The Cambridge Companion to Anselm Edited by Brian Davies and Brian Leftow Index More Information

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Cambridge University Press 0521807468 - The Cambridge Companion to Anselm Edited by Brian Davies and Brian Leftow Index More information

index

Abbo of Fleury 115 spirituality as basis for theological Abelard, Peter 15, 119, 289 acumen 9 accidents 226 teaching methods 11–12, 39–42, 47; relation to God’s simplicity 262 adapted to audiences 48–49 action, truth 209 works 11; see also individual works adjectives (denominatives), semantics anthropology 33–34 92–96, 97 faith’s priority to reason in advantage, as goodness 228, 229–33 intellectual understanding 50–52 Alexander (Anselm’s assistant) 20 intellectual appreciation of arguments Alexander of Aphrodisias 113 49–50 Alexander of Canterbury, records man compared with God 33–34 Anselm’s talk 7 role of authority in philosophical Alexander of Hales 28 theology 42–44 Alternative Possibilities, Principle, role of authority in relation to novelty function in De Casu Diaboli 186–90 in teaching 45–48 Andrew of St.Victor 26 role of authority in Scriptures 42, 43, angels 47 44–45 as affected by sin, understood on the role of authority in the training of the basis of authority 57 intellect 39–42 fall 249 appellation 92–93 free will 179, 182, 183–84, 186–93, Aquinas, Thomas see Thomas Aquinas 198, 202, 246 argumentatio 13 rational beings made in God’s image argumentum 13 33 Arianism 263 understanding of God’s nature 50 Aristotle 51, 107, 115, 132, 223, 287 anhypostasia 289 eudaimonism 252 Anselm 1–4, 5 on necessity and possibility 126 acknowledges the influence of rejection of the Form of goodness 229 Augustine of Hippo on the on truth 204 Monologion 61–62 understanding of possibility 128 influence 24–28 on verbs and time 97 letters 16, 29–30 Aseity, and God’s simplicity 260, 261, life and writings 8–28 262, 275 philosophical relationship with Duns atemporality, and God 147–50 Scotus and Augustine of Hippo 251 atheism, and the relationship between sources for knowledge of his life 5–8 faith and understanding 66–67

313

314 Index

atonement 295–98 Barth, Karl 297 Anselm’s development of the concept defence of Anselm’s treatment of the 281–82 atonement 283 general approaches before Anselm on the nature of the Proslogion 158, 279–81 175 key terms used in connection with beauty, and God 284–86 290–95 Bec, Abbey of 2 see also Jesus Christ Anselm’s life at 8–15 Augustine of Hippo 14, 18, 46, 51, 52, “begetting,” relationship between 87, 222, 253 Father and Son within the Trinity on the association of God with beauty 274 285 being see existence defends the rationality of faith 32 beings, rational beings created for eudaimonism 252 happiness by the enjoyment of God on free will and God’s foreknowledge 239–43 74–78 Benedict, St., Rule of 3 on God and truth 254 on training the human will 35 on God’s nature 159 Berengar of Tours 115, 116 on God’s simplicity 259–60, 261 Bible influence on Anselm 1, 11, 12 influence on Anselm 1 influence on Anselm’s Monologion study, Anselm’s approach to 13–14 61–62 Boethius 77, 97, 115, 123, 222 influence on Anselm’s perfect-being atemporality and God 149 theology 132 eudaimonism 252 influence on Anselm’s views of influence on Anselm’s perfect-being creation, Augustine’s trinitarian theology 132 views 119, 259 modal paradigms 111, 112–14 as influenced by Platonism 78–82, on signification theory of language 287, 288 105 influences medieval conceptions of use of “substantial” as equivalent to modalities 111, 114–15 “intrinsic” 153 likeness of created things to God Boso 36, 193 269 on faith and understanding 283 on names and their signification 106 response to Anselm’s teaching on relations and the Trinity 275–76 methods in Cur Deus Homo 40, role of authority in the training of the 41 intellect 39 Boso (Abbot of Bec) 7–8, 20 on the Son as image of the Father Bradwardine, Thomas 120–21 within the Godhead 272 teachings on faith and understanding Calvin, John, on atonement 296–98 compared with those of Anselm Canterbury, archbishopric, Anselm’s 65–71 tenure 2, 15–24 teachings on God’s nature compared Chalcidius 287 with those of Anselm 71–74, 82 choice “Augustodunensis” (“Honorius”) 25 freedom 179–80, 194–99;inDe Casu Diaboli 186–94;inDe Libertate Baldric (Prior of Bec) 16 Arbitrii 181–86;inDe Veritate Baldwin (Anselm’s assistant) 20 180–81, 184 Balthasar, Hans Urs von 285 Church, authority 42, 43 Bari, Council (1098) 21, 24, 258 Church councils, authority 42, 43

