The Coral Programming Language
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PRE PROCESSOR DIRECTIVES in –C LANGUAGE. 2401 – Course
PRE PROCESSOR DIRECTIVES IN –C LANGUAGE. 2401 – Course Notes. 1 The C preprocessor is a macro processor that is used automatically by the C compiler to transform programmer defined programs before actual compilation takes place. It is called a macro processor because it allows the user to define macros, which are short abbreviations for longer constructs. This functionality allows for some very useful and practical tools to design our programs. To include header files(Header files are files with pre defined function definitions, user defined data types, declarations that can be included.) To include macro expansions. We can take random fragments of C code and abbreviate them into smaller definitions namely macros, and once they are defined and included via header files or directly onto the program itself it(the user defined definition) can be used everywhere in the program. In other words it works like a blank tile in the game scrabble, where if one player possesses a blank tile and uses it to state a particular letter for a given word he chose to play then that blank piece is used as that letter throughout the game. It is pretty similar to that rule. Special pre processing directives can be used to, include or exclude parts of the program according to various conditions. To sum up, preprocessing directives occurs before program compilation. So, it can be also be referred to as pre compiled fragments of code. Some possible actions are the inclusions of other files in the file being compiled, definitions of symbolic constants and macros and conditional compilation of program code and conditional execution of preprocessor directives. -
C and C++ Preprocessor Directives #Include #Define Macros Inline
MODULE 10 PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVES My Training Period: hours Abilities ▪ Able to understand and use #include. ▪ Able to understand and use #define. ▪ Able to understand and use macros and inline functions. ▪ Able to understand and use the conditional compilation – #if, #endif, #ifdef, #else, #ifndef and #undef. ▪ Able to understand and use #error, #pragma, # and ## operators and #line. ▪ Able to display error messages during conditional compilation. ▪ Able to understand and use assertions. 10.1 Introduction - For C/C++ preprocessor, preprocessing occurs before a program is compiled. A complete process involved during the preprocessing, compiling and linking can be read in Module W. - Some possible actions are: ▪ Inclusion of other files in the file being compiled. ▪ Definition of symbolic constants and macros. ▪ Conditional compilation of program code or code segment. ▪ Conditional execution of preprocessor directives. - All preprocessor directives begin with #, and only white space characters may appear before a preprocessor directive on a line. 10.2 The #include Preprocessor Directive - The #include directive causes copy of a specified file to be included in place of the directive. The two forms of the #include directive are: //searches for header files and replaces this directive //with the entire contents of the header file here #include <header_file> - Or #include "header_file" e.g. #include <stdio.h> #include "myheader.h" - If the file name is enclosed in double quotes, the preprocessor searches in the same directory (local) as the source file being compiled for the file to be included, if not found then looks in the subdirectory associated with standard header files as specified using angle bracket. - This method is normally used to include user or programmer-defined header files. -
Document Number Scco24
Stanford University Libraries Dept. of Special Cr*l!«ctkjns &>W Title Box Series I Fol 5C Fo<. Title " LISP/360 REFERENCE MANUAL FOURTH EDITION # CAMPUS COMPUTER FACILITY STANFORD COMPUTATION CENTER STANFORD UNIVERSITY STANFORD, CALIFORNIA DOCUMENT NUMBER SCCO24 " ■ " PREFACE This manual is intended to provide the LISP 1.5 user with a reference manual for the LISP 1.5 interpreter, assembler, and compiler on the Campus Facility 360/67. It assumes that the reader has a working knowledge by of LISP 1.5 as described in the LISP_I.is_Primer Clark Weissman, and that the reader has a general knowledge of the operating environment of OS 360. Beginning users of LISP will find the sections The , Functions, LI SRZIi O_Syst em , Organiz ation_of_St orage tlSP_Job_Set-]i£» and t.tsp/360 System Messages Host helpful in obtaining a basic understanding of the LISP system. Other sections of the manual are intended for users desiring a more extensive knowledge of LISP. The particular implementation to which this reference manual is directed was started by Mr. J. Kent while he was at the University of Waterloo. It is modeled after his implemention of LISP 1.5 for the CDC 3600. Included in this edition is information on the use of the time-shared LISP system available on the 360/67 which was implemented by Mr. Robert Berns of the " Computer staff. Campus Facility " II TABLE OF CONTENTS Section PREFACE " TABLE OF CONTENTS xxx 1. THE LISP/360 SYSTEM 1 2. ORGANIZATION OF STORAGE 3 2.1 Free Cell Storage (FCS) 3 2.1.1 Atoms 5 2.1.2 Numbers 8 2.1.3 Object List 9 2.2 Push-down Stack (PDS) 9 2.3 System Functions 9 2.4 Binary Program Space (BPS) 9 W 2.5 Input/Output Buffers 9 10 3. -
