Che Econ sntist:

A POLITIC AL, COMMERCIAL, AGRICULTURAL, AND FREE-TRADE JOURNAL.

‘Jf we make ourselves too little for the phere o? our duty; if, on the contrary, we do not stretch and «

SATURDAY, } IARCHL 30, 1844. Price 67.

NOTICE TO OUR READERS. for adult males les could not continue their occupation without the assistance of the other workers. On Friday last, however, the In addition to the Table of Contents, it is desirable that readers same principle came under discussion in another clause of the should be furnished with a general idea of the order of matter bill, when the house refused to re-affirm its previous decision, in the making up of our paper. It ts impossible that such order ut at the same time refused to affirm the Government proposal cannot be affected from time to time, by the superabundance of of twelve hours. Both the clause and the amendment, moved by some parts and deficiency in others. But in future we purpose, Lord Ashley, being thus lost, the Government has since decided as nearly as possible, that the principal divisions of the paper to withdraw the bill, and to introduce another, which Sir James should follow each other thus :—Pourricat Leavers, Imperial Graham hopes will be more acceptable to the house, but pledges Parliament, Free- Trade Movements, Anti-Free- Trade Move- the Government to an adherence to twelve hours. ments, Correspondence, &c., CoMMERCIAL AND PoxiticaL Ept- In our last week’s number we avoided remarks on the first dis- cussion, romMEes, Court and Aristocracy, Metropolis, Provinces, Scotland, which to us involved so many inexplicable features, in Ireland, Foreign and Colonial, Public Amusements, Literature, the hope that the discussion on Friday would throw some &e., with the usual Commercial information and other matter further light on the subject; but we waited in vain, for incon- given. This general order our readers will be sure for the fu- sistencies and incongruity were only multiplied by further dis- ture to find adhered to, and the Table of Contents will always cussioi. be specific in the direction. We cannot, however, but think that much good will result from these debates, for never upon any occasion has it been so clearly evident, how impossible it is to trim a principle to suit CONTENTS. any particular course of policy not in direct keeping with it :— a principle is either right or wrong; and every attempt at a The Inconsistencies of the late Debate 625 Foreign and Colonia! ° ° > - 640 Duties on the Raw Materials of Manu- France . ° ° - 640 partial application of it lands us only in difficulties and troubles. factures - . : - . - 627 United States - - 640 Practieal Consequences of a Ten Hours’ Public Amusements - e . - 640 It is quite clear from the whole of this discussion, that there is 640 Bill, and the Origin of the Movement - 628, The Economist's Library - no consistent medium hetween perfect freedom and entire free Weckly cost of Protection to Sugar and Political - . - : © - 641 Wheat ------+ 629) Miscellanies of Trade a - 64 | agency of capital and labour, and that principle which would Imperial Parliament - . - - 630 Commercial Restrictions - i i - 642 regriate wages, profits, and the wheie relations of life by acts of Free-Trade Movements Miscellanca - - . ° - €43 Weekly Mecting at Covent Garden 632 Commercial Markets fi44 legislation — between perfect independent self reliance and Anti-Free-l'rade Movevents - - 636 | Prices Current - - 645 Commercial Epitome 636 | Corn Markets ------646 regulated socialism—between Adam Smith and Robert Owen. Political Epitome - - 637 | London Averages : - - - 646 These are the extremes of the principles on which the discussion Court and Aristocracy - - - - 637 Smithfield Market - - - - 646 rhe Metropolis - - - - 638 Borough Hop Market - - - - 646 depended, and a careful perusal of the speeches of those who I'he Provinces - . ° . « - 639 Coal Market - - - - 646 Scotland - - 639 The Gazette ------646 consistently either supported or opposed the Government will Ireland 639 Births, Marriages, and Death - - 647 show that the arguments on which they relied, if good for Advertisements - - - - - 647 anything, are so for the whole principle. On the one hand, if Lord Ashley be correct in attributing the power, which he does, ‘If «a writer be conscious that to gain a reception for f his favourite doctrine he must to the law, he is bound to go much further than he proposes, combat with certain elements of opposition, in the taste, or the pride, or the indo lence of those whom he is addressing, this will only serve to make him the mor and he will find that there is no point at which he can consis- importunate There is a difference between such truths as are merely of a speculative tently stop, until he has embarked with Mr Owen in rearing up nature ids ch as are allied with practice and m ral feeling ee eee oe another New Harmony. On the other hand, whatever argument repetitic n may he often sup Auous; wi th the latter it may just be by earnest repeli- tion, that their influence comes fo b thorough ly established over the mind of an was effective in the hands of Sir James Graham, Sir Robert inquirer.” —CHALMERS. Peel, Mr Labouchere, Mr Ward, and Mr Cardwell, whose speeches were clear, unanswerable, and exhaustive of the subject, THE INCONSISTENCIES OF THE LATE DEBATES. for whatever value they were as opposed toa limitation of labour ‘The false position, the Babel-like and unintelligible confusion to ten hours, they were equally, nay, much more conclusive into which the House of Commons has been thrown by the dis- against interference at all. Sir Robert Peel said— cussion on the Factory Bill—the complication of motives, and the “ Before they impose restrictions on the employment of labour in illogical character of the arguments brought to that discussion, this particular branch, they ought to consider and see whether the have no parallel in modern times. reasons on which they rested the justification of this proposition, did In going into committee on this bill, the Government, it is said, not justify them in extending the proposition to agricultural labourers. in the first place, miscalculated the support which they would Before they adopted such a principle, they should consider what would be the effect in leading to such extreme consequences in interfering receive from the Opposition side of the house in defeating Lord with the employment of labour in all its various branches. (Hear, Ashley's threatened amendments to reduce the hours of work hear.) Seeing, therefore, that by adopting this principle they would from twelve to ten per day, and released from their accustomed be involved in the greatest difficulties, and that the employment of fealty a number of its usual supporters, who from various mo- labour would be greatly unsettled; that they must enter into and in- tives were disposed to support Lord Ashley. The Government terfere with the existing arrangements in every branch of trade and hoped by this means, if any unpopularity was attached to their in every shop, and, indeed, in every private house; and that they must opposing an impracticable proposition, and one pregnant with impose obligations and restrictions, not only where two or three hun- most dangerous tendencies in the future administration of the dred children or females were employed, but also in every case where executive, that while a large section of their usual supporters one, two, or three members of a family were employed, he trusted that opposed them on this occasion, and, as they hoped, a larger por- the house would not enter upon such a dangerous and perilous under- tion of their usual opponents supported them, the question taking. If they got involved in such a question the consideration would not merely be as to how long a steam-engine should be allowed to be would be divested of party characteristic; and though the Go- employed in a mill, for that object might be comparatively easily vernment itself might suffer a little unpopularity with the work- effected; but they must go into every private family with their legis- ing classes, its party would not; while the opposite party would lative enactments as regarded employment, and the effect would probably suffer more. And though the Government was disap- be, to involve them in cases of the greatest inconvenience, aud pointed in the result, in consequence of the unexpected support would produce the strongest cases of individual injustice. which Lord John Russell, Lord Howick, and a considerable If they imposed this species of restriction on any one branch of manu- section of the Whig party, gave to Lord Ashley, and were in facture, recollect that they gave a factitious encouragement to the couseyuence thrown into a minority, yet we feel assured that they employment of females and children in the other branches of industry whose intervention secured the result will suffer more from their which he had adverted to. It was admitted that the first interference inconsistency than will the Government from the failure of its in this way involved the general principle of legislating for the em- finesse. This is not a mere question of a day; it involves a ployment of labour, and which, if they attempted, the effect must be pregnant with the most serious consequences. (Hear, hear.) It was principle of the most inconvenient and dangerous character to not merely acting unjustly in the first instance to one particular every man who looks forward to a fature connexion with the branch of manufacture, but he saw the consequences that must inevi- government of this country. Lord Ashley carried his amendment, tably follow. ile believed, on the whole, that this attempt to inter- affirming a limitation of ten hours per day for factory labour ; fere by a legislative enactment in this way with one branch of our for though his proposal professedly referred only to children and manufactures, would be most unsafe to the commerce and manufac- women, yet practically and admittedly it extended to all labour, tures of the country, and, above all that it would be productive of 626 THE ECONOMIST. [Mareh 30,

evil So the working classes to endeavour to enforce restrictions on the | felt that that house was not, perhaps, very well qualified to decide upon ques- employment of adult labour, and that it would be most mae and tions as the regulation of laour, but, on the o

But he thought that the general feeling was that the toil which they | regain its former amount, to be sustained by the property and not by were obliged to undergo in order to obtain the bare necessaries of life, the trade and labour of the country.” was more than the people of any country ought to be called upon to While there is no principle inferred by this motion with which submit to. (Hear, hear.) It was a difficult matter to interfere with we do not fully coneur, we cannot but regret that so many ob- the quantity of toil, but the time was come when he thought they jects, differing much in their characteristic objections and in- iwht to do so; andif he were called upon to point out another mea- jurious tendencies, should be mixed up together. We have duties sure of relief, it would be that which should allow of a greater supply of food; thus ensuring the double boon of diminished labour, and an on raw materials, involving objections peculiar to themselves, increased enjoyment of the necessaries of life. With these opinions, then we have various articles, the duties on which are imposed— he should vote in favour of the amendment of the noble lord. (Cheers.)” some for the mixed objects of protection and revenue, others for revenue alone, and others made prominent only on the ground Lord John admits that the effect of the proposition would be of being excessive, and too high to be levied. The practical to reduce wages—for which he would be sorry to vote: still he danger and difficulty of a motion with such extensive objects is did so. We quite agree that the question of the corn laws should that it complicates too much simple and valuable principles, on not be kept out of sight, and we quite agree that 12s. per week which public opinion is in much greater advance, with others of for ten hours’ labour would be better for the working man than a more difficult character, on which opinion is not by any means 16s. per W eek for twelve hours’ labour, if the price of food were so clear, and by thus implicating the former with the latter tends «o reduced that he could command as much in the one case for to increase the popular difficulties by which they are surrounded. 12s. as in the other for 16s.; of that there can be no doubt: but This is peculiarly applicable at this moment, when there is so how does Lerd John’s vote tend to that desirable object ;. We much attempt made to complicate the objects of protection with ieree, too, that there is an excess of toil and a deficiency of food ; those of revenue. but how is this evil to be cured by a compulsory diminution of The first part of the resolution which affirms the impolicy of toil, a decrease of wages, and less food, which they would neces- taxing the raw materials of manufactures is one of the most im- sarily command? We concur with those who feel that the toil re quisite to obtain the bare necessaries of life istoo great; but as portant evils remaining in our fiscal regulations, whether it is looked at as an impediment to the prosperity of the country or long as they continue as scarce and dear as they are, how is this as an lunpediment to revenue itself. Inacountry circumstanced to be cured by forcibly reducing the means of purchasing them ? In the face of this admitted difficulty to subsist, how can Lord as this is, with a large mass of its population dependant for their daily bread on the trade of the world, itis a great essential that Joln come to the conclusion that the time is come when labour the first elements of their productions should be obtained on the hall be so interfered with as to aggravate that difficulty 2? It best possible terms. On the cheapness of the raw materials de- would be somewhat intelligible if he made his support of Lord pends the cost of the manufactured goods; on that depends their \shley’s motion dependent on a repeal of the corn laws—but in- consumption, and consequently the amount of labour which can stead of that he only points to that as another measure of relief, be engaged therein. There is one fact connected with the sub- which 7 would ensure the double boon of increased food and dimi- nished labour ; but meantime, . as long as that chief - measure of ae | J a ct of foreign & com I vetition which we do not sufficien tly ly bes bear in i relief is not granted, Lord John’s vote can only, on his own show- mind, viz., that if our goods are a little dearer than the same can be procured for in another country, we not only lose the profit ing, tend to aggravate that double curse of less wages and dear attendant on that amount of business, but we lose the far greater food with which the working classes have notoriously to contend amid all this hollow and factious pretence of sympathy for thei1 aud more important advantage of the various profits of capital sufferings. and wages of industry needed to complete such goods from first to last; but on the merchant’s or manufacturer's profit of five or Had Lord Howick and Lord John Russell acted in conformity ten per cent. in the foreign market depends the whole amount of with their own avowed principles, they would not only have profit and wages contributary to the production of such goods voted against Lord Ashley’s proposal, but also against the less from first to last. ‘Thus, if we lose the sale in a neutral market objectionable interference of the Government—and for what of goods to the value of 100,0002., it is not merely the profit upon object they rushed into the course further removed from their the ile of such goods that we lose ‘ but the loss of all the pre- own views it is difficult to conceive. Our own views on the sub- vious labour and various profits involved in such goods is of far ject cannot be better expressed than in the language used by Mr greater consequence. Hence it is impossible to calculate how Ward in a speech replete with feelings—sincere as they were much injury we may derive from a duty being imposed on the gel snerous, with judgment bold and untrammelled as lt Was accu- raw materials of such goods. It is indeed stopping up and im- rate and consistent :— peding the stream of industry at its very source, by inflicting an “The decision of Monday night he regarded as a most unfortunate injury which as it progresses is of au accumulative character , one ; it had awakened and given an impulse to wishes, and feelings, for the duty whieh first enhances the price of the raw material ne ranne that na wae able man al . taj ond hopes that Bo reasonable man should ever entertain. It had given must it lf be charged at every stage with the profit on the an immense impulse to the Chartist feelings of the country (hear, hear, capital invested therein. and oh, oh), associated as it was—and nobody knew it better than the honourable member for Knaresborough—with the idea of the power Startling as it perhaps may appear, we would rather put an of that house to regulate labour and capital ; and which he (Mr Ward) export duty on manufactured goods than an import duty on the believed to bé most mischievous. (He ir, hear.) He had seen all the raw material of such goods; not that we approve of either, but theories which he had heard in the course of this debate advocated the latter would be less prejudicial in raising the same amount strongly by Mr Feargus O'Connor and Mr Oastler (hear, hear) ; and of revenu lf we put an import duty on cotton or wool, that he must tell his honourable friends near him, and the noble lord the duty adds to its price in the first instance ; and in every stage, member for the city of London, that nothing had given him so much from merchant to spinner, from cotton to yarn, from yarn to grief as to see amongst the party with which he was connected such cloth, and so on, the duty paid increases the price, and the need- fallacious doctrines clothed with the authority of their respected names. | fulprofit at each stage, from the additional capital involved ; and (Hear, hear, and cheers.) He was bound to say what he thought. by the several additional profits during these processes, the ulti- The noble lord, the member for Sunderland, whose opinions he had hitherto held to be most clear on these points, had certainly advocated mate price is raised considerably more than the actual duty paid ; doctrines which he had always heard advocated before by men whose all of which would be saved were the same amouut of revenus opinions he was inclined to treat as too ridiculous to lx respected. levied on the completed goods at shipment. (Laughter and cheers. ) An import duty on raw materials, as far as regards our export trade with foreign countries (inasmuch as it tends to raise the price of our goods), acts as an impediment to such trade as much DUTIES ON THE RAW MATERIALS OF MANUFAC- as li su +h foreign countries were to impose a hostile import duty TURES. against us to that extent. For example, we charge an import MR EWART’S MOTION duty on wool of 1d. per lb., or 9s. 4d. per ewt. ; while the Ger- man Customs League charges only an import duty of Is. 6d. per Che m ‘ion which Mr Ewart was proceeding to propose to the ewt. on our woollen yarn. Our import duty, therefore, on the consider:. ion of Parliament, on Thursday week, when “the : Bi raw material is a much greater impediment to our trade with house wa. counted out,’ embod matters of too much importance Germany than their import duty on our yarn. A ain, we im- to be disposed of in a way so unceremonious and so little credit- pose a duty of 2s. 11d. per ewt. on cotton wool, equal to 50 per able to the representatives of a commercial country Mr Ewart’'s cent. of the duty which the Germans eharge on the import of our cotton twist. ‘Then, again, in some kinds of heavy cotton goods motion was, the Americans compete successfully with us in neutral markets. “That it is indispensable to the maintenance and extension of the In this they must be assisted, first by the additional freight of trade of this country, that those duties be repealed which press on the the cotton which we pay, aud next by an import duty of about raw materials of manufacture, especially the raw materials of the gd. per lb., or nearly ten per cent. on the present price. woollen and cotton trade. ‘That it is expedient also that those duties be greatly reduced which press on articles of interchange in return for It appears a great absurdity that we should complain of the our manufactures, especially such articles of interchange as at the hostile tariffs of other countries which we cannot control, while saine time concern the subsistence of the people ; being (besides corn, we impose duties on our raw materials which we can control. which is the subject of superior and separate consideration) such arti- To the manufacturer of this country these duties act in a most cles as tea, sugar, coffee, bacon, butter, and cheese. That it is expe- »rejudicial way in many respects : first, they not only increase dient that those duties also be greatly reduced, which, by their amount, the price of foreign wool from fiv« to ten per cent., but practically encourage smuggling, being at once injurious to the revenue and they operate in raising the price, not only of colonial wool, but dangerous to the morality of the country ; such as the duties on to- also of all home-grown wools, to the same extent. The charge to baceo, silk goods, and foreign spirits. ‘That whatever temporary de- the woollen trade may be thus stated ;—In 1841 we imported,— ficiency of revenue be caused by such reduction ought, until the revenue EEE [stata March 30,

PR. \CTICAL CONSE QUENCE is S OF ry TEN IlOU RS BIL L, 41,753,325 lbs. foreign wool, which was charged with duty . 129,852 AND THE ORIGIN OF THE MOVEMENT. 15,417,649 lbs. colonial, which, though yielding no revenue, | There has seldom been a question more pregnant with a % SSS SSS was equally raised in price to the manufacturer 64,240 Seer 384,592 packs, or 92,302,080 lbs., the amount of home-grown both immediate and future, brought under the discussion of par- liament, than that which has been once adopted and again re | a wool, by evidence before the House of Lords, which, though yielding no revenue, is raised in price in conse- jected, but will ere long be once more submitted to the house by | Sr quence of the duty on foreign wool, to the amount of 384,592 Lord Ashley, in the form of an amendment on the F actory Bill, Tae to reduce the hours of labour per day to ten in place of twelve. £578,684 Such reduction, if brought about by natural causes, would he of | Thus showing a charge of 578,684/. on the woollen manufactures as little consequence as a trivial increase of wages at a time of this country to obtain the trifling revenue of 129,852/. Our when the state of the trade would justify it ; but to be accom- exports of woollen goods amounted last year to 5,772,7641 ; plished by an act of parliament, without reference to ed resent that the import duty on wool is practically equal to an export condition and true interests of the fac story operatives, is a scheim: duty of at least ten per cent. on the amount of our exports : and at once wild and dangerous. in the face of this fact we complain of foreign competition in the By far the most important boon, far beyond any amount of foreign markets. We have much of the cure in our own hands. benevolent sympathy or charity which can be bestowed upon the In Germany, though their home production of wool is greater operative, is a good demand for his labour. Whatever tends to than that of any other country, the import of foreign wool is free, improve that, more than anything else, tends to improve both his In Belgium it is free ; in Holland it is free ; in France it is sub- moral and P yhysical independence. The contrast between years ject to a duty, but there i is a drawback or bounty on the export of prosperity and full time, and those of bad trade with short of goods to ccuntervail the duty. How, then, can England hope time, is only sufficiently appreciated by those who have had an to maintain a successful rivalry with these countries? oe op portunity of person: il observation ; and the y who can dream woollen manufacturers on the Rhine, in Aix-la-Chapelle, and of separating the moral and the commercial considerations of Verviers, not only receive their raw material at a trifling yr cost of the factory-labourer’s condition, must be entirely ignorant upon carriage, but free of all duty ; while we pay a heavy carriage the subject. and frei ght, besides a large import duty on arrival. We can Let us for a moment consider what would be at this time speak from. personal knowledge and observation, that the manu- practically the result of such a law, were mistaken philanthropy camen rs in those localities hav e of late ceased to consider that to succeed in accomplishing its object. Great industry has been they have any competition to fear from this country. Every used in the country to instil a notion among the operatives that vessel from Antwerp to the United States, for a long time past, «areduction of the hours of toil would not be attended with a has carried out large and increasing quantities of their goods ; reduction of wages. ‘To the credit of the working classes we do they have the command of the markets of Turkey, the Levant, not believe such an attempt has been yam successful ; and it is and the Italian States ; and while we have heard constant com- now pretty generally admitted, both in parliament and by the plaints of late of the decline of the woollen trade in Leeds, we press, thi it a | corresponding re due ‘tion of wages must take place. have heard and observed equally of the increase of the trade of In most of the extensive establishments in ‘the cotton trade the the Bioleys and Simmonses, and others of Verviers and Aix-la- operatives are nearly all employed by piece-work, and therefore Chapelle, &e. " rhe large trade which . . late years has sprung | a reduction of the hours of labour would be immediately attended up in working very low foreign wools, Zegai, Smyrna, Barbary, by a loss to him of one-sixth ; and consequently of the work per- Buenos Ayres s, &e., is much impeded by the import duty. These formed and the earnings obtained. On another hand, we have wools are now going in large quantities, duty free, ~ Antwerp, seen a calculation relating to one of the largest and best esta- for the greatly increasing carpet manufactures of ‘Tournay, blishments in the kingdom, which shows that the fired charges, Ghent, Courtray, &c., which are in consequence hades great fur machinery and the general management of a mill, are as ndvantage over ‘this country. Our woollen trade is in the greatest nearly as p ossible equal to the cost of wages in the process. “In danger from this suicidal policy, and no exertion should bx spared such establishments, therefore, the immediate effect would be to rescue it from its perilous position. that the operative would produce one-sixth less work for one- If left too late we shall find that trade, once diverted into new sixth less wages, while the fixed charges (equivalent in amount to channels, is difficult, if not impossible, t o recover. Our supe _ his wages) would remain the same on five-sixths of the former riority in mé ichine ry has long sup ported t US agi inst other obvious produce. Thus the ope rative’s wages would be reduced 164 per dis: AC dy: antaves ° thi ut avails us no luiiger : tui vt oily is the oa- cent., aid the cost of the goods increased 163 per cent. ; and it anal now free, but in Belgium, seond arly, they have their therefore follows, if the labourer is to receive the same ‘amount own establishments, which re der them independent ‘ofus. The of wages as before, that the cost of wanufacturing would be in- best inachine establishments in Manchester and Leeds are not crease d 38 per cent., or if the goods can only continue to be sold uperior either in extent or arrangement to the Pheenix Company at the same price as here tofore, then must the wages of the opera- in Ghent. These are matters of pressing importance ; they will tive be reduced 85 per cent. not admit of delay, if we will arrest the downward course of our This would in effect be exactly equivalent to the foreign trade. Let us not be deceived and lulled into quict by momen- countries to which we export our goods imposing upon them a tary excitement and improvement. We have no permanent higher duty, equal to 33 per cent. on the cost of production, than safety but in a thorough reform of these glaring commercial that charged on goods the produce of other countries ; and it is abuses. quite clear in such a case the trade must be entirely lost, unle Nor are we without hope that during the present session of par- our goods could be reduced in price as much as the duty im- liament ministers will propose a reduction of these duties. When posed, Mr Wood es “l such a reduction last year, it was opposed Now, as there is nothing in ord Ashley's scheme to enable only on the ground of the then deficient s state of the public revenue, the manufacturer to command 5 tter markets or higher prices, it Sir Robert Peel, however, admitted the justice and wisdoin of follows that he can only retain those he now has by supplying his the policy contended for—he then said, “ He would not make use goods at the same price as he does at resent: but the cost of of auy arguinents which would tend to prejudice the proposal, producing those goods (independent of the reduction of wages whenever the financial circumstances of the country would allow received of 163 per cent ), would be increased to him in the it to be considered. * * * When a surplus might rea- shape of fixed charges by | 1G! per cent. 5 the effect of this would sonably be expected, then they might advantageously repeal all be exactly the same, as in the case of such an additional charge taxes bearing upon the elements of our manufactures.” This upon our goods abroad. Some few of the be : establishment time may safely be said to have now arrived ; for independent might continue to work, but many of the inferi rand second-rate of the generally improved condition of the revenue, the saving ones would be instantly thrown idle, and their oeedi ce supplic ud effected by the receut reduction of the three-and-a-half per cents. by other countries not subject to a restriction of labour. The will go far to make up any deficiency which could arise from oper ratives thus thrown idle would compete with those in work, the repeal of these duties. But one word to the parties imme- and such competition would before long reduce the rate of diately interested,—‘‘ Some time ago, when trade was in a de- wages until the idle mills were put again to work; and thus pressed condition, “~ sought an interview with the prime mi- not only would the wages of the ND rative be reduced in propor- nister on this subject. Ile afterwards, in parliament, admitted tion to the shorter time he worked, but by laws over which neither that you had produce: eda deep effect on his mind ; and he gave he, nor his employer, nor the ‘egislaturc have the slightest con- it to be distinctly understood, that the condition of the revenue trol, by the laws of supply and demand, and by an uncontrolla- was his only good reply to your application. Your trade has a sumpetition among labourers themselves, their wages would impr oved, and the revenue also : but if you suffer the te inporary be further reduced to ‘compensate the in re ased cost of “goods on improvement which you have experie need to lull you into indif- the element of fived charges ; instead, therefore, of a reduction ference on this subject, there are many other pressing uses for of one-sixth, it would be nearer nas tte In short, all the hor- urpiecs revenue that will absorb all that is to spare. SEEK rors of the last four years, arising from restricted demand, would ANOTHER INTERVIEW WITH THE MINISTER—repeat the argu- again occur. mente you did a year ago, which have as much validity now as But, though this must necessarily occur, it is well to consider then, and alw: ys bear this in mind, that if you only agit ite for what social dangers we should have to encounter in the effort this measure when trade is bad, you will alway s be met by the which matters would make so to adjust themselves to the new argument of deficient revenue, because the one depends upon state of things. In the first place, a large portion of the benevo- the other ; and if you will avoid being met with this argument, lent gentlemen who sup port this propasition, and a still larger then prosecute your suit mos t assiduously when your trade is best, portion of the sympathetic fair ones, who have been industriously for then only can the revenue suffer any reduction. canvassing for support to Lord As Ale *y’s measure, do not dream 1844,] THE ECONOMIST. 629 that there would be any necessity to reduce wages at all; but and during the week days, be respectfully invited to make arrange- that the same wages would be obtained for ten hours as are now ments for throwing open their school rooms to the working classes for for twelve hours. As soon as such a bill passed, the workpeople two hours a day (say from one to three o'clock, or from six to eight who are led to hope for this result, and who work by the piece, or any other two hours more convenient), from the Ist of March would find the first week that their wages amounted only to 10s, next, and that all well-disposed persons be invited to assist in pro- in place of 12s. ; the only remedy open to them would be to de- moting their education when time for such purpose has been secured mand an inereased rate per piece equivalent to the difference. to them. “er it is quite clear that their employers could not comply with this fe That subscriptions be now entered into in aid of the fund to be demand; meantime, on the other hand, the masters employing raised by the working classes for the execution of their part of the workpeople by the week would find at the end of the first week proposed undertaking. that they were paying 16} per cent. more for the work actually “8. That another and distinct subscription be also entered into for done, or than was paid by their neighbours who employed men defraying the expenses of the persons appointed to visit the master by the piece. No remedy would be left to them but a reduction manufacturers, and for other general purposes. of wages equivalent to the smaller quantity of work done. “9. That the workmen and their friends use their utmost efforts Thus in one week the probability would be that one half of the to obtain further subscriptions, and that all well-disposed females be men would be turned out against their employers for an increased respectfully requested cordially to co-operate in this undertaking. rate of wages per piece, and the other half to resist the necessary “10. That a committee of workmen and their friends be now yroposed reduction of the fixed weekly wage. ‘The struggle formed, with power to add to their number, and to appoint a secre- could only terminate against the men; but would they not, as tary and treasurer for the Manchester district of the society, describe 1 we have often seen, be maintained for a long time in that hope- in the second resolution. ‘ less struggle by the false and mistaken sympathy of those who “11. That this committee be instructed to procure as soon as pos- promote this measure ? It would not be the first time that large sible a convenient office in Manchester, which shall be called the subscriptions had been entered into throughout the country to ‘ Office of the Society for National Regeneration.’ enable men to contend against an imperative reduction of wages. “12. That circulars, reporting the proceedings of this meeting, be But while all this was going forward among factory operatives, immediately printed, and sent to the masters in every trade in the would there be no movement among other workpeople ? Would United Kingdom. the labourers in coal and other mines, in all other branches of “13. That such masters as may be disposed to adopt the proposed trade, and even in agriculture, not feel that they were as much regulation for reducing the hours of work, and paying the same wages, entitled to less toil, and to the sympathetic support of the bene- are hereby respectfully invited to signify their consent by letter (post yolent as their fellows engaged in factories? What a field would paid), addressed to the Office of the Society in Manchester. be opened up throughout the country for the spread of Chartism, ‘14, That the catechism now read, entitled the ‘Catechism of the for the designs of the idle and mischievous demagogue ! Society for Promoting National Regeneration,’ be adopted. Further, if the working classes were taught to consider it within the reach of the legislature to regulate the quantity of “15. That Messrs Oastler, Wood, Bull, Sadler, and others, be urgently requested to desist from soliciting parliament fora ten hours their work, and to fix the rate of their wages, cau we hope that bill, and to use their utmost exertions in aid of the measures now they would long continue satisfied with a ten hours bill? We adopted to carry into effect, on the 1st of March next, the regulation lave already sutlicient evidence that this would not be. Indeed of ‘eight hours’ work for the present full day’s wages.’ it would be difficult to contemplate the amount of confusion and “16. That the thanks of this meeting are hereby given to the afore- danger, which such interference between capital and labour said gentlemen for their long-continued invaluable services in the would inflict on the country, but most especialy on the working cause of the oppressed of the working classes, and especially in the classes themselves. If left alone, the close and inseparable cause of the children and young persons employed in factories. identity of interest which subsists between them, must ever be the best guarantee for both. We do not believe it possible that “£17, That Mr Owen be requested to establish committees of the Society for National Regeneration, in every place or district which he many who have supported this policy by their votes, have con- may visit, especially in the Potteries, Birmingham, Worcester, Glou- templated the real tendency of the measure. It may be some cester, Nottingham, Leicester, Derby, and London ; and that he be use towards creating a more accurate estimate of the tendency also requested to report to the office of the Society at Manchester, the of this policy and its general character, to furnish our readers names of such individuals as will assist in the present undertaking. with the following account of the meeting held in Manchester, at “18 Thatin the first weck in January next, the working men in which the movement was begun, from Cobsett’s Register of the every district throughout Great Britain and Ireland shall make appli- 7th of December, 1833. cation to their employers for their concurrence in the adoption of the RIGHTS OF INDUSTRY. regulation of ‘eight hours’ work for the present full day's wages,’ to commence on the Ist day of March next. ‘ Prince’s Tavern, Princess street, Manchester, “ Monday, Nov. 25, 1833. “19, That this meeting carnestly appeal to their fellow-men in “Ata meeting called, at the above time and place, of the working France, Germany, and the other countries of Europe, and on the con- people of Manchester, and their friends, after taking into their con- tinent of America, for their support and co-operation in this effort to sideration— improve the condition of the labourer in all parts of the world. “ Josiua Mitxr, Chairman.” “ That society in this country exhibits the strange anomaly of one part of the people working beyond their strength, another part work- ing at worn-out ond other employments for very inadequate wages, WEEKLY COST OF PROTECTION TO SUGAR AND and another part in a state of starvation for want of employment ; WITEAT. “That eight hours’ daily labour is enough for any human being, and under proper arrangements, sufficient to afford an ample supply (For the principles on which these calculations are framed see the of food, raiment, and shelter, or the necessaries and comforts of life, Economist of the 16th inst.) and that to the remainder of his time every person is entitled for edu- Sucar.—Since last week the relative prices of Porto Rico and cation, recreation, and sleep ; Jamaica Muscovado sugars have continued exactly the same ; “That the productive power of this country, aided by machinery, and therefore the difference of the cost of our weekly consumption is so great, and so rapidly increasing, as from its misdirection to of 77,792 ewts. above what the same would be on the continent, threaten danger to society by a still further fall in wages, unless some and paying the same amount of duty to the state that our colonial measure be adopted to reduce the hours of work, and to maintain at least the present amount of wages .— sugar does, amounts to 70,003/. for the whole country, and to 5,833/. for the metropolis alone, to be added to the respective “Tt was unanimously resolved, balances of last week. “1. That it is desirable that all who wish to see society improved Wuear.—the price of English wheat is a shade lower this and confusion avoided, should endeavour to assist the working classes week; but that of foreign wheat is also somewhat cheaper, and to obtain ‘for eight hours’ work the present full day’s wages,’ such the difference is not changed. cight hours'to be performed between the hours of six in the morning and six in the evening ; and that this new regulation should commence It follows, therefore, that the difference of the cost of bread on the first day of March next. consumed during the last week, compared with what the same would eost on the continent, has been 288,460/. more for the “2. That in order to carry the foregoing purposes into effect, a whole country, and 24,0382. for the metropolis, to be added to society shall be formed, to be called the ‘Society tor Promoting Na- the respective balances of last week. The account will now tional Regeneration.’ stand thus :— “3. That persons be immediately appointed from among the work- men to visit their fellow-workmen in each trade, manufacture and FOR THE WHOLE KINGDOM, employment, in every district of the kingdom, for the purpose of con.- Balance from last week £4,301 ,557 municating with them on the subject of the above resolutions, and of Extra cost of sugar this week 70,003 inducing them to determine upon their adoption. Ditto of bread 288 460