Index 315

Church Fathers on the will and purpose of rational authority 42, 43, 47 creatures 239–43 inadequacy of teachings in countering Cyril of Alexandria, anhypostasia 289 infidel objections to the Incarnation seen as justifying the novelty of Cur Damian, Peter 118 Deus Homo 46 criticisms of dialecticians 115–18 Cicero 74, 115, 132 De Casu Diaboli (Anselm) 14 eudaimonism 252 audience 49 City of God (Augustine) on “being in re” 177 on free will and God’s foreknowledge on evil as privation 81 74, 76 on the fall 27 on Platonism 78 on freedom of choice 179, 186–94, 198 skepticism 69 pedagogy 40 Clement of Alexandria 52 and Scripture 44 Cluny, Abbey of 9 on training the human will 35 cognitivism 224 on the will 244–45, 246, 249, 256 Confessions (Augustine) De Concordia (Anselm) 25 on evil as privation 81 on free will and God’s foreknowledge on God’s attributes 72 75, 78 on Platonism 78 on freedom of choice 185, 195, 201 skepticism 69 on human rationality, and the consignification, as applied to verbs 97 difficulty of perceiving God 35 constitutive references 173 and necessities 123 consubstantiality, relationship between voluntas 188 God the Father and God the Son De Diversis Quaestionibus (Augustine), 267, 271 on forms in God’s mind 79 contingencies, ad utrumlibet 116 De Grammatico (Anselm) 14 Contra academicos (Augustine), audience 49 skepticism 69 pedagogy 40 creeds philosophy of language 84 Apostles’ Creed, the descent into hell and semantics of common names 296 91–96 authority 42 theory of signification 41 Nicene Creed, see also filioque on training the human will 35 controversy De Libero Arbitrio (Augustine of Hippo) references to the atonement 280 arguments of God’s existence 62 Crispin, Gilbert 24, 283 on faith and understanding 68 Cur Deus Homo (Anselm) 7 on free will and God’s foreknowledge audience 48 74, 76 feudal imagery and divine honour 18 De Libertate Arbitrii (Anselm) 14 on God’s mercy and justice 153 audience 49 on human rationality 33; and the on freedom of choice 179, 181–84, difficulty of perceiving God 36 186, 192 methodology and its sources 286–87, pedagogy 40, 41 290 on training the human will 35 on necessity 122, 193 De Processione Spiritus Sancti (Anselm) origins 25 22 pedagogy 40, 41 audience 49 themes 20–21 and the filioque clause 46, 48 on will power and necessity 17 on the Trinity 257