Section “Common Predefined Macros” in the C Preprocessor
The C Preprocessor For gcc version 12.0.0 (pre-release) (GCC) Richard M. Stallman, Zachary Weinberg Copyright c 1987-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled \GNU Free Documentation License". This manual contains no Invariant Sections. The Front-Cover Texts are (a) (see below), and the Back-Cover Texts are (b) (see below). (a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is: A GNU Manual (b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development. i Table of Contents 1 Overview :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.1 Character sets:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.2 Initial processing ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 1.3 Tokenization ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 1.4 The preprocessing language :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6 2 Header Files::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 7 2.1 Include Syntax ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 7 2.2 Include Operation :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8 2.3 Search Path :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 2.4 Once-Only Headers::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 2.5 Alternatives to Wrapper #ifndef :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -
The Evolution of Lisp
1 The Evolution of Lisp Guy L. Steele Jr. Richard P. Gabriel Thinking Machines Corporation Lucid, Inc. 245 First Street 707 Laurel Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 Menlo Park, California 94025 Phone: (617) 234-2860 Phone: (415) 329-8400 FAX: (617) 243-4444 FAX: (415) 329-8480 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Lisp is the world’s greatest programming language—or so its proponents think. The structure of Lisp makes it easy to extend the language or even to implement entirely new dialects without starting from scratch. Overall, the evolution of Lisp has been guided more by institutional rivalry, one-upsmanship, and the glee born of technical cleverness that is characteristic of the “hacker culture” than by sober assessments of technical requirements. Nevertheless this process has eventually produced both an industrial- strength programming language, messy but powerful, and a technically pure dialect, small but powerful, that is suitable for use by programming-language theoreticians. We pick up where McCarthy’s paper in the first HOPL conference left off. We trace the development chronologically from the era of the PDP-6, through the heyday of Interlisp and MacLisp, past the ascension and decline of special purpose Lisp machines, to the present era of standardization activities. We then examine the technical evolution of a few representative language features, including both some notable successes and some notable failures, that illuminate design issues that distinguish Lisp from other programming languages. We also discuss the use of Lisp as a laboratory for designing other programming languages. We conclude with some reflections on the forces that have driven the evolution of Lisp. -
Implementing a Vau-Based Language with Multiple Evaluation Strategies
Implementing a Vau-based Language With Multiple Evaluation Strategies Logan Kearsley Brigham Young University Introduction Vau expressions can be simply defined as functions which do not evaluate their argument expressions when called, but instead provide access to a reification of the calling environment to explicitly evaluate arguments later, and are a form of statically-scoped fexpr (Shutt, 2010). Control over when and if arguments are evaluated allows vau expressions to be used to simulate any evaluation strategy. Additionally, the ability to choose not to evaluate certain arguments to inspect the syntactic structure of unevaluated arguments allows vau expressions to simulate macros at run-time and to replace many syntactic constructs that otherwise have to be built-in to a language implementation. In principle, this allows for significant simplification of the interpreter for vau expressions; compared to McCarthy's original LISP definition (McCarthy, 1960), vau's eval function removes all references to built-in functions or syntactic forms, and alters function calls to skip argument evaluation and add an implicit env parameter (in real implementations, the name of the environment parameter is customizable in a function definition, rather than being a keyword built-in to the language). McCarthy's Eval Function Vau Eval Function (transformed from the original M-expressions into more familiar s-expressions) (define (eval e a) (define (eval e a) (cond (cond ((atom e) (assoc e a)) ((atom e) (assoc e a)) ((atom (car e)) ((atom (car e)) (cond (eval (cons (assoc (car e) a) ((eq (car e) 'quote) (cadr e)) (cdr e)) ((eq (car e) 'atom) (atom (eval (cadr e) a))) a)) ((eq (car e) 'eq) (eq (eval (cadr e) a) ((eq (caar e) 'vau) (eval (caddr e) a))) (eval (caddar e) ((eq (car e) 'car) (car (eval (cadr e) a))) (cons (cons (cadar e) 'env) ((eq (car e) 'cdr) (cdr (eval (cadr e) a))) (append (pair (cadar e) (cdr e)) ((eq (car e) 'cons) (cons (eval (cadr e) a) a)))))) (eval (caddr e) a))) ((eq (car e) 'cond) (evcon. -
