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Ioannes Dantiscus and the Croatian Humanists Jakov Banićević and Marko Marulić

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Ioannes Dantiscus and the Croatian Humanists Jakov Banićević and Marko Marulić IOANNES dANTISCUS ANd THE CROATIAN HUMANISTS JAKOV BANIĆEVIĆ ANd MARKO MARULIĆ A n n a S k o l i m o w s k a UdK: 93(497.5)“15“ Baničević, J. (044) Anna Skolimowska 821.163.42-05 Marulić, M. Faculty of »Artes Liberales«, Original scientific paper University of Warsaw W a r s a w [email protected] The acquaintance of two humanists, a diplomat in the service of Polish kings Ioannes dantiscus (1485-1548) and imperial secretary Jakov Banićević (1466-1532), is documented in their correspondence, of which just two letters of Banićević to dantiscus from 1516 have survived. The main subjects of the letters are the organization of dantiscus’ journey to Venice, conveying a gift from Banićević to the King of Poland, greetings for Polish officials and to Bernardino Gallo of Zadar, and request for a geographical study about northern lands. Unfortunately, little is known about the subsequent contacts of dantiscus and Banićević. The huge correspondence of dantiscus also includes an interesting mention of Marko Marulić (1450-1524). In the 1530s dantiscus, who was the bishop of Kulm in Prussia at the time, read Marulić’s Evangelistarium. It made a great impression on him in terms of its religious content and stylistic qualities. Therefore he wanted to learn more about the author of this book and to obtain his other works. One may suppose that dantiscus treated Marulić’s theological works as a tool of Catholic confessionalization within his diocese. Key words: Ioannes dantiscus, Jakov Banićević, Marko Marulić, humanism, cor- respondence, diplomatic service, early printed books, confessionalization 1. Ioannes dantiscus1 (1485-1548) was a Neo-Latin poet and a diplomat in the service of the Polish King Sigismund I Jagiellon and his wife, Queen Bona 1 detailed biographical and bibliographical information about dantiscus can be found in the publication Corpus of Ioannes Dantiscus’ Texts and Correspondence, accessible at <http://dantiscus.al.uw.edu.pl> (december 17, 2013), hereinafter cited as CIdTC. 178 Colloquia Maruliana XXIV (2015.) Sforza, and in the later years of his life bishop of Kulm (1530-1537) and Ermland (1537-1548) in Royal Prussia (at the time a northern province of Poland with some degree of political autonomy). dantiscus’ native land was Prussia. He was born in Hanseatic Gdańsk (German: Danzig, Latin: Dantiscum) in the German-speaking von Höfen burgher family who also used the name Flachsbinder. In accordance with the custom of humanists, he adopted the toponym Dantiscus. In 1515-1532 dantiscus was almost continually engaged in diplomatic mis- sions, traveling to and staying at the courts of European rulers: emperors Maximil- ian I and Charles V, King of England Henry VIII, Archduke Ferdinand Habsburg, and others. These travels gave him the opportunity to establish extensive relations with the members of the political, financial and intellectual elite, to gain fame across Europe as one of the leading representatives of the international respublica litteraria, and to present himself as a versatile poet and excellent orator, a man with an open mind and an extremely sociable disposition. Some of the friendships formed in the years of his diplomatic travels lasted a long time after dantiscus returned to Poland, being continued through correspon- dence. His correspondents included imperial officials and diplomats, e.g. Mathäus Lang, Thomas Wolsey, Mercurino Arborio di Gattinara, Alfonso de Valdés, Sig- mund von Herberstein, and Cornelis de Schepper, philologists such as Jan van Campen, Lazaro Bonamico, and Conrad Goclenius, geographer and astronomer Gemma Frisius, German poet Helius Eobanus Hessus, Spanish conqueror of the New World Hernán Cortés, praeceptor Germaniae Philipp Melanchthon, and many other figures of the political, cultural and economic elite of the time. On the list of his correspondents we find also the famous Erasmus of Rotterdam (though they probably never met face to face) and Nicolaus Copernicus, who was his subordi- nate as a canon when dantiscus was bishop of Ermland. 2. dantiscus made his first steps as a diplomat on the international scene in 1515, when he accompanied King Sigismund I to the Congress of Pressburg, a meeting of four Central European monarchs, Emperor Maximilian and the kings of Poland and Bohemia: the Jagiellons Sigismund, Ladislaus and (the nine-year-old) Louis. Waiting from April until July for Maximilian to arrive, the Jagiellons conferred in Pressburg (today’s Bratislava). during this time Dantiscus, a relatively young, 30-year-old courtier and freshly appointed secretary to King Sigismund I, easily joined the circle of imperial courtiers connected with the archbishop of Gurk, imperial governor (generalis imperii locumtenens) Cardinal Matthäus Lang, who was staying there at the time. The Jagiellons ultimately met with the Emperor in Vienna, where dantiscus fit in very