316 Index

De Trinitate (Augustine of Hippo) 73 and the role of authority in arguments influence upon the Monologion against the Greeks 42 acknowledged by Anselm 61 see also filioque controversy skepticism 69 English primacy 23 De Veritate (Anselm) 14 enuntiatio (statement) 88, 101–104 audience 49 episcopacy, Anselm’s attitudes to 18 on freedom of choice 180–81 Epistola de Incarnatione Verbi on God as truth 204, 215 (Anselm) on justice 179; in relationship to answer to Roscelin of Compiegne’s` freedom of choice 195 criticisms of his trinitarian pedagogy 40 teachings 15 philosophy of language 84 audiences 49 on rightness 234–39 on authority 42, 43, 47 and Scripture 44 on faith and understanding 66, 68 on training the human will 35 Platonism 288 truth of the being of things 210–13 on the Trinity 257 on the will 247 ethics 222, 223–24 “debt” 290, 292–93 deontological ethics 222–23 denominatives (adjectives), semantics metaethics 224–33 92–96, 97 moral psychology 224 Descartes, Rene´ 69 roots in the relation between truth Devil and rightness 233–39 fall 250 teleological ethics 222, 223–24 free will 246 on the will’s rightness 243–50 value 155 eudaimonism 223 Dialecticians, understanding of in Anselm’s ethics 224, 227–28, 238 modalities 115–18 end different from that of Anselm 241 doctrine, authority 47 on the motivation of the will 244, Duns Scotus, John 112, 114, 202, 223, 248 296 rightness in creatures 239 on goodness in God 231 and value 225–33 influence of Anselm 28 Eustace (Anselm’s assistant) 20 philosophical relationship with Evans, Gillian R. 2, 4, 205 Anselm and Augustine of Hippo 251 evil and truth in evil things 211–13 Eadmer (Anselm’s biographer) 6–7, 8, 9, as privation, Augustine and Anselm’s 10, 14 views compared 80–81 as Anselm’s assistant 20 signification 89, 106 on Anselm’s disputes with William II Evodius (interlocutor with Augustine in 20 De Libero Arbitrio) 63–64, 68, 75, on Anselm’s reception in Rome during 76, 78 his second exile 23 exemplarism 289 on Anselm’s return home from the existence second exile 23 and God 146–47, 152, 155 on Anselm’s teaching methods 11, 12 and goodness 225–27 on Anselm’s tenure as Archbishop of and thought 89, 106 Canterbury 15, 16, 17, 19 existence in re and existence in on Muslim respect for Anselm 283 intellectu, premise as the basis East–West schism 21–22 within Anselm’s ontological on the nature of the Trinity 263 argument 159–62, 169–77

Index 317

faith criticisms of Anselm 161, 163–68, and reason 32–33, 52–54; intellectual 175, 177 appreciation of arguments 49–50; on signification theory of language priority of faith 50–52; role of 105 authority in philosophical theology on skepticism in belief countered by 42–44; role of authority in relation Anselm 69–70 to novelty in teaching 45–48; role of Gerbert of Aurillac 115 authority in Scriptures 42, 43, Giles of Rome 28 44–45; role of authority in the Glossa Ordinaria 13 training of the intellect 39–42 God and understanding: Anselm and attributes 138 Augustine’s teachings compared authority 42 65–71;intheProslogion 157–59 and beauty 284–86 the fall creation of rational beings for in De Casu Diaboli 27 happiness through the enjoyment of effects on human nature 33, 34 Him 239–43, 249 feudal system creative activity 153–54; and the Anselm’s attitude to 18, 286 endowment of purpose in language influence on Anselm’s theory of the statements 208; and power of atonement 290–95 choice, as viewed by Peter Damian Fides Quaerens Intellectum (Barth), against the Dialecticians 116–18; on the nature of the Proslogion as understood by Augustine 158 114–15 filioque controversy 21–22, 49, 258 definitions 169 as a constraint upon the doctrine of existence 252; arguments used in the Trinity 258 Augustine’s De Libero Arbitrio 62; and the interpretation of Scripture 45, ontological argument 1 46 foreknowledge, in relation to free will, Fishacre, Richard 28 Anselm and Augustine’s teachings “fittingness” 21 compared 74–78 florilegia 24 freedom 255 formalism 223 and humanity 49, 52 forms, in God’s mind, Augustine and humanity’s debts toward 292–93 Anselm’s teachings compared 79 impassibility 293 free will 23, 25, 245 justice in 230–33 as affected by sin, understood on the mind, and Forms 79 basis of authority 57 nature 11–13, 295; Anselm and choice regarding sin 57 Augustine’s teachings compared in relation to God’s foreknowledge, 71–74, 82; and the category of Anselm and Augustine’s teachings relation 28; compared with that of compared 74–78 man 33–34; humanity’s difficulty in and temptation 57 perceiving 34–38, 55; trinitarian see also will nature 1, 68; see also ontological Frege, Gottlob 171 argument friars 27 as nontemporal 97 as perfect being: as given in the Garland the Computist 115 Monologion 132–39; as given in the Gaunilo of Marmoutier 3 Monologion and the Proslogion, Anselm’s delight in his criticisms of God’s attributes 144–50; as given in the ontological argument 7, 13 the Proslogion 140–44