GPU Directives
OPENACC® DIRECTIVES FOR ACCELERATORS NVIDIA GPUs Reaching Broader Set of Developers 1,000,000’s CAE CFD Finance Rendering Universities Data Analytics Supercomputing Centers Life Sciences 100,000’s Oil & Gas Defense Weather Research Climate Early Adopters Plasma Physics 2004 Present Time 2 3 Ways to Accelerate Applications with GPUs Applications Programming Libraries Directives Languages “Drop-in” Quickly Accelerate Maximum Acceleration Existing Applications Performance 3 Directives: Add A Few Lines of Code OpenMP OpenACC CPU CPU GPU main() { main() { double pi = 0.0; long i; double pi = 0.0; long i; #pragma acc parallel #pragma omp parallel for reduction(+:pi) for (i=0; i<N; i++) for (i=0; i<N; i++) { { double t = (double)((i+0.05)/N); double t = (double)((i+0.05)/N); pi += 4.0/(1.0+t*t); pi += 4.0/(1.0+t*t); } } printf(“pi = %f\n”, pi/N); printf(“pi = %f\n”, pi/N); } } OpenACC: Open Programming Standard for Parallel Computing “ OpenACC will enable programmers to easily develop portable applications that maximize the performance and power efficiency benefits of the hybrid CPU/GPU architecture of Titan. ” Buddy Bland Titan Project Director Easy, Fast, Portable Oak Ridge National Lab “ OpenACC is a technically impressive initiative brought together by members of the OpenMP Working Group on Accelerators, as well as many others. We look forward to releasing a version of this proposal in the next release of OpenMP. ” Michael Wong CEO, OpenMP http://www.openacc-standard.org/ Directives Board OpenACC Compiler directives to specify parallel regions -
Obstacles to Compilation of Rebol Programs
Obstacles to Compilation of Rebol Programs Viktor Pavlu TU Wien Institute of Computer Aided Automation, Computer Vision Lab A-1040 Vienna, Favoritenstr. 9/183-2, Austria [email protected] Abstract. Rebol’s syntax has no explicit delimiters around function arguments; all values in Rebol are first-class; Rebol uses fexprs as means of dynamic syntactic abstraction; Rebol thus combines the advantages of syntactic abstraction and a common language concept for both meta-program and object-program. All of the above are convenient attributes from a programmer’s point of view, yet at the same time pose severe challenges when striving to compile Rebol into reasonable code. An approach to compiling Rebol code that is still in its infancy is sketched, expected outcomes are presented. Keywords: first-class macros, dynamic syntactic abstraction, $vau calculus, fexpr, Ker- nel, Rebol 1 Introduction A meta-program is a program that can analyze (read), transform (read/write), or generate (write) another program, called the object-program. Static techniques for syntactic abstraction (macro systems, preprocessors) resolve all abstraction during compilation, so the expansion of abstractions incurs no cost at run-time. Static techniques are, however, conceptionally burdensome as they lead to staged systems with phases that are isolated from each other. In systems where different syntax is used for the phases (e. g., C++), it results in a multitude of programming languages following different sets of rules. In systems where the same syntax is shared between phases (e. g., Lisp), the separa- tion is even more unnatural: two syntactically largely identical-looking pieces of code cannot interact with each other as they are assigned to different execution stages. -
Advanced Perl
Advanced Perl Boston University Information Services & Technology Course Coordinator: Timothy Kohl Last Modified: 05/12/15 Outline • more on functions • references and anonymous variables • local vs. global variables • packages • modules • objects 1 Functions Functions are defined as follows: sub f{ # do something } and invoked within a script by &f(parameter list) or f(parameter list) parameters passed to a function arrive in the array @_ sub print_sum{ my ($a,$b)=@_; my $sum; $sum=$a+$b; print "The sum is $sum\n"; } And so, in the invocation $a = $_[0] = 2 print_sum(2,3); $b = $_[1] = 3 2 The directive my indicates that the variable is lexically scoped. That is, it is defined only for the duration of the given code block between { and } which is usually the body of the function anyway. * When this is done, one is assured that the variables so defined are local to the given function. We'll discuss the difference between local and global variables later. * with some exceptions which we'll discuss To return a value from a function, you can either use an explicit return statement or simply put the value to be returned as the last line of the function. Typically though, it’s better to use the return statement. Ex: sub sum{ my ($a,$b)=@_; my $sum; $sum=$a+$b; return $sum; } $s=sum(2,3); One can also return an array or associative array from a function. 3 References and Anonymous Variables In languages like C one has the notion of a pointer to a given data type, which can be used later on to read and manipulate the contents of the variable pointed to by the pointer. -