well with the Viennese humanist circles sur- rounding mathematician, astronomer, cartographer and personal imperial physician A. Skolimowska: dantiscus and the Croatian Humanists Banićević and Marulić 179 Georg Tannstetter (1482-1535), also known as Collimitius. dantiscus’ occasional poems from this time were greatly appreciated and published among reports from the monarchs’ meeting.2 It was most likely during the congress of the four monarchs, in summer 1515, that the Polish royal secretary first met imperial secretary Jakov Banićević.A whole generation older than dantiscus, he was born in 1466 in Žrnovo on the island of Korčula, a small town that was part of the Republic of Venice at the time. He was a Croatian philosopher, theologian, humanist and diplomat, dean of the cathedral chapter of Trent, friend of such people as famous Ciceronian scholar Cardinal Pietro Bembo and Nurembergian Greek scholar Willibald Pirckheimer. He had been in Emperor Maximilian’s service since as far back as 1493 or 1494, and then in the service of his grandson and successor Charles V. The services of the dalmatian secretary were also used by Maximilian’s daughter Margaret, regent of the Netherlands. An acquaintance that was closer to sponsorship than friend- ship linked Banićević to Erasmus of Rotterdam, and also to Albrecht dürer, who portrayed him (kneeling right behind the Emperor) in 1505 in Venice among the worshippers in the painting Feast of the Rose Garlands.3 That Banićević took part in the Pressburg congress is clear from an ac- count of Cardinal Matthäus Lang’s journey to the congress and participation in it, recorded and published by his chaplain, Italian humanist Riccardo Bartolini. Bartolini mentions Banićević twice: he lists him among the imperial secretaries and advisors taking part in the congress and reports on his own participation in a banquet that Banićević hosted in Linz on the danube, where the courts of Maxi- milian and Cardinal Lang met at the turn of June and July 1515 on their way to Vienna.4 Besides Banićević and Bartolini this merry feast, abounding in toasts and discussions, brought together Viennese professor of mathematics, geography and 2 CIdTC, IdP 22, IdP 23, IdP 25 were published in: Riccardo B a r t o l i n i, Odeporicon id est Itinerarium Reuerendissimi in Christo patris et Domini Mathei Sancti Angeli Cardinalis Gurcensis coadiutoris Saltzburgensis Generalisque Imperii locumtenentis, Quaeque in conuentu Maximiliani Caesaris Augusti Serenissimorumque regum Vladislai Sigismundi ac Ludouici, memoratu digna gesta sunt per Riccardum Bartholinum perusinum aedita, Vienna, Hieronymus Wietor, September 13, 1515; CIdTC, IdP 15, IdP 24 in: Oratio coram invictissimo Sigismundo Rege Poloniae etc. in conuentu Caesaris et trium regum, nomine Universitatis, Viennae Austrae per Ioachimum Vadianum Poetam Laureatum habita, cum carmine in laudem eiusdem Regis annexo, in quo quaedam de isto conuentu continentur. Impressit Viennae Nonis Augusti Anno M.D.XV. Hieronymus Vietor qui se Principi invicto hac sua sedulitate commendari cupit. 3 Thomas B. d e u t s c h e r , »Jacopo Bannisio«, in: Contemporaries of Erasmus. A biographical register of the Renessaince and Reformation, vol. 1-3, ed. by Peter G. B i e t e n h o l z , Thomas Brian d e u t s c h e r , Toronto, 2003 (hereinafter cited as CE), vol. 1, 90-91; Gerhard R i l l , »Bannissio, Iacopo«, in: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 5, Roma, 1963, 755-757. 4 B a r t o l i n i , op. cit. (2), f. Liii r-v. 180 Colloquia Maruliana XXIV (2015.) astronomy, poet Johannes Stabius,5 a man called Marquardus (probably Erasmus’ correspondent Johannes Marquard6) and Sebastian Sprenz (Sperantius),7 a lawyer and Matthäus Lang’s secretary. On this occasion Bartolini described Banićević as an extraordinarily frank and kind man, but above all a scholar (litteratus) and thus not only a man who loved learned people but also took care of them.8 If, as seems unlikely, Banićević and dantiscus had not met in Pressburg or in Vienna, then they certainly must have done soon afterwards. Their acquaintance is docu- mented by a correspondence of which two letters from Banićević from January 1516 survive.9 When the congress ended dantiscus did not return to Poland with Sigismund I’s retinue but joined the royal envoys left behind at the imperial court, vice- chancellor Maciej drzewicki and Rafał Leszczyński. In autumn 1515 the Polish envoys traveled to Venice to discuss plans for an anti-Turkish crusade and to mediate between the Republic of Venice and the Emperor.10 After their mission came to nothing drzewicki and Leszczyński returned to Poland, but dantiscus – at Maximilian’s express request and with the Polish King’s consent – remained at the imperial court for further 18 months. He served as the Emperor’s envoy to Venice twice during this time – in February and July 1516, conducting (not very successful) negotiations on an armistice. The aforementioned two letters that Jakov Banićević sent to dantiscus in January 1516 in fact concern dantiscus’ expedition to Venice.
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