“4. That persons be also appointed to visit the master manufac- Total extra cost from January Ist tothisday £4,660,020 turers in each trade, in every district, to explain and recommend to them the adoption of the new regulation referred to in the first reso. FOR THE METROPOLIS ALONE, lution. Balance from last week £858,461 “5. That the persons appointed as above shall hold a meeting on Extra cost of sugar this week 5,833 Tuesday evening, the 17th of December, at eight o’clock, to report Ditto of bread 24.038 what has been done, and to determine upon future proceedings. “6, That all persons engaged in gratuitous education on Sundays Total extra cost from January Isttothis day £888,332 630 THE. ECONOMIST. [March 30, IMPERI AL Pp, ARLI AMEN’ T government for the course which they were taking, the latter accepting the bill as the best that could be got Their lordships divided, when there were-—for the proposal of gov ernment tocontinue those courts, 47 HOUSE OF LORDS against it, 20: majority, 27. The remaining cl 1uses were agreed to, Monday, March 25. and the report was ordered to be received on Thursday, to which day A short discussion on their lordships adjourned. Restrictions oN Lasovur was introduced by Lord Broveiiam pre- Thursday, March 28. senting a petition from Lanark against the ict passed two years ago, Their lordships sat but for a very short time The Duke of Wu preventing females from working in mines The petitioners bor« LINGTON gave notice that on Tuesday next he should move that the testimony to the exemplary conduct of the females who had been so employed in coal and iron mines, but whom the act in question had house at its rising do adjourn to the 18th of April Some conversation thrown completely out of all employment The petitioners prayed that passed on the turn of de bate likely to ensue on the following evening these females might be allowed to resume, under such restraints and upon the presentation of a petition by the Marquis of Clanricarde nd modifications as pz arlis ament might think necessary, the only employment a motion of the Marquis of Lansdowne, both connected with the state by which they could earn a live Jihood. His lordship strongly expressed of Ireland, when Lord Brougham announced his determination to enter himself against “that cheap humanity, that vicarious generosity,” which into a discusssion of the late trials, if they were at all named, notwith seemed at present to be taking possession of the legislature standing that points connected with them might afterwards come before their lordships in their judicial capacity for review The report on “It was a one-sided humanity also, as well as a cheap one; for, wastlet Marquis of Noi it professed to maintain the rights, and further the interests, and relieve the ecclesiastical courts bill was brought up, the the sufferings of the working ‘classes s, it at the same time inflicted the manby and Lord Cottenham opposing Adjourned deepest wounds upon those very individuals whose interests they hypocri- tically and shortsightedly pretended to have at heart. He (Lord Brougham) had long been the advocate of the working classes, their fel- HOUSE OF COMMONS low ene in many good works. He had constantly been their defender Mond March 25 when they were attacked, and their sup porter when oppressed, to the fo-night a crowds 1 house was in attendance to learn the decision of full extent of his feeble abilities. Would they had been more commensu government with regard to the rate with his good wishes and the occasion. He had promoted their in- struction, and had endeavoured to promote their comforts. He had never Factories Britt. ~ uy J (FRAHAM on rising, expressed the profound given a vote nor written a line which tended to their oppression; but respect entert ined by himself and by the government for the opinion of the House of Commons, when constitutionally declared But there constantly, through good report and evil report , he had done what he considered would “tend for their best interests ; and as mainly and essen- was a duty, he continued to say, paramount to even that of yielding to tially connected with those interests, he had always endeavoured to keep the feelings of a majority—the duty of an administration refusing to up the rate of their w ages and lower the price of food. Therefore he said adopt a policy which they really believed to be injurious to the welfare that he, too, had some right to be heard when the question was one which of the state Ihe government had maturely, deliberately, and carefully related to the amount of comforts, and subsistence, and of labour which considered the course to be adopted; and it appeared to the: n that should fall to the lot of the working classes of this country. That many there were three alternatives consequent on their threefold defeat, ty ice of these classes suffered deeply—that many were engaged in most un- on Monday last, and once on Friday Ihe first course was a com healthy occupations—that many were w orked too hard, and were fed too lightly, he (Lord Brougham) would be the last to deny or to doubt.” promise, and as the house had, on Friday night, rejected both a “ ten and a “twelt hours limitation, the compromise would appear to | But if the legislature attempte od to meddle with such matt rs, | ides the adoption of an “eleven” hours bill I'he second course which not doing any good, but harm, they would expose themselves to the might be taken was simply to drop tl bill, and le » the law as it now charge of inconsistency, for where were they to stop in such work stood rhe third course was the dropping of the present bill, and th He asked their lordships, sup penne x they— introduction of a new one, embodying such provisions as wer likely to “ Were now prepared to legislate, if they were to interfere with farme1 receive the sanction of the hous With re spect to the subject of a in the employment of their labourers, and to prevent the latter from dy comprom ise, he entered into considerable detail Compromis¢ wer ing of dropsy and hard work ? r—or, to come nearer home, were they pre- pared to legislate, and to say that no one of their lordships, or of the frequently justifiable and expedient; but to render them so it was members of the other house, should allow his coachman to drive him to necessary that they should be advantageous in their nature, and effect a or from a party between the hours of eleven at night and five in the morn- settlement of the question in al pute Now, the government did not ing (a langh)—a period when the air was unquestionably highly injurious think that the adoption of * « leven” hours would be a safe or expedi to the health? Were they prepared to suppress horse races, which are compro

carried on for the sake of breeding horses and gambling—he meant no ‘IT do not wish,’ he said, “to ar ie this matter unnecessarily ; but atili, offence by this expression, but he believed the fact was generally admitted for the sake of vindicating myself and my colleague I must touch on (a laugh)—he asked, would they be a to restrain this pursuit, when some of the prominent point Hear, hear.) I hold, in the first place they were told of the young child being taken in hand at seven years of tliat a ) prara would be most injurious tothe master manufacturer age, systematically stz urved and sweated, in yo = that he might become a Hear, hear. ) A diminution from twelve to eleven hours of labour sound dwarf at twenty, to meet the requirements of the handicap? (Hear, hear, t first like a small diminution, and a trifling matter; but I beg the hor anda laugh.) Unless they went as far as this, they would only be justi fy- msider, that when it is applied so as to prohibit the use of machinery ing asaying of Lord Ellibank’s, that there were no two things with it prohibit its empl yyment for not less than three or four weeks in th which a man was so liberal, as with his own advice and other people’s r. (Hear, a ar.) Now, this is a matter of the most important nature, money. and since I last addressed the house with reference to it 1 have received His lordship pointed]. alluded to the ten hou proposal of Lord = e most cir« maaan information from the highest uthorities, in the Ashley, as affecting wage s, and threw much ridicul on i it :— nal n as well as the cotton districts, and I am assured positively, parti “ Those who talked about compelling the manufacturers of this country cularly from the cotton districts, where the machinery in use is most com- to keep their hands at work for ten instead of twelve hours a day, really - x and expensive, that such a reduction in the |] ours of lah our as would effected by an eleven hours’ compromise, would, when trade is brisk did not know what they were talking about; they were utterly ignorant of everything that had any practical bearing on the question—of the te n the demand is steady, and when an opportunity is beginning to show effect of their own words; his advice to them was this, let them go forth itself of affording to the master manufacturers a chance of retrieving theit past in adverse times when the demand w n brisk, and wl from parliament and occupy themselves and employ their talents in some other more congenial manner. He for one was against all interference they re as in many cases actually was done, in order to keep their worl in the application of human industry. It was said, why not repeal the people together, worked their mills at a loss—I say that I am assured that corn law, and so give the labourer an equivalent? But b« cause that was such a diminution of hours of labour, proposed at such a time, would touch not only the profits, but, in the judgment of my informants, the permanent not done, he saw no reason why they should commit so gr iev us an error continuance of m: uchinery. (Cheers.) . . « I must say that in my as this, which in this case, as lawgivers, amounted almost to a crim (Hear, hear.)”’ judgment the diminution of one hour of adult labour would end in a most bitter lisappointment to the w orking people. (Cheers, I am quite sati The Marquis of Normansy expressed hi opinion that the legisla- fied, though it woul | be tedious to repeat the whole argument, and this is ture might properly interfere in order to regulate laboui not the fitting occasion to do so, [am quite satisfied that in correspondence No other noble lord expressed any opinion on the subject, and no with the reduction of time of labour, must be an immediate and cor other subject of importance wa brought befor the house.~ Ad- responding reduction of wages; and more, that unless the master manu- journed facturers are to submit to an extinction of profits, the diminution of profit Tue sday, March 20 must be added to the direct diminution of wages, the reduction of which, notwithstanding the assertions of the hon. member for Liskeard ( Mr ¢ Soon after their sitting thi night their lordsh ps went into con mittee on the Buller), cannot, I think, be fairly estimate Lat le than from fifteen to twenty per cent. (Hear, hear.)’ Eccursiasticat Courts Bir1.—Lord Corrr {HAM observed upon the But, great as the change would be, it could not be more so than the eighth clause, which continues the diocesan court: that h« that clause standing part of the bill :- urprising nature of ome of the irguments by whieh it wa up “ The bill proposed to continue, under certain regulations, which would porte i He had heard it illeged, on Friday night that there were make them perpetual, the diocesan courts—that was, a court in ea vage 4 well a money wag that lowe were Dettel than highe diocese in England and Wales. This was a proposition that was not on vages for the sake of th rkn themsel But he was sure tha condemned by all those who had considered this subject, but it was al i forced legislative reduction in the only commodity which the work condemned by the reports of two royal commissions—by the reports of th possesse 1 their labour vould be attended with deterioration ecclesiastical and the admiralty courts—it was condemned by two reports | their moral condition Chey had, moreover, been told that a new social of special committees, one of that and one of the other house of parlia- condition required new principles of legislatio und on this ground ment. It was condemned in the measure of the government that preceded they were urged to a limitation of the hours of laboui It would be the government of noble lords opposite ; but, above all, it was condemned far better, at once, not to determine the » mum of labour, but the by the present government itself. It was condemned by some of the most minimum of wages But the adoption of such a course would be th influential members of the government, including the head of the present commencement of a lack Cade system of legislation bor hil government. It was condemned by the pres« . governm« nt, as a goy erm- ment; for by the bill brought in by them last session they proposed th¢ the adoption of the eleven hour would be dangerous to the state ind detrimental to the workman, it would not settle the ten houwi abolition of all the diocesan courts. (Hear.) Before, then, noble lords | were called upon to vote in favour of cit ‘aaa, they had to consider | igitation Phe delegates of the operative assembled in Mauchestei whether they would perpetuate an evil in the country without a single so lately i Sunday last, had resolved hat they would nevel reason being offered in its favour.” abandon their exertions until they had succeeded in carrying a ten hour bill through parliament. So much for the safety and prospective p The Lonp Cuance tor gave as his only reason for not concurring in the proposal to press on an extinction of the diocesan courts, the diffi- manence of a compromi He now came to one of the other course culty of carrying such a measure through parliament | left for government, that of abandoning the measure and leaving the Lords Campbell and Brougham followed, the former ¢ idemning | law as it now stooc but he was disinclined to that course also, since 1844.] THE ECONOMIST. the house had already sanctioned some of the improvements introduced some other mode than by unjust exemptions at the expense of other in the government measure. He, therefore, preferred the third course, portions of the community. of introducing a new bill which should embody those improvements, Mr M. Surron and other members of government also intimated their The government, however, he fairly announced, would adhere to their objections to the measure, but would not oppose its introduetion. intention of not including in it any limitation of time to less than Leave was therefore given to introduce the bill by a majority of 68 twelve hours; and in case members might wish some time to consider, to 42 he would delay till Friday before moving to rescind the order and Coroyiat Coryn.—Mr Hurr, pursuant to notice, then moved that asking leave to bring in a new bill. the house resolve itself into a committee of the whole house on the corn Lord Asutry said he was taken by surprise by the course which the laws, for the purpose of considering the following resolution :— eovernment had adopted, and would postpone all debate till Friday He besought the house to adhere to its repeated decisions, and depre- “ That it is expedient that corn imported into the United Kingdom from the British possessions in South Africa, India, and Australasia, be made cated any allusion to the proceedings of Jack Cade. subject tothe same duty which is levied on corn imported into the United An animated, but somewhat personal and explanatory, debate fol- Kingdom from Canada.” Rous, who lowed, shared in by Lord Howick, Mr Brotherton, Captain He urged the claims of our other colonies, superior even to those of that he thought made an amusing speech, and informed Lord Ashley Canada, to a privilege similar to that which had been conferred on it; he was fit to be Archbishop of Canterbury ; and also by pointed out the capabilities of Australia for growing wheat, which could Mr Vernon Situ, who, after adverting to the use of the borrowed be imported at a rate, and in such condition, as would enable it to what he considered to be expression, Jack Cade, defended himself from compete with any other grain in the market, while its quality was ex a misrepresentation of his sentiments uttered on | riday night, as to the ceedingly fine—facts already tested by experiment: on this department effect of lower wages on the moral and physical condition of the work- of his subject entering into considerable detail. He then adverted to men. . .} Sir R. H. Inetrs also censured the use of the term Jack Cade, as the Cape of Good Hope, the grain-growing characteristics of which were not dissimilar to those of Australia, and to India, where there pre did also Mr Bernal and Mr Ferrand, repeatedly calling up Sir James vailed a strong desire that a similar privilege should be aceorded to it phrase from a weekly Graham to explain that he had borrowed the is had been granted to Canada. Anticipating objections, he said :— periodical (the Examiner), and did not apply the term personally, but of legislation which the arguments adopted , ’ } - Perhaps the right hon. gentleman (Mr Gladstone) would tell him (Mr to the course would Hutt) that, after all, the quantity of corn that might be expected to be lead to. , ; imported from these colonies would be so small that it was not worth Lord J. Russet also thought that the phrase was rather infelicitous, while to disturb the corn laws. But, surely, because those colonies now as applied to the conduct of such Conservative members as Sir R. H. exported but a small quantity of corn, that was no reason why they should Inglis. Giving the government credit for their sincerity, they might not be eneouraged to export a larger quantity. Moreover, he thought it illow that others were equally sincere in supposing that the industry no inconsiderable recommendation of the measure he proposed, if the of the country could be maintained by giving protection to the labourer, quantity were but small at first. He believed if they would but do equal without supposing the adoption of any new or dangerous principle in justice to all parts of our colonial empire, they would, setting out from legislation ed small beginnings, gradually introduce into the British market a large and that the matter was to be postponed till | riday abundant supply of colonial produce. It was said the corn laws should not Mr Heme was glad be disturbed; but it could hardly be supposed that they were settled for next, as it would give the country time to breathe, and to recover from principles ever. The Canadian corn bill had been passed as a measure of expe its surprise. He warned the house against rashly adopting diency, and in haste. In the desire to pacify the Canadians they had which would lead them to interfere with the freedom of labour to an overlooked the fact that such a bill would enflame the rest of the colonial extent scarcely to be calculated on; and urged freedom of commerce, empire. But he now called upon the house and the government to follow sther than interference with labour. out their own policy and fulfil their own principles. He knew that many After some observations from Mr Borthwick, Mr C. Butrer ad- rich and influential persons could not abide to hear of any change in the erted to some comments of Sir J. Graham on his speech of Friday corn law; but were the just expectations of our colonial fellow subjects to night, respecting new principles of legislation being required for a new be disappointed in deference to the morbid apprehensions of a few fusty social state of things, and blamed the home secretary, in an amusing and fidgetty individuals? It was not upon that principle, he trusted, that way, for not having then answered him, instead of waiting till that the affairs of our colonial empire were to be administered.” evening. : Mr Maneres having seconded the motion, Sit 3 i %eer FEL toll followed, ed, remarking that “this was ‘ not a departmental Mr Grapstonr, while admitting the temperate tone of Mr Hutt question, but one upon wl ich the eabinet had exercised their joint de- and the soundness of the greater part of his views, opposed it, remark- liberation, havine in view the benefit of the working classes themselves ; ing that he could not imagine that the difference between five shillings and Lord Sraniey, who issured Lord Ashley that the reason of the and one shilling was so great as injuriously to interfere with experi- government for resisting his propo il was not insensibility to its — ments in the importation of corn from our other colonies now going portance, but an appre hension that its effect would be to counteract his on. During the progress of the Canada corn bill, he said, the govern- own benevolent views Inent had distinctly declared that it would not consent to disturb A evreat many other members made a remark or two each, generally the whole corn-law system of the empire for advantages so small as expressive of simple opinion one way or another, and the order of the would accrue from extending similar advantages to our other colonies. day was then postponed to Friday. ; Besides, there was no exact analogy ; for the 3s. duty imposed by the CONTROVERTED L{LECTIONS Sir R. Peer. moved for a select commit- Canadian legislature oncorn imported from the United States, wasan eg~ tee to inquire whether any iv amendment would be desirable in the exist- sential portion of the conditions by which we admitted Canadian cornat Is. i¢ law for the trial of controverted elections. He did not propose, he Our Australian colonies were importing rather than exporting coun- said, to refer to that committee the important question whether any tries in the article of grain, as appeared by taking a period of fourteen change were requisite in the principle of this law years, Van Diemen’s Land excepted, which, however, sent its surplus Ir GisBornt tated, that (exclusively of four committees whose pro- to New South Wales, the Mauritius, and other nearer markets than ceedings had terminated in compromise) 25 had decided according to this country. So, also, the Cape of Good Hope received more grain the politics of the majority of their members, and only 8 against their from England than it had hitherto ever sent to it, or was likely to do politic He adverted to the grievance of frivolous petitions, and pro- He agreed that every encouragement should be afforded to India; but posed that costs should always be paid by the loser, unless the commit- the length of the voyage, and the various climates, presented a serious tee certified to the contrary Hie suggested also that some facilities obstacle, for even flour could with difficulty bear the transit, frequently hould be afforded for the admission of undisputed points without proof. turning sour before it reached this country ; and it was only under the Sir R. Pret, in answer to a question put by Sir G. Grey, whether he influence of such high prices as would afford the actual advantage of meant to refer to the proposed committee the expediency of appointing the one shilling duty, that grain could be brought from thence. He a leral adv iser to issist each tribunal, was understood to say, that this contended that Mr Hutt had altogether failed in making out a case for question might properly be considered by the committee He doubted interference, or that the advantages which would arise from the adop- to costs.—The motion the expediency | : of Mr Gisborne’s proposal ! as tion of his motion would counterbalance the evils which would arise was agreed to from the panic which the change would excite. House adjourned “Te would, therefore, submit to the house that a law passed by parlia- Tuesday, March 26. ment, after long deliberation, in the nature of a settlement of a great ques- The Speaker having taken the chair, the provisions ot the tion which aifected great interests, that involved immense capital, and the Souta Western Raitway Birt were brought under discussion by employment of a large proportion of the labouring population of the Mr Awnrrosus moving the second reading of it. One clause in par- country—that a measure of this description, by which was recognized a ticular was objected to by Mr Wartace, which authorized the company venerai principle of legislation, founded in good sense—he would submit to purchase and run steam vessels Mr Labouchere and Mr Gl idstone that such a law, passed under such circumstances, ought not to be dis- both expressed concurrence in that view ind the clause was with- turbed, except for an object of considerable magnitude, and one calculated to promote some great and powerful branch of the commerce of the lrawn country. The honourable gentleman had altogether failed to show that Totts on Lime 1n Wates.—Col. Woon ( Brecon) moved for leave to the object he proposed to attiin in any degree answered to that descrip- bring in a bill to exempt lime from toll conveyed on any turnpike road tion Ile therefore contended that there was no adequate reason why the within the principality of Wales. Every species of manure, he said, was house should accede to the present motion He deprecated the observa- toll free except lime, and yet it was almost the only available manure tions of the honourable gentleman who treated the apprehensions and panic vithin the reach of the Welsh farmer in many parts of the country. It cost likely to ensue upon this subject as an idle matter, and as one unworthy of ’s. 6d. the cart, but the tolls frequently enhanced the price by three and the consideration of the government and of parliament. He contended four shillings. His application might be opposed on the ground that many that a panic, whether reasonable or unreasonable—but undoubtedly so roads had been constructed for the express purpose of the conveyance much the more if reasonable—which affected immense capital and the of lime, and if, therefore. the tolls were abolished, the roads could not employment of a large mass of labour, and which might pervade almost all be maintained. To controvert this, he stated the principle of turnpike classes of the community, was in itself, even when unreasonable, a matter not to be overlooked and disregarded by parliament; and that when a law, and read and commented on extracts from the recently-issued motion of this kind was submitted to the house, and parliament was en report of the commissioners who have been investigating the causes of deavouring to come to a right decision upon it, according to sound prin- the Welsh grievances. ciples of legislation, it was the rational and bounden duty of the house to Mr Hume had expected that the government would have come for- require the balance of advantage propose’, to be attained as compared wa 1 with some proposition for the remedy of Welsh grievances. He with the risk and danger likely to be incurred by the disturbance of ex- objected to any benefit being conferred on the landlord, under the pre- isting interests.” tence of relieving the farmer; and the commissioners had distinctly Mr Lasovucuere thought that ifthe exports of these colonies were reported that the roads could not be maintained if the tolls were abo- so trifling as Mr Gladstone had represented them, there was no lished, The complaints of the people of Wales should be relieved in great danger of their producing a panic in England, though he must 632 THE ECONOMIST. [M arch 30,