Directly Reflective Meta-Programming
Directly Reflective Meta-Programming ∗ Aaron Stump Computer Science and Engineering Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, Missouri, USA [email protected] Abstract Existing meta-programming languages operate on encodings of pro- grams as data. This paper presents a new meta-programming language, based on an untyped lambda calculus, in which structurally reflective pro- gramming is supported directly, without any encoding. The language fea- tures call-by-value and call-by-name lambda abstractions, as well as novel reflective features enabling the intensional manipulation of arbitrary pro- gram terms. The language is scope safe, in the sense that variables can neither be captured nor escape their scopes. The expressiveness of the language is demonstrated by showing how to implement quotation and evaluation operations, as proposed by Wand. The language's utility for meta-programming is further demonstrated through additional represen- tative examples. A prototype implementation is described and evaluated. Keywords: lambda calculus, reflection, meta-programming, Church en- coding, Mogensen-Scott encoding, Wand-style fexprs, alpha equivalence, language implementation. 1 Introduction This paper presents a new meta-programming language called Archon, in which programs can operate directly on other programs as data. Existing meta- programming languages suffer from defects such as encoding programs at too low a level of abstraction, or in a way that bloats the encoded program terms. Other issues include the possibility for variables either to be captured or escape their static scopes. Archon rectifies these defects by trading the complexity of the reflective encoding for additional programming constructs. We adopt ∗This work is supported by funding from the U.S. -
Perl
-I<directory> directories specified by –I are Perl prepended to @INC -I<oct_name> enable automatic line-end processing Ming- Hwa Wang, Ph.D. -(m|M)[- executes use <module> before COEN 388 Principles of Computer- Aided Engineering Design ]<module>[=arg{,arg}] executing your script Department of Computer Engineering -n causes Perl to assume a loop around Santa Clara University -p your script -P causes your script through the C Scripting Languages preprocessor before compilation interpreter vs. compiler -s enable switch parsing efficiency concerns -S makes Perl use the PATH environment strong typed vs. type-less variable to search for the script Perl: Practical Extraction and Report Language -T forces taint checks to be turned on so pattern matching capability you can test them -u causes Perl to dump core after Resources compiling your script Unix Perl manpages -U allow Perl to do unsafe operations Usenet newsgroups: comp.lang.perl -v print version Perl homepage: http://www.perl/com/perl/, http://www.perl.org -V print Perl configuration and @INC Download: http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ values -V:<name> print the value of the named To Run Perl Script configuration value run as command: perl –e ‘print “Hello, world!\n”;’ -w print warning for unused variable, run as scripts (with chmod +x): perl <script> using variable without setting the #!/usr/local/bin/perl –w value, undefined functions, references use strict; to undefined filehandle, write to print “Hello, world!\n”; filehandle which is read-only, using a exit 0; non-number as it were a number, or switches subroutine recurse too deep, etc. -
CONS Y X)))) Which Sets Z to Cdr[X] If Cdr[X] Is Not NIL (Without Recomputing the Value As Woirld Be Necessary in LISP 1.5
NO. 1 This first (long delayed) LISP Bulletin contains samples of most of those types of items which the editor feels are relevant to this publication. These include announcements of new (i.e. not previously announced here) implementations of LISP !or closely re- lated) systems; quick tricks in LISP; abstracts o. LISP related papers; short writeups and listings of useful programs; and longer articles on problems of general interest to the entire LISP com- munity. Printing- of these last articles in the Bulletin does not interfere with later publications in formal journals or books. Short write-ups of new features added to LISP are of interest, preferably upward compatible with LISP 1.5, especially if they are illustrated by programming examples. -A NEW LISP FEATURE Bobrow, Daniel G., Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc., 50 oulton Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. An extension of ro 2, called progn is very useful. Tht ralue of progn[el;e ; ,..;e Y- is the value of e . In BBN-LISP on t .e SDS 940 we ha6e extenaed -cond to include $n implicit progn in each clause, putting It In the general form (COND (ell e ) . (e21 . e 2n2) (ekl e )) In1 ... ... kn,_ where nl -> 1. This form is identical to the LISP 1.5 form if n ni = 2. If n > 2 then each expression e in a clause is evaluated (in order) whh e is the first true (nohkN1~)predicate found. The value of the &And Is the value of the last clause evaluated. This is directly Gapolated to the case where n, = 1, bxre the value of the cond is the value of this first non-~ILprewcate.