F.Y.B.A. OPTIONAL ENGLISH PAPER I Introduction to Literature © UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI Dr. Rajan Welukar Dr. Naresh Chandra Vice Chancellor Pro -Vice Chancellor University of Mumbai University of Mumbai Fort, Mumbai-400032. Fort, Mumbai-400032. Dr . Dhaneshwar Harichandan Professor-cum-Director Institute of Distance and Open Learning University of Mumbai Programme Co-ordinator : Mr. Santosh Rathod Assistant Professor IDOL, University of Mumbai. Course Co-ordinator : Dr. K. H. Pawar Course Writers : Dr. K. H. Pawar, M. D. College, Parel, Mumbai. Mr. Yogesh Annekar, Khalsa College, Matunga, Mumbai. Dr. Savita Patil, Elphinstone College, Fort, Mumbai. Dr. Shivaji Sargar, Head, Dept. of English, Veer Wajekar Arts, Science & Commerce College, Phunde, Dist., Raigad. Dr. Shobha Mukharji, Khalsa College, Matunga, Mumbai. July 2012 F.Y.B.A. – Optional English Paper I : Introduction to Literature Published by : Professor cum Director Institute of Distance and Open Learning University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai - 400 098. DTP Composed by : Pace Computronics "Samridhi" Paranjpe 'B' Scheme, Road No. 4., Vile Parle (E), Mumbai - 400 057. Printed by : FYBA OPTIONAL ENGLISH INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE SYLLABUS (to be implemented from 2011-2012 onwards) Objectives of the Course 1) To introduce the learners of literature to the various genres and literary terms 2) To sensitize them to themes and styles of literature 3) To inculcate reading skills and the reading habit in them 4) To enhance their vocabulary, style and language skills by introducing them to literary works 5) To nourish their creative faculty and to develop sensitivity to nature and fellow human beings Unit 1: Terms : Short Story, Novel, Plot, Character, Setting, Narrative, Point of View, Bildungsroman, Picaresque, Epistolary, Stream of Consciousness, Novel of Social Reality, Psychological Novel and Historical Novel. Unit 2: Novel : Jack London's Call of the Wild or R. K. Narayan's Man- Eater of Malgudi Unit 3: Short Stories Dorothy Parker - "A Telephone Call" Oscar Wilde - "Happy Prince" Washington Irving - "Rip Van Winkle" Somerset Maugham - "Luncheon" O'Henry - "The Gift of the Magi" Gabriel Garcia Marquoz – “A very old man with Enormous wings : A Tale for Children.” Unit 4 : Terms: Lyric, Dramatic Monologue, Sonnet, Ballad, Epic, Satire, Ode, Tragedy, Comedy, Farce, Melodrama, Chorus, Hamartia, Verse Drama Unit 5 : Play: Oscar Wilde's Importance of Being Ernest or Sophocles's Oedipus Rex Unit 6 : Poems Nissim Ezekiel — "Soap" Sonnet: John Milton - "On His Blindness" Dramatic Monologue: Robert Browning - "My Last Duchess" Lyric: William Blake - "Piping Down the Valleys Wild" Ballad: Walter Scott - "Lochinvar" Ode: John Keats - "Ode to Nightingale" References Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. (8th Editiorf) New Delhi: Akash Press, 2007. Baldick, Chris. The/Oxford Dictionary of Literary Termfs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, y 2001. Drabble, Margaret and Stringer, Jenny. The Concise f)xford Companion to English Literature. Oxford: Oykford University Press, 2007. Fowler, Roger/ Ed. A Dictionary of Modern Critical Terms. Rev. ed. London: Routled^e & Keganl/aul, 1987. Harmon, Wiilliam; Holman, C. Hugh. A Handbook to Literature. 7th ed. Upper Saddle-River, NJ: Prfentice-Hall, 1996. Hudson, "\tyilliam Henry. An Introduction to thp Study of Literature. New Delhi: Atlantic, 2007. Ousby, laih. Ed. The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English. Revised EditiOyh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993 FYBA OPTIONAL ENGLISH INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE Paper Pattern for IDDL Students Marks : 100 Time : 3 hrs Q.1 Literary Terms (four of eight) – 20 Marks Q.2 Novel 20 Marks A. Long Questions (Jack London’s Call of the Wilde ) OR B. Long Questions (R. K. Narayan’s Man Enter of Malgudi ) OR C. Short Notes on (any 2 of 4) Q.3 Drama 20 Marks A. Long Questions. (Oscar Wilde’s Importance of Being Earnest) OR B. Long Questions. (Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex ) or C. Short Notes (any 2 of 4) Q.4 Short Stories 20 Marks A. on any one of 3 short stories B. on any one of 3 short stories Q.5 Poetry 20 Marks A.on any one of 3 short stories B. on any one of 3 short stories CONTENTS Sr. No. Title Page No. 1. Literary Terms - Part I 01 2. Literary Terms - Part II 17 3. Literary Terms - Part III 32 4. Background to the Study of the Novel 58 5. A Critical Study of “The Call of the Wild” 67 6. A Critical Study of “The Man Eater of Malgudi” 80 7. Drama as a Form of Literature 96 8. A Critical Study of “The Importance of Being Earnest” 108 9. A Critical Study of “Oedipus Rex” 121 10. Short Story As A Form of Literature 132 11. A Critical Study of the Prescribed Short Stories - Part I 137 12. A Critical Study of the Prescribed Short Stories - Part II 147 13. Introduction to Poetry 156 14. A Critical Study of the Prescribed Poems - Part I 159 15. A Critical Study of Study of the Prescribed Poems - Part II 170 1 LITERARY TERMS PART I CONTENTS 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Literary devices 1.1.2 Figurative language 1.2 Literary Terms 1.2.1 Ballad 1.2.2 Monologue 1.2.3 Sonnet 1.2.4 Epic poetry 1.2.5 Lyric poetry 1.2.6 Ode 1.0 OBJECTIVES • To introduce students with different genres or types of poetic literary forms. • To help them study English Literature with the help of these literary terms • To make them understand literary forms in comparison with different literary genres. • To introduce students with literary devices and figurative language. 