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Ariel 899549 LIMA,A. P. 1998. The effects of size on the diets of six sympatric species Arianotsou 1988). Israel (Kuller 1995. 1999), Libya (Laurent et of postmetamorphic litter anurans in Central Amazonia. J. Herpetol. al. 1995, 1997; Venizelos 1996), Syria (Kasparek 1995) and Tur- 32592-399. key (Baran and Kasparek 1989; Coley and Smart 1992; Yerli and . AND G.MOREIRA. 1993. Effects of prey size and foraging mode Demirayak 1996; Gerosa et al. 1998). In addition, a comprehen- on the ontogenetic change in feeding niche of Colostethus stepheni sive synopsis of the status of marine turtles in the Eastern Medi- (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Oecologia 95:93- 102. , terranean region can be found in Kasparek (2001 ). , KRUGEL.P., AND S. RICHTER.1995. Syncope antenori-a bromeliad breed- ! In recent years the coast of Egypt has received less attention ing frog with free-swimming, nonfeeding tadpoles (Anura, 11 Microhylidae). Copeia 1995:955-963. than its eastern Mediterranean neighbors such as Israel and Libya. MORAIIS,V. R. 1995. Checklist and taxonomic bibliography of the am- consequently the exact status of nesting populations in this region $, phibians from Peru. Smithson. Herpetol. Infor. Ser. 107: 1-20. is unclear. Preliminary surveys of the coastline between the city RAND.A. S., AND R. DUDLEY.1993. Frogs in helium: The anuran vocal sac of Alexandria and the Libyan border (western region; Fig. 1) per- , is not a cavity resonator. Physiol. Zool. 66:793-806. formed by Kasparek (1 993), indicated that negligible marine turtle SIMON,M. P., AND C. A. TOFT1991. Diet specialization in small verte- nesting activity was occurring in this region. We confirmed this in brates: mite-eating in frogs. Oikos 61:263-278. , 1998 while conducting a survey of the entire Mediterranean coast WALKER,C. F. 1973. A new genus and species of microhylid frog from Ecuador. Occ. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 20: 1-17. of Egypt (Clarke et al. 2000), finding only limited circumstantial evidence (i.e., three sets of emergence tracks and no nests) of nest- 1 ZIMMERMAN,B. L., AND D. SIMBERLOFF.1996. An historical interpretation i of habitat use by frogs in aCentral Amazonian forest. J. Biogeog. 23:27- ing activity in the western region. Similarly, no evidence of nest- i 46. ing was found in the Nile Delta (central region; Fig. l), during the 1998 survey. Evidence was found however, that a small population of green Hrrpcrillo~~~IRrvirir. 2003, 3413 I. 20&2 10. 0 2003 hy Society lor the Study of Amphibians and Repliles and loggerhead turtles were nesting on beaches of the Sinai in eastern Egypt, close to the border with Israel. In this paper we Identification of Marine Turtle Nesting Beaches document the results of a three-year study to quantify the extent on the Mediterranean Coast of Sinai, Egypt of marine turtle nesting activity occurring along the Sinai coast between the border town of Rhafa to the east, and Port Said to the west (eastern region; Fig. 1). MICHAEL CLARKE* Methods.-The Mediterranean coast of the Sinai measures 220 and ANDREW C. CAMPBELL km from the Israeli border to the Suez Canal at Port Said; of this Department of Biology, Queen Mar\ College, Univmh of London, Mile End section, 200.7 km is sandy beach with potentially suitable habitat Road. London El 4NS. U.K for marine turtle nesting. Other than the two inlets to Bardawil lagoon (Fig. 2), the coast in this region is continuous sandy beach *Correspondiq author: present address: 4S88 Cameo Drive, Santa Maria, California 93455, USA; e-mail: [email protected] with few natural divisions; therefore, for the purposes of this sur- vey it was arbitrarily divided into 19 beaches. The limits of these The majority of sandy beaches in the Mediterranean have been divisions were determined by the presence of an easily identifi- surveyed to determine the location of marine turtle nesting areas. able landmark, or as a length of coastline that could be surveyed Detailed information is available on the status of green (Chelonia in a convenient time period (details are given in Table 1 and Fig. mydas L.) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta L.) turtle populations 2). In the lagoon region (i.e., beaches 8-16; Fig. 2) only the north nesting in northern Cyprus (Broderick and Godley 1996; Glen et side of the outer sandbar was surveyed, as interviews with local al. 1996; Godley et al. 1996), southern Cyprus (Demetropoulos fishermen revealed that marine turtles had never been observed and Hadjichristophorou 1989, 1993, Greece (Margaritoulis 1983; nesting in the inner lagoon. FIG.1. Map of the Mediterranean Coast of Egypt. Herpetological Review 34(3),2003 ent et TABLLI. Locality and character of beaches surveyed in north Sinai. I Tur- li and # Beach Name Coordinates Length Comments 2hen- Western limit Eastern limit Aedi- Rhafa Residential1 