318 Index

God (cont.) Henry of Ghent 28 simplicity 145, 147–48, 231, 232, 241; Henry I (King of England) 22, 294 Anselm and Augustine’s teachings Henry (monk) 19 compared 73–74 Hick, John 53 as supreme Truth: and the existence higher criticism, effects 60 of all things in Him 210–13, 219;as Historia Novarum (History of Recent rectitude 214–18 Events)(Eadmer) 6, 17 teaches humanity to perceive Him Holcot, Robert 28 36–37 Holy Spirit, authority 42 as truth 204, 210 “Honorius” (“Augustodunensis”) 25 and truth 234–36 “honor” 290, 294 as the ultimate cause 80 Hopkins, Jasper 4 wisdom applied to 137, 138, 141 Hugh of Chester 15 see also Trinity Hugh of St.Victor 26 God the Holy Spirit, relationship with humanity the Father and the Son 269–73 being 253 God the Son and God 49, 52 relationship with God the Father redemption, its mystery inexhaustible within the Trinity 258, 264–69, 271, 41 274 role in creation 57 see also Incarnation; Jesus Christ good, as applied to God 134 immortality, and God 145 goodness 229 impassibility, and God 145, 152 and being 225–27; Anselm’s impeccability, omnipotence, and God understanding 227–28 150–51 degrees as participation in the Form of Incarnation 58 goodness 229–33 fittingness argued for in Cur Deus species 254 Homo 20–21 and truth: possession 233–39;in Peter Abelard’s teaching influenced by relation to rightness 234–43 Anselm 26 Gore, Charles 60 see also God the Son Grabmann, Martin 59 individuality, as contrasted with grace, and sin, Anselm’s views 127 corporate personality 286–87, grammaticus (“literate”) 14, 58, 92 288–89 Gregory I (Gregory the Great) 18 infideles (nonbelievers), addressed in Gregory VII 294 Cur Deus Homo 283 Guibert of Nogent 7 infinity, Augustine’s concept 114 Guitmund 24 intrinsic, property, as applied to God Gundulf (Bishop of Rochester) 7 133–35, 141, 154 intuitionism 223 happiness investiture controversy 16, 20, 294 as the aim of free will 203 Irenaeus 285 attainment by rational creatures through the enjoyment of God Jesus Christ 239–43 and the atonement 280, 282 Hare, John 251 authority 42 Harnack, Adolf von 290, 291 corporateness with humanity 286, hell, Christ’s descent into 296 288, 289 Heluin (founder of Abbey of Bec) 8, 14 death, necessity questioned 57 Henry, Desmond Paul 104, 124 exemplarism 289

Index 319

as fulfillment of human destiny 293 Malcolm, Norman 169, 178 as man, does not need to be trained to Mann, William 147 know God 56 manuscripts, reliability and effect on medieval understandings and their accurate transmission of the difficulties 295 author’s teachings 11 semantics of the name 90, 107 Matilda of Tuscany, Countess 14 sinlessness questioned on logical Maurice (monk) 29 grounds 57 meditation 3 see also atonement; God the Son; Meditation on Human Redemption Incarnation (Anselm), on God’s love in Jesus Jews, views of salvation 283 Christ 289 John of Beverley 28 Meditations (Anselm) justice mercy, God’s 152–53, 284 as the aim of free will 194, 202, 203 Mill, John Stuart 222 in De Veritate 179, 181 modalism 264, 274, 275, 278 Form, as containing goodness 230–32 modalities 111 as goodness 228 as understood by Anselm 118–24 and goodness, possession 233–39 as understood by the Dialecticians as loving of things in proportion to 115–18 their value 241 as understood prior to Anselm and mercy, within God 153 111–15 as rightness 238–39, 242, 248 diachronic 113 semantics 124–27 Kant, Immanuel 157, 223, 298 Monologion (Anselm) Kantianism, virtue’s role 255 audience 48, 51 category of relation 28 Lambeth Fragments see Philosophical as exercise in prayer 38 Fragments (Anselm) on forms in God’s mind 79 Lanfranc 3, 24, 29, 115, 118, 287 God’s creative activity 119 criticisms of the Monologion 3, 46, 47, on God’s nature 11–12 283; answered by reference to on God’s simplicity 74, 260–63 Augustine of Hippo 61 on human rationality 33; and the teaching at Bec 8, 10 difficulty of perceiving God 34, 36 Langton, Rae 153 as influenced by Augustine of Hippo language 61–62 mental language 85–88 novelty of teaching methods philosophy 84, 104; signification employed 46, 47 theory 85–88, 89–90, 91, 104, 106, pedagogy 39, 51 107 perfect-being theology 132–39, 141; language categories 88–104 God’s attributes 144–50 enuntiatio 88, 101–104 philosophy of language 84 nomen 88–96, 98 publication 29 verbum 88, 97–101 reflections of Platonism 288–89 Lewis, David 153 on rightness 254 “literate” (grammaticus) 14, 58, 92 and Scripture 44 locutio (locution), as applied to God the themes pursued by Hugh of St.Victor Son 264–68, 272 26 theological and philosophical aspects McEwan, Ian 279 of 3 McIntyre, John 301 on the Trinity 73, 257, 263–68

