Lunar Transportat On" System Final Report Spacecraft Design Team University of Minnesota Twin Cities
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NASA-CR-195540 C j-" "j/ -,,,.J Lunar Transportat_on" System Final Report Spacecraft Design Team University of Minnesota Twin Cities July 21, 1993 (,_:ASA-CR- 195540) LUNAR N94-24805 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Final Report (_innesota Univ.) I06 p Unclas G3/37 0204275 Table of Contents Table of Contents i List of Tables and Figures I11 vi List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 1.0 INTEGRATION 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Mission Statement 1.3 Executive Summary 2.0 MISSION ANALYSIS I 2.1 Mission Goals and Objectives 2 2.2 Earth to Orbit Vehicle 3 2.3 On-Orbit Operations 5 2.4 Piloted Mission Scenario 6 2.5 Cargo Mission Scenario 10 2.6 Landing Site 10 2.7 Contingency Planning 11 2.8 Conclusion 12 3.0 SYSTEM LAYOUT 12 3.1 Scope 12 3.2 Design Process 12 3.3 Design Configurations 12 3.4 Final Configuration 16 3.5 Vibration 18 4.0 ORBITAL MECHANICS 19 4.1 Introduction 19 4.2 Orbit Mode Selections 19 4.3 Interplanetary Trajectories 20 4.4 Lunar Ascent / Descent Trajectories 23 4.5 Earth Orbit Activities 24 4.6 Abort Scenarios 25 4.7 Delta V Requirements 25 4.8 Conclusion 25 5.0 PROPULSION 25 5.1 Introduction 25 5.2 LTV Primary Propulsion 26 5.3 LEV Primary Propulsion 30 5.4 RCS 31 5.5 Fuel Requirements 34 5.6 Conclusion 34 6.0 STRUCTURAL AND THERMAL ANALYSIS 35 6.1 Structural Developments 35 42 6.2 Physical Testing of LTS System 6.3 Thermal Analysis Development 42 Table of Contents (cont.) 7.0 CREW SYSTEMS, AVIONICS AND POWER 49 7.1 Crew Systems Introduction 49 7,2 Avionics Introduction 59 7.3 Power System Introduction 62 8.0 CONCLUSION 69 Appendix A Crew Activity Timeline 70 Appendix B Specification Sheet 73 Appendix C Propulsion Spreadsheet 76 Appendix D Thermal Analysis Program 90 Appendix E MLI Analysis and Code 93 Appendix F LTVCM Structure 100 Appendix G LTS Power Requirements 102 Appendix H LEVCM Structure 103 Appendix I LEV Avionics 105 Appendix J LTV Avionics 106 References 107 Contributors 110 ii List of Tables and Figures Table 2. l Lunar Outpost Timeline Table 2.2 Possible Heavy Lift Launch Vehicles Figure 2.1 Payload Shroud 4 Figure 2.2 Heavy Lift Launch Vehicles 5 Figure 2.3 LTV in Low Earth Orbit 6 Figure 2.4 Earth - Moon Transit 7 Figure 2.5 LEV in Low Lunar Orbit 8 Figure 2.6 LEV ascending to LTV 9 Figure 2.7 LEV propulsively brakes into LEO 10 Figure 2.8 Lunar Outpost Landing Site 11 Figure 2.9 Contingency Plans 11 Table 3.1 LEV Masses 18 Table 3.2 LTV Masses 18 Figure 3.1 TLI Stage for Cryogenic Propulsion Layout 13 Figure 3.2 TEI Stage for Cryogenic Propulsion Layout 13 Figure 3.3 One-Tank Nuclear Configuration 14 Figure 3.4 Four-Tank Layout with Nuclear Propulsion 14 Figure 3.5 Layout with TLI Tanks away from Propulsion 15 Figure 3.6 Layout with Large and Small Truss Sections 15 Figure 3.7 LEV Configuration 16 Figure 3.8 LTV Configuration 17 Figure 3.9 Mode 1 Vibration 18 Figure 3.10 Mode 2 Vibration 18 Figure 3.11 Mode 3 Vibration 19 Table 4.1 Delta V Table 25 Figure 4.1 Earth Departure 20 Figure 4.2 Trans-Lunar Injection 21 Figure 4.3 Trans-Lunar Trajectory 21 Figure 4.4 Earth Departure 21 