admit that the nerves “of our agriculturists were none of the strongest. offered to eee some 6t} its clauses by Mr Duncoube ond others, was with. He contended, however, for the principle that one colony should be drawn till after Easter. treated the same as another. Lord Worst try postponed his commons’ inclosure bill till the 24th Lord Srantey treated the subject as insignificant. of April. “ He did not believe that any serious injury could be done to the agricul- } The other business was then, by common consent, either postponed tural interest by conceding what was required ; the importation from all the or carried through their respective stages unopposed, and the house colonies could not be large, but it would be unwise, excepting in a case of | adjourned. emergency, to tamper, however triflingly, with the laws relating to | Thursday, March 28. corn, and consequences might be dreaded by landed proprietors not | There being but thirty-four members present at four o'clock, the borne out by facts, but which might be highly injurious. Alarm, uncer- Speaker adjourned the house till to-morrow. tainty, and confusion, might be introduced for the sake of an object com- paratively insignificant.” He (Lord Stanley) would be no party to such legislation. FREE-TRADE MOVEMENTS Mr Hawes and Mr Ewart followed in favour of the motion, both diverging to the general question of the cornlaw. The former member WEEKLY MEETING OF THE LEAGUE. remarking that The weekly meeting of the Anti-Corn-law League was held on “Itseemed to matter little in what way the question of the corn laws Wednesday evening, at Covent Garden Theatre, presenting a scene of was touched: the moment a word was said regarding them, ministers the accustomed enthusiasm. Every part of the house was filled. took the alarm, and reiterated their determination that no alteration should be made in them. (Cheers from the ministerial benches.) Those T. Milner Gibson, Esq., M.P., took the chair amidst loud acclama- cheers afforded evidence of the determination, if not of ministers, of their tions. He said he was proud to have been invited to preside on thi: supporters, that the corn laws should not be changed. (Cheers.) This oceasion, in the unavoidable absence of their excellent friends, Mi might be the resolution of those who sat at the back of the treasury bench, Wilson and Mr Villiers, both of whom were unfortunately prevented but the noble lord did not venture to say that in bad seasons a change from attending by indisposition, though he feared he should not be able should not be made.” to discharge the duties of the chair with the same ability which charac- And Mr Ewart taunted ministerial members with their “ peculiar sus- terized those experienced gentlemen. (Hear, hear.) ‘The meeting wa ceptibility on the corn laws.” so well acquainted with the object which the League had in view in “ If there were any motion,” he said, “that ought not to alarm farmers assembling together within the walls of that theatre—its proceedi: and their friends, it was that before the house, w hic h it was admitted on were so well understood, that perhaps it was unnecessary for the chai all sides could introduce only a very small quantity of corn into the man to state to the assembly what that object was; but in case thers country. However, the smallest quantity was too much for the agricultu- should be any one present for the first time as an inquirer, seeking a ral interest; and let the dose be as infinitesimal and as homeopathic as it clear idea of what it was the Anti-Corn-law League desired to obtain, might, the landed interest refused to swallow it. He (Mr Ewart) con- he would simply state that the object which the League had in view tended that mere justice required that this motion should be carried, and was to accomplish the total and unconditional repeal of the corn laws, further went on to advocate the claims of India in particular, for which he had long and vainly sought equal justice. His conviction was, that the and all other monopolies. (Loud cheering.) Dr Horsley, one time country had, in fact, out-grown such a motion as that before the house; it bishop of Rochester, expressed an opinion that the people had nothing was a step in the right direction, but far too short for the times in whic h to do with the laws but to obey them. (Cries of “Oh! oh!” and we lived. The real ‘question at this moment was, whether the market of laughter.) Now, the League advocated full obedience to the law this country ought not to be opened tothe grain of the world? Upon this while they existed on the statute book (hear, hear); but they claimed question the people had now formed a mature judgment, thanks mainly to the right for themselves and the people, as free citizens of a free country the agitation of that wise and formidable band of political philosophers, —they felt it their duty to endeavour, by intelligent reasoning—to in the leading members of the Corn-law League. (Laughter from the minis- duce the legislature to place the laws upon the basis of justice, and of a terial benches,) The people would only be satisfled with the total repeal due regard to the rights as well of the poor as ofthe rich. (Hear, hear, of the existing corn laws. He (Mr Ewart) did not expect that the leaded members would be inspired with such a sudden fit of generosity as to con- hear.) It was in this spirit that they were assembled to discuss th cede even what was now asked ; and perhaps it was better for ‘the general corn-law question ; they believed the corn laws to be an interference interest that they should reject the motion, because possibly it might the with their civil rights—to be a most pernicious and unnecessary ol} sooner lead to the entire removal of the present impediments to the free struction to trade (cheers), and to be kept up for the interest, or sup- importation of grain from all parts of the globe.” posed interest of a favoured few at the expense of the mass of the com Mr Hutr replied.—The house divided, and the numbers were—for munity. (Loud cheering.) The League desired not to interfere wit the motion, 47; against it, 117: majority, 70. agriculture; they only asked others not to interfere with trade. (Hear, hear.) They contended that the merchants had as good a right to sup Provision FOR THE FaMity or THE LATE Dr Morrison.—Sir G. ply the market with food by the operations of trade, as the farmers had Sraunton moved for a committee of the whole house, to consider of an to supply it with food by the operations of agriculture (hear, hear) ; address to the crown in favour of the widow and family of the late Dr Morrison, on the ground of his eminent public services in China, eulo- all they desired was freedom for industry, and they believed that in gized in a proclamation of Sir Henry Pottinger. The motion was advocating this great cause they were advocating the true interest of all classes of her Majesty’s subjects. (Cheers.) The honow thle gentle seconded by Sir J. C. Hosnovse; and Sir R. Peer, while he praised in Mau them inteuduced tu the meeting the highest terms the services of Dr and Mr Morrison, lamented the Thomas Gisborne, Esq., M.P., who was received with loud and long difficulty of acceding to a proposal which would constitute a precedent continued applause. He said that certainly the unabated zeal of thi of the most embarrassing description. The cases were very numerous in the civil service where strong claims were brought before the treasury, Anti-Corn-law League, and of the — lic who : assembled to co-« pperate with that League at meetings like this, gave a somewhat more en which there were no funds for meeting. In the army and navy the couraging idea of the progress of this state provided pensions for widows; but in the civil service, the prin- great question than was apt to present itself, taking the outward appearance of things, in an assembly ciple was that each person in the public employ should receive a liberal which he and his honourable friend in the chair had occasion to frequi salary, out of which he was expected to make provision for his family. Therefore, unless in some very extraordinary case, the public could not elsewhere (hear, hear); but there could be no doubt that, sooner o: later, the one would operate upon the other. (Hear, hear.) When he provide for the families of its servants. He would now specify the cir- witnessed the cordial unanimity of zeal which actuated the intelligen cumstances of this particular claim ; and the house would judge whether mass before and around him, he really felt that nothing he might say they were of a nature so peculiar as to warrant an exception. He ac- cordingly stated the details of the case, and explained that Mrs Mor- could add to that zeal, or extend that knowledge of the subject which every circumstance showed the frequenters of these assemblies to possess rison had been actually provided for to the extent of 200/. a year for It seemed to him that he might be far more usefully employed in dis- herself and 125/, for her five children, being 25/. for each; that her eldest son had received an appointment from Lord Aberdeen of 800/. cussing this question with a party of farmers at a country ordin: uy, who had still to be enlightened on the matter. (Alaugh.) ‘The frequently a year, with a prospect of increase to 600/.; and that an appointment addressing auditories in so perfect a state of agreement upon a subject had been promised for the second son as soon as he should be of an age | as these were, had really somewhat of a tendency to lead ordinary men to receive it. On the whole, as compared with the surviving families of i: into sad habits, by inducing gradually an impression that everybody other eminent public servants, this family had been fay ourably dealt with; but still, if he had not been restrained by his sense of public duty, he else was equally favourable to their views, and that, consequently, any would have had great personal gratificati on in acceding to a further further argument was unnecessary. (Hear, hear.) He did not suggest provision. this of Lord Radnor ; that excellent and enlightened nobleman stood t The motion was not persevered in.—The orders of the day were then | | his task stoutly and unremittingly (cheers)—maintaining his position disposed of, and the house adjourned. most efficiently in the face of the most opposing auditory that he could | encounter in these realms (cheers )—enforcing his principles against the Wednesday, March 27. powerful host united together of landlords, lawyers, and bishops (hear, During a very short sitting this night Lord Asnrey, in answer to a hear, and a laugh); the landlord s, who either were, or thought them- question put by Lord Sandon, informed the house what his purpose was | selyes, the very party interested in this corn law, and the bishops who in regard to the stoutly backed them, though if anybody were looking for especial igno- Factories Bitt.—His lordship said it was not his intention to oppos: rance on this subject they would be sure not to be wrong if they looked the government on Friday, in their motion for the withdrawal of the for it among those who were clothed in lawn and ermine. (Hear, hear. ) bill. Hewas aware that he surrendered many advantages which he | Nor did he suggest this danger of addressing one-sided auditories in re- now possessed by adopting that course, but he thought it his duty on ference to Mr Cobden, who was ready and able to take his part, to stand all oceasions, when he could do so without conceding principle, to con- his ground, till the battle was won any where and at any time. ( Loud sult the wishes and convenience of the house and the government cheers ) The House of Commons saw him among them, hardly like a ( Hear, hear.) member of their system, but rather coming into their orbit like a comet, forcing them to see his brightness, and, conscious of his power, leaving “T take this course,” said the noble lord, “ on the understanding that no doubt on their minds that when the great cause to which he had now the government will immediately introduce another bill, and aes the discussion upon it on an early day after Easter. (Hear, hear. devoted himself had triumphed, he would take a commanding position presume that the house will not red me now to state what course ] face in the great strife of polities. (Loud cheers.) It was one of the salient feel it my duty to pursue on that occasion (hear), but I beg leave to state features of the great struggle in which they were now engaged, that 11 that on Friday (cheers)—andin this step I have the concurrence of my would give to a ealico-printer, a man, as he apprehended, not known noble friend the member for Sunderland—I shall offer no opposition to the some few years ago, except for successful industry and domestic virtues, withdrawal of the bill.” a plac e in history, all the more honourable, because unconnected with Taz Master axp Servants Bitt, in consequence of the opposition personal ambition or private advantage, ( Loud cheering ») But he

ad mp THE ECONOMIST. 633

suggested the idea, with reference to himself and the other smaller repeal of the corn laws, “ You take a narrow view of the subject—a luminaries, if luminaries they were at all, who, hardly able to glimmer very narrow view of the subject—we can assure you (laughter); you among the clouds of contest, came there to exhibit their humble light are just able to make out that two and two make four; now, that is a in the serene atmosphere of the approbation of such united assemblages proposition which we do not absolutely deny, but it is a proposition as this. He must be a much more sanguine and a much better in- which wise and far-seeing statesmen must take with very strict quali- formed man than he (Mr Gisborne) was, who should entertain the idea fications. (Laughter.) There are reasons of state in the matter, which that he could advance any new argument on this subject, or set it in any you do not enter into; you do not take a comprehensive view of all the new light. But there was one point which, though no doubt it had interests of the country.” (Laughter.) *Now, ashe (Mr Gisborne) was been alluded to a hundred times, he himself had not observed so much not able to understand how the taking a comprehensive view of all the dwelt upon as it deserved to be, and which, having, as a farmer, fre- interests of the country could result in giving great advantages to one quently meditated upon, would now briefly address himself to. It was particular interest over all the rest (hear, hear), he had owned himself this question, —~What have the manufactures done for me, a farmer, and at once to be utterly unable to argue with these far-seeing statesmen. mv class; and what have the farmers done for the manufacturers ? (Hear, hear, and laughter.) He had admitted at once that he could (Hear.) In order to test this matter he would go as far back as his get no further than the simple proposition that two and two made four, crandfather’s time (a laugh); and he did this, because if he looked at and he believed he should never attain a higher view of the point. agric ultural and manufacturing industry at that period, he saw them (Laughter.) He had a great dislike to gentlemen who met the corn much in the same condition of non-improvement, the old plough and laws in this w ay, seeking not mere ly to wrong the pe ople, but to throw flail being very fair counterparts of the spinning-wheel and loom, which dust in their eyes. (Hear, hear.) He muc ch preferred Sir Edward used to stand “in the cellar of the labourer’s cottage. (Hear.) Well, Knatchbull in this respect to the other members of the cabinet, whom his grandfather got for a quarter of wheat but two and a half such shirts it was impossible to bring to any fixed point to which he could nail as he now had on; whereas for his (Mr Gisborne’s) quarter of wheat he them (hear, hear)—and where the question could be discussed and got a dozen of them (hear, hear, hear); and therefore he would say that settled in a manner which could be understood by every man in the the manufacturer had done a good deal for them. (Hear, hear, hear. ) world. (Hear, hear.) Of all questions this peculiarly claimed to be He did not like to pry into such mysteries, but he belie ved there was a placed on a footing, pe ara intelligible to the whole community, to corresponding article of female apparel (a laugh); as there was some all mankind. (Hear, hear.) Many of them were aware that when delicacy about the matter, he would make shift. to carry on his argument young men went to the aidinilia, they had a slight preliminary exa- without naming the particular article (great laughter); but in reference mination, called a little go; they had had a little go in the Houre of to that article the same circumstance might be stated which he had Commons the night before, about the corn laws. (Hear, hear, and mentioned as to his shirts. (Hear, hear.) He believed he might go laugh.) Last year parliament agreed to let in corn from Canada on through the farmer’s whole family, and dress them from head to foot on certain conditions. (Hear.) Now, he( Mr Gisborne) was, he believed the same improved terms. (Hear, hear.) If he went on to the farnt- he might safely say, a very sincere corn-law repealer, but he voted ture of the farm-house, the argument would be a great deal stronger against letting in corn from Canada under that bill. (Hear,hear.) He he could get infinitely more furniture for his quarter of wheat than his had no desire to set up a corn-law interest in Canada (hear, hear)—to erandfather could (Hear, hear.) ‘Then, as to farming implements, he give the Buckinghamshire squire an ally on the banks of the St Law- could get from the Sheffield manufacturers seven or eight times as many rence—to encourage the Canadians to make a corn law for themselves ekles and seythes and axes, and all the other articles he wanted of that and in fact, it was one of the conditions on which we let in their corn, class for his trade, as his grandfather could for the same quantity of - it they should not admit corn from other countries without its paying wheat (hear), and he could go through the whole list of things neces- luty. (Hear.) He disapproved of all that, and voted against the sary to farmers, and show the same results in their favour. (Hear, Sie Well, last night a proposition was made to the house by hear. ) He would say, then, as a farmer, that the manufacturers had an honourable friend of his, an excellent, honest, and sincere man, who, done him a great deal of good directly in this way, omitting all mention he hoped, would give them the advantage of his presence among them of the vast benefit they had done him by becoming, to such an increased at one of these meetings (hear, hear) ; the proposition was to extend extent, customers for his commodities. The farmers had a further great the Canada Corn-law Act to some other colonies of Great Britain ; advantage now-a-days over those which his grandfather possessed, in one but he (Mr Gisborne) did not see why he, who had voted against giving very important article, labour; for they got infinitely more labour for this privilege to Canada, should vote for giving it to other colonies, a quarter of wheat than their ancestors did. There were only two and he accordingly found himself going out, the only one of his parti- articles of the farmer’s expenditure to which this argument did not cular party, in company with the great landed interest of the country. apply—rent and taxes. (Hear, hear.) He thought if a much less wise They glared at him with wondering eyes, and, he believed, thought he man than Lemuel Gulliver had happened to be dropped in Great was going to wheel about, nay, that he had already got his left shoulder Britain, instead of in Laputa, he would have been, when made round (a laugh); but when they asked him why he voted with them, acquainted with such circumstances as these, at no loss to determine he answered thus “ JT voted against the tinkering of last year, when who it was had made the laws of the country to which they applied it was proposed by the Tories, and, wishing to be consistent, I vote (hear, hear); and he would be as little at a loss to determine who it against the patching this year, now that it proceeds from the Liberals. was profited by the large expenditure of the country. | Hear, hear.) (Hear, hear.) He did not think the corn laws could be properly"settled One of his (Mr Gisborne’s) great quarrels with the agricultural interest by these tinkerings and patehings (hear, hear); and he hoped the time was, that it had always been in favour of extravagant expenditure, and was not far distant when they would be able to deal with them in a the landowners were just as bad. (Hear, hear.) ‘The landowners, much more comprehensive and effectual manner. (Cheers.) The corn- nearly every man of them, were a great deal too fond of pageantry and law question was now before the House of Commons in another shape ; large expenditure (hear, hear); and no sooner did a man venture in for the twelve and ten hours bill was decidedly a corn-law bill. (Hear, the House of Commons to object to such expenditure, than he was hear.) It did not, indeed, suit the advocates on either side to describe it sailed by them with all ‘sorts of nicknames—as a shabby fellow, as a as such in the house, but such it was. He (Mr Gisborne) had voted candle-ends and cheese-parings reformer. (Tlear, hear, and®laughter. ) against ten hours ; he was quite ready to take ten hours, if they would Seeing that the manufacturers had done so much for the farmers, he give him a repeal of the corn laws and of the other laws impeding must say he thought it quite fair they should call on the farmers to do industry (hear, hear); for, remove the obstructions to trade, and they oY nething for them (hear, hear); or should, at least, justifiably say to would want no laws, no inspectors to see that the workpeople did not them, “If you can not or will not do something for us, at least permit labour more than ten hours. (Hear, hear.) Mr Muntz, a member of those to taki who will and can.” (Hear,hear.) But the agricultural the house, who, though somewhat eccentric in some respects, never nterest, or those gentlemen who called Sena the agricultural spoke without evincing a manly and intelligent understanding, told the interest, though they made him, who had a small i iterest that way, as house that the labouring classes had no love for extended hours of well as many others, smart with their notions on the subject (hear, work, no wish to labour extravagantly, or to deprive their children hear), would do neither the one thing nor the other. They had some of education ; but they found that employment to the fullest possible talk the other night in the House: of Commons about Jack Cade legis- extent was necessary to give them enough to eat. (Hear, hear.) Give lation. (Laughter.) He called this Friar Tuck legislation, and he them more to eat for the same money, and you remove the necessity for called it so for this reason he was reading, the other day, an account the protracted labour. (IHlear, hear, hear.) Let the principles advo- of Robin Hood and his followers; and it was stated that, on one ocea- cated by the League come into operation, and the poor labouring man sion, these worthies took a large spoil, and Friar Tuck was desired to would be able to protect himself, and that was the only way in which frame a law for its distribution When this law was presented, it was he could be protected. (Hear, hear, hear.) There was only one other quite evident to every one of them that, under it, Friar Tuck himself point to which he was desirous of calling their attention before he con- would get by far the lar: gest share. (Laughter.) Public opinion here- cluded. (Hear, hear.) It might be supposed that they who were upon went against the holy man; there was an Anti- Distribution-law more or less actively engaged in seeking the repeal of the corn laws for League formed against him (Renewed laughter. ) He met the so many years, would at some time ask themselves the question, when League boldly and ‘openly, and said, ‘ For whose benefit are laws made and by whom they expected the corn laws to be repealed? With And then answering his own question, as it is often very convenient to respect to the question as to when the corn laws were to be repealed, do, v went on ‘ First for the benefit of those who make them, and after- his (Mr Gisborne’s) belief was, that they would be repealed the first wards as it may happen.” (Great laughter.) That was not all the time it pleased God to afflict this country with a bad harvest, and if friar’s answer; he proceeded, ‘ Am not I the law maker, and shall not that occurrence should take place at a time when there was a small I benefit by my own law?” Now this was a very straightforward fel- stock of corn in this country, then he would by a merciful dispensation low. (L aughter. ) He(Mr Gisborne) was sorry to say there was only of his providence, relicve this country from the operation of the corn one such straightforw ard fellow, such an open spoken statesman as Friar laws. (Hear, hear.) ‘That was his opinion as to the time at which luck in our day, and that statesm al was Sir Edward Knatchbull. the country would be relieved from the corn laws, for he believed that ( Hear, hear, aa? vughter.) Sir Edward defended the corn laws in a those laws were not capable of sustaining one bad harvest. (Hear, manly way : 1e distinctly said they were necessary in order to enable hear.) The next question, then, was by whom the corn laws were to such een as himself to maintain their station in society (hear, be repealed? Perhaps the meeting would be a little surprised when hear, and laughter); and he (Mr Gisborne) must say, he never heard he informed them that he believed they would be repealed by the party inything so unjust as the attacks which were made upon poor Sir at present in power. (Cheers.) He (Mr Gisborne) did not know Edward for his openness. (Hear, hear, and laughter.) They had sat whether they were aware of what his political opinions were, but he to work and assailed the only sincere man of the whole party, gen had no hesitation in telling them that he was a downright Radical he came forward and told the truth of the matter. (Hear, hear. He (loud cheering); and he would not advise them to look to the Radical (Mr Gisborne) had always respected the worthy baronet for his beaia st party for the repeal of the corn laws. (Hear, hear.) That party had stenighitoewertness, (Hear, hear.) The rest of the party had held not the power to do so, and they might, perhaps, not have the power very different language: they had said to those who advocated the during his ( Mr Gisborne’s) lifetime, although he hoped they might have that power in the lifetime of many who were then present. He be- THE ECONOMIST. (March 30,

lieved, however, that the corn laws would be repealed by the party at question. The cause of free trade would be advanced by those elec. present in power, and that Sir R. Peel would propose that repeal. tions, and by the dissemination of information upon the subject, and (Cheers and laughter.) He would now tell them why he came to that the party in parliament who opposed those principles would find them- conclusion, and they would then be enabled to judge as to the correct- selves gradually losing all support in the country until they should at ness of his opinions. It was suggested by some member of parliament length give way to public opinion, which was eve ry day gaining addi- recently in the House of Commons that perhaps Sir Robert Peel would tional strength. (Loud cheers.) The consequence of those discussions, repeal the corn laws; and on the occasion of that suggestion, Sir R and of the spread of enlightened public opinion, was to put an end to Peel disclaimed it pretty earnestly and anxiously ; but he is not a rash the reckless fallacies of the landowner (Cheers.) It was worthy of man (a laugh), and he disclaimed it, with the reservation of saying that notice that some of the landed proprietors were getting rid of those it was impossible to say what any man would, could, or might do at a fallacies, and that enlightened opinions on the subject were spreading future period with respect to those laws. ( Laughter. ) He (Mr amongst the tenantry ; but the ineeting would be able to judge ef the Gisborne) was not sure which of the three words, “ would,” “ could, or opinions which were disseminated by the landed proprietors and clergy “‘might,” he used, but he certainly used one of them. He supposed, who supported monopoly, by an extract which he would read to them therefore, that when a bad harvest came, and that Sir Robert Peel saw [he Morning Post of that day contained a report of a meeting which that the corn laws could not be any longer sustained, and few men in had been held at Dunmow, in Essex, and was a meeting of what this country could see that more quickly than Sir Robert Pecl, he was called the “ Essex Protection Society One of the speakers was would then advise her Majesty that as they could not be continued, he the Rev. Mr Sheppard, and he said in his speech, that “they did not could not any longer remain at the head of the government, and would wish to interfere with any one, but merely to protect themselves, and conclude by begging of her Majesty to accept his resignation (hear, to prevent desolation spreading over the length ind breadth of the land hear), in order that she might call some other adviser to her councils He felt that, asa minister of the gospel, he was not out of his place in Having done that he would be obliged on some gloomy day (laughter), ittending there and taking part in that meeting He was then advo to call the agricultural interest together, and to make to them the same cating a rightful cause Now, as regarded his duty as a minister ot

communication which he had made to her Majesty Having commu- the gospel in supporting a righteous caus it appeared to him (M1 nicated those unhappy tidings to them, it was probable that as Bright) that the seclusion of his clerical home must have prevented soon as they recovered from the consternation which such a melan.- that gentleman from becoming acquainted with the results of that choly communication would cause, they would address him in the monopoly which he was so desirous to support ind that the same seclu same language which Saul addressed to his armour-bearer, “ Draw sion prevented him from seeing in the newspapers for the last three on now thy sword, and thrust us through, lest those uncircumcised four years an account of the discussion which had taken place on the should thrust us through.” (Great cheering and laughter.) The question of the corn law. Mr Sheppard said that he came to that armour-bearer was inexorable—he would not do as Saul desired— society in order to support a righteous caus Now, the object of the he refused ; but he (Mr Gisborne) did not think that Sir R. Peel would Essex Protection Society is to take e are that the food of the people of refuse on the oeeasion which he was describing (hear, hear, hear )—h¢ this country shall not be afforded to them at its natural price, but that believed that, under such circumstances, he would draw his sword as he in consequence of : an artificial seareity created by the law, food shall had done before, and that, as on a former occasion, he had thrust it be made dearer to the poorest of the pe ople, uid they shall thus be di through the high churchman by the repeal of the test and corporation prived of their natural suppl ( Hear, hear, and cheers. ) That was the acts; and that, as having drawn it iwain, he had thrust it through the object of such societies as the one at which that speech was made, and high Protestant in the matter of Catholic emancipation ; he could not the clergyman who made it was in the habit of reading every week from refuse to draw it, then, a third time—the crowning time of all—and a bool nearly every page of which contained a condemnation of th thrust it through the igh protectionists in-the matter of the corn laws system which he had expressed himself so desirous to uphold ( Ilear, (Loud ch« h ers. ) Che honourable gentleman concluded, amidst loud hear.) Nay, he every week put up a prayer to heaven which was in cheers, by expressing his thanks to the mecting for the great kindness its object the very opposite of the exertions which he made in support

and attention with which he had been he ird, and said he was anxiou lig that system of monopoly (Cheers ) The Rev. Mr Sheppard said to make way for some speaker more worthy to address them in continuation, at the meeting in Essex to which he (Mr Bright) re- Mr Bright, M.P., next rose to addres sthe meeting, and was received ferred, that * the land had attached to it certain obligations which were

with loud applause He said it had been alw ays a matter of great not attached to any other interest in this country They, therefore

gratification to those who were engaged, like himself, in advocating the called on the legislature of the country to protect them, and to see cause of free trade, not to see around them all thos who were working that they ) | ive fair play, and that they should not be overburdened in the same cause, but to reflect that in every part of the country there in the rac« they had to run The soil had obligation attached to it, were men who as earnestly desired, and were a anxious as themselves, which existed long befor« tall « imneys were 1n being— long befor: to attain that great object, and who were also devoting their most they were either heard or thought of—these obligations were entirely strenuous exertions towards its attainment (cheers) ; and that gratifica- on the land, because there wa ot at the time they were imposed any tion was increased by the recollection that the desire to see those re- other interest in being to divide the interest with He (Mr Bright) strictions on trade abolished, was not confined to this country alone, believed, that if there had been any other interest to divide it with, but that in other parts of the world, in every comm ercial and civilized there would have been very little burden allowed to be p! iced upon the community, there were men who were using the same means to put land (Laughter.) ‘The reverend gentleman, in his speech in Essex, down that wide world’s curse with which this country more than any next alluded to tithes and poor rates, which he said were lls, per acre, other, and for a longer period, had been afflicted. (Great cheering. ) ind, he continued, “ to occ uple! ind cultivators of the soil, they were They were on that occasion in the heart of the metropolis, as they met bound to discharge those obligations rhey had done so, and they almost every week to discuss this question, but their meetings were not were cont nt to continur to do so; ind all they isked was that govern-

confined to the metropolis alone. (Hear, hear.) He pe ree ived, by i inent would enable them to do » Now he (Mr Bright) wished that Plymouth paper, that in the town of Plymouth an intelligent gentle- the spe iker had proceeded to finish the last sentence as it ought to have man was lecturing upon the advantage of fre trade (cheers); whilst been finished rhe proper conclusion would have been—*“at other

another paper from a part of the country very distant from Plymouth pe ople Ss xpense (Great « het ring and laughter ) The speech, as —a& paper published on the banks of the Py nc -stated that i gentle- rep xrted in the Morning Post, went on to say, y, “they held their land man in the town of Gateshead had called his townsmen together, and upon certain conditi —that of maintaining the poor was as old as the was delivering lectures on the same subje t At this moment there Revelation, r} rey were then told that they should always have the were two e'ection contests proceeding in England amongst two agri- poor with them he ( mdition of maintaining the poor, however

