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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF RIVER SAND DISTRICT

(This report is to be submitted along with application for Environmental Clearance (EC) for mining of river sand)

Prepared as per Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006 issued Under Environment (Protection) Act 1986 By

District Environment Impact Assessment Authority (DEIAA) Kannur

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Table of Content Page No. 1. Introduction………………………………………………… 5 2. Administration…………………………………………...... 5 3. Drainage and Irrigation……………………………………. 5 4. Rainfall and Climate……………………………………….. 6 5. Other meteorological parameters…………………………. 8 5.1. Temperature…………………………………………. 8 5.2. Relative …………………………………… 8 5.3. Evaporation………………………………………….. 8 5.4. Sunshine hours………………………………………. 8 5.5. Wind…………………………………………………. 8 5.6. Potential Evapotranspiration (PET)……………….. 8

6. Geology……………………………………………………… 9 7. Geomorphology ……………………………………………. 11 8. Soil types …………………………………………………. 13 9. Land use …………………………………………………..... 15 10. Ground water scenario……………………………………... 17 11. Natural hazards ……………………………………………. 19 12. Mineral resources ………………………………………...... 20 12.1 major mineral………………………………………... 20 12.2 miner minerals………………………………………. 20 12.2.1 ordinary earth…………………………………. 20 12.2.2 ordinary clay(tile/brick clay)…………………. 21 12.2.3 Ordinary sand…………………………………. 21 12.2.4 Laterite…………………………………………. 23 12.2.5 Granite Dimension Stone &Granite………….. 23 12.2.6 Lime Shell……………………………………… 24

13 River Sand…………………………………………………. 25

13.1 Rivers in Kannur District…………………………… 25

13.1.1 River……………………………. 25

13.1.2 perumba river…………………………………… 26

13.1.3 river……………………………………… 27

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13.1.4 Tellichery river……………………………………. 27

13.1.5 Mahe river………………………………………… 28

13.1.6 Anjarakandy river………………………………… 28

13.2 Sand Mining…………………………………………….. 29

13.2.1 Background………………………………………... 29

13.2.2 Environmental Impact of Excessive Sand -

Mining in streams ………………………………… 29

13.2.3 Sand and Gravel Mining Policy and Guideline…. 31

13.2.4 The general guidelines for sand -

and gravel mining.. ……………………………….. 31

13.2.5 Sand and Gravel mining management …………. 33

13.3 River sand mining and distribution system…………… 35

14. Details of river sand concessions and revenue collections…. 42

15. References

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1 Introduction

Kannur district lies between latitudes 11° 40' to 12° 48' North and longitudes 74° 52' to 76° 07' East with a geographical area of 2966 square kilometre The district is bound by the in the East (Coorg district of State), Kozhikkode and Wayanad districts, in the South, sea in the West and . The Census data for the year 2011 reveals that the district has total population of 2525637 persons with 1184012 males and 1341625 female‟s population with a rate of 95.41%.

2 Administration Kannur district is divided into 4 taluks (Taliparambu, Kannur , and ), one corporation (Kannur), 9 municipalities(,Taliparambu, Anthur, , Iritty, Mattannur, Thalassery, , and Koothuparambu), 11 blocks (Payyanur, Kannur, Thalassery, Taliparambu, , , Iritty, Peravur ,Panoor,Kalliassery and Koothuparambu), 71 Panchayaths and 132 villages.

3 Drainage and Irrigation Kannur district is mainly drained by the Valapattanam and Anjarakandy rivers. The other rivers are Kuppam, Mahe, Thalasseryr,perumba etc. Dendritic is the common drainage pattern. The , which is the longest in the district originates from Reserve forest in Coorg district of Karnataka. The drainage area of the river in is 1321 sq.km. The Anjarakandy river originates from the Kannoth Reserve forest. The drainage area of the river is 412 sq.km.

Kannur district has 23,312 ha. area under irrigation, which accounts about 8.01% of the gross irrigated area of the state. Kannur district is provided with one major irrigation project along with some minor irrigation projects. The major irrigation scheme of the district is Pazhassi project. The command area fixed for Pazhassi project was 11525 haland which comprises 8125 ha of paddy and 3400 ha of garden land. Ground water is also used for irrigation purposes. In addition to this, there are private tanks to facilitate the irrigation sector.

