,itbelieved, is wasprobablythefirstworl:whichdrnugc7icral

attentioninthiscountrytotheimportanceandinterestofthe PhilologicalSociety.SecondEdition,revisedandenlarged.

criticalandhistoricalstudyofEnglish.Itstillretainsitsplacecs 8vo.3«r.

oneofthemostsuccessfulifnottheonlyexponentofthoseaspects ThefollowingarethemaindeficienciesinEnglishdictionariespointed

ofWordsofwhichittreats.ThesubjectsoftheseveralLectures outthese inPapers,andillustratedbyaninterestingaccumulationof

arc—I"Introductory."II."OnthePoetryofWords."Ill particulars:—I."Obsoletewordsareincompletelyregistered."II. "OntheMoralityofWords."IV."OntheHistoryofWords:] "Familiesorgroupsofwordsareoftenimperfect."III."Much-

V."OntheRiseofNewWords."VI."OntheDistinctionof earlierexamplesoftheemploymentofwordsoftentimesexistthan

Words."VII."TheSchoolmaster'sUseofWords" anywhicharecited,andmuchlaterexamplesofwordsnow

obsolete."IV.''Importantmeaningsandusesofwordsarepassed ENGLISHPASTAND PRESENT.SeventhEdition,revised over"V.'''Comparativelylittleattentionispaidtothedistinguish

andimproved.Fcap.8vo.4s.6d. ing'ofsynonymouswords."VI."Manypassagesinourliterature

ThisisaseriesofeightLectures,inthefirstofwhichArchbishop arepassedby,whichmightbecarefullyaddticcdinillustrationof

TrenchconsiderstheEnglishlanguageasitnowis,decomposesrow thefirstintroduction,etymology,andmeaningofwords:'VII

specimensofit,andthusdiscoversofwhatdementsitiscompact.In "Ourdictionarieserrinredundancyaswellasdefect."

thesecondLectureheconsiderswhatthelanguagemightha-ebam

iftheNormanConquesthadi:ez

sixLecturesheinstitutesfromvariouspointsofviezvacomparison Cambridge:—

beiivccnthepresentlanguageandthepast,pointsoutgainswhichit THE RECIPROCALINFLUENCEOF ENGLISHAND hasmade,losseswhichithasendured,andgenerallycallsattention FRENCHLITERATUREIN THE EIGHTEENTH tosomeofthemoreimportantchangesthroughwhichithaspassed..

CENTURY.Crown8vo.zs.6d. orisatpresentpassing.

ThisEssaygainedtheLeBasPrizefortheyear1869.Besidesa A SELECTGLOSSARYOF ENGLISHWORDS USED generalIntroductorySection,itcontainsotherthreeSectionson

FORMERLYIN SENSESDIFFERENTFROM THEIR "TheInfluenceofBoileauandhisSchool;""TheInfluenceof

PRESENT.ThirdEdition.Fcap.8vo.4*. EnglishPhilosophyinFrance;""Secondary*»&*""-**'

Drama,Fiction?etc.AppendedisaSynchronologualTableoj ThisalphabeticallyarrangedGlossarycontainsmanyofthemost

importantofthoseEnglishwordswhichinthecourseoftimekav* EventsconnectedwithEnglishandFrenchLiterature,A.D.17°°-

graduallychangedtheirmeanings.Theauthor'sobjectistopoint A.D.18OO.

outsomeofthesechanges,tosuggesthenvmanymoretheremay/v, t^A^i? t **"] I s U \

MA CMILLANS CA TAL OG UE. 7 -

Wood (H. T. W.)-continued.

CHANGES IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE BETWEEN THE PUBLICATION OF WICLIFS BIBLE AND THAT OF THE AUTHORIZED VERSION ; a.d. 1400 to a.d. 1600. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. This Essay gained the Le Bas Prize for the year 1870. Besides the Int7-oductory Section explaining the aim and scope of the Essay, there are other three Sections and three Appendices. Section II. treats of "English before Chaucer:'' III. "Chaucer to Caxton." IV. "From Caxton to the Authorized Version"—Appendix: I. "Table of English Literature" a.d. 1300—a. d. 161 i. II. "Early English Bible" III "Inflectional Changes in the Verb" This will be found a most valuable help in the study of our language during the period embraced in the Essay. ' 'As we go with him," the Athen^um says, "we learn something new at every step" Yonge.—HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN NAMES. By Char lotte M. Yonge, Author of "The Heir of Redclyffe." Two Vols. Crown 8vo. il. is. Miss Yongis work is acknowledged to be the authority on the interest ing subject of which it treats. Until she wrote on the subject, the history of names—especially Christian Names as distinguishedfrom Surnames—had been but little examined; nor why one should be popular and another forgotten—why one should flourish through out Ettrope, another in one country alone, another around some petty district. In each case she has tried to find out iv/ience the name came, whether it had a patron, and whether the patron took it from the myths or heroes of his own country, or from the mean ing of the words. She has then tried to classify the names, as to treat them merely alphabetically would destroy all their interest and connection. They are classified first by language, beginning with Hebrew and coming down through Greek and Latin to Celtic, Teutonic, Slavonic, and other sources, ancient and modern ; then by meaning or spiHt. "An almost exhaustive treatment of the subject. .. The painstaking toil of a thoughtful and cultured mind on a most interesting theme"—London Quarterly.

K. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS, LONDON.