cultural constituencies, and amongst those constituencies the lessons of burdens¢ me, had alwavs it pleasing 1 reflections—the knowledge that tree trade were being taught by those who were well capable of com- they were preserving the old ind the infirm from want and starvation municating all the important truths which bore on the subject. (Cheers. ) It was true that the other interests had to bear a small share of those The elect on contests to which he alluded were at Hastings ind (¢ hrist- burdens, but the proportion was like that of a small rivulet to the church hose towns had been called on to send representatives to mighty stream ; and since stock in trade had ceased to be assessed, it parliament; and it ought to be borne in mind that those battle fields had almost vanished. Did that clergyman mean to tell the farmers to were not selected by the advocates of free trade. (Ilear, hear.) It now whom he addresed himself, that the manufacturers, the shopkeepers, the required considerable arrangement when h was about to be persons living in private houses, who carried on no particular trade, vacated, and the scheme was thought more perfect when two boroughs paid nothing to the poor rates (Oh, oh.) It was quite true that were vacated at the same time, and if possible only tho boroughs machinery and bales of cotton and goods in shops paid no poor rates, were vacated in which it was supposed the advocates of free trade because it was impossible to assess them ; but the clergyman ought to would have the least chance of success. (Hear, hear.) He mentioned have added that the farmers had not to pay poor rates upon cattle, Hastings particularly, as being a borough in which the constituency upon stock, upon farming implements, upon capital which they had by were not well informed on the question of fi trade and important m o1 hich they had in the bank (Hear, hear.) So that the bearings; it had never been made with them the one question, and they ‘acturers and the agriculturists were in the same condition in that had been handed about from Whig to Tory and from Tory to Whig, t; and yet at all those me s ignorant men like that came for- 1 } the const tuency of that borough having returned men to parliament | ind claimed on the part those who supported the poor law the whose return did not show strong, if any, political opinions he | irgument that the agr culturists were ul justly taxed for thx poor rate, consequence of that was discoverable in the borough, when a reat At the same meeting a working ian, named Williams, addressed the question like this was brought before the constituc Chey looked meeting, and, as had been described, “exposed the sophistries of the upon it as entirely new, and seemed almost unconscious that their elee- | Leagu (A laugh.) It was a remarkable fact, that whenever a toral rights had anything to do with the interests of the country at working man appeared at any of those meetings in favour of monopoly, large. (Hear, hear. ) There was almost no political feeling in that he was very well received, His blistered hands—the fact of his having borough, and men of all parties were inclined to come to the meetings no property—no ancestry —no family influence was overlooked, and he and hear the opinions on such a great qu tion discussed ; but he be- was received with the greatest kindness Why was that It was be- lieved if there were two members for the borough instead of one, and cause the working man was generally a sham working man (hear, hear, } that two eandidates offered, a great proportion of the constituency ana loud ches rs ) working man who did not work (laughter)—a would vote for both the candidates, eve: though they wer« of different working man who, instead of working, lived on the delusions which he political opinion (A laugh.) Two persons would go to Hastings assisted the landowners in spreading amongst the working men. ( Hear, and Christchurch who would be capable of informing the electors of hear.) He (Mr Bright) was of opinion that working men would do the truth with respect to this question; but they could not pledg: ig better to look after their own order than to sell themselves to those who themselves that candidates on free-trade principles would be certainly used them for the purpose of assisting in the dissemination of delu- returned for those boroughs, especially for the first time these two sions. (Cheers.) He had read for them an extract from the speech of boroughs had become vacant; but one effect would undoubtedly be a clergyman, but there were others as bad as clergymen. (A laugh.) produced, namely, affording information to the electors bn this great When he said that, he did not mean to say that he believed Mr Shep- 1844. ] THE ECONOMIST. 635 —— pard to have expresse d the opinions of all the clergymen in this coun- debt, and it was only when the corn law had ceased to do its work, and try. No; he was persuaded that there were hundreds, and probably by the bounty of Providence we had so much at home that we were thousands, amongst the clergymen, who were anxiously looking for the placed to a certain extent in the position of having no corn law, that the success of the Anti-Corn-law League—but amongst that body, as sources of revenue became more productive, and the revenue accord- umongst all other bodies there was a great tyranny of opinion ingly rose instead of falling as it had done before. (Hear, hear.) The (hear, hear); and a clergyman, even though he was convinced next passage in the speech he held in his hand, said “ they (the agricul- the advocates of free trade were right, would scarcely dare to leave turists) did not wish in the slightest degree to infringe on the constitu- the ranks of those who opposed them, ‘The Morning Post reported tion, and were determined not to apply their funds for the purpose of another meeting besides the meeting in Essex—it reported a meeting at influencing elections, which was influencing the constitution.” They Jedburgh, in the county of Roxburgh, and copied from the Kelso Mail. did not w ish to infringe the constitution, for it had worked so well for "he meeting was a county meeting, at which a great number of the them it was not to be ‘expected that they could form any such wish vericulturists attended, and Lord P ol warth, who was one ofthe speakers, laughter); they said they were not dis sposed to apply their funds for aid, “he had been requested to move the first resolution, which he did the purpose of influencing elections, for that would be infringing on the vith the utmost pleasure, but he would rather that the resolution should constitution, and yet, notwithstanding that statement, they insist on have been moved by some one more competent and better informed on their tenants voting as they (the landlords) please, and it was ‘well known the subject than himself, and he should have preferred to see it moved that it was that class which returned the members to the parliament of by a tenant farmer of Roxburghshire, because he was conscious that this kingdom, and not the farmers. Such a statement as that about not very word uttered by a landlord was looked upon with suspicion.” wishing to influence elections was a piece of hypocrisy which one did (Laughter.) That appeared to be a day of confession with Lord Pol- not know how to speak of Labour never yet had a fair trial in oe (A laugh.) He hoped that the day was coming when the land. these countries. Let it but have a fair chance on free-trade principles lords would see the propriety, as they were looked upon with so much and it would soon be found that all classes would work harmoniously sus picis yn by the — of taki ing a le ss interested part in public iffairs together to the general advantage. Let not the legislature pre- than they had taken for the last thirty years. (Cheers.) Lord Pol- sumptuously interfere with the ordinations of Providence, which, in its warth, in his speech, went on to refer to statistics which had been re- wise provisions, made it clear that nations should depend upon each ferred to before, and said, “ they should look at the rate of mortality, other, and interchange freely for their mutual advantage the pro- ind consider whether, in throwing their population upon the towns, ductions in which each peculiarly abounded. (Cheers.) He was they were not incre ising th miseries of the peopl In the ] irge manu- aware that there were intelligent and distinguished foreigners present, facturing towns the rat of mortality had greatly increased since the who must be not a little surprised that a country like this should for increase in the population, ind in the productions of manufacture during thirty years have submitted to laws which had so paraly zed its energies the last ten years.” Now he (Mr Bright) would refer Lord Polwarth and fettered its industry. (Loud cheers. ) to the manufacturing district of Manchester, where the average of life Mr W. J. Fox admitted that Mr Gisborne was right as regarded one- had increased 29 per cent. in duration during the last forty years sided culaaae but it was obvious that all the logic was on the side of (Hear, hear. ) Lord Polwarth, at the niet to which he alluded, the League. ‘Their opponents would not come amongst them, nor went on to say Neither was there, with the increased population, would they suffer the members of the League to take a share in their iny adequate provision for the religious or moral instruction of the proceedings. (Cheers.) Any intelligent foreigner who might be people.” It appeared, however, that so far from there having been no present would, however, see that the League must eventually realize the preparation made for the religious instruction of the people, it could be object which it had in view, and that where there was such a concurrence proved by undeniable facts, that the buildings for religious purposes had of sentiment in opinions, backed by the authority ofall the ablest writers increased in a larger proportion than the population (hear, hear) in the on the collection and distribution of national wealth, the destruction of manufacturing districts of Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cheshire, and Derby- the corn laws, as well as of all other monopolies, must be the inevitable hire; for whilst in those districts the increase of the population was result. (Cheers.) They must, however, calculate ona stubborn and 127 per cent. since the commencement of the present century, the in- dogged resistance when they contemplated the manifestations of those creas in the number of buildings affording facilities for public worship who were opposed to them. ‘Those who sought a repeal of the corn was 219 per cent., a greater proportion than the increa in population laws frankly communicated their sentiments, and avowed their intention (Hear, hear.) So much for the tatement which was made in the face of carrying out the principle of full and free interchange of produce be- of the farmers, land value: 1uctioneers, and agents of very other de- tween all nations, whilst their opponents in parliament preserved an cription, who were to ht gulled at Jedburgh (Cheers.) The speech affected silence on the subject. Persons professing the deepest interest from which he had been quoting went on to Say ‘ During the time in in the welfare of the nation were silent on the subject which most nearly which manu steep had made such rapid strides, the wages of the iffected it. ‘The answer given by Mr Speaker to Queen Elizabeth, people employed in manufactures had declined It was a remarkable when she asked, “ Pray, Mr Speaker, what has passed in the House of ircumstance in reference to the wages of labour, in contradiction to Commons?” would be quite applicable at present—“ Why, seven weeks that assertion as to the reduction of wages in manufacturing districts, have passed, madam.” ‘The members said the people did not understand that every man who is working at the cotton manufactories at this day the question of the corn laws, yet they refused to enlighten them by receives in exchange for his labour more of the produce of labour than peaking on the subject. Much was said of the peculiar burdens on he did 30 or 40 years ago, and he believed that every man working at agriculture, but those who urged the argument would not tell what his trade could patohee more with his w ages now than he could 30 or those burdens were. Ministers thought it as dangerous to touch the 10 years ago. (Tlear, hear.) That was very different from the case question of the corn laws as to go to an inquisition of a pow der maga- of the agricultural labourers, who received, as Mr Gisborne had told the zine with lighted torches. The pre corn-law people, however, spoke out meeting, ] and less every year since the days of his grandfather Had of doors and indulged i in such licence thet they would soon grow into a iot the manufacture) performed their duty to the operatives by making proverb, and whena man hereafter should destsibe the height of mendacity everything which they manufacture d cheaper than it was 30 years ago, it would be by saying of a person that he lied nm e a pro-corn-law lord. by their skill, and energy, and industry ; whilst the soil, that sacred pro- ( Cheers. ) Lord St inley told them the question of the corn laws was a perty, which it was declared no one was to touch, had left the agricul- very delicate and important one, and from the noble iced’s manner of tural labeurers in such a condition thet they could not obtain as much handling it it appeared to be too delicate to be touchea. ‘The real in return for their industry as they had 30 or 40 years ago? (Hear, reason for refusing to entertain the question in parliament was, that hear.) At the meeting at Jedburgh, after the con 1clusion of the speech ministers were placed in a degrading dependence upon those in whose from which he had read an extract, another lord, namely, Lord John favour the corn laws were enacted. When there was so much sympatny Scott, whois the brother of the Duke of Buccleugh, addressed them. in this country for slavery in every shape, when millions were advanced He said—* he hoped they would excuse him if he addressed them shortly, for the redemption of the negroes, when the case of the persons employed ind to begin with the beginning—he wa sure that the meeting did not ( in factories excited so much interest and commiseration, surely it would consider the present amount of protection more than sufficient, when be desirable to institute some association for emancipating her Majesty's they took into consideration the burdens upon the land in this country, ministers from the degrading thraldom in which they were held by the the different state of society, the different habits of life among the corn-law lords. (Cheers and laughter.) The landed proprietors looked labourers whom they would not wish to see brought back to the con- upon themselves as omniscient in this country, and said to those not in dition of the labourers on the continent, whose comparatively wretched the same condition, “ We know God Almighty a thousand times better condition he had himself witnessed, whatever Cobden himself might say than you do.” They undertook to direct what schools their tenants to the contrary.” Now he (Mr Bright) believed that the case of the should send their children to, and seemed to entertain the opinion of Dorsetshire labourers was not disputed, and:the Rey. Mr Osborne stated the Scotch judge who tried Muir, and who said, “ No man has a right that to send those labourers from Dorchester into the neighbouring even to speak of the constitution, unless he be possessed of landed counties would not be calculated to produce an oe: in their property.” (Cheers and laughter.) The consequences would be fearful, condition Such w: the state of the labourers. (Hear, hear, If the unless we had the largest commercial reform that was ever yet adopted labourers of aaa would not be benefited by being “ in the in any country They talked of emigration as a cure for the social ondition of the labourers of the neighbouring counties, he (Mr Bright) evils. Did they export their horses? No, except at a high price. was able to assert with respect to another portion of the kingdom, that But if an animal walked on two legs, instead of four—if he possessed the labourers in many parts of Scotland received no more than 6s. a the human face divine, a brain to think, a mind to work with mighty week, and he supposed that my Lord John Scott, when living in luxury energies, a heart to beat with warm affections, he must go about to with the Duke of Buccleuch, overlooked the real condition of the farm look for work, and, after all, he would be told that a horse was of more labourers ; for if he did not, such effrontery could scarcely be conceived value thana man. (Hear, hear.) Such a state of things could not possible as to say that labourers, situated as he (Mr Bright) had de- endure ; and, instead of being angry with the League, the landowners cribed, were better off than the labourers in the continental states. ought to be obliged to them for pointing out the danger. It was easy (Cheers.) Lord J. Seott, in his speech, went on to say—* Then there to perceive, through a long vista perhaps, but yet distinctly visible in its vas another burden which the League looked upon as a trivial affair, remoteness, the blazing and roaring of a distant revolution (cheers) ; and the burden of the national debt, which was borne by the land, and he it was foolish of the aristocracy to blame the members of the League, wanted to know, until the y could sweep away that debt, how they could who stood between them and ruin, by inspiring a hope in the minds of expect that this country could maintain its position with a free trade ?’ those who, without the cheering influence of such a hope, might be It appeared, however, that when prices were high, and consequently the driven to desperation. (The rev. gentleman concluded amidst loud corn law was doing its work best, that at the same time there was to be cheers, waving of handkerchiefs, and other similar demonstrations of the found a falling off in the revenue, (hear, hear,) and to obtain more funds most enthusiastic applause. ) under such circumstances, government was obliged to call on parliament The Chairman then came forward, and said he was requested to state toimpose new taxes. (Hear, hear.) In 1838, 1839, 1840, and 184] the that the peeve would renew its meetings after the Easter recess, and corn laws had not proved efficacious, as regarded the burthen of the due notic® would be given.—The meeting then separated. THE ECONOMIST. (March 30,

hear.) They were met to disseminate truth in opposition to falsehood. ANTI-FREE-TRADE MOVEMENTS. The League told thein that as they extended trade, the condition of the population was improved; but he would prove that as trade had extended the condition of the working population had become more miserable than MEETING OF THE ESSEX PROTECTION SOCIETY. before. ‘They raised the cry of cheap bread, and said the people were We believe it was in Essex that the Protection Societics began. starving. The greedy manufacturer stopped the mouths of his workmen The above society had another meeting, on Tuesday, in the town hall with the cry of cheap bread—put them into starvation to obtain his of Dunmow, “ which,” says the Morning Post, “ was crowded in every wealth, and said that the aristocracy starved them. (Applause.) There part, there being fully three hundred persons present, principally far- never was a more gross falsehood—it was a premeditated falsehood. He mers. Mr R. Baker, of Writtle, took the chair. There were present would just call their attention to a few facts, proving the state of the ma- he Rev. H. L. Majendie, C. Clarke, W. Shepherd, M. D. Duffield, nufacturing districts. Cobden had drawn a fearful piccure of the agri- cultural population in Dorsetshire, and said that some of his acquaint- R. D. Duffield, John Marryon Wilson, Esq., W. ‘I. Wade, Esq., H. ances supped brose in Forfarshire. (Great laughter.) Ile (Cobden) Cheffins, Esq., W. Johnson, Esq., 8. Wood, Esq. ; Messrs Lawrance, wished to make it appear that the only Paradise on earth was Leeds on Blyth, Crush, Raincock, T. Barnard, C. Barnard, Patmer, &e. Manchester; and he had the unabashed audacity to inform them that the The Chairman, after rebutting the personal attacks which had been cause of the strikes for wages in the manufacturing towns was, that the made upon himself, informed his audience that— labourers did not wish to be reduced to the condition of the agricultural “ The progress of the agricultural cause was astonishing. It had com- labourers. * z * He was led to suppose that there must be some menced in Essex, and had spread like wildfire. Its progress had been objects in view in this cry for cheap bread. His opinion was, that ther wonderful, but it might be accounted for by having truth for its foundation. were two objects. Cheap labour was one (‘* hear, hear,” and applause )— (Hear, hear.) It had made way, not only with the agricultural, but with that they might be able the better to compete with the continent. A re- every other class—with wealthy, and poor, in country and town. The duction of wages was what they were seeking for, and that reduction was people now saw through the object of the League, which was to lower to be made upon the ruin of the agricultural interest. He thought the other wages, although they professed it was to get cheap corn,—it was now object was to create revolution, and upset all things, so that a certain por- well known what that meant—it was cheap wages. Yes, the people tion of society might be brought down to a level with the other portion, now knew it. It had been told them by these meetings, in a voice loud and they be exalted upon the spoil. (Loud applause.) He thanked the enough to reach the legislature itself, and the minister had responded to it meeting for the attention with which they had listened to his observa- in a manner both unusual and unexpected. (Hear, hear.) They had tions, and congratulated them that government had not submitted to in- already reaped some benefit from these meetings. The next market report terested clamour, and repealed a law this year which they made the last.” after the Prime Minister’s declaration showed an improvement in price, The tone of the other speakers was very hostile to th manutac which was ascribed by those who were well informed on the subject to turers as a body, and charges such as the above were current. Veui- that declaration. . . They would sce the price of foreign wheat was tions to parliament were agreed to before the meeting broke up. from 35s. to 40s. He would ask them, and as farmers they were well ac- quainted with the matter, whether, if their rent were entirely remitted, they could grow wheat at such prices? (Hear, hear.) The difference between that price and 52s. was more than the rent. (Hear, hear.) At such prices it would be impossible to cultivate the land if it were rent free; for they all knew, although Mr Cobden had throught proper ro put The length to which we find our reports of Free- Trade and Anti-lree- Trade forth a very different statement, that rent was not an item of such magni- Movements have run, prevents us from git ing several letters and answers to in- tude as to greatly influence the price of agricultural produce.” quiries that we intended, Our cor respondents should remember that during the sitting of Parliament our space available for their communications is ne- Mr Baker went largely into the subject of rent. Referring to the cessarily limited. The short recess duri 4 | East Yr, he weves, Will (l Th vs an estimate of Mr Cobden as to rent, recently made, he observed Mr opportunity of bringing up our lee way in that resnect, ! and also ) of ecording Cobden had said the tithes and rates upon 400 acres were 90/. (laugh- the doings among the protectionists, some of which in different parts of th ter); and the labour upon the same quantity he had put down as kingdom have recently been too remarkable not to deserve to be made hnown. 380/—not a pound an acre. (Hear, hear.) The wear and tear of horses upon 400 acres, what did they suppose Mr Cobden, in his fair-* ness, had stated it to be? Why, 20/7 (Loud laughter.) Was that Fhe Econowisi, large sum to include their keep, for he seemed quite to have forgotten that item. (Laughter.) At all events these horses must be worked under a ten hours bill, or 20/. would never pay for their wear and MARCH 30, 1844, tear. (Cheers and laughter.) He would give them the items : Tithes and rates... 5s ie 20 oe OO COMMERCIAL. Labour ... 380 Although there has been less excitement during the past week Manure and lime 70 in the produce market than for some time previously, yet a large Tradesmen’s bills 80 amount of business continues to be transacted, and in most in- Wear and tear of horses 20 — “ 640 stances at firm prices. Inthe drug market an unusual amount Interest of capital ‘es 150 of business has been done, and generally there is every evidence vf a continued extensive business in the leading manufactures, if "90 we are to judge from the quantity of the various materials Rent . 800 passing into consumption. The same remarks apply equally to Making rent equal to the other expenses £1,590 the various parts of the continent which draw supplies of some Mr Cobden’s object would be clearly seen; it was to show that the leading articles of raw materials from the market. landlord gets more than half the proceeds of the land. The rent was There has been some attempt to circulate a rumour that put at that large sum jv che endeavour to prove that the landlord was Ministers have relinquished their intention of dealing with th

a cormorant, who devoured all. It was done with a view of separat- | sugar duties this session, in order to unite their somewhat broken ing the tenants and labourers from the landowner, that they might ranks, as shown in the recent divisions on the factory bill. fall an easier prey to the selfish designs of that grasping and selfish We do not give the slightest credit to these rumours. Ministers body the Anti-Corn-law League. (Loud cheers. ) ure much too strong to fecl it needful to make any such sacrific« The principal other speakers were a Rev. Mr Shepherd, and what the to the discontented portion of their usual supporters ; and they Pos calls “a working man named Williams.” ‘The former is quoted have themselves alone to blame for the false position in which from in the speech of Mr Bright, at Covent Garden Theatre, which we have given at considerable length ; and the latter does not contain any they have been placed during the last week; the weakness is novelty. . much more apparent than real. The news from the United States received this week are of a ROXBURGH COUNTY MEETING. more cheerful and encouraging description than they have been A meeting of the county of Roxburgh, called by the vice-lieutenant, for a long time. ‘There appears some indications of a serious was held on the 19th, at Jedburgh, of parties, the Kelso Mail says, intention on the part of the non-paying states to make arrange- “Determined to give the lie to the unblushing assertions of the Anti- ments for the faithful fulfilment of their engagements. When Corn-law Leaguers, that the tenant farmers of the country are indifferent it is considered how comparatively trifling the whole amount of to, and not interested in, the maintenance of the protection at present afforded to British agriculture.” these engagements is, and with what little pressure upon their productive power the interest might be discharged, it is difficult Sir John Pringle, a landed proprietor of the county, was in the chair, and whoever may have been present, the speakers seem to have been to conceive, that even if not actuated by any higher motive than for the most part landlords. Lord Polworth appears to have been to their future credit with the rest of the world, they should long sensible of this, for in moving the first resolution, he said hesitate to remove that national blot. “He should have preferred to see it moved by a tenant farmer of Rox- Our attention has been called to a pamphlet by Mr M‘Grego1 burghshire, because he was conscious that every word uttered by a land- Laird on The Effect of an Alteration in the Sugar Duties upon the lord was looked upon with suspicion. It was endeavoured to be shown Condition of the People of England and the Negro Race it con that they (the landlords) were actuated by selfish motives; but he was tains much matter worthy of consideration, but is also mixed up sure that in that meeting every word he spoke would be received in the way in which it was meant, namely, in the purest sincerity.” with some most objectionable and fallacious principles. It con- tains, however, a great mass of facts which cannot fail to be use- His lordship went at great length into the subject of the relative healthiness of agricultural and manufacturing pursuits, giving the pre- ful to those taking an interest in such discussions. As we pro- ference to the former, and said “ it was impossible to contemplate such pose to take an early opportunity of reviewing the pamphlet and things as these, and wish that there should be extended manufactures the principles it advocates, it is unnecessary at this time to go upon the ruins of agriculture.” Lord John Scott was the mover of more into a detail of its merits. another resolution, and among his reported remarks we find the fol- An impression appears to gain ground more and more that the lowing :— quantity of home-grown wheat available for the consumption of “They did not meet there for purposes of Self-aggrandisement, or with 1843-1844, has been larger than was at one time generally ad- an intention of pulling down other classes (hear, hear)—but simply to mitted. The markets are everywhere somewhat lower, and the maintain those rights and privileges which in justice belonged to them. demand rather languid. One feature connected with the con- They did not wish in the slightest degree to infringe upon the constitu- } tion, aud were determined not to apply their funds for the purpose of in- sumption of wheat ought not to be overlooked : experience Snows fluencing elections, which which was infringing the constitution. They that it does not increase so much by the increased prosperity of were not going in that manner to use the argumextum ad hominem. (Hear, the country as some other articles—and this may be explained, 1844.] THE ECONOMIST. 137 and we think satisfactorily, by the fact thatin depressed times a but so far as reason and consistency were concerned, Ministers larger portion of the diet of the working classes, particularly in put themselves in the wrong by opposing it. ‘Chey said our other large towns, is confined to bread, being in reality, all things con- colonies had no corn to send, or at least but small quantities, but sidered, the cheapest food they can purchase, but who in more if they felt themselves at liberty to urge that upon Mr Hutt as a prosperous times are able to command a betier and higlier class reason for not pressing his motion, how much more ought they to of diet. There is every appearance of the price of wheat remain- have felt it as a reason for themselves not to oppose it? The ex- ing steady with very little fluctuation for som: months to come. cuse given by a certain woman for not lending her tub to a neighbour, ‘ that she had not got one, besides, she was going to use it herself,” finds an exact counterpart in the spec ches of RAILWAY AND SHARE MARKET. Ministers. They will not admit colonial corn, they say; besides, The allotment of the shares of the Caledorian line from Car- there is none t Oo come! ' Adimirable reasoning ! Gifted men! ! lisle to Edinburgh and Glasgow took place this day, and it ap- But Mr Gladstone did furnish another argument. He said that pears that the applications were unusually large in proportion though no injury would be done to the agricultural interest by to the entire number of shares to be issued. ‘This undertaking acceding to the proposition of Mr Hutt, still a panic would en sne, appears to have been received with great favour. ‘The shares and we must acknowledge with Mr Labouchere that the agricul- have already been sold to-day at } to 14 premium. tural nerves are excessively weak. “ Ministers,” the Times says, In Eastern County shares, as well as in thej Midland **TamM ‘D ‘ he was at present receiving a large pension for doing nothing.” COURT AND ARISTOCRACY) His Lordship explained that the income derived by himself and others similarly situated from pensions was much less than what Her Magesry’s Drawinc Room.—The Queen held a di iwing room, the first this season, on Monday afternoon, at St James’s Palace. Het had been sacrificed at the bar, and named Lord Campbell, who, Majesty and Prince Albert arrived from Buckingham Palace about two he said, continued to work very hard in the public service, and o'clock, attended by the Royal suite. Before the drawing room her Ma- had no pension whatever. jesty, according to her annual custom, reccive a deputation from Christ’s The foregoing being all that we find to remark upon in the Hospital, in the Royal closet Her Royal Wighness the Duchess of proceedings of the Lords, there is not much more calling for Kent was present at the drawing room. The ladies in waiting on animadyersion in the proceedings of the Commons. On Monday the Queen, the maids of honour, and the women of the bedchambe: to her Majesty, appeared at the drawing room in mourning It being Sir J. Graham announced the intention of Ministers in regard to a collar day, the knights of the several orders of knighthood the Factory Bill. They are to withdraw it; and Lord Ashley collars of their respective orders. THis Grace the Duke of Wellin ton has since intimated his intention of not opposing them in that wore three collars of knighthood—those of the most noble order of the course, After Easter they are to introduce a new measure em- Garter, of the Golden Fleece, and of the most honourabl ilitary bodying the principal parts of the present bill, but avoiding order of the Bath. reference to the number of hours of labour, that is, sanctioning A Cabinet Council was held on Tuesday afternoon at the Foreign the twelve hours’ period, It remains to be seen whether Lord Office, Downing street. Ihe ministers present were—Sir Robert Peel, Ashley will continue to move his amendments on the new Dill. the Duke of Wellington, the Lord Chancellor, Lord Wharneliffe, the Ife has already intimated that he does not intend to oppose the Duke of Buecleugh, Earl of Aberdeen, Lord Stanley, Sir Jam withdrawal of the present measure, and before these remarks can Graham, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Earl of Haddington, Earl be read it will have been withdrawn. No doubt Ministers will of Ripon, the Right Honourable W. KE. Gladstone, and Sir Edward use precautions to prevent the recurrence of such annoyances as Knatchbull. ‘The council sat an hour and a half. they have been subjected to in the progress of the bill now Her Majesty the Queen of the Belgians arrived off Woolwich Dock given up. on Tuesday afternoon. Her Majesty on landing was received by her Royal Highness the Duchess of Kent, who had arrived from town, at- On Tuesday evening Mr Hutt brought forward a motion fot tended by Lady Anna Maria Dawson and Colonel Sir George Couper, extending to the produce of all other colonies the precedent se ihout twelve o’clock, and had remained to receive the august visitor last session with re pect to Canada, by redueiny the duty Wy | h 3 Marquis of Ormonde, lord-in-waiting on the Queen, and Captain

their wheat from 5s. to 1s. a quarter. [le was supported by Mr Franc Ls Seymour, ; groom-in-waiting on his Royal Highness Prince Al- Labouchere, and answered by Mr Gladstone and Lord Stanley. bert, were in attendance to receive her Majesty. The illustri US party In itself it is a motion of as small importance as could well be ; arrived at Buckingham Palace at seven o'clock. THE ECONOMIST. [March 30,

