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Olenekian (Early Triassic) in Northeastern Vietnam 41 Fig. 30 Olenekian (Early Triassic) in northeastern Vietnam 41 Fig. 30. Photomicrographs of vertical thin sections. 1–2, Bioclastic limestone containing juvenile ammonoids from KC01-03. 3–4, Oolitic limestone from KC01-08. 5–6, Bioclastic limestone containing fragmental and disarticulated thin-shelled bivalves from KC01-08. Thin-shelled bivalves are arranged edgewise and perpen- dicular to the bedding, which indicates formation by strong wave currents. 42 Shigeta, Komatsu, Maekawa and Dang (eds.) Fig. 31. Photomicrographs of vertical thin sections. 1–2, Bioclastic limestone containing thin-shelled bivalves and juvenile ammonoids from BT01-14. 3, Sutured stylolites commonly found in hemipelagic limestone from KC01-14. 4, Organic-rich dark gray calcareous nodule containing abundant spheroidal radiolarians from NT01-07. 5, Organic-rich dark gray limestone containing abundant spheroidal radiolarians from KC02-10. 6, Organic-rich dark gray calcareous nodule containing abundant spheroidal radiolarians and ostracods from BR01-05. Olenekian (Early Triassic) in northeastern Vietnam 43 Fig. 32. Lithofacies of slope deposits. 1, Exposures of isolated channel-filling limestone breccias in hemipelagic mudstone in NT02. 2, Limestone breccia containing slump beds and overlying thin-bedded marl at KC02-03. 44 Shigeta, Komatsu, Maekawa and Dang (eds.) Fig. 33. Lithofacies of slope deposits in KC02. 1, Limestone breccia characterized by matrix- and clast-supports. 2, Clast-supported limestone breccia containing pebble and cobble intraclasts. Olenekian (Early Triassic) in northeastern Vietnam 45 Fig. 34. 1–2, Fossiliferous bedded limestone in PK01. 1, Fossiliferous bedded limestone overlain by thin-bedded limestone (T. B. L) and limestone breccia (L. B.). 2, Fossiliferous bedded limestone containing abundant am- monoids (e.g. Owenites koeneni) at PK01-02. 3–4, Exposures of gravity flow deposits in NT01. 3, Gravelly and very coarse calcareous sandstone displaying normal and inverse grading. 4, Convolute- and parallel lami- nated calcareous sandstone and mudstone. The basal part of the calcareous sandstone occasionally contains flame structures. 46 Shigeta, Komatsu, Maekawa and Dang (eds.) Fig. 35. Vertical cross sections of sandstone in the upper part of the Bac Thuy Formation. 1–2, Very fine silici- clastic sandstone contains climbing-ripple lamination from NT01. 3, Thin calcareous turbidite characterized by Tc and Td divisions is embedded in thick hemipelagic mudstone at KC02-15. Olenekian (Early Triassic) in northeastern Vietnam 47 and poorly ornamented ostracods (Fig. 31). occur in these beds. This fauna correlates with Komatsu et al. (2011, 2013) reported a mono- that from the Flemingites rursiradiatus beds in specific ammonoid assemblage composed of Guangxi, South China (Brayard and Bucher, Xenoceltites variocostatus and a thin-shelled 2008) and Oman (Brühwiler et al., 2012a), as epifaunal bivalve assemblage consisting main- well as the Flemingites beds in Spiti (Brühwil- ly of Crittendenia australasiatica from this fa- er et al., 2012c), Flemingites flemingianus cies. In the Ban Ru area, a low diversity ostra- beds of the Salt Range (Brühwiler et al., cod assemblage from the organic-rich dark 2012b) and Flemingites sp. beds of Utah, USA gray bedded limestone is composed of several (Brayard et al., 2013). species of Paracypris of which Paracypris Urdyceras tulongensis beds: This subdivi- vietnamensis and Paracypris sp. A are abun- sion, which occurs in the middle part of the dant. A similar low diversity assemblage exists basal portion of the Bac Thuy Formation in in the same lithologic unit in the Na Trang exposures at Bac Thuy (sections BT01, 02), is area, in which only two species of Bairdia are characterized by the association of Urdyceras common. tulongensis, Ussuria kwangsiana, Galfetites simplicitatis, Pseudaspidites muthianus, Sub- Biostratigraphy meekoceras hsüyüchieni, Jinyaceras cf. bel- lum, Paranannites sinensis and Aspenites acu- Ammonoid succession (by Y. Shigeta) tus. Based on carefully controlled bed-by-bed Recently, Brühwiler et al. (2010) docu- sampling, a total of five distinct Olenekian mented the occurrence of Urdyceras tulongen- (Smithian and Spathian) ammonoid faunas are sis in the Brayardites compressus beds (lower recognized in the studied area (Fig. 36). These Middle Smithian) at Tulong, South Tibet, and faunas, ranging in age from the earliest Middle since an equivalent fauna is not known from Smithian through the Early Spathian, represent South China, Brühwiler et al. (2010, 2012c) a more or less continuous succession that can pointed out that the Brayardites compressus be correlated with other Tethyan sequences beds can probably be correlated with an inter- such as the Salt