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John Stuart Mill E Harriet Taylor: Amicizia E Successivo Matrimonio

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John Stuart Mill E Harriet Taylor: Amicizia E Successivo Matrimonio UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI ROMA TRE SCUOLA DOTTORALE IN SCIENZE POLITICHE Sez. “QUESTIONE FEMMINILE E POLITICHE PARITARIE” XXIII CICLO JOHN STUART MILL E HARRIET TAYLOR: AMICIZIA E SUCCESSIVO MATRIMONIO Elisa Salvati A. A. 2010-2011 Docente guida: Prof. ssa Ginevra Conti Odorisio Coordinatore: Prof. ssa Ginevra Conti Odorisio Ringraziamenti In primo luogo ho l’obbligo di ringraziare la mia tutor, la professoressa Ginevra Conti Odorisio, per avermi offerto l’opportunità di approfondire una tematica e dei personaggi di estrema attualità e di grande spessore. Le sono davvero grata, questi tre anni di lavoro sono stati sempre allietati dalla nostra ridente complicità. Mi preme ricordare la disponibilità e professionalità della professoressa Fiorenza Taricone, della ricercatrice Roberta Adelaide Modugno, e del dottor Eugenio Biagini del Sidney Sussex College – Cambridge - per aver indirizzato la mia attenzione su articoli e documenti fondamentali per questa ricerca. È stato una guida insostituibile nei miei due soggiorni nel Regno Unito. Un grazie sincero a tutti gli assistenti e i volontari della Biblioteca di Storia moderna e contemporanea di Roma che hanno sempre cercato di agevolare il mio studio, come i bibliotecari della Cambridge University Library, la loro accoglienza e professionalità sono stati ineguagliabili. Infine mi preme ricordare gli assistenti della Carlyle’s House di Chelsea, Londra, per essersi interessati ai miei studi e per avermi donato il catalogo del materiale conservato sui Carlyle. Ai miei più cari amici e amiche, in particolare a Elisa che nonostante i tre pargoli ha voluto leggere e correggere con me il diario di Harriet e ad Angelo, il mio ingegnere preferito, che ha rivisto e corretto tecnicamente, e non solo, questo lavoro. Le sue domande mi hanno aiutato a chiarire molti passaggi oscuri. Il ringraziamento più grande ai miei genitori, Andrea e Rita, la mia curiosità la devo a loro, a Gabriele, Chiara e Davide, la banda fratelli e sorella, e al mio compagno Emanuele che in questi tre anni mi hanno sempre supportata e sopportata. Indice generale della ricerca Premessa della dottoranda p. I Note di traduzione p. IX Traduzione del testo John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor: their Friendship and subsequente Marriage, New York, Kelley, 1951 p. 1 Traduzione del diario di Harriet Taylor Mill, tratto da Jo Ellen Jacobs, The Voice of Harriet Taylor Mill, Indiana, Indiana University Press, 2002. p. 250 Bibliografia p. 309 Indice dei nomi p. 318 Premessa della dottoranda Questo progetto di ricerca, frutto del lavoro di tre anni della scuola dottorale, si è basato sulla traduzione del testo completo di Friedrich von Hayek Harriet Taylor and John Stuart Mill: Their Friendship and Subsequent Marriage, pubblicato nel 1951. Questa scelta, che all’apparenza potrebbe apparire limitata a una semplice versione italiana del suddetto testo, si è rivelata in realtà un percorso piuttosto difficile per diversi aspetti. Primo fra tutti il dovermi confrontare con eminenti personaggi, da “maneggiare con cura e rispetto”, la cui vasta e autorevole produzione intellettuale incute non poco timore. Non nascondo che all’inizio quando la mia tutor, la professoressa Ginevra Conti Odorisio, ha proposto questa riedizione e quindi reinterpretazione del lavoro svolto da Hayek sono rimasta piuttosto stupefatta, o meglio terrorizzata di fronte all’immenso lavoro che mi attendeva. Riguardo all’autore, potremmo a ragione dire di riconoscere Hayek come uno dei massimi pensatori del secolo scorso, i cui lavori molto dibattuti in Italia hanno ricevuto notevole attenzione dagli studiosi delle scienze sociali. Tuttavia, nella ricca produzione di saggi critici sul suo pensiero e le sue opere, l’unica a non averne riscossa abbastanza è l’oggetto della mia tesi. Con la mia tutor siamo partite da questa considerazione per tentare di colmare tale lacuna nell’ambito della storia del pensiero politico, attraverso una metodologia comprensiva della storia della questione femminile. Come per Hayek, anche per John Stuart Mill (JSM) potremmo dire di riconoscerlo come uno dei più influenti intellettuali dell’Ottocento. La sua vita e la sua ricca produzione destano ancora così tanto interesse che nel 2006 si è tenuta una conferenza per il bicentenario della nascita presso la University College London (The John Stuart Mill Bicentennial Conference, 1806-2006), con lo scopo di “rivalutare la vita, il pensiero, l’eredità di JSM e la sua rilevanza nel XXI secolo”1. Ha conseguito il medesimo successo, la nuova biografia intitolata John Stuart Mill: Victorian Firebrand di Richard Reeves del 2008. In essa l’affermazione per cui: “Mill’s status as a public intellectual is most powerfully demonstrated through his feminism”2 e l’onnipresenza della figura di Harriet Taylor-Mill (HTM) - tanto nella ricostruzione degli aspetti della vita privata che di quella intellettuale - segnano il cambio di rotta avvenuto in questi ultimi tempi