Derarrvne oy Parsce Atpeat ror Germany.—His Royal High- from Waterloo bridge, across High street, Bloomsbury, to Tottenham ness Prince Albert left town on Thursday morning, about ten o'clock, court road, is proceediag rapidly, and several hundred houses have been by a special train, on the Dover railway, to embark for the Continent, pulled down in the classic neighbourhood of St Giles’s. The new Far- advancing, and some very fine shops on his way to Saxe Coburg, to pay a visit of condolence to his relatives ringdon street to Islirgton is also Visit or THE Ducuess or Kenr to rue Continent.—It is the in- have been erected fron Holborn bridge. The other city improvements tention of her Royal Highness the Duchess of Kent shortly to proceed will be carried on this season with the greatest despatch, particularly in the vicinity of the Royal Exchange, the facade of which is now seen to to Paris _ where she will sojourna few days, en rou/efor Switzerland, on a visit to her sister, who will pass some months 1 thers The departure of advantage by the puling down of the old Bank buildings for the site of her Royal Highness is postponed until the return of Prince Albert the Wellington statue Canapa Company.—On Wednesday the half-yearly meeting of pro —~ Post [ue Eart or Carnioan.—* His lordship, a Dublin paper informs prietors of shares in this corporation was held at the cornpany’s house, governor us, “lost during the past week two very valuable horses—a favourite St Helen's place, pursuant to the terms of the charter. he hunter, prized highly by the noble owner, was killed on Friday, when (Mr Charles Franks) in the chair Ihe first business of the day was in full ery after one of the crack pack of hounds near Dublin’ He was the election of a gevernor for three years, and of three directors. It Franks should be re-elected ridden by Mr Peel. of the 11th Hussars, son of the Premier On Sa was resolved unanimously that Mr Charl as governor, and that Sir John Easthope, Mr A Ifumphreys, and M1 turday a tr ustworthy groom was sent by his lordship on another hunter, VIy Wilson was again for the purpose of exercise, to have the carcase of his pet hunter brought Stokes, should be re appointed is directors hom to the kennel for the dogs, and, strange to say, this second horse ippointed as audito was run against by a horse and cart, his chest burst in, and killed on the The governol then proces ded to state the operations for the past year pot. His lordship, it is said, heard of these losses with his usual equa The sales of land in the crown reserves had been 12,838 acres, at an ave- nimity and indifference, speaking of them as ordinary casualti rage of 13s, 7d. per acre; and in the Huron tract there had been disposed of 8,705 acres at an average of 12s. ld. per acre, making a total of 21,543 acres, the produce of which had been 13,804/. currency. This was inde mn THE . METROPOLIS. .mWhh , pendently of the town lots that had been purchased. There had been leased of crown reserves 88,805 acres, producing an annual rental of 2,769/., or equal to 10s. 5d. per acre; and the leases granted in the Huron Cusx Factory Bitt.—The following requisition has been extensively tract for the year ending the 3lst of December last, were 63,9074 acres circulated in the city :—*“ To the Right Hon. the Lord May or of The leases were granted for 12 years, at a rental, which, if regularly paid, the City of London We the undersigned liverymen of the city of the land would become the property of the occupier, and consequently be London, request your Lordship to convene a common hall, on an early alienated from the company. ‘The total quantity of land leased and sold day, for the purpose of taking into consideration the unconstitutional was 194,255 acres. The governor then read a statement of the receipts proceedings of Sir James Graham (a servant of the crown) in end voul and expenditure of the corporation from its commencement, which was ing to subvert and render nugatory th¢ solemn, wise, and humane reso considered satisfactory. ‘The company had 1,378,189 acres of land paid lution of the House of Commons on the Factory bill, now before the for but still unsold. The quantity purchased from the government was 2,484,413 a Of this there had been 982,941 acres sold, and 123,313 house—a resolution (if carried into effect) calculated to benefit the acres had yet to be paid for, the company having the option of taking the millowners and manufacturers, inasmuch as it would tend to checl latter. Since the commencement of the year there had been sold in the reckless and ruinous competition and overtrading, make supply and de- crown reserves 1.500 acres, and in the Huron tract 800 acres. There had mand more uniform, improve the physical, moral, and social condition been leased in the former 9,800 acres, and in the latter 7,290 acres, an of the workpeople, und gre itly promot: the prosperity and happines ot increase over the operations of the sam« period of 1842 of 3,753 acres society generally. Also to agree to an addres to her Majesty pl ying In the receipts there had been an increase of 2,842/. The plan of leasing her Mai sty to dismiss from het councils for evel Sil Jame: Graham the land had been most beneficial, and the rents hitherto had been punc- ind all those of his colleagues who have aided and assisted him in such tually paid. ‘The passing of the Canada corn bill, whic h had come into operation in October last, had been productive already of beneficial effects, 1 wicked abuse ot the confidencs of 0 good t Monarch and no doubt could be entertained that it would continue to be so ABRIDGMENT OF THI Hours or Lanour On Tuesday evening, at Through the exertions of the company’s commissioners, Mr Jones and Mr meeting of even o'clock, a numerou the inhabitant: of Islington, Widder, the sales of the company’s lands had been greatly increased, while Clarkenwell, and the surrounding districts, was held in. the British those on the part of the government had been but few. The governor School rooms, ¢ hurch street, Islington, to reeeive i deput ition from thx read extracts from the correspondence received from the commissioners, central ociety f the Metropolitan Drapers’ Ass ciation, with a view to in which the rising prosperity of the settlers was spoken most highly of co-operate with and give publicity to the efforts now making thro ighout Markets for their produce were easily found, and for cash. They believed the metropolis for abolishing the late-hour system of busin The that the emigration this year would be considerably increased, as many Rev. D. Wilson, vicar of Islington, took th ‘chair upported by the from Scotland, as well as Protestant families from Ireland, were coming Rev. Mr Venn, of Holloway, Rev. Mr Auritol, Rev. Mr Hugh Rev to join their relatives who have already settled in Upper Canada. An Mr Rogers, Rev. Mr Till, Mr Owen, Mr Lillwall, Mr Fost vy. My extensive shipment of flour was expected to take place from Montreal The colonists on the company’s lands were improving, as was shown by Davis, and other gentlemen identified with the caus: Che chairm in, the remittances made to their poorer relatives in the United Kingdom, in a brief address, adverted to the objects of the meeting, and entered into which upon an average had in the last year been 9/. for each individual details, showing that in the linen drapery trade of the metropolis there who had sent home money to fathers, mothers, &c., through the company’s were from 15,000 to 20,000 young men daily employed that in the agency, and which was afforded gratuitously. The total amount so re- grocery and tea dealing trade there were upward of 18,000: in the mitted from Canada to the company last year was 2,990/., and by the last chemist’s, 2,500 ; in the millinery, L000 young females—making a gross letters 600/. in addition, similarly destined, was advised. This showed rregate, including other trades in the metropolis, of 230,000, who were that the settlers upon the company’s lands were prospering (hear, hear), he present moment either more or less suftering from the evils of the and that the position in which the colony was placed was improving. late-hour system, employed diurnally from six and seven to ten, and even The accounts were ordered to be printed, th inks were returned to twelve o'clock at night, with scar« ely an interval of a quarter of an hout the directors, and the meeting adjourned. for reading, rest, or recreation Che society, he said, did not ask for Morrauiry or tue Mernorotis.—-Number of death from all causes legislative enactments to be employed in prevailing on the master in registered in the week ending Saturday, March 23 :— these trades to relinquish the late-hour but, system ; on the contrary, Epidemic, endemic, and contagious diseases ‘ és i - 190 they appealed to the public, in whose hands the entir« question lay, to Diseases of uncertain seat ‘ e 100 ibolish the unseemly system, by resolving not to mak« thei purchases Diseases of the brain, nerves, and senses _— - ‘ - 167 afte a certain hour in the day Mr Dickson, thi secretary then read Diseases of the lungs, and other organs of respiration " - 3809 1 statement of the progress which had been mad by the central society, Diseases of the heart and bloodvessel - ° - - 18 which he stated now ex tended its operations ove! thirteen di trict in Diseases of the stomach, liver, and othe organs of digestion 66 the me tropolis Che committee had to congratulate the members on the Diseases of the kidneys, &¢« a : 2 6 result of the great meeting lately held at Exeter hall, and at which Mr Childbirth, diseases of the uterus, &« . ‘ . . 7 E. Tennant, M.P., presided In Pimlico and Chelsea, where the hour: Diseases of the joints, bones, and muscles - 4 had already been shortened, the alteration had been attended with bene- Diseases of the skin 9 ficial effects ; and it was admitted by several of the master drapers thers that not Old age, OF natural dex ay - - 79 only did they do an equal amount of business, but that the Deaths by violence, privation, or intemperance - - 2 change had much contributed to their own comfort and that of thei Causes not specified - : . 19 assistants ( Applause. ) Letters from several large employers in Islington and Clerkenwell, approving of the objects of the association. Deaths from all causes - . - 981 were read to the meeting, which was addressed by the Rev. Mr Venn Rev. Mr Rogers, Population Average weel Deaths Mr Davis, Mi Foskey, Mr Lillwall, and other gen- Enumerated, Deat! 1889-40-1-2-3 in the tlemen, in support of a series of resolutions, which I8il. o Years. 5 Winters. Week. were carried by ace la- West district 301,326 138 147 171 mation, and the meeting dispersed. F North districts 366,303 171 186 197 Merrororrran I MPROVEMENTS— Phe site of the contemplated ‘Thames nbankment on the Middlesex side of the river is undergoing a minute Central districts . 374,759 IRS 0] 176 ‘ . . . « 5 7 East districts ‘ 393,247 5417 "16 202 survey, and when carried into effect will be one of the greatest ornam nts of the South districts oa 179,469 24) 259 235 west end \ line of stone quays, similar to those on the banks . > . he . > . of the Seine in Paris, is to be carried from Whiteha'l to Blackfriars otal ‘ LOLS. 104 946 L.a09o AR] bridge upon arches, so as not to interfere with th navigation of the Males, 507; females, 474 river, and the numerou coal-barges approaching the wharf \t W ESTMINSTE! Briper \ beautiful design by Mr Barry, for an iron Pimlico the houses are now nearly all pulled down, and workmen are bridge on the site of the present bridge, has been published busily engaged in razing them for the new road, which will join the It consists Vauxhall road, and materially widen the vicinity of Buckineham of five elliptical arches, is of a light and graceful structure, and is at least 14 feet lower than that now In ust The plan for this new struc Palace Phe “rookery ” which has existed for so many centuries in ture Is proposed in consequence of the unsafe and unsatisfactory state of Westminster, Tothill street, York street, and Castle lane. js all to com the foundation of the existing bridge, as well as to improve the naviga down to make way for the improvements, and also St Margaret's tion of the river, and facilitate traffic by lowering the carriage way Church, which is an evesore to the beautiful Gothic architecture of “It Westminster is said that an iron bridge of this description could be constructed for Abbey The widening of Piccadilly, by taking in a smal] less than double the amount that would be required to repair and rendet portion of the Green park, will commence next month Che 2 hew street ” | secure the present unsee mly structure. The cost had been leading from Coventry street across Leicester Square to Long estimated acre is at 185,000/., including the expenses for creeting a temporary wooden in an advanced state, as all the old buildings are pulled down, and bridge ; and it is understood that this sum might be raised, for the most workmen are laying the foundations of the new houses. The new treet 1844.] THE ECONOMIST.

yart, if not wholly, upon the security of the income from the property | surely this country gentleman would not so clearly tell the labourers to the Bridge Commission. Globe. — | belonging | that burning ricks is the way to get “constant employment” with Astixy Coorer Prize.—It may not be generally known that Sir “more liberal wages” unless the extremity had indeed arrived. Here Astley Cooper bequeathed a large sum of money, to be appropriated in | are fires raging constantly, and detection impossible, and a country triennial prizes for the best essay on certain physiological subjects gentleman, possibly a sufferer, gravely, from the judicial bench, in- named by himself ; the first which has just now been adjudicated, being forms the farmers that no resource is left them but to employ the “on the structure and uses of the thymus gland.” The physicians and people and give them better wages! Would it not have been wiser surgeons of Guy’s ( Sir Astley’s own) Hospital are the appointed judges, and more just to have employed the people, and upon better wages, before and the successful competitor on this occasion is Mr Simon, one of the they drove you to it by destroying your property?—Wiltshire Inde- anatomical teachers in King’s College, and assistant surgeon to King’s | ] endent. College Hospital Destruction oF A Porrery At Nortu Surerps sy Fire. — On Tue Paice or Breap ix tue Merrororis.—In consequence of the Tuesday morning, between three and four o'clock, an alarming fire was plentiful supply of English wheat at market, and the quantity of foreign discovered to be raging in the extensive pottery of Messrs Carr and in bond, the millers have reduced the price of flour, and a reduetion in Paton, North Shields. ‘The inhabitants were speedily aroused from the price of bread took place on ‘Tuesday morning The first-rate their slumbers, and shortly afterwards several fire-engines were at the houses reduced the 4 lb. loaf to 8d.; and the cheap bakers, as they are scene of conflagration, but the fire had got such hold of the premises commonly called, have lowered it to 64d, and 6d. that before it could be subdued nearly the whole of the stock and Britisu American Lanp Company.—On Thursday, the annual materials in the pottery were totally destroyed. The origin of the fire meeting of the proprietors of shares in this corporation was held at the has not been ascertained. London ‘Tavern, for the purpose of receiving a report from the director Curisrcuurcn AND Hasrines.—The voting for a member to serve relative to the state of the company’s affairs, and on other busines in parliament for the former borough took place on Thursday, when Che Governor (Mr G. R Robinson) took the chair; and Mr Galt, Captain Harris, a brother of the Earl of Malmesbury, who has great the chief clerk, read a report in which it was stated local influence, was returned by a large majority over Mr Tice, a “The sales during the last year have amounted to 54,8593 acres, fo1 gentleman of the neighbourhood, who was induced to stand on free- 17,0317. 19s. 4d. sterling. This amount is secured on the land sold, and bears trade andreform principles. ‘The election for Hastings was to take place six per cent. interest, being an increase over the sales of 1842 of 25,547 yesterday. There is no doubt but the member will be Mr Brisco, acres and 11,242/. 10s. 4d. sterling.” another monopolist. Canadian legislation,—such as giving muni ipal institutions to Canada ‘Tur Corp-Warer Cure.—A splendid hydropathic establishment Kast, &c., had been anti ip ated by the company but the temporary and hotel are now erecting, at an estimated cost of 15,000/., by a com- disagreement between Sir Charl Vetealfe ana his ministers had in pany of Leeds gentlemen, at Rhydding, near Ilkley, in the romantic thr meantime prevented that, but the governor uiticipated every cor vale of Wharfe, within a few miles of Leeds. It is intended to open diality from the Canadian legislature the establishment in May next, and we understand that the company “The balance sheet was read, giving a general statement of the accounts have already engaged a German physician, at a salary of 300/. a-year, of the company up to the 3lst of December last. ‘Taking the value of the to superintend its aqueous operations.—Lancaster Guardian. land possessed by the cerporation at 10s. an acre, it was urged by Mr Lorp LinvreNENCY OF WESTMORELAND.—Sir James Graham and Clarke that their property was worth at least, when realized, upwards of Lord Brougham hava both been repudiated and rejected as representa- 32,0007. The governor stated that it was intended to dispatch Mr Galt, tives of the two counties; and now they stand forth as candidates for who was intimately acquainted with the affairs of the corporation and with the highest office, each in that county by which he has been spurned. Canada, as chief commissioner, and the deputy governor, Mr Cummins If‘this is not absurdity, we should beg to know what is? Common should take the arrangements of the home department. Thus would the sense and right feeling would dictate that no change should be made, well-working of the corporation be secured, and the directors hoped the but that the name of Lonsdale, which has hitherto been triumphant, prospects of the company improved.” should, under the present person who bears it, now repose in tranquil Sourn Sra Sroex.—On Thursday a quarterly meeting of the pro dignity.— Times. prietors of this stock was held at the company’s house in Threadneedle REPRESENTATION OF THE County or BucKs.—It is fully expected treet, Charles Franks, Isq., sub-governor, in the chair The chair- that Mr C. R. Scott Murray, who has abandoned the Protestant and man stated the amount of the guarantee fund was 376,000/. three per embraced the Roman Catholic faith, will resign his seat in parliament cent, stock, which it was proposed to employ more profitably than at for Bucks, for which county he was returned at the election in 1841. present. He added that It is not supposed that Mr Murray will vacate his seat until the Mar- “ There was very great difficulty on the part of the directors in under quis of Chandos is of age, which will be in September next, when the taking any fresh matter, the holders of stock not being persons who were on of the Duke of Buckingham will offer himself to the electors as a willing to run any risk or hazard, and the directors, therefore, felt that andidate, in the room of Mr Murray. any plan they proposed for the employment of the capital of the company must be limited to a something which did not involve any risk, and, in considering that the plan must be one of that nature, it had occurred to SCOTLAND. them, and it had also been frequently suggested by the proprietors, that ABERDEEN Rai.way.—The prospectuses of two competing lines the company might act as trustees of either public or private trusts. They of railway from Aberdeen southwards appear in the Aberdeen papers. had taken that subject into their most anxious consideration, and although The first is entitled, the “ Aberdeen, Dundee, and Perth Railway,” business of that kind could not be conducted under the power of the charter, they still thought that the proprictors, as a body, might make and the second, the “ Aberdeen and East Coast Railway.” By the me arrangement by deed, by which the business to which he had alluded first it seems to be contemplated to carry the railway through the might be conducted. He was not prepared at present to state the plan on vale of Strathmore direct to Perth—the only places of importance which the business was proposed to be conducted, but he hoped, in a very through which it will pass being Brechin and Forfar. The line by short time, a prospectus of it would be laid before the proprietors.”’ ; the coast passes by Stonehaven, Bervie, Johnshaven, Montrose, &c.

eee Hn oe We perceive that the ‘Town Council of Perth have subscribed 5,000/. towards completing a line from Perth to Stirling. THE PROVINCES. MetancHoLy Deatu oF Mr Kemp, Arcnirect.—On Monday fore- noon the body of Mr Kemp, well known as the architect of the Scott Freus to Justices Crerks.—Saturday last a poor and wretched- Monument, was found in the canal. He had been missing for twelve looking man was charged before a bench of magistrates at the county days previously, and was last seen at the house of Mr Lind, con- prison, Oxford, with stealing a peck of turnips, the property of a far- tractor for the monument, on whom he had called to arrange about mer name Dean. The prisoner acknowledged his guilt, but said he the progress of the works. It is supposed that, on his return home had been driven to the commission of the offence by want. The to Morningside, he had taken the way by the banks of the canal, and magistrates having made up their minds to commit the unfortunate that, the night being dark, he had stumbled into the water at the man to prison, inquired of their clerk, Mr Walshe, what the expenses place where he was found—an open and dangerous point beside in the case were. Mr Walshe replied 11s., and the bench ordered the Lochrin Distillery.- Edinburgh Witness, prisoner to pay this sum, together with 2s. the value of the turnips, IRELAND. and 2s, fine, making altogether 1 JS. or stand committed to prison for three weeks, ‘The poor man declared he could not pay 15d, much Twons TIVE TO Pay ReN1 H. Montgomery, Esq of Blessingburn« less 15s., and was accordingly committed to prison. The prosecutor, cottage, lately noticed to his tenantry, that all who would punctually supposing the case to be done with so far as he was concerned, was pay their rents on the Ist instant should receive ten per cent. discount about to depart from the court, when Mr Walshe demanded payment His very excellent agent, William Patterson, E sq., had, in consequenes ’ of the 1ls., his expenses. The prosecutor hesitated, said he did not the thronge st pay day he ever expe rienced. understand why he should be saddled with such expenses for merely Rerrat ASSOCIATION At the weekly meeting on Monday, 1 letter discharging his duty towards himself and the public, and added some- was read from Mr O'Connell, stating, “ I wish you to announce to th: thing about its being much cheaper letting the thief off with his booty issociation that it is my intention to attend at their next meeting. | than secking for punishment for the offence. Mr Walshe, however, mean to wait here for Thursday evening, as Lord Eliot on that day said the 11s. must be paid ; but added, by way of salvo, that in that brings in his ‘ Franchise Extinetion bill, and his Corporate Franchise amount the constable’s expenses were included. To many persons bill [ ara to attend a public meeting for justice to Ireland, at Liver- such a charge may appear startling, but they are invariably made by pool, on Friday He then notices the results of his visit to England the justices’ clerks at petty sessions.—Morning Chronicle. under six heads, the last two of whith run thus :— Fires AND Wages.—At the Ipswich Quarter Sessions, Sir A. Hen- >. It is demonstrated by recent events that the people of England niker, the chairman, in charging the grand jury, regretted the occur- by, at least, all the valuable classes of society—are not partakers in the rence of so many incendiary fires as are nightly taking place in that iniquities of the government, but on the contrary, are anxious that Lreland county. Ile said If you had the whole metropolitan force down should be administered in the spirit of justice and impartiality. even into one division of the county—if you were enabled to allot a “6, It is demonstrated that multitudes of the wise and the good in constable to watch cach separate homestead—I think it would not England are anxious to make the union a reality, by giving a perfect insure detection. If then the crime is so mysteriously planned, and equality of rights to Ireland with those that are possessed by the English. Whilst others—and they are not a few—have discovered that a local legis- so easily executed, as to baffle the most unceasing vigilance, it is im- lature in Ireland, legislating for Ivish purposes exclusively, would tend to peratively necessary that we set about inquiring into its causes. In consolidate the connexion between the two countries, and render a separa- my opinion, the only rational hope that exists of restoring the country tion impossible.” iV W iit une State, and of insuring permanent tranquillity, is by The repeal rent was announced to be 376/, securing to the labourer constant employment, together with the payment of The Dublin Evening Mail reiterates its former assertion, that Sir R. more liberal wages,” ‘This truly is indicative of the last extremity! for Peel had written a letter to the Irish government, declaring that no 640 THE ECONOMIST. [March 30, ee OE en aaa promotions must in future be made in the Trish chureh, unless to such was called for most enthusiastic ally at the fall of the curtain, but th of the clergy as consent to support the national system of education character is not one that will make such a lively impression as that of Pressyvrentan Mannitaces,—Vormipanre Acrrarion.—In accordance frnold, and there is nothing correé sponding to those thrilling effeetg with the resolutions of the general assembly of the Presbyterian church, which are produced by the trio in 7'e//, and the “ Asile hereditaire.” recently held in Belfast, meetings are now tn progre sall through the Mr Bunn’s benefit came offon Thursday night, and the programme put province of Ulster The Londonderry Standard contains i five-column forth by him had the desired effect of filing the house to the ceiling, In report of a meeting held in that town on Monday, it which the mayor, the concert which took place between the first and second acts of the W Haslitt, E q presided The speakers denounced the insolent and Bohemian Gil, M. Duprez sang two songs, the first of which, * While ] oppressive encroachments of the state church, and the system of ba 4 raze on those dear eyes,” was raptuorusly encored The performance deception practised against the Presbyterians since the unfortunate al of the little Hungarian violinist, Master Joachim, and the concertant, liance between prelacy and presbyterianism, announced at the Orange for three pianofortes played by Madame Dulcken, Mr Moscheles, and meeting at Hillsborough, for the promotion of the scheme for turning Mr Benedict, were also featurt in the concert. Immediately after the out the Whig's Counsellor Leathem made the following very pointed opera was concluded a general cry was raised for the appearance of Mr reference to thus ubject Bunn, to receive the compliment due to his very spirited management “IT hope, sir, civil and religious liberty will be our motto for the future during the closing season After a short time he came forward, and (Cheers. ) leagues be at an Let Exeter-hall end, let there be no more having, ina few words, thanked the audience for their support, retired Hillsborough alliances; and if, unfortunately, any such alliances should amidst renewed shouts of applaus The evening’s entertament hereafter be proposed by restless and aspiring members of our church, let concluded witha divertissement, in which Mademoiselle Fleury danced the banns be promptly and peremptorily forbidden ; and let the med lling men who propose them be taught to feel that they have mistaken their the Guaracha, displaying the utmost grace and suppleness throughout position in our church, and that they neither possess the confidence not ul its varied movements No benefit could go off with more ec/at, or speak the sentiments of the Presbyterian body.”’ prove in every way more creditable to the beneficiare, than that of Dr Cook. was the publisher of the banns, and at the same time the Thursday night ' tool and the dupe of the Tories at the Hillsborough meeting Me W Hern Magesty’s Tuearrr Donizetti's opera of ZL’ Elsir d' Amore was performed for the first time on M‘Clure, in moving a resolution demanding a fair and equitable mar Thursday night. Corelli appeared riage act for Ireland, said as Nemo and it would be supe rfluous to say one word in praise of VPersiani's Adir At the conclusion of the opera, Mademoi Che English marriage act has been offered to u This we will indig nantly reject It leaves the Episcopal « lergy free, and binds us hand and selle Favanti gave the last scene of La Cenerentola, and fully main foot Proclamation of banns before the guardians of the poor-law union tained the favourabl opinion elicited by her former performances is required for all who are called Dissenters ; heavy fees are required to be Von piu mesta was loudly encored, and upon the fall of the curtain the paid, and a policeman must be present to sec that the cere mony is properly appearance of Mademoiselle Favanti was required to receive the usual performed.” tribute of approbation Meetings of a similar character have taken place at Belfast, Derry, &« ud are largely reported by the local journals. The Episcopalians and rhb ECONOMIST'S LIBRARY. the Presbyterians in Ireland are about equal in number, amounting to gether to nearly 160,000 Ricur o1 SOLICITORS TO Appress Jurnizs.—Chief Baron Brady PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE, permitted a solicitor to address the jury in defence of a prisoner at The Prin ple s of Language ; ex nplified ina Practical English Cork Mr Bennett, Queen’s Counsel, and the bar. who strongly pro Grammar, with Exercises, §c. By George Crane, Whittaker tested against such an. incursion upon thei privileges (which wer and Co specially recognised by statute), rose immediately after the learned It is a very rare thing indeed to meet a schoolmaster, if he is judge had intimated his intention, and withdrew from the court Ili a thinking one—and often still more so when he happens to be lordship stated that he would have the question fully argued before the twelve judges not—who does not faney that he understands grammar better than any one else. Accordingly the number of treatises, theo- retical and practical, which have been published on this one FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. subject, are suflicient to make a Museum. The author of the present treatise informs us that he was long engaged abroad, where both the English language and others were taught simul- FRANCE. The Courrier Francais states, that reports of the following changes in taneously,—mostly to young Englishmen. Such a circumstance would necessarily bring often before his mind the general prin- the ministry were current in the capital:—M. Martin (du Nord), | Kee per of the ~ als, to be rewarded for his faithful service: with a ciples on which the structure of language is founded,—a depart- Peerage and a President's seat in the court of Cassation ; the seals to ment of thought and of education by far too little attended to be given to M. Dumon, Minister of Public Works, who in his turn in England.

POLITICAL. with the like intervals of time between such courts,—enacts, in the lirst clause, that borough quarter sessions in future shall be held on some

THI d ty not earli than the 7th March, nor later than the 22nd \pril; and, COMPOSITION OF Hlouse.—The Complete Suffrage Union of Man chester have just circulated an excellent addre sj among the electors and | again, within fifteen days after the 24th June, the IIlth October, and non-electors of Manchester and it vicinity, from which we transfer to the 28th December, in every year; the clerk of the peace to give at least twen yeone day notice before the holding thereof. "The econd our columns the following telling statements ‘Ist. here are upwards | clause require ; the clerk of the peace to report to the Secreta) o! State of six-millions of men in the kingdom above the age of twenty Ong in cases of adjournment of sessions without disposing of the busine years: out of thi number, less than one million are permitted to exer vise the elective franchise; thus excluding five out of eve ry SIX men in or when the recorde appoint a «he puty recorder to act for him at any the nation from participating in that most important right of freemen, court o1 quartel St LOTS, tating th causes of such adjournment or mbled tppointment, Che third clause 1post t penalty of SOL on clerks of the suffrage. 2nd. Six hundred and fifty-eight individuals ass have the prin- the peace failing to make such reports The fourth clause is one as to it Westminster, elected by a small portion of the people, construction: and the fifth and last enacts that the aet shall take effeet cipal share in the making of laws and levying of taxes that twenty-six from the Ist October, 1844. millions of people must submit to and pay ord. That twe nty even 7) Tue Free-'Trave Question In Exciann, France, aNd AMERICA boroughs, with a population of 172,597, and 6,948 electors, return It is curious to observe how th igitation of a particular question in thirty-two members to parliament : whilst Manche ster, with a popu- one country raise imilar agitation on the like subject in other and lation of 290,000, and 12,150 electors, return only two, ith Ilai wich, with a popul ition of 3,730, and Isl elector , returns two mem remote quarters of the world A striking instance of the truth of the remark is presented at this time in the fact, that the question of free bers to parliament ; whilst Liverpool, with 1 population of PR2 GOO, 14,970 electors, returns only two From a list of parliament ry trade is causing great and constant controversy and commotion in Eng ind . > it that 110,000 electors land, France, and the United States 'o use an American phra the boroughs in Great Britain, tppears return up wards of 140 members ; whilst fifteen of the most Important towns in wordy controver y, set on foot by speculator ind politicians princi- the kingdom, cont uning 149,899 cleetors, return only thirty-two mem pally, app irs to be “in full blast in these three countric l'o pe ik hers to the House of Cominon doth. The constitution of the Hou of the proceedin here, pro and con, in favour of the ft traders, o1 of Commons, which ought to be the demoeratic branch of the legisla Anti-Corn-law party (for the agitation 1 in England, chiefly confined ture, may be judged of from the following There are 205 persor to the price of bread nd toa tant’ on foreign corn, provision ana who are immediately or remote ly related to the peers ol the realm ! breadstull ), and, on the other ha ! upport of igricultural pro- Chat it also contains #3 marquesses, 9 earls, 23 viscounts, 27 lords, 32 tection, to speak of these would be perfectly useless, Hach day exhibit such proceeding ind the pap oft t kingdom ar t l with right honourables, 63 honourables, 58 baronets, LO knights, 2 admiral 8 lord -lieutenants, 74 deputy and vice-li utenants, ] general, | lieutenant reports of them, Phen, th respect to France, the sain ubjeet is veneral, 7 major-generals, colonels, dz ) licutenant-colonels, 7 major discu ed, though, by no means, to the like extent Ihe politic i in 67 captains in army and navy, 2 lieutenants, 2 « ornets, 53 magistrat that country seem to be equally in favour of what is termed protection 63 placemen, and 108 patrons of church livings, having the patronage to native industry, or a protective tariff, as here The commercial and of 47 livings between them. And there are little more than 22 20, out manufacturing interests (which, since the revolution of 1792, have pos of the 658 members of the house, who have not either tith , oflice, place, sessed a monopoly of government and influence, to the exclusion of pension, or church patronage the small landed proprictors, who took the place of the more powerful representatives of the old landed aristocra under the then « ting ON Freenom or ‘Trani In the third parliament Sin Enwarp Cok feudal ysteim ) these commercial and manufacturing interests are in of James I, which a embled in 1620, Sir I iW ird Coke appeared as one favour of protecting French industry to a certain extent, though not to of the representative ; of Leskard, in Cornwall Ilis character, age, and the same degree as is contended for in America as well as in tl cou experience, added to the ibility and zeal with which he devoted himself try. Lastly, in the United States, this question is also in an extremely to the service of the country, gave great weight to all the measure: interesting position, It is stated in the : late-received Am rican | p ipers which he supported. Ile exerted himself particularly to procure the l that the approac hing Presidential election w j ill be «cd | termined in a abolition of the many injuriou monopolies which had been lately granted, great measure on this point; indeed, the recent election in Maryland, and to bring to punishment the persons who, under colour of them, had in which the free-trade party abandoned the field, and gave th victory oppress ed the country 7 In almost every debat of importance the pame to the * Whig and high-tarifl party,” seems to be a very powerful and tof Sir Edward Coke appears as t speaker, supporting on all occasions significant symptom of what is to be expected during the co ! year he cause of freedom and liberality Ile was one of the very few persons ind so it enerally regarded among our trans-Atlantic brethren In of that age who had the capacity to perceive the injurious nature of \imerica, however it 1s truly remarked, the contest i iged b those restrictions with which, at that period, almost every branch of dith it part from those engaged in it here, and resemble re tl trade was fettered On a bill being brought in “ for the fiee trade and state of affairs in France he high-tariff men in the United States traffic of Welsh cloths, cottons, plains, &e., in and through the kingdom are led chiefly by the manufacturer the northern merchants, and of England and principality of Wales, * Su Edward Coke rid Vii rea outhern landowners, the latter, from the nature of their taple produc for a reason tion on the itis alleged that of State there was a restr th bb Oppo ed to contrary principle But there thy iterials buying of those Welsh cloths, OC... a tate is often used ( hich the law operates are altogether different from tho rane: trick to put a man out of the right way; for when a man cah @iy no ) t punts ind that difference gives a peculiar character to th reason for a thing, then he flicth to a higher strain, and ith it isa reason contest bh ubject must exeite, iys an \merican paper, “* a great of state. Freedom of trade is the life of trade, and all mon ppolies and re deal of agitation in America ‘up to November next,’ while in Eng strictions of trade do overthro trade. ( Proceed sand Dehates, &« land ell as in Franee, it is likely to do likewise lon ifter that vol. i, p. 308; and see vol. ii, p. 155.) On another occasion we find perk t ha clap ed, him opposing the first project of a corn law which.was ever proposed in parliament.