320 Index

Monologion (Anselm) (cont.) On Truth (Anselm) see De Veritate on truth and its connection with God (Anselm) 204, 215 On the Virgin Conception (Anselm) 7 on the will and purpose of rational ontological argument 1 creatures 239–43 criticisms of 3 Moore, G.E. 222 distinction between thought and morality 244 existence 89 Muslims, views of salvation 283 Gaunilo of Marmoutier’s criticisms of Anselm 161, 163–68, 177 “names” (“words”), as applied to God Proslogion 1, 4, 12, 157–59, 176; logic 134–35 of Anselm’s reasoning 168–76; necessities premises 169–74; Proslogion 2 Anselm’s views 121–24 159–62; Proslogion 3 162–63 Peter Damian’s views 116 Thomas Aquinas’s views 27 necessity 193 see also God, nature Boethius’s understanding of 112–14 Orderic Vitalis 9, 10, 18 and possibility 125–27, 131 Osbern (monk) 10 and God 151 “necessity de dicto” 77 Parasitical reference 173 “necessity de re” 77 Paschal II (Pope) 23 New Testament, theological world-view “person” 264 292 personality, corporate personality, as references to the atonement 280 contrasted with individuality Newman, John Henry, Cardinal 289 286–87, 288–89 Nicene Creed Peter of Celle 27 on the relation between Father and Philosophical Fragments (Anselm) Son within the Godhead 267, 271 on existence and abilities 151 nomen (name) 88–96, 98 modal semantics 124–27 nonbelievers (infideles), addressed in philosophy of language 84 Cur Deus Homo 283 philosophy “nothing,” signification 89–90, 106 philosophical theology, authority’s role 42–44 objectivism 224 and theology 2, 3–4 omnipotence, impeccability, and God Plato 132, 223, 273 150–51 teachings on the immortality of the On Christian Doctrine (Augustine), on soul reflected in those of Augustine God’s nature 82 67 On the Fall of Satan (Anselm) see De Platonism Casu Diaboli (Anselm) influence on Anselm’s theory of the On Free Choice of the Will (Augustine) atonement 293 see De Libero Arbitrio (Augustine influence on Augustine and Anselm of Hippo) 78–82 On Freedom of Choice (Anselm) see De influence on Anselm 287–89 Libertate Arbitrii (Anselm) theistic Platonism 232 On the Incarnation of the Word Pope, authority 42, 47 (Anselm) see Epistola de Porphyry 115 Incarnatione Verbi (Anselm) possibilities, divine and natural, On the Procession of the Holy Spirit Anselm’s views 118–24 (Anselm) see De Processione possibility Spiritus Sancti (Anselm) Aristotle’s understanding 128