Figure 4.5 Maneuvers between Orbits 22 Figure 4.6 Lunar Departure 22 Figure 4.7 Trans-Earth Injection 22 Figure 4.8 Lunar Descent 23 Figure 4.9 Lunar Ascent 24 Figure 4.10 Earth Orbits 24 Figure 4.11 Abort Scenarios 25 Table 5.1 Burn Times for Piloted & Unpiloted Missions 29 Table 5.2 RL10A-4 Engine Specifications 31 Table 5.3 LOX/LH2 RCS Engine 31 Table 5.4 Shuttle Primary Thrusters 32 Table 5.5 Storable Lander RCS Engine 33 °°° Ul List of TableS and Figures (cont.) Figure 5.1 Comparison of Vehicle & Fuel Masses 27 Figure 5.2 NTR Operating Cycle 27 Figure 5.3 Diagram of Two Fuel Elements 29 Figure 5.4 Fuel Requirements for Mission Phases 34 Table 6.1 Material Properties 38 Table 6.2 Duration of Tank Exposure 47 Table 6.3 Physical Properties of Tanks 48 Table 6.4 MLI Thicknesses and Masses 49 Figure 6.1 Worst-Case Landing Orientation 35 Figure 6.2 Unstable Equilibrium Point 35 Figure 6.3 Initial Values of Spring Constants 36 Figure 6.4 Modified Spring Constants 37 Figure 6.5 LEV Truss Configuration 37 Figure 6.6 I-DEAS Finite Element Model of LEV 38 Figure 6.7 Tank Loads on the Four Nearest Nodes 39 Figure 6.8 Mohr's Circle of Stress 40 Figure 6.9 LTV Truss Configuration 41 Figure 6.10 I-DEAS Model of LTV Truss 41 Figure 6.11 I-DEAS Predicted Deformed Geometry For LTV Truss 42 Figure 6.12 Physical Test Article Geometry 42 Figure 6.13 Thermal Loads in Low Earth Orbit 43 Figure 6.14 Thermal Loads in Transit 43 Figure 6.15 Thermal Loads in LOw Lunar Orbit 44 Figure 6.16 Definition of Heat Transfer Terms 44 Figure 6.17 Single Model Element and Heat Transfer Modes 44 Figure 6.18 Minimum and Maximum Element Temperatures 45 Figure 6.19 Rotating Louvers Configuration 46 Figure 6.20 Heat Pipe for LTS 46 Figure 6.21 Thermal Environment on Lunar Surface 47 Figure 6.22 Tank Configuration 47 Figure 6.23 MLI Layers 48 Table 7.1 Mass Loop Closure Comparison 49 Table 7.2 Human Daily Consumable Requirements 50 Table 7.3 Effects of Reduced 02 Partial Pressure 52 Table 7.4 Standard Sea Level Partial Pressure 52 Table 7.5 Short Term Dose Equivalent 57 Table 7.6 Career Whole Body Dose Equivalent Limits 58 Table 7.7 Avionics Subsystem Masses 62 Table 7.8 LTS Power Requirements (LEV and LTV Docked) 63 Table 7.9 LEV Power Requirements (undocked and occupied) 63 Table 7.10 LTV Power Requirements (unoccupied on orbit) 63 Table 7.11 LEV Power Requirements (unoccupied on surface) 64 Table 7.12 Battery Chemical Types 64 iv List of Tables and Figures (cont.) Table 7.13 Solar Cell Conversion Efficiencies 65 Table 7.14 Silicon Solar Cells with Rigid Array Technologies 65 Table 7.15 Performance of Solar Cells with Rigid Arrays 67 Table 7.16 Power Parameters of the Octagonal Truss Section 67 Table 7.17 Power Parameters of the Square Truss Section 67 Table 7.18 Array Output and Mass to Meet Peek Power Demand 67 Table 7.19 Fuel Cell Reaction Rates 68 Table 7.20 Fuel Cell Power System 68 Table 7.21 LEV and LTV Power System Mass Summary 69 Figure 7.1 THC Schematic 5O Figure 7.2 Space Shuttle WMF 51 Figure 7.3 LTVCM External Dimensions 53 Figure 7.4 LTVCM Internal Dimensions 53 Figure 7.5 LTVCM Component Layout 54 Figure 7.6 Space Shuttle Galley 54 Figure 7.7 LEVCM Internal Dimensions 55 Figure 7.8 LEVCM Flight Deck Layout 55 Figure 7.9 Mission Specialist Seat 56 