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Kurdistan Region of Iraq Displacement as challenge and opportunity Urban profile: Refugees, internally displaced persons and host community Erbil Governorate, Kurdistan Region of Iraq April 2016 Reproduction and dissemination for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Profiling coordinator: Shadman Mahmoud (UNHCR) Report preparation: Roger Guiu Research facilitation: Margharita Lundkvist-Houndoumadi (JIPS), Per Schoening (JIPS/Statistics Norway), Karam Hindi (UNHCR), Diyar Omar (ERC), Mazin Mohammed (ESD), Hemn Abbas (ESD), Ibrahem Rahman (ESD), Gohdar Mohammed (KRSO) Cartography: Melissa Weihmayer (JIPS) Report editing: Nadia Siddiqui Cover image: Hemn Goran (AKO) Steering Committee members: Erbil Refugee Council (ERC), International Organization for Migration (IOM), Joint Crisis Coordination Centre (JCC), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), United Nations Ofce for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) The profiling exercise was funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) Printed by UNHCR, May 2016 Report preparation, April 2016 Data collection, December 2015 DISPLACEMENT AS CHALLENGE AND OPPORTUNITY URBAN PROFILE OF REFUGEES, INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS AND HOST COMMUNITY ERBIL GOVERNORATE, KURDISTAN REGION OF IRAQ Acknowledgements This profiling assessment has been conducted in December 2015 in order to address the need for an in-depth analysis of the urban displacement situation of refugees, internally displaced persons and host communities in Erbil Governorate. We hope that this profiling assessment will contribute to establish an evidence base and will help the Kurdistan Regional Government and the humanitarian and development partners to develop comprehensive, long-term responses to out-of-camp displacement concerns and improving the living standards of all population groups living in the urban areas of Erbil Governorate. This assessment received the support since its initiation from his Excellency, Ali Sindi, the Minister of Planning of the Kurdistan Regional Government, and his Excellency, Nawzad Hadi, the Governor of Erbil. We offer deep gratitude to them. The work undertaken is a result of a partnership between the Erbil Refugee Council (ERC), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Erbil Statistics Directorate (ESD), the Joint Crisis Coordination Centre (JCC), International Organization for Migration (IOM), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UNHABITAT) and United Nations Ofce for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA). The Joint IDP Profiling Service (JIPS) offered technical support throughout the exercise. A Technical Working Group consisting of ESD, UNHCR and ERC, and with the support of JIPS, have developed the methodology and conducted the analysis. Finally, we would also thank all the participants involved in the research process, from its inception to the fieldwork and its implementation, as well as the helpful comments on the report and recommendations provided by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC). TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 4 ١ METHODOLOGY 6 ٢ Target Population and Area Coverage 6 Data Collection Methods 6 WHO ARE THE DISPLACED? 10 ٣ Migration History of the Displaced 11 Household Composition 13 URBAN SPACES AND COHESION 14 ٤ New and Old Neighbours: Settling Into Cities and Towns 15 Housing and Living Conditions 17 Moving Within and Out: Push Factors from Urban Areas 19 Capacity and Accessibility of Public Services 23 Social Cohesion and Interactions Between Communities 26 Right to the City and Social Contract 28 EMPLOYMENT IN URBAN AREAS 30 ٥ Work Status of the Population 31 Geographic Patterns of Employment 33 Labour Conditions and Informality 34 Social Capital, Human Capital and Other Factors for Employability 35 FINANCIAL SITUATION OF HOUSEHOLDS 38 ٦ Household Budget 39 Economic Vulnerability Across the Urban Areas 40 Indebtedness 40 THE CHALLENGE OF EDUCATION 44 ٧ Enrolment Rates and Implications 45 The Education Challenge for Syrian Refugees 48 FEASIBLE RETURNS FOR DISPLACED COMMUNITIES 50 ٨ Willingness to Return 51 Challenges for an Effective Return 53 CONCLUSION AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 56 ٩ Urbanisation Process, Public Services and Social Cohesion 56 Housing and Living Conditions 57 Livelihoods Generation 58 Financial Support to Vulnerable Families 59 Education and School Attendance 60 Barriers to Returns 60 Economic Crisis and Budget Restrictions 61 ANNEXES 62 Household Survey Questionnaire 63 Focus Group Discussion Question Guide 71 Statistical Analysis of the Factors Affecting Willingness to Return to Area of Origin 72 Selected Data