tourist beach El Sheik Zwayed Residential1 tourist beach ntion El Shalak Light tourism ibya, El Kharruba Light tourism 3gion El Arish Residentiall tourist beach i city El Masaid Residential1 tourist beach ) per- Abo Flifel Light tourism turtle Zaranik Protected area his in Bardawil - Zaranik to Inlet #2 Mostly deserted coast Bardawil- Inlet #2 to Bogaz Mostly deserted intial Bardawil- Bogaz Mostly deserted nest- Bardawil- El Kalls Mostly deserted nest- Bardawil- El Kalls to Inlet #I Mostly deserted g the Bardawil- El Shagara Mostly deserted Bardawil -El Mohamadyat Mostly deserted !reen Romana Residential1 tourist beach mi in Salina Inlet Mostly deserted :r we El Malaha Mostly deserted xtent Port SaidIFaud Mostly deserted coast o the Total -. 220 During the period from late May to mid-September (the main Early in the season, beaches were re-visited every two weeks f this turtle nesting season in the eastern Mediterranean; Baran and until an emergence track was found. Thereafter a beach was vis- ibitat Kasparek 1989; Demetropoulos and Hadjichristophorou 1995) all ited twice weekly; thus no track recorded was more than four days iawil the beaches listed in Table 1 were surveyed during the early morn- old. This allowed for a reasonable estimate of the date of egg depo- )each , ing hours by two-person teams. Access to the beaches was not sition, and gave a good prediction of the hatch date approximately i sur- permitted at night. During the 1998 season. beaches were surveyed 40 days later. The exact location of all emergence tracks was noted these by walking from east to west, with one man on the waterline and using a Magellen 2000 Global Positioning System (GPS). Under ntifi- the other following a parallel track 4-5 m landwards. However, the climatic conditions encountered during the summer months, eyed because of the large distances involved subsequent surveys were emergence tracks were still recognizable for up to three weeks. In , Fig. ' performed using an all terrain vehicle (ATV), with two persons addition, the Egyptian Coast Guard was enlisted to find emergence lorth riding along the beach from east to west. One rider scrutinized the tracks as soldiers patrol every mile of the Sinai coast on a daily local ' water line while the other surveyed the upper beach. basis. Because of these two factors we have high confidence that wed SINAI FIG.2. Mediterranean Coast of Sinai showing the location of survey beaches. Herpetological Review 34(3),2003 TABLE:2. Nesting data for the coast of north Sinai. Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) # of emergence tracks mean inner track width (cm) mean outer tack width (cm) number of nests with eggs mean clutch size % hatching success # of stranded adults mean CCL of stranded adults (cm) Green (Chelonia mydas) # of emergence tracks mean inner track width (cm) mean outer track width (cm) number of nests with eggs mean clutch size % hatching success # of stranded adults mean CCL of stranded adults (cm) Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) # of stranded adults mean CCL of stranded adults (cm) TABI-E3. Summary of the number of green and loggerhead turtle emergences and nests found on each beach between 1998 and 2000. Beach 1998 1999 2000 Loggerhead Green Loggerhead Green Loggerhead Green Tracks Nests Tracks Nests Tracks Nests Tracks Nests Tracks Nests Tracks Nests with eggs with eggs with eggs with eggs with eggs with eggs very few emergence tracks were overlooked during the survey. irregular as they use the front flippers in an alternating pattern to The species of the emerging turtle was identified from track move on land (Demetropoulos and Hadjichristophorou 1995).The morphology-green turtles leave a regular pattern of imprints in inside and outside widths of the tracks were recorded; the pres- the sand as they use both front flippers simultaneously to haul ence or absence of a body pit noted; and nests checked for egg themselves across the beach. Conversely, loggerhead tracks are deposition. Nests were then marked in a cryptic fashion to allow 208 Herpetologiccil Review 34(3),2003 relocation at a later date. ranean appear to be lower than in other parts of the world; e.g., During the 1999 and 2000 seasons, return visits were made to Hirth (1980) reports the average global clutch size for C. caretta ;he nests to check for hatching 40,42, and 44 days after egg depo- to lie within the range of 101-1 26 eggs. 1 ition. After hatching, the nests were excavated and an assessment The mean hatching success of loggerhead eggs in the area (i.e., made of the number of eggs laid, and hatching success. The curved 66.4% in 1999; and 76.2 I 5% in 2000) was similar to that of 79.1 % nirapace length (CCL) and species of dead stranded turtles, or reported from southern Cyprus, and 67.7% reported from ! narts of turtles, were also recorded throughout the survey.
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