Human Factors and Ergonomics Journal 2018, Vol. 3 (1): 22 – 25 ORIGINAL ARTICLE MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS IN COMPETITIVE VIDEO GAMING Daryl Tan ABSTRACT This paper reviews the rising growth of the esports industry and musculoskeletal disorders which are beginning to surface as more professional gamers train and practice to be the best in their field. To do this, various content from websites and esports reports was reviewed to identify the musculoskeletal disorders which are faced by esports professionals over various video game genres. This paper also outlines some ways forward for conducting research in the esports industry. Keywords: eSports, competitive video gaming, musculoskeletal disorders INTRODUCTION Competitive video gaming has always been around since the arcade era in the 1980s with Esports (also known as electronic sports, e- Atari‟s Space Invaders, but the true rise of sports, competitive (video) gaming, competitive gaming or esports (electronic professional (video) gaming, or pro gaming) is a sports) as an industry we know today began in form of competitive video gaming which is the late 2000s with games such as StarCraft and played using a computer, video game consoles Counter-Strike (British Esports Association, (such as PS4, Nintendo Switch and Xbox) or 2016). This rise in competitive gaming was more recently, mobile phones. partly due to game developers who understood that it would had to rely on competitive gaming There are various genres of esports which to create entertainment and passion in order to include the following: further expand the industry (Courrier, 2017). Game Genre Example of games This boom in competitive gaming was First Person Rainbow Six: Siege, accelerated by the rise of digital streaming Shooter (FPS) Overwatch, Counter- platforms such as twitch.tv which has been Strike series, Halo series growing tremendously in terms of viewership Strategy Starcraft II, Warcraft III, (Popper, 2013) with 15,600,000,000 hours Pokémon VGC. recorded total viewing hours for 2017 (ESC, Role-Playing World of Warcraft, Guild 2018). Another factor which accelerated Game Wars 2, Blade & Soul competitive gaming is the ever increasing prize Digital- Hearthstone, Gwent, pool for tournaments with cumulative prize Collectible Card Pokémon TCG, The Elder pool for 2017 reaching a total of USD 113.18 Games Scrolls: Legends Million, an increase of 14.22% since 2016 (E- Fighting Street Fighter, Super sports Earning, 2018). Smash Bros., Marvel vs. Capcom, BlazBlue series With the ever increasing number of professional Multiplayer DotA 2, League of video gamers (also known as esports Online Battle Legends, Heroes of the professionals), there has been increase in Arena (MOBA) Storm, Arena of Valor numbers of people who report of Sports Fifa series, Madden, NBA musculoskeletal disorders due to excessive 2k, Rocket League training for competitions such as carpal tunnel Racing Project CARS, iRacing, syndrome, stenosing tenosynovitis and lateral Need for Speed. epicondylitis (Maiberg, 2015). This increase is Puzzle Game Pac-man, Catherine, Puyo not surprising as despite the vast knowledge of Puyo Tetris human factors and ergonomics (HFE) available, Figure 1: Types of Game Genres in Esports there has been relatively few studies made (Esports Earnings, 2018) regarding the importance of the application of this science to competitive gaming as an The video game industry has been in a steady industry (Martin Lujan, 2017). increase over the recent few years with an increasing trend in total revenue generated OVERVIEW OF COMPETITIVE VIDEO GAMING from esports (refer to Figure 2) and prize 22 Human Factors and Ergonomics Journal 2018, Vol. 3 (1): 22 – 25 money offered out in esports events (refer to Figure 3). 800 696 600 493 400 325 Figure 5: Total matches in a year in the Electronic Sports League (ESL, n.d.) Million USD Million 200 Figure 5 shows the total number of matches 0 which have been played from May 2017 until 2015 2016 2017 April 2018, which reaches about 25,584,150 Figure 2: Esports Total Revenue (Newzoo, 2017) matches in total. 93.3 Based on an analysis of 1000 DotA2 matches 100 using data from datdota.com, on average, each 80 game is approximately 37.60 minutes long with 61 the longest game at 97.73 minutes and shortest 60 game at 12.78 minutes. Each of these games 36 40 consist of 10 players, with 5 players in each 19.8 Million USD Million team competing to defeat the opposing team. 20 9.713.1 3.6 4.4 6.1 6.4 3.5 5.2 0 Which means that since May 2017 until April 2018, there have been 160,032,734 hours 2009 2014 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 2015 2016 2005 dedicated DotA 2 by players of the genre. Figure 3: Esports Prize Money Development (Newzoo, 2017) MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS IN ESPORTS This increase in esports prize