6th William IV (the Municipal Corporations Act) Vinieh empow ered xre-Trave Banquet.—The same paper announces that a Free- recorders to hold session ; once in every quarter of 1year, or “at such Trade Banquet is to come off in the Amphitheatre of that town on other and more frequent times as the said recorder, in his discretion Friday the 13th of April, under the auspices of the Anti- Monopoly may think fit,”’ had not been found sufficient to ensure the holding o Association, at which several members of parliament and other dis- courts of quarte1 essions for borough it regular and fixed time and tinguished gentlemen are announced as having promised to attend, Sn a 642 THE ECONOMIST. [March 30,

Comparative SraTemMent of Bririsu Surps, with their Tonnage, COMMERCIAL RESTRICTIONS. cleared Outwards, and entered Inwards, to and from places We subjoin an article on this subject extracted from the within the limits of the East India Company’s Charter, in the Republic, a paper recently established in the city of New York Years 1841, 1842, and 1843. with the view of spreading a knowledge of just commercial prin. OUTWARDS. ciples among the United States, and in which we observe abun dant evidence of ability besides what is shown in these remarks, ALL OTHER LONDON. LIVERPOOL It gives us pleasure to welcome a fellow-labourer across the PORTS. Atlantic in the great cause to which we are here devoted. a America will redeem her character in the eyes of Europe, and son Ships.) Tons. | Ships.| Tons. | Ships.| Tons give a fresh and lasting order to her public finances the day that she acts on the principles here laid down. What is true at one Calcutta. .. 1841 93 | 48,489 72 | 28,264 60 | 23,464 - 1842 76 45.210 58 23,957 30 13,355 time and for one country is true at all times and for all coun- % ... 1843 60 37,112 73 | 28,412 36 14,297 tries. It will raise the Republic—we do not mean the paper, Madras wy dae 14 7,078 2 68] 4 1,347 but the country—in the eyes of all thinking and unprejudiced - 1842 22 | 13,072 4 1,219 2 981 men, the circumstance of her being the first to take a national oo s . 1843 15 7,655 6 1,759 10 2,888 stand against all ‘‘commercial’’ as she has already against civil Bombay 184] 19 |} 28,813 67 | 37,326 27 | 14,948 a 1842 49 | 30,295 45 | 28,478 30 | 14,913 and religious “ restrictions.’”’ Would that she may have the = 1843 34 | 17,808 53 | 27,033 24 | 11,076 courage and wisdom to do it China 184] 15 7,712 22 8,428 A favourite argument with the advocates for restricting the trade of 1842 32 15,524 34 14,698 3 1,283 the country within certain limits, for the special benefit of certain parties » 1843 30 | 14,751 36 | 14.770 10 4,810 here, at the expense of the many, is, that the monarchial governments of Ceylon . 1841 15 4,823 4 1,171 5 1,450 Europe do so, and therefore that these republican states should humbly rs .. 1842 18 | 6,806 7 1,917 5 1,585 * .. 1843 13 4,765 3 1,248 7 1,886 imitate them. Io allow our citizens to sell to whom they please, and to buy where and from whom they can, to the best advantage, is de- ‘~ a 1841 l4.| 4,066 27 | 8,279 10 | 3,448 nounced as “ one-sided free trade, because the subjects of the British a 1842 15 7,129 19 6,730 17 5,655 crown do not enjoy those privileg« We are to deny other nations = 1843 8 2,050 23 6,246 16 5,431 admitt mice into oul shop, although we can sell to advantage, because Phillipean Isles... 1841 1 441 they refuse to open their doors to us It is now a late peried in the * . 1842 2 873 history of this continent to begin to imitate the forms of European ° 1843 l 338 2 657 despotism. From the earliest settlement of the colonies down to the Java and Sumatra 1841 2 639 3 934 present mo nent, our manners, local cire umstances, and political luterests, 1842 4 1,274 6 2,194 l 9Y were essentially different from all those of the old world, and in no wise ‘“ ... 1843 5 1,608 2 534 ] 21) susceptible oi similar restraints and regulations, all the old forms of co- Arabia 184] ca 3 1,094 - 1842 5 3,032 : 4 1,942 lonial government, whether royal, like that of Virginia, consisting in a = - 1843 14/ 6,111 i 15 " 3 930) president and council appointed by the crown, or proprietary, like those N N 3 ees bet ales 1841 J 215 80,149 48 | 24,552 0 | 21,167 of Maryland and Pennsylvania, consisting in the ownership of indivi- duals, who obtained the grant from the king, or a charter government - 1842 131 | 49,294 19 5,590 17 6,217 like those of New England, which were mere democracies, the whole “s 1843 113 | 44,438 19 8,117 12 4,429 power resting in the people Ihe mass of the citizens in their indi- Mauritius 184] 67 18,992 13 3,699 45 11,795 vidual capacities enjoyed a degree of almost unbounded freedom, which 1842 37 | 10,565 $ 1,188 33 | «10,084 more than anything else contributed to their unparalleled advancement, ef 1843 32 8,716 Y 2,285 24 6,366 and at the date of the Revolution the external trade of the country was C. of Good Hope 1841 25 5,521 8 1,772 6 1,381 nearly as great as now, The attempts of the home government to re- - mn i842 49 | 10,686 i4 3,554 l4 3,942 = * 1843 59 | 13,349 26 8,384 29 7,709 strain this freedom of action finally resulted in what is generally South Seas .. 1841 20 6,684 termed the Revolution, although in fact no revolution took place The 1842 ll 3,578 Same stat of democrat freedom was continued, after the attempts 18438 ll 3,927 of England to impose restrictions had been successfully resisted, and her influence over this country destroyed for ever. Total 184] 530 | 213,407 266 115,106 210 | 80,094 At that time, however, a revolution was att mpted, and the partisan 1842 454 | 197,338 210 | 89,525 § LSE of that revolution are still struggling for the object then desired by the 1843 395 | 162,628 955 99.960 | 176 ambitious and aristocratic. Che re volution propo ed was to subveit the time honoured democracies of the several states, and consolidate them INWARDS. ina central government with royal vuthority, which government should have the roval prerogative of ‘ protecting * the people ; to forbid them ALL OTHER LONDON, LIVERPOOL, PORTS from buying that which they want of one man becausé he lived in the wrong city, ty. and compel them to give double price for the same article 5

to aliVv the man because he occupied \ ditterent lox ality That all dis- cretion in matters of trade and individual industry should be vested in the government, and the peopl , like the serfs of Russia, only to do a Calcutta 1841 14 74,448 i 81 31,61] 1) 7.625 oil, the ofticer of the law doe 1842 15] 70,780 64 4,495 ) GA they are bid. If a man cultivates th - 1843 146 75,799 & $6,647 2 8.700 not come to him and compel him to sell it ind go labour in a corporate Madras 1841 12 5,689 9 77 l 17 manufactory But the law by destroying commerce destroys his market, 1842 16 7,607 ls und forcibly produces the same result, in order to ‘ protect” the capitalist ” 1843 18 9,239 ] 245 whese money is invested in a corporate manufactory, This system in Bombay 184] 34 «20,826 | 61 33,596 13 volves all the paraphernalia of a splendid government patronage ; the = 1842 3 18,607 65 37,430 : armies of revenue officers for the collection and preventive ervice, the a 1843 42 21,962 $] 25,480 7 3,548 immense revenues and lavish expenditures, and all that which makes a China 184] 46) = «18,349 ff 12 41,425 7 2.641 government great and its interests antagoni t to those of the people. a 1842 55 | 25,766 13 5,135 { 1.663 These objects are cloaked under the specious pretence of nationality = 1843 63 ° 31,021 lo 4,426 g 3,651 Ceylon 184] 18 6,293 ] 297 High duties are clamoured for as the plea that, as in the case of iron, - 1842 27 8,330 { 1,906 1Out protec tion we hall be dependent upon foreigners, because the - 1843 27 8,353 2 477 ot be made at uch low rates No sooner 1s the duty im- Singapore and) 184] 5 | 16.989 1.250 96 ome other great interests, such as railroads, find the burden Penang j : iis too great ind they petition for a reduction of the duty ' Instantly we 1842 43 13,763 1,007 find the iron interests exclaiming that they can make iron cheaper than

* : .. 1843 44 15,906 1,472 evel li in 1842, when the duty was 20 pel cent., iron could not be Phillipean Isles... 1841 17 6,699 734 made at 80 dollars per ton, by what process does the imposition of a a. 1842 7 2,343 1,327 tax of 100 per cent. on the foreign article enable the domestic manu- oo. 1843 10 3,575 616 Siam, Java, and facturer to make it at 75 dollar per ton? The deception is self-evi- Sumatra 1841 _ ©0U0 dent, and th« oppression great The Harlem railroad is now endeavour- 1842 13 3,895 388 ine to extend the road to White Plains, in order that the farmers of ” 1843 15 5,503 758 Westchester may bring their produce to market, and that the citizens S Tales ‘ of New York may have a larger supply of food and wholesome milk Ti Deedee i 1841 82 | 24,690 1,970 2 781 To make the extension require 1,000 tons of iron; this iron was 1” ‘ 1842 70 , 20,892 2,052 l ] bought in England at about 27 dollar per ton, and arriving here ts ” 1843 84 25,856 1,046 l 159 hareed 25 dollars per ton duty Ch iccount tands thus :— Mauritius 1841 70. =20,280 3,578 16 4,30 ae 1842 69 | 18,864 5,609 15 3,948 dollar dollars . , 1843 47 | 13,888 1,780 17 4,439 ],000 tons iron, cost ' 27 27,000 Madagascar 1841 1 148 luty 25 25.000 99 ° .. 1842 ” — be oe 2 52,000 C. of Good Hope 1841 33 6,957 720 l 150 Charges ‘ 5 -” 1842 25 4,846 199 57 57,000 - .. 1843 27 4,905 233 Price of American bar iron . © 60,000 South Seas ... 1841 21 7,124 2 woe wee 1842 15 | 4,907 “Now why should the Harlem railroad pay this exorbitant tax? The 1843 19 6,803 answer of the * protectionist ” is, ‘that competition will soon bring the pric down This has been the cry since 1816, or twenty-eight years, Total 1841 537 | 216,507 188 79,358 63 | 23,115 during the whole of which iron has been protected, and the foreign “i . 1842 525 | 200,600 189 80,066 37 | 12,761 article has fallen more than that of the domestic monopoly, That com- 1843 542 | 222.810 162 73,170 56 | 20,497 petition does reduce temporarily the price of commodities, is certain. THE ECON OMIS a 643

We have a case in point. Under the old tariff the duty on paper tion is precipitated or chec ked, without thos ponderous processes of tempted numbers into the business ; among others, the Windsor Manu- change indispensable on the continent, and which so injuriously dis- facturing Company of Hartford. ‘This was a corporate concern, and turb the smooth working of general business."—-De Quincy’s Political with a large capital they erected a splendid building, with machinery, Economy. &e., at an expense of 70,000 dollars Others did the same—imme nse ANTEDILUVIAN ReMatns tn France.—The construction of railroads quantities of paper were produced ruin overtook the makers—and within promises to afford an inexhaustible source of valuable geological dis- the last thirty days the whole concern of the Windsor Company, which coveries. Wherever the engineers have opened trenches, numerous cost 70,000 dollars, was bought for 10,000 dollars by an individual of remains of antediluvian animals have been found. Their number is this city, who will go on with the manufacture. By this operation often so great in different parts that it vies with that of the round numbers of individuals were ruined, and the country sustained a serious pebbles among which they are lying. At Perrigny, near Dijon, it was loss of capital in money, and the labour and time of its citizens, because deemed necessary to cut the road across a small hill, where bones of bears, an absurd legislature tempted them by unjust laws into an idl specula- elephants, rhinoceroses, jackals, wolves, horses, &c., were so multiplied tion The loss sustained by that company was more than all the paper that it is doubtful that our burying grounds can contain so large a imported into the country for five years. ‘The lawyers, in undertaking quantity of human remains. Among them were fragments and stumps to regulate trade, very much resemble Don Quixots re dress ing indivi- of elephants’ teeth of so enormous a size that the imagination is ac- dual grievances ; and the public, like the boy in the hands of a rough tually terrified at the idea of the stature of the animals to which those master receive chastisement whether they deserve it or not frightful arms belonged.—Moniteur. NiaGara.— Measurements have been made of the volume of water of the Niagara river, from which it appears that “ the motive power of INCREASE IN THE Vatue or Lanp.—-Some idea may be formed the cataract of Niagara, exceeds by nearly forty-fold, all the mecha- of the very great advantage which the landowners of England nical force of water and steam power, rendered available in Great derive from the aggreg tion of our population itl commercial Britain, for the purpose of imparting motion to the machinery that and manufacturing towns from the fact that at a recent visit suffices to perform the manufacturing labours for a large portion of the made by the Tithe Com missioners to a village about five miles inhabitants of the world, including also the power applied for trans- west of London, to which an omnibus rans ‘Daeeis, the tithes porting these products by steam boats and steam cars, and their steam were commuted for a yearly ps ayment of 14s, per acre ' The ships of war, to the remotest seas. Indeed it appears prohable that parish is a 2 one, containing only 2,260 acres, and it was the law of gravity, as established by the Creator, puts forth in this made to Appear that the present incumbent, a venerable gentl: single waterfall more intense and effective energy, than is necessary to man, whose care tor his own temporal interest has made him move all the artificial machinery of the habitable globe.”—Silliman’ Journal well acquainted with the course of trade at Covent-Garden NuMBER Or NEWSPAPERS PASSING THROUGH THE GENERAL Posi market, has drawn from it nearer 2,000/. than 1,500. per an- OFFICE.—So greatly has the transit of ne wspapers through the General num. Let us consider for «a moment what must have been the Post office increased during the last few years, that the public generally condition of this parish, with it population in 1841, 2,665 are but little aware of the daily amount of business done in that depart souls), and its venerable rector, if, instead of the present con- ment of the public service The following details, which may be relied dition of Eneland as respects its commerce and manufacture S, upon, May prove interesting aoe { ‘pe on every Saturdz iy evening there are our for fathers had be sen foolish enous ah, and elfish enough, and collected in London, by omnibuses espec! illy employ: d for < at purpose powerful enough, to repress the industry of the country, and to from the offices of the various publishers and newsvenders, not ss than confine it, as the measures of the present race of monopolists 20,000 newspaper: By the mail carts from the branch offices at Lom- ‘inevitably would, to pursuits of agriculture. Would 2,260 bard street, Charing cross, Old Cavendish street, the Borough, and acres eae 2,665 inhabitants? Would it ae its rector a numerous receiving-houses, 26,500 ; by the letter-carriers while ringing bells in the streets, 7,000; at the window of the porti co of the chief commuted j ao: of l 5 4 | per annum, in ldition t » fees and office in St Martin’s-le-Grand, before 6 o’clock, a. m (the hour at which ffering's ? Vould ea profits attending upon its cultivation- the box closes), 45,000; after that hour u ntil half-past seven, a. m., not the ae mut the whole pro luce—reach to 14s. per aere 1,500; with which 4d. is charged asa “late fee.” The duty in We think not. What eg coal us stupidity is ~ hen, on the part each ote : ; ; the newspape1 office commences on Saturd 1y evening at a quarter to of those wio have got po sion of the IE ind, to place restrictions five o’clock ; and the papers have to be taken over into the inland office, upon that industry through which alone th ‘'Y prosper, and by ‘made up” in the bags of the post towns, 960 in number (beside the means of which alone they ean hope to hold their station in the whole of Ireland and Scotland), by fifteen minute before ¢€ ight, to allow community. Let the advocates of prote ction have their will, and time for the despatch of the letters by that hour ; consequently the whole what must become of the nationgé al increase of the 2 665 men und of this enormous number of newspapers has to be separately “ faced,” women now inhabiting thi prosperous wariah Must they not ‘ assorted,” “re-assorted,” put into boxes at the “ roads,” “ made up, become a burthen upon the owners of its ? 260 aere until thes ind taken in the mail bags into the inland office, within the limited will have, not per acre wherewith to fatten a rector, but period of three hours In the performance of this duty upwards 1 300 men are eniployed 1,500 late papers per night, at one half- ‘rarcely a cabbage or a potato to atisfy the cravines of their own hunger each, which 1 ibout the average throughout the year, give 37/. 10s. per annum fon late fees alone, the whole of which um is now paid to the credit cecount of the revenue, no part of the proceeds being ian +P now allowed, as heretofore, as an emolument to the inspector of letter-

MISC ELLAN E A. Carriers Lhe total number of newspapers passing through the offict on Saturday night alone, from the sources above enumerated, is noe DiIsTRIBUTION OF CaPpITaL.—** Cadital do not easily enter a trade less than 1U0,000, raking into account the quantity despatched by or withdraw from it. In a count 0 exquis tely organized as En; morning mails, and passing through London daily, the average pe r week land, it is true that capital moves with velocity, where the capitali may be fairly set d »wn at 600,000 which number being multiplied by cannot move ; and of this we have a luminous explanation in Ricardo y2 gives, as passing through the Ge neral Post office in the metropolis Ricardo, who, as a stockbroker, stood in the very centre of the vast ilone, the astonish: ig number of 31,200,000 newspapers annually money machinery accumulated in London, had peculiar advanta ses for Horse- Racer G [BLING The following table has been drawn up by observing and investigating the play of this machinery. If our human Messrs Weatherb publishers of the Raeing Calendar. It shows the vision were fitted for detecting agencies so impalpable, and if a station umount run for in Great Britain in the undermentioned years, The of view could be had, we might sometimes behold vast arches of winner's stake is included in all the sweepstakes and in the matches run electric matter continually passing and re-passing between either pole The “publhe moncy comprises the royal and other plates ind the and the equatorial regions Accordin rly, as the equilii rium were dis money added to pstakes. ‘To this head properly belong the con- turbed suddenly or redressed, would be the phenomena of tropical tributions by gentlemen who are not proprietors of race-horses, in the hurricanes or of auroral lights. Somewhat in the same silent arches shape of subscriptions to stakes in the counties in which they are con- of continual tran ition, ( bbing and flowing like tic ic 3, de » the re ag cies nected, and to the great handicaps, The amount of such contributions of the capital accumulated in London modify, \ ee sound or echo, nay be estimated at not ke than 4,000/. per annum, on an average of much commerce in all parts of the kingdom. Faithful to the monetary the last three year symptoms, and the fluctuations, this way or that, eternally percepti- MATCHES PUBLIC = ble in the condition of every trade, the great monied capitalist, stand- FA! rAKFS a Forfeit moun, rotal ing at the centre of this enormous web, throws over his arch of capital, f £ £ £ £ or withdraws it with the precision of a fireman directing columns of 1762 2,0 6,160 1,320 11,460 61,440 water from an cngine upon the re motest quarter of a conflagration. It 1767 19.030 28,130 3,000 13,330 63,490 is not, a Ricardo almost professionally ( xpl ins to us, by looking out 1772 33,510 103,030 9,580 14,730 160,650 for new m¢ qu lified to enter an aspiring trade, or by withdrawing 1777 09,290 53,520 6,780 16,800 136,390 some of the old men from 2 decaying trade, that the equilibrium is r« 1782 14.500 13,160 7.680 14,060 109,100 covered Such operatior are difticult, lilatory, otten pe rsonally 1787 35,940 39,410 4,160 14,910 94,420 ruinous, and disprop tion vtely Nols) to the publie ear in the process 1792 59,010 40,580 4,830 14,250 118,670 of execution. But the true operation goes on as silently as the growth 1797 97.550 18.260 3,380 13,920 63,110 of light. The monied man stands equidistantly rel ated to many dif- 1802 25,590 30,040 1,410 14,740 71,780 terent staple interests. —the silk trade, the cotton trade, iron trade, t! L807 15,090 18.470 . 5,580 16, a 115,950 imber and grain trade. Rarely does he act upon any one of them by 1812 Si,l10 33,260 »,270 19,32 140,960 lirect interpolation of new firms, or direct withdrawals of old ones 1817 840 19,140 1,980 16.710 115,670 An effect of this kind is generally as much bi yond his power as b [822 83,920 20,100 2,270 20,760 ie yond his interest. Not aman has been shifted from his station pos- 1827 107,490 20,900 4,000 26,180 158,5 sibly not a man has been intruded ; yet power and virtue have been 1832 118,500 25,850 2,830 29,860 77040 thrown into vast laboratories of trade like shells into a city. But all 1837 i13,870 15,000 2,220 38,110 169,200 has been accomplished in one night by the inaudible agenc *y of the 1842 125,520 20,350 2,440 34,600 182,910 post office, corporating with the equ: ally inaudible agencies of eopine, 1843 137,870 23,240 . 3,820 34,060 . 198,990 moving through banks and through national debts, fanded or unfunde Tne TRUE Goop or A State.—The first remedy or prevention (of Such is the perfection of our civilization. By the simple pressure “ sedition) is to remove, by all means possible, that material cause of finger upon the centre of so vast an organization, a breath of life is sedition whereof we speak, which is want and poverty in the estate ; hurried along the tubes—a pulse is enliyened or depressed—a circula- to which purpose serveth the opening and well balancing of trade; the 644 THE ECONOMIST. | March 30,