1.1 INTRODUCTION Literary terms are words used in, and having specific meaning in discussion, review, criticism and classification of literary works such as stories, poetry, drama, and essays. There is no authorized list of such words. Words that are used frequently for the purposes described above come to be recognized as literary terms. Literary terms are words such as personification, simile, hyperbole, metaphor, and so on. They are used to describe various forms of writing by an author. Let's take a look at personification. The definition of personification is an object, thing, or nonhuman character having human traits. Authors may use examples of personification in their writings. An example of personification used may be "The wind howled through the trees." The wind is the nonhuman and the howling is something that a human may do. Thus, the wind has a human characteristic or is an example of personification. Let's take a look at another literary term: onomatopoeia. Onomatopoeia is the literary term. The definition is words that have sounds. An example of an onomatopoeia is, "The phone buzzed in my pocket." The word "buzz" is an example of an onomatopoeia because the word "buzz" sounds like the sound buzz. 1.1.1 Literary devices They refer to specific aspects of literature, in the sense of its universal function as an art form which expresses ideas through language we can recognize, identify, interpret and/or analyze. Literary devices, which collectively comprise the art form’s components; the means by which authors create meaning through language, and by which readers gain understanding of and appreciation for their works. They also provide a conceptual framework for comparing individual literary works to others, both within and across genres. Both literary elements and literary techniques can rightly be called literary devices. Some examples of literary devices are as under: Allegory: Where every aspect of a story is representative, usually symbolic, of something else, usually a larger abstract concept or important historical/geopolitical event. Alliteration: The repetition of consonant sounds within close proximity, usually in consecutive words within the same sentence or line. Dramatic irony: Where the audience or reader is aware of something important, of which the characters in the story are not aware. 1.1.2 Figurative language Any use of language where the intended meaning differs from the actual literal meaning of the words themselves. There are many techniques which can rightly be called figurative language, including metaphor, simile, hyperbole, personification, onomatopoeia, verbal irony, and oxymoron. Foreshadowing: Where future events in a story, or perhaps the outcome, are suggested by the author before they happen. Foreshadowing can take many forms and be accomplished in many ways, with varying degrees of subtlety. However, if the outcome is deliberately and explicitly revealed early in a story (such as by the use of a narrator or flashback structure), such information does not constitute foreshadowing. Hyperbole: A description which exaggerates, usually employing extremes and/or superlatives to convey a positive or negative attribute; “hype.” However the students of B.A.First Year have to study only the literary terms. The list of the prescribed terms is discussed below. 1.2 LITERARY TERMS 1.2.1 Ballad A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music . Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later the Americas , Australia and North Africa . Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides . The form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century it took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song and the term is now often used as synonymous with any love song, particularly the pop or rock power ballad. Most northern and west European ballads are written in ballad stanzas or quatrains (four-line stanzas ) of alternating lines of iambic (an unstressed followed by a stressed syllable) tetrameter (eight syllables) and iambic trimeter (six syllables), known as ballad meter . Usually, only the second and fourth line of a quatrain are rhymed (in the scheme a, b, c, b), which has been taken to suggest that, originally, ballads consisted of couplets (two lines) of rhymed verse, each of 14 syllables.