Index 321

Boethius’s understanding of 112–14 recompense (satisfaction) 280, 290–92, and necessity 125–27, 131 294, 296, 298 potencies, Boethius’s understanding of rectitude 112 identity with God as supreme Truth prayers 214, 216–18 Anselm’s teachings 14 rectitudo 21 Prayers and Meditations (Anselm), on reductio ad absurdum arguments 69, training the human will 35 168 predication 97, 99–101, 109, reference, and sense 106 124–25 relations, categories, and the Godhead Prichard, H.A. 223 28 Proslogion (Anselm) religious life, developments 26, 27 arguments on skepticism 71 Reply to Gaunilo (Anselm), audiences audiences 48 48 as exercise in prayer, for humanity’s Republic (Plato), on God as the ultimate perception of God 37 cause 80 Gaunilo of Marmoutiers’ criticisms revelation, and reason, in Anselm’s delight Anselm 7 treatment of the atonement on God’s attributes 71 282–90 on human rationality 33; and the Richard (Victorine) 26 difficulty of perceiving God 36 rightness influence 27, 28 as truth, in relation to justice and pedagogy 39 goodness 234–43 perfect-being theology 140–44; God’s in the will 243–50 attributes 144–53 Roberts, Victor 60 on the priority of faith to reason 50 Roscelin of Compiegne` 3, 15, 42 Proslogion 2, ontological argument Ross, W.D. 223 159–62 Ryle, Gilbert 105 Proslogion 3, ontological argument 162–63 sacrificial systems, and atonement and Scripture 44 279 themes pursued by Hugh of St.Victor satisfaction (recompense) 280, 290–92, 26 294, 296, 298 themes pursued by Peter Abelard Schmitt, F.S.xiii 26 Scriptures see also ontological argument authority 42, 43, 44–45, 47, purpose 235 52–54 influence on Anselm’s theory of the Ralph d’Escures (Anselm’s successor as atonement 283, 284, 293, 294 Archbishop of Canterbury) 25 influence upon Anselm 286–87 Ralph (Prior of Rochester and Abbot of Seneca Battle) 25 eudaimonism 252 “rational conception” 86 on God’s nature 159 rationality, within God 146 sense, and reference 106 reason 240 Serene, E.F. 124, 129 and faith see faith, and reason Sheets, J.R. 256 given to humanity for the perception significance, problem, applied to God as of God 33–34 rectitude 214, 215–18 and revelation, in Anselm’s treatment significatio (significate) 85, 104 of the atonement 282–90 signification, truth 209

322 Index

signification theory 41, 85–88, 104 Anselm and Augustine’s teachings applied to names 89–90, 91, 92, 93–94, compared 73 100, 106, 107 Anselm’s teachings 15 applied to verbs 97, 98–101 Augustine’s views influence those of simplicity see God, simplicity Anselm 119 sin 292–93 authority and the doctrine 258–59 and grace, Anselm’s views 127 God’s simplicity and the doctrine power, in relation to free choice 259–74 181–84, 185, 186–87, 190, relationships between the persons 191–93 274–78 skepticism, effects on faith and scriptural interpretations as support understanding, in Anselm and for the doctrine 45 Augustine’s teachings 68–71 see also God Socrates, on God as the ultimate cause tritheism 274 80 truth 189, 218–19 soul, immortality 67 in the being of things 210–13 Southern, R.W. 4, 62, 287 in De Veritate 180 speculation 9 and God 234–36 spiration, as descriptive of the relation and goodness, in relation to rightness between the Holy Spirit and the 234–43 Father and Son within the Trinity teleology in rectitude 205–10, 211 273, 274 theory 101–104 statement (enuntiatio) 88, 101–104 statements, truths 57 understanding 87, 105 Stump, Eleonore 202 and faith, Anselm and Augustine’s substitution, difficulties of the theme in teachings compared 65–71 relation to the justice of the within the Trinity 272, 273, 274 atonement 286 unities 94 Swinburne, Richard 178 unity problem, applied to God as rectitude teaching, Augustine’s views 67 214, 217–18, 219 theology within truth 205 perfect-being theology: in Proslogion universals 288 140–44 universities 2 philosophical theology, authority’s Urban II (Pope) 19, 20, 21 role 42–44 and philosophy 2, 3–4 value 229, 233 things and their truth 210–13 verbum (verb) 88, 97–101 Thomas Aquinas Victorines 26 on necessity 77 virtue, importance 247 on the ontological argument 3, 27 virtues 226 on simplicity and God 147 voluntas (will), and freedom of choice views of the atonement 295 188–90 thought, and existence 89, 106 Timaeus (Plato) 79 Ward, Benedicta 47 time will and verbs 97, 109 dispositions 243–45 and God’s knowledge 113 as the Holy Spirit within the Trinity Trinity 257–58 272–74

Index 323

purpose, as the realization of rightness William of Malmesbury 7, 19 239–43 William of Ware 28 rightness 243–50 William of Warelwast 23 truth 209 Wilmart, A. 14 see also free will the Word, relationship with God, as a will (voluntas), and freedom of choice constraint upon the doctrine of the 188–90 Trinity 258, 264–69, 271, 274 William, Archbishop of Rouen 16 “words” (“names”), as applied to God William of Auxerre 28 134–35 William II (King of England) 294 Worms, Concordat (1122) 16 and Anselm’s investiture of Wyclif, John 28 Canterbury 16, 17 conflicts with Anselm 18, 19, 20 Zeno 132