cherishing of manufactures; the banishing of idleness; the repressing export and home-trade descriptions, but no change in prices can be quoted, of waste and excess by sumptuary laws; the improvement and hus- The British plautation market remains in the same languid and dull state banding of the soil; the regulating of price of things vendible; th as during the last two weeks, and there is little prospect of improvement moderating of taxes and tributes, and the like. Generally, it is to be for the present, as pending the bringing forward of the budget, the dealers foreseen, that the population of a kingdom (especially if it be not throughout the country will limit their pure hases to their immediate wants, mown down by wars) do not exceed the stock of the kingdom which The sales of the week are only about 700 casks, mostly rather under pre- vious prices. Our total stock of British sorts is at present about 14,000 should maintain them. Neither is the population to be reckoned only tons against 16,500 tons at the end of March, 1843.— Mauritius : Only one by number; for a smaller number that spend more and earn less do small public sale has been brought forward, amounting to 1,503 bags, wear out an estate sooner than a greater number that live low and which being rather sulphery, in the present flat state of the mark: t went gathe r more Therefore, the multiplying ot nobility and other de- off heavily, and the sound part was bought in: good and fine yellows 63s, rees of quality, in an over-proportion to the common people, doth to 65s low and middling 57s. 6d. to 61s. 6d the damaged, about speedily bring a state to nec ssity . and so doth likewise an overgrown 300 bags, soldjecomparatively cheap, 55s. to 61s. 6d.—Of Bengals, 4,990 bags clergy, for they bring nothing to the stock; and in like Manne r, when have been brought forward, but as holders would not submit to lower prices, greater part was bought in; much, however, has since been taken, more are bred scholars than preferments can take off. It is like wise so that about two-thirds of the quantity has been disposed of at barely to be remembered, that, forasmuch as the increase of Any estate inust last week’s rates, vizi—good and fine white 65s. 6d. to 68s. 6d.; low and be upon the foreigner (for whatsoever is somewhere eotten must be middling 61s, 6d. to 64s. 6d.; yellows 58s. to 61s.—Foreign: The market omewhere lost), there be but three things which one nation selleth though not active is extremely firm, and comparatively little is offering ; unto another—the commodity as nature yieldeth it; the manufacture; we have been without public sales, and the private transactions are con- and the rectum or carriage. So that, if these three wheels go, wealth fined to about 1,100 boxes white Havanas at 2&s., and 250 boxes soft will flow as in a spring-tide. And it cometh many times to pass, that coloury yellows at 20s, 6d. on the spot, and 400 chests white Bahias float “ materiam superabat opus,” that the work and carriage is worth more ing, deliverable at Trieste at 23s. 3d. than the material, and enricheth a state more; as is notably scen in COFFEE.—The home market remains very flat. Of British West the Low Countrymen, who have the best mines above ground in thi India sorts we have at present no arrivals, and little is offering Mocha world. Above all things, good policy to be used, that the wealth has been without inquiry, but no parcels are pressed on the market, and and monies in 2 state be not gathered into few hands; for, otherwise, prices are firm.—Ceylons: The market for this description continues de a state may have a great st yr! ind yet starve; and money like pressed, and prices have further declined; in the early part of the week muck, no good except it be spread.—Lord Bacon's Ess the parcels that were offered were taken pre tty free ty at 66s., since which the articles have been drooping and sales have been effected to-day at 63s A None Answer.—The venerated and venerable vicar of Hull, to 64s. In foreign sorts generally much Salaahs continues to prevail; Mr Bromby, when told some years ago that the Friends could not, but on the whole considerable firmness is shown on the part of holders, and consistently with their religious principles, pay tithes without compul- 3 few parcels are pressed no material decline has taken place, except in sion, answered, ** ‘Then I anit compel them consistently with mine,” Pedang, and other inferior descriptions of East India, in which the advance and so exacted nothing from them. Hull Rockingha was greatest, and which must be quoted Is. to 2s. lower. Privately ho transactions of cons equence are reported. 3,705 bags good Pedi ing, brought LE. NTERTAIN MEN’ ro O'Coxnevr.. —The Liverp rol Mercury of yester- forward by y public lic auction on Tuesday, were all bought in at 32s., for day contains a long report of agreat public mecting he ld in Li lve rpool, which price they are held. 989 bags East India, mostly common mixed on Thursday, to condemn the injustice of the lat« trials in Ireland, at qualities, since brought forward, went heavily at the decline above quoted ; which Mr O’Connell was present. The Conservative party in thi ordinary mixed Batavia 52s., green Pedang 50s., good Sumatra and low town had applied to the Mayor to prevent the meeting taking place, mixe 1 broken Batavia 26s. to28s. 110 bags Costarica were brought in at 52s alleging that they anticipated a riot Ilis worship, however, though COCO A.—700 bags Trinidad, in public sale, sold at 47s. to 54s., being a Conservative also, declined violently stopping the meeti lie said decline on the prices recently obtained. 242 bags Bahia were bought in he had no such power ; and it acco rdingly took plac There was no at 293. to 30s., but since sold at 29s. to 29s. 6d. - } riot whatever, but much enthusiasm. ‘The Agitator spoke for mor RICE. in Bengal little has been done privately 4,730 bag and S00 than an hour. pockets, brought forward by public auction, were chiefly bought in, food middling and good white, 12s. to 12 6d., but a few lots of middling Olt i Cravr wira Merxico.—We learn that, by warrant from the Right at lls. to Ils. 6d., being rather cheaper. 130 bags Madr: low quality Honourable the Lords Commissiouers of her Majesty's Treasury, it is sold at 9s. 13,774 bags Batavia, offered in public sale yeste we went off ordered, that all articles, the produce of, and from Vera Cruz, when without animation, and were chiefly bought in: low to good middling sold for the first time, and by and for the the account of the original white, 9s. 6d. to 10s. 6d.; a few very good 12s. 6d.; nearly the whole hi importer, within twelve months from the time of importation, since been disposed of, at about the buying-in prices. be exempt from payment of auction duty ; and, also, that any PIME NTO is in moderate request, and there is still little on the mar- sums which may have been levied as auction duty on goods ket. 335 bags in public sale were taken off pretty freely . good middlin . imported from Vera Cruz, and sold by auction as aforesaid, sinc 33d. to 34d.; ordinary and middling, 3d. to 34d. the ratification of the Treaty of Friendship and Commerce be- PEPPER continues firm, and Malabar is held at high prices. 809 bags ' tween this kingdom and the republic of Mexico, be returned to fair brown Penang, offered in public sale, ] were held for d., at which the parties who may claim the same on their giving satisfactory there were no buyers ; and 403 bags black Sumatra were also bought in at 3d. proof of their title thereto. CINNAMON is steady. The next sale will take place on the 29th Income ‘Tax —There are many individuals, we learn, whose annual April. income is beneath 150/., and who for the last year’s stoppages under CASSTA LIGNEA.—The warket has continued to be” scantily the Income-tax Act are yet out of pocket, ke thou h they have made the supplied, and only 168 einai sot been offered in public sale, which sold required application for return of the duty deducted long ago. le. tu Zs higher ~ good ordinary 59s. to 6 ls.—good broken 52s. to 53s Division or Tue Parisnu or Leeps. — The bill for effecting this im- 1,400 boxes are advertised for sale on ‘Tues lay next. portant object mas hope already drawn by an eminent mi barrister. On “GINGER is in request. 536 bags low middling and middling Malabar ‘Thursday, the 7th instant, it was submitted to the consideration of the (West India sort), but wormy, sold at 21s. 6d., and 26s. to 27s 6d. patrons of the vicarage, at an adjourned meeting held in the vestry of Other spices remain tolerably steady. the parish church ; and after the most anxious examination of its va- SALTPETRE continues dull, but there is still little of good quality rious provisions, they have consented to its introduction into parliament offered. during the present session. It will be brought into the House of Lords 1 NITRATE business to some extent has been done at 15s. to 15s, 6d. by the Bis hop of Ripon, on the petition of the vicar, Church and State The COTTON market remains flat, but prices are unchanged. Crarette FOREIGN Hamburg, March 26.—Coffee: The lower qualities declined early last week, but since then they have e xpe rienced rather more demand ata slight COMMERCIAL MARKE I's. improvement ; the superior descriptions have been in considerable request at higher rates, and business has altogether been good and to a fair amount Fripay NicnrT. In sugar extensive purchases have again taken place, and white Havana INDIGO. The business in this article to which we alluded in our last has in some instances been sold dearer. Cotton neglected. Spelter in number as having been done in the course of last week, appears to hay better demand. Antwerp, March 27.—Of cof fee the: have been, including public sales been even more extensive than what we stated. Together with an hun of damaged, about 4,000 bags sold « —- the week. St Domingo is again dred chests or two which have been taken in the early part of this week, somewhat lower, but Brazil and other descriptions have ee former the whole of the purchases in both weeks amount to 600 or 700 chests, quotations. The business in sugar has again been large, and stocks are mostly for shipping to the north of Europe and other parts. Some of likely to show a material reduction at the end of the month, but the prin cipal part of the purchases are again for export, and prices lower. In these purchases were inten led to be made in the approaching April sales, cotton no transactions are upon record. Rice less in demand. but are made now, as it is understood that the April sales are not likely Amsterdam and Rotterdam, March 26.—Of coffee, some of the pale and to contain a sufficient quantity of shipping sorts, suitable for the Russian ordinary Batavia is still offering at last sale’s prices, whilst the superior and and other distant markets. There is no speculative tendency in these coloury descriptions remain in good demand at an advance. Upon the operations, and the demand has considerably abated since the beginning whole the market is firm. In sugar little is doing, no parcels of Java being on the market. of the week. ‘The currency of indigo is now from 2d. to 4d. per Ib. ad Havre, March 25.—Cotton very dull, and prices have undergone a ma- January sales. Only 4,910 chests of vance upon the average value of the terial decline, though stocks do ni »t increase, and no larger arrivals are at indigo are declared for the Ap! il sales; the trade is now occupied with hand. For coffee the demand has likewise been limited, and prices have the examination of the goods, and what we have hitherto seen cor isists of slightly receded in consequence of the dullness of neighbouring markets. Sugar, though not brisk, appears to have come to a Madras, Kurpah, and other low and defective sorts. It is understood stand, no further de- cline having occurred, and buyers appearing more inclined to come for- present in the bonded that about 9,000 chests of indigo of all sorts are at ward. In indigo the business has bee ‘n but trifling. warehouses, but only about 6,000 chests of that quantity are expected to New York, March 6.—¢ ‘ethon, though there is no new increase in the esti- be brought forward in the quarterly sales just named, including the quan- mates of the crop, still the markets, both in the South and the Atlantic ports, tity already declared. have again given way, under the impression that speculators must realize, COCHINEAL continues to be held very firmly, and th whole stock and tha‘ shipments must soon be made ona I: irger scale; thus far, how- in first hands is now reduced to about 800 serous . all sorts \ public ever, only 445,552 bales have been exported to Europe against 1,016,442 sale of 48 serons was held this day, which went off as follows : -U serons bales in 1843, to Great Britain alone ; 302,558 bales against 739,985 bales in ordinary to good, and fine bold Honduras blacks, all sold at from 5s 3d. 1843. Stocks in all the ports 659,001 bales against 440,685 bales. Receipts to 5s. Lid. per lb. ; 28 serons, middling to very good silvers about half 1,270,155 bales against 1,602,915 bales. Coffee in fair demand at somewhat sold, from 4s. 7d. to 4s, 9d. per lb., being about former rates improved prices. Sugar much inguired for. Money plentiful; stocks SUGARS .— The refined market has continued very in uctive both for advancing, repudiated, non-paying, and all others, 1844. 1 THE % “~ ECONOMIST. _ 645 545

PR I CES C UR Viv ] Q | PUBLIC SECURITIES = OF UNITED ” STATES OF AMERICA ; — ania iabinnaaanapiipinaind a | aciecianseibaiaagaaiciaaigin ; 1 . ee Amer | Sat M lea on Amer. | London GOVERNMENT FUNDS. | Wed. | Thurs. Friday. | unt Dividend Lon Mon. Tues. ee Am« Prices. Prices.| Prices, | Prices r —— n Dolls. idends. 2%. Feb 9 Pes Seaeaiieeeeaaiealiieeeeete Mar Feb. 98. | Mar. - - . ae —_ — oe Bank Stock, 7 per cent. a - . ; Per Cent. ae seen cone eee Reduced ° e . : —_ a 7 1x59 700,000 ete cm 82 3 per Cent. ‘ ORE on — Beg Ama . = = Nov - #3 , ° . a U8% 0% ug? 158 ” oe ens May & , ie } RY 3 per Cent. Consols na we vd ” Sterling 5 ’ Jan. Ma & July ily. I8I8 - - . ~ ‘ 5 F 1863 3°500,0001 a 3) per Cent. Ann. <5 om . , ay & Nov. ale - 2 ‘ ‘ "j _ ome (1861) ; , & 3 pet Cent. Ann. 1726 _ , Indiana f — Jan. & July ; » ° s = = _ 7 1 is66t 1,600,000! 4 per Cent. Reduced i : on - . y : 10v% 102g 1022 10s 1,600,000 am \ New 34 per Cent. Ann. 3 ) 1024 , Sterling 5 INUIT ” ~ 39 . e js 3 2 — | c 1 1870 7, 000,000 ” ee ; New 5 per Cent. P - HLinols - 6 Pr _ 3 - m “ a ee - — | A 7 , o ” Long Ann. Jan, 5, 1860 a? tee ote . ™ ” Sterling 6 10, 1K - : - —_ : 07 ae Ann. for 30 years, Oct. os . : SHS ,250,000 0 5 “ Leuisi Bee 9 on 104 Ditto Jan. 5 ¥1 13-16.21 13-16 2 8 = ome 104 inn Jan. 5, 5 i: = 1848 1,800,000! ., , a itt | * —_ — 5 2 1843 —_ SaetD i. thai — "a a 21 99 13-16 | , ” ”» ° e BA " z iR44 India Stock 10) per per Cent. Cent. 11,0001 - - ee = «=i*t pitto Bonds, 34 : : ‘geet ean el 41847] es pe - J = ‘ 86pm oy 5 & Aug. ie a Ditto, under 1,0001. pm} — ‘iw : IRD0 7,000,000) Feb. 5 Cent . : a iL _ } lisse South Sea Stock, 35 per ze | = ! —_ | { ‘ ae aoe _— —_ } co rs i ; cial ” Ditto Old Ann. ver Cent. — 5 1853 Nov. ‘mp i Cent. . : - 971 ” 10,0 0 May & Ditto New Ann per = | — | Ja ( po = ome = : . On “4 = - April & Oct. — Ann. 1,751 - » = ieee | § 1850 ae in } per Cent. 12, - ont Maryland - - —- - Rank Stock for Op s., April. | 2003 | 2005 44 3,000,000 Sa & Nol “ORE a0" 2004 aed cs Pena 0 1 X&8 7 . - for Account, ditto - | voz td Ma a —" : — « 3 per Cent. Con. v3 992" | oz - 1857 1,000,000 ’ cee —_ : ditto - 04 292 Reoeith a) 5 ” Oct. a In sehen k for Ac ount, ss | | a w 1868 . 300,000 | April & - 4 per Cent. . -- Michigan ” é Pe - " —_ com ne Ete - | 70 — | 70 | - | 5,000,000 -— d. a ss 70 = 7 1863 & July =e _ xcheque ills, Ly 1.0001. Sg ig 70 (1850 5 ; A Jan. i a - i an {| Mississipi, ’ Sterling l 5 3 = 1 iu 70 = 7 May & Nov. ial ~ = Pit HOWL Wd. 71 “ “ } i } 1858} _— Idd. ‘ . 7 ( Ls 6 Ditro Small = 2 i 0 | oar Ditto Commercial, }jd. } = _ | 2,000,000 | Ma s sil ur seen “ | ‘7 . (1366) , Mar. & Sep. - i )187) 5 194.97 sscealeeelinincenettasetbislinanssddndentagindsiabapiadllipaien i York - = 1858) ‘“ | } | New 5, 1880 6 Nabe Quarterly.) RAILWAYS , . cae 5 | Ut 10, Siesieaie aes ) ~2 103% es | ae Maal - f 541,000 Jan - 3 ly ne Ob - - , 1850 4,000,000! _ ood | — Friday “ sae wa? Shares. | Shares. Paid. ” 6 (1856) as } gy 00 toe } Annum. es ee ,, ‘ a 994 | “4 — — — | : jiseoy | 4:000,000) a. ™, i ee 6G Pennavivanis : Feb face } bh at ee awk , ae = 1834 { 4 . 1.154 | L. o a. 0 0! vee Edinburgh and Dalkeith Opcet |] WwW 0 Qg wm ’ 1856 | ” . j ray ; = 0 0 0 51 | os 1858 , Glasgow and Ayrshire 0 pet O00) ” y Oo 1 | 6 igooo | 3 10 | ”% 0 0 4 7° 7 S| } 66 71 Glasgow and Greenock - 10 Opet | 20 0 0 5 | 1860 | a6ascs| ” ° . ane ‘ Bw | ms 162 05400, Glasgow and Garnkir) Oper | 2H O00] %Y00; ” i j | - -— = 400 510 0] 25 0 0 ; | 5 Dundeeand Arbroath 4 i; 2% 0 . ” 1854 1,700,000 a aon tiva tan Ze Hirmingham and Derby | 100 0 0} 100 0 0 Y) 1866 6 £9 ' a } ON | 8 0 psh South 2 Carolina Ba r | Jan. & July ~— #4 dis. 33 6 8] % 0 0 =U 1) - Of - ~ 200,000 ~ Ditto ‘Thi a 018 ‘ Spsh| } } Te rye - - — - - 6.20 _— 110 0 1868 | 1,000,000 at ce z Ditto Eighths 0 _ ; 92 8 \ en ¢ 400000)” rs Gloucester - 0 0; 100 0 O 9 : - € 1857 - = Birmingham and ) | 3 0 Opsh | 100 yop =euue ” ” — iss. 74 dis. - 7 5 100 } 2 0 O| 1710 0 1858 Ditto New, i pe } O15 0 00 7 } i - ; ‘ : Opct | 10 0 0 70 | 218605 ; cs Le ss Bristol and Exeter : ry nw $ 0 | Florida - 7 . & 1,000,000 - Ditto and Gloucester : 0 Of 30 0 0 ras ] is624 - 40 | — ' Ww ae | az aud Birkenhead 4 , — — | Lis64 Chester - " ss 4 ih Ik Eastern Counties ye 195 00] 23 00) } (1862) | } + «= = » 88° 000 0] 8 6 BI 13% . | © 000.06 e ReeNew 000 | 08 0 13 0 lpm Ditto Sterl. Bonds- 6 | 21864 ,, . Es ~~ « «| 244 } 5 { 0 Opet{ 613 : 4) 0 134] | ) 1866 2,000,000! Ne ae Dito Extension Union 2 ; ; ne ’ 5 0 O | ae | en Pestana 7 1s _ 50001 | \e6e? | | ahd Avrilve - aoe 0} : lay Gisteews talsey, Opet 50 0 0 5 0 =} a oS , it ; é 18°01 ) 2» 0 0} 644 nited StatesBank ,, 23s. H 93s. 54 Edinburgh and Glasgow 10 Opet| 80 0 0] 50 0 - «= «f | 1866 (35,000,000) : ; fl i, Ww | — | onares | (Ap. | Ditto New 6Gpsh} 1210 0 i} woe) F } : PS 7 Ge 8,000 | O12 a } 1210 8 Sistit £800,000 Ditto Registered - . _ | Ditto Debentures - 6 - ae ie - 1 0 04100 0 0 16 ? | April & Oct. . io Grand Junction 10,918 10 0 Opet 100 | hisi2 | - 5 5 : 0 0 wn 0 Of — | Ditto HalfShares 10,918 | 10 0 Opet | 50 Oc. Quarter Shares - : . 2% 0 0!] 2% 0 0 ms - | _ se va Ditto ae A Sans i = i; — 6 jisait £900,000 eo ; ” ~ Great North of England 0 0)100 0 0} — Loui — ; 1342) j : 000 | 3 5 Opct {100 0) 75 0 0) IMG | | | Great Western waa i oo) 2% fee } 100 0 Bk. 10 1870 | 2,006 - fe Ne ee Sree as 0 6) 70, } ouisiana State Jan. & July. is Ditto Half Shares 0 Opsh nH 0 0 50 8 | 1870 s OUD Oe i -—j- |= S es +o 3 19) | Bank of Louisiana | eee aL oe ” Jitto Fifths - . psh 20 0 0 lv 0 Of ices Wat 08 (1860) i ; =| Paes 014 4 | 500 0} 3 0 0 604 5 | {156+ | 9,600,000} Quarterly sere Me Hull and Selby - - + - saee 510 Opet S&S t ork City - | iarterly. - - Ditto Quarter Shares - = 1210 0 Sear 118515 Carlisle ~~ = : 16,000 300] 8 eww é j Lancaster and = 500} 6 1864 | 250,000} Feb. & A j= _ Se taste ai ' i a New Orleans City- 000 pee eee _ - a Leeds and Bradford = _ _ ci, 5 1863 = - |= - - - » 100 10 0 0;100 00) — 5 1863 75,000 | 7 So pas aan _ ~ se dSelby % ‘ 4 i 0] | Philadelphia City~ my 000 | | May & Novy. ! ' siverpool and Manches 0 Opcet | 100 0 0} 100 0 |} Baltimore ity City - 5 F | 1850 4,600,000 _— -- ae 5,100 | 10 F ” 0 0} BP lho ‘ye aes —-— |= 107 Nitto Half Shares . - 7,968 0” 00 pet 0 0 5 1864 | £210,000 | genres! = 107 | = cs a . U8 5 : . amden & Amboy | $225 000 | eb. & Aug. ae i ee zo Ditto oO Quarter Shares | 2 0 O}] % 0 0 Bonds - 6 1864 ” ” — : 11,475 10 0 Opct 0 0 ii | it R. -) # vs | and Brighton - : HD 0 0) 50 | Phil. & Reading R. London S 30,000 2 0 Opsh| 10 0 0 B 1860 £210,000 — Notes - ; 5 0 Opet | WOO R. Bonds ds. -f = = _ Ditto Loan - rs - 4 —_ oa London and Blackwall | ie i613 —_—_-_- io i et ° - eee 1 2:6 ) —_ i aeRO London and Greenwic h . $077 =~} rs 4 bg | ce 1 - - - 15 : Se - é ~ | 1136 — ~ 1817 2 17 ° . Preference or Privilege : { 195 ONO 10 . 4 pect PRICE OF FOREIGN STOCKS. ‘es 7 and Birmingham —_ 3 236 RICES ae \ ) pet eu ; 20 inact itto New Q 10 0 Opct ! 2» 00, = eee : —— uarter Shares + = | 4,400 150 4 1:14 Pees ee Sat 7 Ditto New susus ss 32 0 0 200 Ler Tues. Tues. | Wed. | * ‘hur*} Friday I ; f a an : 0 4] : ae | at. Mon. | aha sondon and South-W 3 0 Opsh | a emcee] | coe - h Western - =| 46,200 65 0 can 7 44 cent., 10 guilde anes a - c Ditto Eighths : -| — ae 9 isk | Austrian, 5 per - — me London % * Ops! i 13 15 "8 per pound sterling S — =~ = ° . 33,000 014 10 00 5 i0 ° - se 4 at | Ditto § ae . ° 7,000 a ‘ld Belgian Bonds, 5 percent. ester and Leeds 502. dis. | 100 0 0 7 9 0 105 | 1088 lydia Ma - - | 13,000 317 Opsh - _ | $34 $2; | S78 | 838 issn Nucahiaece | Brazilian Bonds, 5 per cent. 1889 bi aaa psh 500 0 30 0 0 48 Do. New, per cent. 1829 & — — | — zs : i ‘oie 113 0 ae a 8 i | 143 - - - - om am Ditto Quarter Shares =| 13,000 0 4 0 000 8 | Do. New, - 37 Manchester and Birt - |} 1 0 0 700) . — | 37 of a mi ingham -| 30,000 ons Ayres Bonds, 6 per cent, z , = ave #2 Ditto E xtension 000° 7090 ay Cuba Bonds, 6 per cent. -_ 10,0 | 3 0100 0 0 a1 } ‘ ex ‘ Counties - - - -| | $8 0 100 0 Bonds, 6 per cent. - Midland iss. 10 di -} 10,000 0 5 0 0 . | Chilian a ee ” Ditto Quarter Shares, | 1 2 0 25 0 - - — = Ene ais. - 10,000 Cc = s per cent. 7 deferred ; Ditto Fifths - “0 0 2 90 «0 - ¢ ) | a “| cane ; 02 4 ‘ - Norwich and Brandon - _ () , pe mt. on - - 6g | V peeomows o see, Aa ca | lia e\ ay 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 ee 14 = RR} ai | o ¢ 0 2500); 1 0 per cent., 1825 a = 383 | nd DarlingtonJ unction = . ) 0 og Dest Bonds, 3 Exchange 1? gu. — ie ee orth Midland = - 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 45 Denes, 24 per cent. Sie 10 dis | 19,000 f 2» 0 0 50 0 0 400 = a) a Ditto Half Shares, ine at iss. Lil} - s om 15,000 5 per cent. - - _ } Ditto Thirds, 4, 30 ireek Bonds, 184—25, Coupons a = 13§ 2110 0| 2113 0 a | os 0. ex over-due 138 ~~ oa 0 “0 0 so a en Northern and Eastern - 1 25 1837, ex over- 26 on Ditto Scrip, issue! at 5i. dis. ay exican,5 per and cent., debentures - < 0 Me 6) 1210 16 0 Oh rT | — coupons 64 368 - pase | } 015 — 10 0 oe ve at ok Anes Ditto Quarter Shares c a =| Do. en 16 - s Paris and Oreans 0} 20 0 0 as, - 154 | 59 | 16% i 16 - 2” 0 + Deferred Stock, 5 per cent. . - } | va ' - 0 35) | Debentures e - - oi oa 126 and Rouen - + 0 2 0 0} 20 6 Bis | Do _ | -¢ a | il7 50 : f N - = 3 . | and Wyre, appropriated - “= — J 00! 5000 Bonds, [824, 5 percent. ae | - reston y -} atta a é 0 0 a , oe 6 per cent - } Ros Ditto, not 1Ot 2% 0 0 2» | Peruvian Bonds, = 304 wD } all appropriated ost) eas 0 0 *y 0 a : ae 7 - oa and Havre - ; és on 0 Prussian Bonds cent. . - a= Rouen E 40,000 0 153 Port is, # per ies Sheffield, Ashton-und - e _ eee an iton-under-Lyne, and | ™ no e Bonds, 5 percent. «| «46 i — ae " . j 9 100 0 0 #210 0 ee ee 463 464 anchester - ° 4,000 5 0 O pet we Yo. onverted | 46 Sheffield and Rotherham »% 0 0! 3 00 - . a = | rs - .« 1,00) 115 0 at } Do. oma se a | _ Stocktonand Darlington | 10) 0 0 100 0 0 Annuities, 1855 < r —_ . hr 15 0 Opet 300 = R Do 2 | uth-Eastern and Dover — 001 per cent. in 2% dis. Fi 2, OOK aoe Bonds, 1822, 5 - Ditto New, iss. } 29 0 OQ : 9» 8 - 2 + - = _ a ‘ | ig b+ = pound sterling ss ANG os = uth and Norwich 20 0 0 3 9" I d Metallic - —_ on - a _ e ; : ‘ < per « ” a ot North Midland 7 10 0 Opet wD 0 0 panish Bonds, ae 5 ent. Dis fr m ork and dla : . . ‘ 1° 0 Neteasber, Ditto New Shares ; 10 0 0 pet} on : so 0} 2 Branch br « co a 7 4 c Ditto Jitto Sca Scarboro’ , Be om from Novy. 1843 co " } Do Pasi 7 ns ' = } ‘ zs - Jo. Passive bone ! 63 | “6 Deferred - - - : 63 + Sa ist ort Do. oe 1) on FRENCH FUNDS ° . Es . on 36 x> \ Do. 3 per cent - 00 ; ap 364 2 p * > - es » | enezuela Bonds, das, 2 percent. s — bt Pa : Pp. > 404 1 Paris ris, aris, ‘ aris, ' Paris , ’ | Do. do. Deferred = 1) | ll 25. Mar 26 ut ~ oF the above payable i me Ma | Mar.— Mar. af. oie Dividends on Ma ee eee London. = starecaieninesseaia «= -- ———— * - —= I e “< f a ee - ) | f. Ce eS « 5 per Cent. Ann.82 45 ube a ed 12 guil | pe = | Tbe {122 50 [122% | — 192 Dutch, 24 per cent., Exchange 109 } vy 573 Mar.and 22Sep. - gf 22 40 121 80 121 90 cent i ee 10 | x01 sd | _ Do. 5 per : be ‘ 1014 Ex¢ hange - ° é } per cent. New Loan, 1837 102 Ors Ann. ) | dos 110 - - { 1013 44 per Cent. 5 “+ Neapol an Bonds, 5 per cent. ~ | payable - ; we 110 _ F ‘ = . = Bs X-» per Dutch, 4f. de. Ee hange 25f. 65c. a _ | - | | . pound Sterl. : ie as | ‘tens per Cent. Ann. 22 gee Og Inscription, 6 per cent. . - be cto 105 50 = 105 30 105 30 Russian | = Mar.and 22 Sep. - } | i 105 50 | } . } } | Stinsiangesleetamilbans Exchange ’ } | — — 3 per Cent. 22 June ; at —— 23% ® 90 82 95 andY Dec. - fe = 83 20 &3 re ne J am | 83 10 ae | IRISH STOCKS. gizchange - 7 i | | j y ; _ . | | ini Sank Shares, »l | Jan. Jan | n10s oe - Mo: a co SI aaie s } £190 Thurs. ] Friday. | Sat Tues. eat = 3,080 3,18 | 3,090 } Wed. ° Mon r ; | nittpainiataitiel lh ahaiinidinaisatylcbinahdenielinnstd om: Exchange on Lon- @s Bolg per Cent. Consols i ‘ meee om | ae - £ 125 624 | on 25 69% | 3 ° - + © 98 8 983 | 984 don l month - |} 25 62) | 25 624 . $ . 2 : : 4 | 4 | 20 62g _ 4 3 Do. - 2 = =e on Lon- ee ~ } | : Reduced 04 _ | Exchange be P . = 95 5u3 eater | ee 101% 101 " a : 2 52} 25 5M - i ‘ 2 1012 1014 don 3 months - e fe 3} per Cent. Stock vs | 101g | 1014 oy U55 a 07g | Re es Go abe j | a | — : — o , = — saacsiciaatdaca + + + | wis) cel i 1014 ST | OSNews aT ner Con ' « | ee 101 101g | tne is E a 34 “O34 PRICES OF BULLION. Hovehree a = 7 Bt | = sane ence ee eee : a hawks . | wee i = | . : Sto k P ; ; a : : : = 5 a = in Bars (Standard) (per ounce) £317 9 Bank Stock - i i Noreign Gold : ; ; : ; ‘ 8 0 0 Royal Canal at a nee a j - ee Gold in Coin Spanish Doubloons ; . : ; y - «+ «| 3 — Portugal pieces. : ‘i 5 Grand CanalStock - - — a - cron om eee eo . | oa =“ | — : er ae 6 per Cent. - -| | goa 8% 84 + { 8 44 | 843 _ i & 5 4 ful | Do. Debentures ‘ nt. nt. « - gee | Seal — ; ‘ : : Do, 0 Do : re per Cent. ° a a « ‘= ee 7 an Bars (Standard) . + ee ONS

ae T HE _ ECONOMS 5, [1 March 30,

JOINT STOCK BANKS. ! for, by the large additional increase in the supplies, ‘the bute hers have