Range (Pakistan), Spiti val between the Flemingites rursiradiatus (India), Tulong (South Tibet), Oman and beds and the Owenites koeneni beds of South South China as well as the eastern Panthal- China. Although Brayardites compressus assa. Formal zones are not introduced for Brühwiler et al., 2010 has not yet been found these assemblages because fossil occurrences in northeastern Vietnam, the occurrence of U. are not stratigraphically continuous and our tulongensis supports the suggestion of Brüh- knowledge of Early Triassic ammonoid faunas wiler et al. (2010, 2012c). Therefore, this sub- in northeastern Vietnam is only in a prelimi- division is considered to be of early Middle nary stage. Hence, the term “beds” is used to Smithian age. describe each of the local faunal sequences. Owenites koeneni beds: This subdivision Flemingites rursiradiatus beds: These occurs in the upper part of the basal portion of beds, of earliest Middle Smithian age (Brayard the Bac Thuy Formation in the Bac Thuy sec- et al., 2013), are well-documented from the tions (BT01, 02) and the Pac Khanh section lower part of the fossiliferous limestone beds (PK01) as well as in limestone breccia and in the basal portion of the Bac Thuy Forma- bedded limestone in the lower portion of the tion in exposures at Bac Thuy (sections BT01, Bac Thuy Formation exposed along the Ky 02). Flemingites rursiradiatus as well as Pseu- Cung River (sections KC01, 02). These beds daspidites muthianus, Submeekoceras are mainly characterized by Owenites koeneni hsüyüchieni and Jinyaceras cf. bellum all co- and Dieneroceras? goudemandi, but other taxa 48 Shigeta, Komatsu, Maekawa and Dang (eds.) Fig. 36. Ammonoid and conodont biostratigraphic subdivision of the Lower Triassic of northeastern Vietnum and correlation with other regions. N. p.: Novispathodus pingdingshanenesis, T. s.: Triassospathodus symmet- ricus. Olenekian (Early Triassic) in northeastern Vietnam 49 50 Shigeta, Komatsu, Maekawa and Dang (eds.) Fig. 37. Distribution of index ammonoid taxa in the Bac Thuy Formation. Olenekian (Early Triassic) in northeastern Vietnam 51 are also found at two different horizons as fol- cassianus are Pseudosageceras sp. and Xeno- lows: Preflorianites radians, Leyeceras rothi, celtites? sp. Tirolites cassianus has long been Anaflemingites hochulii, Juvenites sinuosus recognized as one of the more important age- and Parussuria compressa in the lower part diagnostic species of the earliest Early Spathi- (Leyeceras horizon), and Guodunites monneti an in the Tethys (Krystyn, 1974; Posenato, in the upper part (Guodunites horizon). 1992). In Guangxi, South China, Brayard and Bu- Tirolites sp. nov. beds: This subdivision, of cher (2008) subdivided the Middle Smithian Early Spathian age, occurs in the upper por- Owenites koeneni beds into three horizons in tion of the Bac Thuy Formation (sections ascending order as follows: Ussuria, Han- NT01, KC02, BT02, BR01). Its fauna is char- ielites and Inyoites horizons. The Leyeceras acterized by the association of Tirolites sp. horizon, of middle Middle Smithian age, prob- nov., Columbites sp., Xenoceltites? sp., Yves- ably can be correlated with the Ussuria and galleticeras? sp., Procarnites? sp., Eodanubi- Hanielites horizons as well as the Nammalites tes? sp. and Goudemandites langsonensis sp. pilatoides beds in the Salt Range (Brühwiler et nov. Tirolites and Columbites are typical age- al., 2012b), Spiti (Brühwiler et al., 2012c) and diagnostic taxa of the Early Spathian (Kum- Tulong (Brühwiler et al., 2010). The Guodun- mel, 1969; Guex et al., 2010). ites horizon, of late Middle Smithian age, cor- Conodont succession (by T. Maekawa and T. relates with the Inyoites horizon of South Komatsu) China and Utah, USA (Brayard et al., 2013), The Lower Triassic section in the north- the Meekoceras gracilitatis Zone in Nevada, eastern Vietnam can be divided into three con- USA (Jenks et al., 2010) and the Nyalamites odont zones in ascending order as follows: angustecostatus beds in the Salt Range (Brüh- Novispathodus ex gr. waageni Zone, Novis- wiler et al., 2012b), Spiti (Brühwiler et al., pathodus pingdingshanensis Zone, and Trias- 2012c) and South Tibet (Brühwiler et al., sospathodus symmetricus Zone (Fig. 36). 2010). Novispathodus ex gr. waageni Zone: This Xenoceltites variocostatus beds: These zone begins with the first occurrence of Novis- beds, which are well-documented from the pathodus ex gr. waageni and ends with the middle portion of the Bac Thuy Formation first occurrence of Nv. pingdingshanensis. The (sections NT01, KC02, BT02, BR01), are following taxa are associated: Conservatella characterized by the unique occurrence of Xe- conservativa, C. sp. indet. A, Discretella dis- noceltites variocostatus. This subdivision is creta, D. robustus, D. sp. indet. A through
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