Overview 73 3 INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND ١ Erbil Governorate, with a total population of 2.01 million Unrelated to the current conflict, but no less important, people1, hosts the capital of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. is the fact that the Kurdistan Region’s economy has also The governorate, like the rest of the Kurdistan Region, been directly and negatively affected by budget disputes has been deeply affected by recent waves of displacement between the KRG and Iraq’s Federal Government and resulting from the conflicts in Syria and the rest of Iraq, as decreasing oil prices. Prior to 2014, the vast majority of well as a pervasive financial crisis affecting the public and Kurdistan’s financial resources came out of the federal private sectors of its economy. budget from Baghdad. This transfer came to a halt in 2014 in response to the Kurdistan Region’s attempt to sell oil Erbil Governorate has taken in Syrian refugees over the independently. As a result, the KRG has received irregular last 5 years. This displaced population has arrived as a and intermittent funds from Baghdad in the absence of direct consequence of the violent conflict in Syria or due to a renegotiated revenue-sharing agreement. Because an the economic opportunities that Erbil offered. When this adequate taxation system does not exist in Iraq or in the influx started, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq enjoyed relative Kurdistan Region to complement public revenues, the stability and economic progress. People seeking refuge KRG has been almost completely dependent on its own thus entered a benign and even welcoming environment oil exports to cover costs. These revenues have been with both the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) and drastically reduced after international oil prices dropped host community willing to support them. by around 70% starting in mid-2014. The situation changed in 2014, given the evolving security The national and regional economic challenges and economic dynamics in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq highlighted above quickly spread across the domestic resulting from both the Islamic State’s violent entry into economy in the Kurdistan Region. The economy is Iraq and the economic downturn. The deteriorating highly centralised around the government spending, security situation caused by the Islamic State’s take-over from business sustainability to household income and of large portions of western and northern territories in consumption. Public employees, which form about half of Iraq, including the country’s second largest city, Mosul, the local workforce, have not received regular and timely unleashed a severe displacement crisis within Iraq. payment of their salaries for 2014 and 2015. Pension, Of the 3.4 million people internally displaced in the allowance, and public contractor payments also slowed country, around 1.5 million are now in the governorates over this time. This sudden lack of income for a large of the Kurdistan Region. This resultant 30% increase in sector of the population has had ripple effects that are still population in just 2 years has put the region’s authorities being felt, particularly as the private sector is still too weak under immense strain, particularly with respect to the and underdeveloped to provide alternative employment provision of public services. Coupled with this, the current opportunities and anchor the economy to weather these conflict in Iraq has also negatively impacted the economic budget constraints. outlook for the country, including the Kurdistan Region. Foreign investment has drastically decreased, trade routes Taken together, conflict, displacement, and a weak have been disrupted and the dynamics within the labour economy are negatively impacting government function, market have been altered dramatically after the large household resilience, private sector survival, and public inflow of people into the workforce. services provision in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, including Erbil Governorate. Solutions to redress the situation must come from a holistic analysis taking into account all the dynamics outlined above. This profiling exercise, hence, takes place within a complex environment, affected by 1 KRSO (2014). Report on population estimates for the Kurdistan Region of many layers of external and internal shocks. Iraq in the period 2009-2020. 4 DISPLACEMENT AS A CHALLENGE AND OPPORTUNITY: URBAN PROFILE OF REFUGEES, INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS AND HOST COMMUNITY Why profiling? A collaborative and capacity sharing process While a significant amount of information is available
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