| given much lower prices, until at last, from continued failure, the specu- No.of | Dividends | | oy Dot | Friday. Shares. | Per Ann. | snares. | Paid | Mar. 29 lation has greatly decreased. ‘To this circumstance, in some measure, may be ascribed the generally better state of the trade at Smithfield, and to the £. z.e d. fact, that however warmly the system of supplying the great metropolis r | § Agricultural and Commercial } 05 1000 | —- = | Sof ireland : 7 2 10 0 0 = with slaughtered meat may be upheld as preferable to the older plan of 15,000 | BL. per | Australasia - - - - - 40 40 0 0 forwarding live stock, that the butchers in general prefer the latter, espe- 7.500 | - Do. New - i) 0 0 cially now that the cattle have not to trave I long journies upon foot, and, 20,000 | 61. per ct British North American - 50 wn” 0 0 42 D New . - 10 0 0 _ therefore, come to market in as good a condition as when drawn from the 5,000 61. per ct Ceylon ------"5 ny 0 0 pastures. The change in the weather since Saturday produced some 8,000 | County of Gloucester 100 2 0 0 _ 1,000 51. per ct. Commercial of London — ww 0 6 heaviness in the trade here this morning, but the moderate supply of 20,000 Ol. per ct. Colonial - - - | 100 2», 0 0 cattle generally supported prices, as those current to-day were the same 4,000 | 61. perct. |] lonian - By .7a - 25 25 0 0 as those quoted on Monday last. Another thing which relieved the 40,000 | Gi, per ct. London and Westminster 100 2” 0 0 oF 60,000 | 61. per ct. London Joint Stock oO 1 6 0 138 market from the full force of the unfavourable state of the weather was Metropolitan - : . zo 710 0 a good attendance of butchers. The amount of business done was cer- 40,000 Sl. per ct Provincial of treland 10) 2% 0 0 44 20,000 Bl. per ct. | Do. New i) 10 0 0 te ainly not equal to that of last week, but the result of the day’s sale was | | Royal of Australia - Ww 0 0 better, than under the circumstances, could well be expected, for although 4,000 6i. per ct. Nationai of Ireland - - 50 1710 0 some head were turned out unsold, still prices were firm, and whilst the 10,000 | 2is. per sh | National Provincial of Ex vg! and 100 > Of late currencies are supported, the state of the market cannot well be 10,000 6s. per sh. Do. New = 20 10 0 0 10,000 | 141. per ct. Northamptonshire Union - . ¥5 5 0 0 termed as being very bad. The salesmen firmly bold out for the late 21,500 _ Gloucestershire - 5 10 0 0 — current prices, and hough the buyers are inclined to object to this, the 10.000 | 41. per ct. { “2 x. a 1 an id South } 20 2w oO 2 time may be considered as having passed when such opposition would 0,000 | Gl. ner ct Wilts and Dorset 15 710 0 effectually depress the rates for any time upon the temporary increase in 0,000 8). ner Union of Australia v5 > 0 0 264 the supplies, or a partial « chang in the weather, as the case might 10,000 l. per ct. Do do. WW 0 | 60,000 1. per ct. Union of Lond ’ 0” 0 Of Fripay.—The supply of beasts was s« annals good as to numbers, but | of middling and 1 inferior quality, if we except the receipts from S uaa in number about 290. ‘The beef trade was again in a very depressed BANK OF ENGLAND state, and has a downward tendency. The number of sheep was compa LIABILITIES rs ratively small, yet the sale for them was inactive, at barely late rates. The Accout the J it ind Assets Circulation £20,414,000 | Securit £22,482,000 | lamb trade was active, at an improvement of from 2d.to 4d. per 8 Ib of the Bank of England on the rage of L Deposits, , 13,924,000 | Bu 14,993 004 alves moved off brisk) aud their currencies were noted 2d. per 8 lbs ee oS f re - - - -_—— t 2tth Fe ruary, ldd4 #°37,475,000 higher. Pigs were quite as dear, with a good demand. Milch cows sold it from 10/. to 197. each. CORN MARKETS Prices per At Market From Mes Gillies and Horne's Circu \ Ay. } lay Mond Friday Corn Excuance, Monpay, Marcu 25.—The weather is still too wet, Bec Wi to 4 3s 10 Rea 2,89" 794 it is a late spring, and the farmers on the heavy lands complain mu | Mutt dd to 4s ¢ Rd to 4s i Calves 84 138 The arrivals are short except of barley and malt. The wheat samples by | Vea ds Od to 5s Od Rd to4ds 10d Sheep 24,25 2,200 Pork is Ri to 4 ® tod 4d Pigs 345 {20 land carriage from Essex and Kent come very rough. Wheat is dull sale, and ls. to 2s. cheaper. Barley goes off slowly at last week's prices. Oats Pr f Hay and Straw, per loa truss are not lower than last week. Beans and peas aredearer. No alteration H i ' lds. Od. | ¢ r, 47. Os. 0d. to 51. Us. 0 Straw, | Od. to 1. 10s. Od in flour BOROUGH HOP MARKET BRITISH. PER OR. | FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. rER Q Although the demand is not so brisk as last week yet holders are very tirm, and prices remain as befor« Wheat, Essex, Kent, Suffolk, white | 57s to 62s | Wheat, White Spanish, ‘Tusca 60s - Lothian, Fife, Angus, d As to 60s ——— High mixed Danz Ols ———= Inverness, Murray, &c. 52s to 60s | ———_—- Mixed de 1 D&s tot COAL MARKET. ———— Essex, Kent, suffolk, red - | 52s to 58s | ————Rostock, new | 60st Prices of Coals per ‘Ton at the close of the market. -Buddle’s West —— Cambridge, Lincoin, red - | 52s to 55s | ———— Red Hamburg | — to 66 Hartley, 15s. 6d.—Chester Main, Fe Davison’s West Hartley, 16s. 6d. Barley, English Malting, and Che- | ——-——Polish Odessa - : | 53s to - valier - - - 348 to 36s | ——_——-Hard - - . -1 5s - Hastings Hartley, 16s. 6d.—Morrison’s Hartley, 14s.—Old Pontop, 13s.— —-— Distiller’s, Eng cotch | 3ls to 33s | —--——Egyptian -_|— Ord’'s Redheus gh, 14s.—Ravensworth West Hartley, 15s.—Taylor’s West Coarse, for gri > » — to 3ls| Barley, ales & - | Oats, Northumberland & Berwick | 21s to 28s | ———- Distil &c. -| - _ Hartley, 1: 53.— West Hartley, 17s.— West Wylam, 15s. 6d —Wylam, 15s. 6d. —- Lothian, Fife, Angus - ~ | 2ls to 28s} . Grinding, &c. - - -| —t ls Wal’s end Acorn Close, 17s.—Hilda, 17s. 3d.—Newmarch, 16s. 3d,—= — Murray, Koss - - - - | 218 co $8 Oats, Brew, &c. - - - - Wharncliffe, 17s. 6d.—Be Imont, 19s. 9d.—East Hetton, 18s.—Haswell, 22s — Aberdeen and Banff - - | 20s i—— Polands, &c. — Caithness - 20s —— Feed, &c - - - - ~Hetton, 21s. 9d.—Heughall, 19s.— Hylton, 18s.— Lambton, 21s. 6d.— Mor- — Cambridge, Lincoln, & 20s |} —— Do. dried, Riga, & . rison, 17s. 6d.—Russell’s Hetton, 21s.—Richmond, 17s. 9d.—Stewart’s, socal - - - 18s t Rye, Dried - ° 21s. 9d.—Whitwell, 20s.—Caradoc, 2ls.—Hesselden, 17s. 6d.—Adelaide, -—— Er » blacl 20s —— Undried - -| = — Irish os - 19s Beans, Horse - 34 21s.—Cowndon Tees, 163. 6d.—Hopper, 15s. 6d.—Richardson’s Tees, 163.— —— Potato, 5 | 23s Mediterranean - 2 Ws Tees, 21s.— West Hetton, 16s.—Howard’s West Hartley Netherton, 163.— —— 90 [rish - | 20s to Y6s | Peas, White - - ist tmaee Vinrtin. & - | 29s to 26s Vell 34st Powell’s Llangennech, 20s.—Sydney’s Hartley, 15s. 6d. Ships arrived, 19. Beans, Ticks - | 28s to 32s Flour, French, per 280 nett T —— Harr 295 to 37s weight - - - j : ~ Small | 30s to 38 American, per Bar. 1) 8 Peas, White 33s to 36s nett weight - 4% to 35s | rit GAZETTE. — B r - 37s to— | ——— Danzig, &c., d 1 - | Flour, Town-made Hous s {8s to 50s | ——— Canada, d lo 80s to 3us | - Norfolk ar su ffo lk - | 40s to — ——— Sour, do. _ —_ j Tuesday, ened L 26 ; dancin pisihindiclan take PARTNERSHIPS DISSOLVED Corn Excuance, Fray, Marcu 29.—The weather has turned very | W. Broadhurst, juv., and J. E. Broadhurst, Newark-upon-Trent and fine, and the farmers say there is still time to get the rest of the spring | Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, merchants. —J. Hudsou and I. Hartley, Wils- seed wellsown. The arrivals are short, except of Irish oats, of which there den, Yorkshire, worsted spinners,—F. and H. E. Drayson, Faversham, is a liberal supply. Of wheat there has been a dull trade all the weck; Kent, civil engineers.—W. S. Toone and C, F. Robinson, King street, the present check in prices is thought fully to prevent the duty falling at Holborn, wine merchants.—J. Fownes and W. J. Keed, Coventry street, present below 16s., whatever it may fall to a month or two hence. Barley Haymarket, hatters.— Kelly and R. Scott, Leicester, fancy hosiers.— is saleable at Monday’s prices. Oats are only saleable in retail at Mon- F. Be rgonzi and J. Cerrito, Billiter street, Fenchurch street, general mer day’s prices. New beans dull—old scarce and dear. Peas are firm, and chants.—C. Purdy and 1. W. Manship, Martham, Norfolk, grocers —D English getting scarce. Flour as on Monday. Cookson and R. Fletcher, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and R. H. Yea, White- hill, Durham, common brewers (as regards D. Cookson).—M. Hayman, J. Fowler, and J. Lewis, Bristol, tilers (as regards M. Hayman).—T. Rout LONDON AVERAGES. ledge, jun., and R. Lucas, jun. Belvedere road, Lambeth, terra cotta } r the wee k ending Mar 1 2 manufacturers.—H. Danson and J. M‘Neil, Liverpool, wine merchants.— Wheat Barley. Oats. Rye. Beans. A. D. Bottomley and 8S. Shepard, Gracechurch street, agents.—T. Trowell and A. Cross, St Martin’s len e, Strand, grocers.—E. Stead and M. and E 45.92 qrs. | 3.lofqrs. | 21,014 qr. | dO qrs. | Loodl gre 578.70. | 33s. 10d. | 195. 10d. 33s. 3d 2ks. fd Simpson, Leeds, curriers (as regards M. Simpson).—F. Chappuis and J, Lutostanksi, Ashby street, Northampton square, engravers.—E. Hatton IMPERIAL AVERAGES. and E. Sheaf, Bidfor ‘arwickshire, druggists —H. Drinkwater and W. W heat. Barley. | Oats. Rye. Beans. Pea Hewlett, Warwick, drapers.—H. and M. Mayears, Leadenhall street, and Camomile street, carvers.—R. Stratton and J. A. Wilson, Coventry street, Weeks ending i te * s d. 5 d s. a. . & s. d. linen drapers.—J. Eyre, J. Greaves, aud W. Ward, Kelham Foundry, Feb. 23rd "2. - | 3S 6 | 8 4 9 ¢ 33° 5 30. «6 3 ) — 2rt -- 551 a3 7 9 67 32 10 0 4 BL Sheffield, fender manufacturers Barraclough and E. Brown, Bradford, AI 7th a 4 1 33 ) 1) 0 35 0 5 3l 0 worsted spinne rs. 14th - 5 0 33 ( 1” dl 3 ' 31 0 31 t 2QIst ; G 3 38 i 3 «8 : 3 1 4 BANKRUPTS — 98th ° 5 331 a 34 zi 3 31. (8 WEBSTER, R., Oxford market, Middlesex, victualler. [ Ware, Black- man street, Southwark Aggregate of the six week ‘ J 1 10 33 10 30 10 l K ELSON, W. ¢ Canterbury, builder Kirk, Symond’s inn Duties t April iis i 0 5 0 4 0 ’ t 10 ra 10 ra ANDREW. T.. Little Earl street. Seven dials, vic tuallet Ware, Black- On Grain from B. Possessior j man street, Southwark. outof Europe -- 1 0 0 t 0 ] 0 0 LOTT, W., Ipswich, Suffolk, grocer sell and Co., Bow Churchyard, Flour—Foreign, 12s. 0d. per 196 lbs.—British Possession, 3s. 0d. ditto LEVY, E. and A. S., Oxford street, and of Botolph lane, City, fruit mer- chants. Brown and Martin, Mincing lane. SMITHFIELD MARKET. CKERSLEY, IL. Liverpool, victualler. Cornthwaite and Adams, Moypay.— Whilst business may unquestionably be considered as having Dean’s court. been brisk in Smithfield during the last few weeks, the state of trade in WILLIAMS, J., Newtown, Montgomeryshire, flannel manufacturer. the dead me at markets has during the same period been dull, The in- Sargent, Norfolk street, Strand. crease of railways throughout England has latterly done much to improve RIDGWAY, J., Chester, fringe manufacturer Fisher and Co., Alders- the state of these latter markets, although, as by the lessened expenses gate street. attending the transit of killed meat, prices have necessarily been a shade WILDEY, J., jun, Nottingham, upholsterer. [ Motteram and Giddey, lower. To the grazier, however, if the additional increase of competition Birmingham be disregarded, this has been productive of much good, and whilst the HITCHCOCK, R., Taunton, Somersetshire, miller. [Bailey and Co, salesman has found his business increase, the public have derived equal Berners street. benefit. The rapid means of transit thus afforded produced, until the last BETTISON, S., Leamington priors, Warwickshire, wine merchant. two months or thereabouts, much speculation in this trade, but the san- White and Co., Bedford row. guine gleam of prosperity anticipated by the parties has not been realized, POUNTAIN, B., Derby, wine merchant. { Barker and Co., Mark lane. 1844. | THE ECON NO MIST. 647

IN SOLV ENTS On the 95th | inst., at Dunstab le, the lady of Edwart Burt, Esq., of twins W. Mayler, Commercial Tay ern, Chester, publican.—F. Crook, Great both sons. Marylebone street, commission wine and porter agent.—G. Wallis, Sad- On the 24th inst., at Hither green, Lewisham, the Hon. Mrs Spring dier’s Arms, Oxford, saddler.—H. Tovey, Parade, Bristol, coach lamp Rice, of a daughter. : manufacturer.—J. Ingram, Union place, Blackheath road, Kent, author MARRIED _H,. Mahomed, Little Ryder street, Westminster, bath proprietor.—W On the 2n 1 inst., at St Helier’s, Jersey, James Radcliffe, of the Chateau Providence row, Hackney, linen draper.—T. Thompson, Bir- Goodwin, de Crea ! Cotes du Nord, France, to Caroline, yo ingest daughter of mingham, farmer. F Rumble, Pavilion place, Battersea, Surrey, a cs 4. Jenkins, Isle of Wight, poulterer. -H. Newman, Paradise row, Clap- Thomas Acton Wollaston, Esq., of La Folinais Honenbihe n, in the same department ham, bricklayer.—-D. Offord, Yarn outh, surgical instrument maker.— Elizabeth Snell, Lincolnshire, chemist.—R. D. M‘Manus, Wilson street, DIED Gray’s-inn road, surgeon. —Eliza Boothroyd, Huddersfield, out of busi- On the 12th ult., after a long illness, Claud Middleton, the beloved son ness.—'T. Hasler, East street, Finsbury market, japanner.—T. Finley, sen., of William and Mary Howitt, a boy of extraordinary promise. High street, Newing ston, out of ‘business. —W. Denniff, Sheffield, fruiterer.— Lately, Th« Chaw ier, Esq., of Cheadle, Staffordshire. He was brother ot Mir illiams, widow of the late excellent missionary, who was r. C. Varley, She‘field, oil cloth manufacturer.—W. Crowther, Yorkshire. inhuman murdered in one of the South Sea Islands cloth a icturer.- D. Long, Yorkshire, clothier.—T. Newell, Yorkshire, beer-house keepe Margaret Snow, Liverpool, boarding-house keeper.— = oe F. C. Gruneisen, Ci own, Thauet street, Burton crescent, licensed victualler. Eliza Cooke, Yorkshire, out of business.—J. Shinton, Worcestershire, ADVER RTISEMENTS. retailer of ale.—O. Gandini, Great Marlborough street, professor of fencing. THE COUNCIL _R. Wells, Brewer's green, Westminster, carpenter.—J. Crawford, Princes of the N ATION AL ANTI-CORN- iy \W LEAGUE beg street, Marylebone, omnibus proprietor.—'T. Pagden, St Thomas's strect to announce that the Weekly Meetings in the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, will be sus pended during the East, Southwark, out of business.—S. Drew, Yorkshire, cabinet maker,— Easter recess; after J. Kibble, Camberwell, Surrey, proctor’s clerk.—W. Borthwick, Totten which, due notice will bs« given by advertisement of their re-commencement. ham-court road, household furniture broker.—T. Standen, Hastings, Sus- x, baker.—J. Neale, Somersetshire, cabinet maker.—G. Cordrey, Putney, carman.—S. Webster, Spring place, Paddington, out of business —T. R. xo ALL INTERESTED in RAILWAY S.—The First Pownes, Stamford street, Blackfriars, Surrey, clerk. Number of the RAILWAY CHRONICLE will appear on the 20th DIVIDENDS. of Apri \ detailed Prospectus will be sent free, by post, to all who April 17, ‘I. Curtis, Totton street, Stepney, shipping butcher.—April furnish t address to the Offic 14 Wellington street North, Strand, 95, T. Morris, Badajos cottages, Hackney, builder.—April 25, H. South- London gate and W. M. Robertson, Fleet street, City, auctione: rs.—April 16, J. Middleton, Bread street, Cheapside, City, warehouseman.—April 16, J. Pros Oc Kk and SHAR BROKERS.—The Fitst Mill, Crosby-hall chambers, Bishopsgate street within, City, merchant.— Number of the RAILWAY CITRONICLE will appear on the 20th April 1 _R. Graves, Edwards street, Portman s juare, saddler.—Apri! 17, of April A detailed Prospectus will be ut free, by post, to all who i! C. Robinson, Great Trinity lane, City, ol. merchant.—April 17, T. and A. furnish their address to the Office, 14 Wellington street North, Strand, fempleton, ¢ ongleton, Cheshire, silk manufacturers.—April 18, G. T. London Knowles, Stockport, ¢ heshire, and Manche ster tton spinner April 16, H. Bourne, Wolsingham, Durh¢ un, scrivenet April 19, E Hilton and VIE NEW LIGHT.—GREAT NOVELTY.—Th N. Walsh, Over Darwen, L uicashire, paper makers.—April 19, H. and | Hilton, Over Darven, Lancashire, bleachers.—April 17. D. Nicholson Patent CAMPHINE LAMP gives a light of surpassing power, soft- ne , and purity, without any kiud of grease or dirt, smoke or smell. The Liverpool, hatter \pril 17, C. Humberston and 8. Frodsham, Liverpool, lamp is simply } and 1} beautifully constructed, and can be fitted to any descrip commission merchants.—April 17, E., 1. P., B., and J. A. Cooper, Trow- tion of lainp, pedestal, or gas fitting It is not ¢ wily put out of condition bridge, Wiltshire, clothiers.—April 17, O. Pidgeon, Shrewsbury, Shroj The Camphine (also a patent) is 4s. per gallon, and is so pure that if spilt shire, tobacconist. any icle of dress or furniture, will not leave either mark or stain, CERTIFICATE while it « umes so slowly that, at the cost of three farthings for two April 1 M. J. Dyke, Romsey, Hampshire, inukeeper.—April 18, N. ‘J hours, it givesa light equal to twelve mould candles, without any attention. imith, jun., Lime street, City.—April 18, R. Toulson, Westminster-bridg: It will be fo tid far less expensive than any, and incomparably superior to road, furnishing warehouseman April 18, J. Ballard, Maidstone, brazier. all existing light lo be seen burning at RIPPON and BURTON’S April 16, C. Williamson, Regent street, hosier.- April 16, T. Balls, (sole wholesale and retail agents for Exauisn’s Parenr CAMPHIN} [hames street, irou v rchant.—April 27, G. Diack, Regent street, furni- Wells street, Oxford street —Lamps from 34s. each; Lamp heads (with ture warehous« April 19, I. ‘Pf. Cou math hman, High street, Kensington Chimie d Ground Shade )for fitting to any Pedestal, 21s. each if of Brass Middlese wd of Rickman: vorth Hertfordshire, builder April 19, ‘I or Plain Gla each if of Ground Glass. and T. P. Trapp, Chureh str et, = Southwark, tallow chandlers April 17, R. Freeman, Wi beach, C ambridge hire, builder April 17, T. Sand A BRONZED CROLL FENDER for 15s.— Ramsgate, shocmaker.—April 16, R. Brown, Sunderland, butcher April R ppon a 1 Burton, 12 Wells street, Oxford street, are now offering the > Hannah Maria Newton, New mill, Foolstone, Yorkshire, victualler.- most exten wsortment of Fenders in London, embracing every (April 16, S. Billington, Birke nhead, Cheshire, woollen drapei April 16, possibl iiety, at pri 30 per cent. under any other hou Iron fen I’. Higginson, Liverpool, pawnbroker.—April 29, J. and R. P. Clarke, ders, 3 f from 4s, 6d.; 3 feet 6, 5s. 3d.; 4 feet, 6s.; ditto bronzed, Leeds, music 1ers,— April 19, M Tidesley, Portobello, Staffordshire 3 , from 6 } feet 6, 7s.; 4f ; rich scroll fenders bronzed, from timber dealer.—April 17, W. Taylor, Springhead, Yorkshire, wool mer- 15 rv with steel rod and moulding, from 21s.; polished steel and ormolu chant mounted fenders at proportionate prices. Fire irons for chambe1 . 9d CERTIFICATES.—Aprit 16. per set; «litto steel ditto, trom 3s. 6d en ditto with cut heads W. Easthope, Shrewsbury, Shropshire. whitesmith.—J. Ashton, Liver- 6s. 6d.; newest patterns, with elegant bronzed heads, lls. 6d.—Detailed pool, manufacturing chemist.—G. Mitchell, Bury street, Westminster, catalogur vith engravings, sent (per po st) free. tailor.—H. J. Nixon, Great Portland street, Oxford street, upholsterer. GUNS.—LONDON PROVED GUNS.—A_ SIN- C.D. Leeder, Billingford, Norfolk, cattle dealer.—A. and W. Allen, South Shields, Durham, drapers.—R. Evershed, Pulborough, Sussex, timber GLE-BARREL GUN, with twisted barrel, and patent breech 28s \ ditto ditto, London proved 308 merchant V. Havelock, South Shields, Durham, Carver. { double-barrel Gun, with twisted barrel and patent breech Rs. SCOTCH SEQUESTRATIONS. \ ditto ditto, London proved 65s J. Dewar, Edinburgh, cabinet maker.—T. Boag, Glasgow, ine rchant. W. Matthews, jun., and J. Keith, Aberdeen, leather merchants.—W. A sin rie-barrel Gun, 18s usually charged two guineas. Harkness, Edinburgh, judges’ robe keeper Single Gubs, to 6/. 10s.; double ditt , to 15/. Hitherto there has beeu no certain way of Sadie a good guu without Friday, March 29. paying

introduction of a new and perfectly matchless ALBATA PLATE, 20 - l 10 3 | C. WATSON, 41 and 42 BARBICAN, and 16 NORTON FOLGATE, 0) : 3 7 a aided by a person of science in the amalgamation of Metals, has succeeded 40 ° ° | , ho 0) . . i l s in bringing to public notice the most beautiful article ever yet offered ; 60 . } 6 3 y possessing all the richness of Silver in appearance, with all it durability and hardness—with its perfect sweetness in use—undergoing, as it does, ‘To Emigrants to the Australasian Colonies, assured for the whole of life, a Chemical Process, by which all that is nauseous in Mixed Metals is the Company offers the permission to proceed to and reside in any of entirely extracted—resisting all Acids, may be cleaned as Silver, and is those Colonies without extra Premium, and to pay their Premiums. there, Manufactured into every Article for the Table and Sideboard For Residence in New Zealand a moderate extra Premium is charged. eaten, Plain. Threaded. King’s. To all Persons, the Company offers the advantages of the guarantee of Table Spoons and Forks. : . 16s 6d 30s. Od. 35s. Os. an ample subscribed Capital,—of permission to retain one-third of the Dessert ditto ditto ‘ ; 12 6 25 0 3000 Premium in their own hands (the portion so retained, with interest upon Tea Spoons ’ . i 5 : 5 6 13 6 3 ¢ it, being deducted from the Policy when it becomes aclaim),—of Ascend- Salt ditto. ; > , ; »> £00 12 6 l2 6 ing, Descending, and other Scales of Premiums, and of participation in te PRN OEE Fish Knives 5 G6eachl2 6 12 6 Profits. Sauce Ladles 3 6pair 7 6 7 «6 Prospectuses and full Particulars may be had at the Offices of the Com- Gravy Spoon ; ; ‘ ; . %S 6each 7 6 7 «6 pany, No. 126 Bishopsgate street, City. C. WATSON begs the Public will understand that this Metal is pecu- liarly his own, and that silver is not more different from gold than his Metal is from all others—on its intrinsic merit alone he wishes it to be | AYLIGHT AT NIGHT! CAMPHINE!!—The tested, and from the daily increasing eulogiums he receives, he is convinced PATENT CAMPHINE LAMP gives a rich light, surpassing Gas that nothing can prevent its becoming an article of universal wear 1 pureness and brilliancy, is simple in construction, and emits neither C. WATSON’S handsomely ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE and smoke or smell. May be seen burning at F. Barnett’s Furnishing Iron- PRICE CURRENT is just published, and Families who regard economy mongery and Lamp Warehouse, 25 Oxford street, where a large assortment and elegance should possess themselves of this useful Book, which may be may be selected from, all at the lowest possible prices. Any Lamp Pillar had Gratis, and Post Free, from the above Address. may be fitted with a Camphine head. Patent Camphine Lamp Spirit, 3s. 8d. Foreign Orders promptly executed to any extent. per Gallon, N. B.—25 Oxford street, one door west of Rathbone place. THREE PAPIER MACHE TEA ‘TRAYS, 35s.; a set of three ae Gothic-shape ditto (including the largest size), for 35s.; three Gothic- PATENT ENAMELLED KITCHEN WARE is the shape japanned ditto, 25s.; three sandwich-shape ditto, 15s.; and every most durable and cleanly article ever introduced, stands the test of any article in Furnishing Hardware unusually low ; quality here is the primary acid, never requires repairing, and is strongly recommended for chemical consideration, hence their uninterrupted success for fifty years, and their purposes. Saucepans, from Is. 6d.; Stew pans, from 2s. ; Tea kettles, Pre- present celebrity, as the best and most extensive Furnishing Warehouses | serving pans, Frying pans, Gridirons, &c. &c. full twenty per cent. under in London. any other house. Catalogues sent in answer to a post-paid application. TABLE KNIVES, ivory handles, warranted, Ils. per doz.; Desserts, HALL LAMPS, Ils. 6d.; ground glass Patent Solar 9s.; Carvers, 4s. per pair; a most extensive stock to lect from, with Lamps, from 2s. 6d.; Palmer’s Patent Candle Lamps, from 5s, A balance handles, at 55s., GOs., and 70s., the long set of fifty pieces; white most elegant assortment of Table, Bracket, Sideboard, and Suspending bone and other handles, &s. to 15s. the twe nty fou pieces: stag-h uidled Lamps, in ormulu and bronze, at extraordinary low prices. Lamps cleaned carvers, 3s. 6d. per pair. The establishments of C. Watson have ranked pre- or altered to the Solar principle ; Lamp shades, 5s.; Cottons, 4d. per doz.; eminent for fifty years for their superior Table Cutlery, the whole of which Palmer’s Patent Candles, 8d. per lb. is marked with his name and address, and subject to exchange if not approved of. ELIOS STOVE, price 35s. will warm a Koom 20 feet SOLAR and CANDLE LAMPS.—A Solar Lamp to burn common oil square at the cost of 24d. per diem.; is peculiarly agreeable and whole- without smoke or smell, 22s, 6d.; a Palmer’s Patent Candle Lamp, to give some, and well adapted for Sitting or Sleeping rooms, Conservatories, or the light of two mould candles, plated, and with glass shade, 9s.; Hot Shops. Drawings and Catalogues of prices sent in answer to post-paid Water Dishes for venison, beefsteak, or stew a Set of Six London-made applications. Country orders are requested to contain either remittance Patent Dish Covers, 18s. 9d; Fenders, 3 ft. 6s.; 3 ft. 6in. 7s.; if bronzed, or areference in Town. 3 ft. 7s.: 3 ft. Gin. &s. Fire Lrons, 3s.6d.; Coal Scuttles, Tea Kettles, and From 188s.—GUNS and RIFLES, London Govern- every article in Furnishing Hardware unusually low. ment proved.—A large assortment of Spanish-ribbed Twist Single and FRUIT DESSERT KNIVES, with FRENCH FORKS, of C. WAT- Double-barrelled Fowling Pieces, of superior manufacture and finish; SON’S NEW ALBATA PLATE (which is so rapidly superseding sil- some Rifles by the very best makers, Pistols, shot-belts, Powder-flasks, ver), in sets of twenty-four pieces, with ivory handles, 45s.; carved ivory &c. at least 30 per cent. cheaper than Londora Makers’ exorbitant handles, 50s.; Albert-pattern handles, 50s.; if in mahogany cases, 16s, charges. extra. C. W. begs the public to understand this Metal is peculiarly his own, and is manufactured into every article for the Table and Sideboard. F. BARNETT, 25 Oxford street, oue door west of Rathbone place.

Plated and Silver Goods in every variety. Export and wholesale orders A TT TS promptly executed. To Families and New-married Couples, and indeed to all who study Printed by Cuarirs Reynexs (of No. 3 Brompton vale, Old Brompton), economy, combined with usefulness and elegance, the possession of his at the Printing Office of Reyvneni and Wricurt, No. 16 Little Pulteney Catalogue will prove invaluable, and is seut to all parts of the Kingdom street, in the Parish of St James, Westminster; and Published by the Gratis, and Post Free, on application at his Warehouses, 41 and 42 Bai said CuarRLes REYNELD, at No. 6 Wellington street, Strand, London.— bican, or 16 Norton Folgate. March 30, 1844,