nell’approccio analitico ai due filosofi, soprattutto nei confronti di HTM. In merito ricordiamo che, come molte altre intellettuali vittoriane, per anni fu relegata a un ruolo marginale e spesso con accezioni negative. Hayek è stato il primo a restituirle visibilità, anticipando di decenni altri studiosi. È stato il primo ad esporre una corrispondenza selezionata fra i due - prima amici e poi coniugi - permettendoci di scoprire il talento, l’arguzia e la vivacità di una fra le più affascinanti donne del periodo. Come sappiamo Hayek fu un appassionato studioso del liberalismo milliano, ma perché rimase così affascinato già agli inizi degli anni Cinquanta da HTM? Philippe Légé ha sottolineato un elemento autobiografico comune della vita sentimentale dei tre personaggi. Anche Hayek aveva atteso più di vent’anni prima di convolare a nozze con la sua amata. Nel 1926 aveva sposato Hella Frisch, rinunciando - secondo quanto scrisse nelle sue lettere tra il 1948 e 1 www. politicalthought.org.uk/conference. Per la conoscenza della produzione intellettuale di entrambi gli autori, mi preme ricordare il fondamentale contributo scientifico di Lorenzo Infantino. 2 Richard Reeves, John Stuart Mill: Victorian Firebrand, London, Atlantic Books, 2008, p. 413. I il 1950 - al vero amore: Helen Bitterlich, una sua lontana cugina. A causa della guerra i due non si videro fino al 1946, ma nel dicembre del 1949 Hayek lasciò la moglie, il 13 luglio del 1950 divorziò, alla fine dello stesso anno sposò la Bitterlich e quello successivo pubblicò il volume da me tradotto. Inoltre, esattamente centouno anni dopo i Mill, con la moglie viaggiò in Italia e in Grecia. Impossibile non tener conto di queste analogie3. Tornando al lavoro qui tradotto, Hayek lascia intravedere in diversi passaggi - sebbene dichiari di non voler esprimere una valutazione del materiale presentato – l’importanza della figura di HTM nella vita di JSM. Per quanto possa corrispondere o meno al vero ossia che fu lei la pensatrice originale e più profonda di cui lui fu solo un amanuense, il suo ruolo è stato il più delle volte sottovalutato o ridicolizzato4. In questo volume il quadro dei pettegolezzi e delle sofferenze e isolamento conseguenti sofferti dai due, si concentra nel quarto capitolo “Amicizia e gossip (1834-1842)”. Tuttavia, come si evince dalla lettura di questa ricerca, sarà un elemento costante in tutta la narrazione, almeno fino al loro definitivo ritiro dalla vita sociale e alla morte di lei ad Avignone. Per questa ragione nel comparto di note critiche da me elaborate alla fine di ogni capitolo, si è deciso di tracciare il profilo di vari personaggi appena citati da Hayek. Spesso - come ha ricordato la mia tutor5 - ciò che all’apparenza risulta essere solo un nome poco prestigioso, se analizzato, ci permette di scoprire nuovi e fecondi percorsi di studio6. Per ricostruire l’ambiente e le relazioni nella loro cerchia di amicizie nel modo più dettagliato possibile, sono stati fondamentali i miei due soggiorni nel Regno Unito. Sia presso la University Library di Cambridge, che presso la London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) mi è stato possibile consultare volumi difficilmente reperibili in Italia, ma assolutamente indispensabili per tracciare una cornice alla storia d’amore e di collaborazione più chiacchierata del XIX secolo e per delineare l’immagine della loro relazione. Come hanno sottolineato Hayek e anche altri studiosi di intellettuali vicini a Mill7, i commenti sprezzanti e a volte spietati non tardarono a raggiungerli già dai primi tempi in cui iniziarono a frequentarsi, segnando irrimediabilmente la loro vita sociale. Quelli di Thomas Carlyle furono tra i peggiori. Per citarne degli esempi, descrisse Mill “ipnotizzato dai suoi occhi neri”8 e, in una lettera a Ralph Waldo Emerson, in merito alla distruzione del manoscritto della French Revolution, la definì con sarcasmo “ninfa Egeria”, richiamandosi alla figura mitologica considerata l’ispiratrice di Numa Pompilio9. Anche Roebuck, uno fra gli amici più vicini alla coppia, non fu meno restio verso HTM. Nel ricordare il party in cui i Mill si conobbero, in parte riportato da Hayek, raccontò che: “L’intelletto di Mill si era prostrato ai piedi della signora 3 Philippe Légé, Hayek’s Readings of Mill, in “Journal of Economic Thought”, vol. XXX, n. 2, giu. 2008, pp. 207-208. 4 Cfr. Evelyn L. Forget, “John Stuart Mill, Harriet Taylor and French Social”, in Robert W. Dimand & Chris Nyland (ed. by), The Status of Women in Classical Economic Thought, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2003, p. 286. 5 Ginevra Conti Odorisio, Harriet Martineau e Tocqueville: due diverse letture della democrazia americana, Soveria Mannelli, Rubbettino, 2003, p. 6. 6 Un esempio è la scoperta degli Amberley Papers o delle lettere nel Gladstone Diaries di cui ho tradotto diverse parti. 7 Cfr. Ginevra Conti Odorisio, Harriet Martineau e Tocqueville: due diverse letture della democrazia americana, cit.. 8 Cfr. Michael St. John Packe, The Life of John Stuart Mill, New York, Macmillan, 1954, p. 315. 9 Charles Townsend Copeland, Letters of Thomas Carlyle to his youngest sister, London, Champan & Hall, 1899, p.
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