Figure 7.10 Mission Specialist Seat in Stowed Position 56 Figure 7.11 Pilot Seat 56 Figure 7.12 Water Dispenser 57 Figure 7.13 BATH Radiation Shield Location 59 Figure 7.14 Power Requirements vs. Mission 62 Figure 7.15 Regenerative Fuel Cell Schematic 65 Figure 7.16 Octagonal Cross Section of Truss 66 Figure 7.17 Square Cross Section of Truss 66 Figure 7.18 Normalized Solar Array Power Output 66 v Table Of Acronyms and Abbreviations ACS Atmosphere Control and Supply AMO Air Mass Zero AR Air Revitalization ASE Advanced Space Engine ASRM Advanced Solid Rocket Motor ATDRSS Advanced Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System BATH Borated Aluminum Titanium Hydride BFO Blood Forming Organs CAD/CAM Computer Aided Design / Computer Aided Manufacturing CDR Commander CHX Heat Exchanger CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CM Command or Crew Module DoD Department of Defense DSN Deep Space Network ECLS Environmental Control and Life Support ECLSS Environmental Control and Life Support System ELVIS Expendable Iaunch Vehicle in Space EOC Earth Orbit Capture EOI Earth Orbit Insertion EPD&C Electrical Power Distribution and Control ET External Tank ETO Earth To Orbit EVA Extra-Vehicular Activity FDS Fire Detection and Suppression FLO First Lunar Outpost GCR Galactic Cosmic Radiation GN&C Guidance, Navigation, & Control HEPA High Particulate Atmosphere HI .! N Heav_ Lift Launch Vehicle HM Habitation Module IMU Inertial Mass Unit JSC Johnson Space Center KSC Kennedy Space Center LAM Lunar Abort Module LEO Low Earth Orbit LEV Lunar Excursion Vehicle LEVCM See LEV and CM LH2 Liquid Hydrogen LLO Low Lunar Orbit LOI Lunar Orbit Insertion LOX Liquid Oxygen LRB Liquid Rocket Booster LTS Lunar Transportation System LTV Lunar Transfer Vehicle vi Table Of Acronyms and Abbreviations (cont.) LTVCM See LTV and CM MLI Multi-Layer Insulation MS Mission Specialist MSFC Marshall Space Flisht Center NA Not Applicable NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NERVA Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application NIR Non-Ionizing Radiation NLS National Launch System NSO Nuclear Safe Orbit NTR Nuclear Thermal Rocket OMV Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle PLS Personnel Launch System PLT Pilot RBE Relative Biological Effectiveness RCS Reaction Control System Rem Roentgen Equivalent Man RGA Rate G_,ro Assembly RHC Rotational Hand Controller SCEVA Sample Collection / Extra-Vehicular Activity SEI Space Exploration Initiative S PE Solar Particle Event SRB Solid Rocket Booster SSCM Space Station Crew Module SSF Space Station Freedom SSME Space Shuttle Main Engine STME Space Transportation Main En£ine STS Space Transportation System Sv Sieviert TBD To Be Determined TCCA Trace Contaminate Control Assembly TDRSS Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System TEl Trans-Earth Injection THC Temperature and Humidity Control TLI Trans-Lunar Injection WMF Waste Management Facility WFS Waste Management System vii "Destiny is not a matter of chance, it is a matter of choice; it is not a thing to be waited for, it is a thing to be achieved." .William Jennings Bryan 1.0 SYSTEM INTEGRATION 1.3 Executive Summary 1.1 Motivation During the course of the design, the LTS has taken on many forms.