money is one of Due to the growing number of players in the the factors which attracts a high number of gaming industry, there has also been a rise of people becoming interested to be an esports reports of musculoskeletal disorders among professional. In order to achieve this, they esports professionals. It can be seen that would have to train for long hours via computer majority of the injuries which occur are or console to achieve their goals. musculoskeletal disorders which can arise from overtraining in preparation for a competitive The impact of this increased prize money can game. be seen through figure 4 and figure 5, which shows the number of matches per day in the Figure 6 explores a list of injuries which are Electronic Sports League (ESL) and this data sustained by esports professionals. This list is implies that there are a large amount of just a sample of injuries which have been individuals sitting in sofas or chairs playing reported through the esports professional‟s games with various types of computer set ups social media platform, and through various and console controllers training to become news portals. professionals. Figure 4: Matches per day in the Electronic Sports League (ESL, n.d.) Figure 4 quantifies the number of matches Figure 6: Injuries sustained by esports which have been played from May 2017 until professionals April 2018. Injuries in esports is nothing new to the industry, every year there have been reports of players which are pulling out of events due to injuries. This usually caused by the extreme 23 Human Factors and Ergonomics Journal 2018, Vol. 3 (1): 22 – 25 level of training which the players go through in One such difference is the that real esports order to achieve their goals. Players on Team professionals or players who are going Liquid recently reported that they practice for professional as play and practice very a minimum of 50 hours per week and often play differently compared to the casual video gamer the game for far longer (Jacobs, 2015). especially on the amount of time and effort spent on perfecting their skills on a game. As One of the most notable incidents include that stated by Damon „Karma‟ Barlow a professional of Clinton “Fear” Loomis, an American player Black Ops 3 player in an interview (Tamblyn, who was widely regarded as one of the best 2016): DotA 2 players in North America. In March 2014 after the Monster Energy Invitational, Fear “Sometimes we’re up until 2am or it could be a suffered from lateral epicondylitis caused by 12 hour day, 14 hour day it all depends on his excessive training and had to go on an what’s going on. You’re playing tournaments, extended hiatus from esports. Even after practising and then if an event is coming up recovering, and later joining many you’re going to be practising even more, I competitions, he decided to retire from would assume an athlete would do that as well professional gaming in September 2016 due to though.” health reasons (Evil Geniuses, 2016). Research on this matter should be made by first Injuries in the lower back have also been identifying the best individuals for the study, common in the industry. Sovann (2014), which in this case are professional esports reported that one of the members of players or players who are trying to go CompLexity Gaming, Andrew „Bronze‟ Riser professional and are practicing or playing as suffered from a back injury and had to be much as professional esports players. replaced. Esteban (2016) conducted a study on 93 gamers and came to a conclusion that back The best way to recruit individuals which fit pain was the most common form of injury in the descriptions mentioned above are players esports. The main reason for this can be from esports teams and associations. A list of associated with players sitting for too long and international esports teams can be found via the poor posture of esports players (Hwu, the website „www.esportsearnings.com/teams‟ 2017). which have a list of top ranking teams in esports based on the amount of prize money Some esports professionals have been seen which they obtained. playing with awkward postures as shown in Figure 7 below. In Malaysia, Persatuan Sukan Elektronik Malaysia or eSports Malaysia (eSM) is the governing body for electronic sports in the country and it is also registered under the Malaysian Sports Commission. Similar associations can be found on an international scale, for instance, the Korea e-Sports Association (KeSPA), British eSports Association and the World eSports Association (WESA), these associations govern the esports and competitive video gaming scene in their respective areas. Close collaboration should be made between Figure 7: Example of awkward sitting posture in competitive teams, esports associations and esports professionals. researchers to build upon existing research and further the field in eSports.