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4 Rainfall and climate The district other than coastal areas of Kerala is humid .The rainfall season starts in June and ends In December and has two district seasons called the South West monsoon and the North East monsoon. The summer season which is from March to the end of May is very hot with an average daily maximum temperature of 35 degree Celsius .the South West Monsoon starts in Juneand continues till the September The north east monsoon season is from October and extends till the end of February. December and January are the coolest months and the temperature falls to about 20 degree Celsius.The annual average rainfall in the districts is 3438mm of which more than 80 per cent is received during the period of south west monsoon

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5 Other meteorological parameters Apart from the rainfall, the meteorological parameters play an important role in groundwater balance estimation and other types of relevant studies.

5.1 Temperature The temperature is more during the months of April to May and is less during December and 0 January. The average mean monthly maximum temperature ranges from 28.4 to 36.9 C and 0 minimum temperature ranges from 19.7 to 23.9 C.

5.2 Relative Humidity Relative humidity is more during south west monsoon season (i.e. June to September). It is more during morning hours and is less during evening hours. Humidity ranges from 77 to 88 % in the district.

5.3 Evaporation Evaporation is more during summer months of March to May and low during the months of June to November. The mean evaporation ranges from 2.6 to 5.7 mm/day.

5.4 Sunshine Hours Generally good sunshine hours are recorded in the month of November to May. January to March records the maximum sunshine hours of more than 9.1 hours/day. The months of June to August records the minimum sunshine due to cloudy sky.

5.5 Wind Wind speed ranges from 2.1 to 3.3 km per hour with mean speed of 2.6 km/hr. The wind speed is high during the period from March to June and low during the period from September to December.

5.6 Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) The monthly PET ranges from 124.5 to 170.6 mm. PET values are lower than the monthly rainfall during the months of May to October indicating water surplus for possible recharge into groundwater regime during these months.

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6 Geology

The district can be broadly divided into seven geological belts trending NW-SE viz., (i) northern belt of Charnockite group extending further north and east to the adjacent districts, (ii) north central belt of Wayanad schist complex, (iii) Central belt of Peninsular Gneissic Complex extending to the southeast, (iv) south central belt of Group, equivalent to Dharwars, (v) southernmost belt of Migmatite Complex which extends further south to the adjacent district, (vi) Sedimentary (Warkalli Beds) in the western part near the coast and (vii) Quaternary sediments along the coast. The lithology of Kannur district is grouped under Precambrian, late Tertiary and Quaternary periods and the Precambrian rocks dominate over the other two. Charnockite Group, includes pyroxene granulite, charnockite (hypersthene granulite) and hornblende-diopside granulite. While hornblende granite and charnockite occupy large areas, pyroxene granulite occurs as linear bodies in the southeast. Hornblende-biotite gneiss constitutes the litho unit of Migmatite Complex. It has a large areal extent along the coast, south of Kannur. Towards east and southeast, discrete metasedimentary and ultramafic sequences which have been designaed as Wayanad Schist Complex and are considered equivalent of Sargur Group of Karnataka. They occur as isolated bands within charnockite and gneiss. Their contacts are generally discordant due to later folding, metamorphism and migmatisation. The group comprises quartzite, magnetite quartzite, garnet- kyanite-sillimanite gneiss, quart-mica-kyanite schist, quartz-sericite schist, amphibolite, kyanite- sillimanite-sericite quartzite, metaultramafites. Garnet-kyanite-sillimanite gneiss/schist is widespread in the east, whereas the other members of Wayanad Complex occur as linear bands, lensoidal bodies and vestiges to the West Peninsular Gneisic Complex, represented by hornblende- biotite gneiss comprise of a complex suite of gneisses and granites, representing the anatectic phase of migmatisation of schist complex. East of Kannur extending upto Tellichery in the south, a large body of quartz-mica schist is separated from the other schistose rocks by a conglomerate horizon extending over 8km. This lithounit known as Vengad Formation, characterised by lack of migmatisation, presence of primary structres and absence of high grade minerals, is correlatable with rocks of Dharwar Super Group. Large bodies of anortjosite, gabbro, granite and granophyre from the post Vengad basic and acid intrusives. Dolerite dykes trending NW-SE represent the younger basic intrusives. Late Tertiary sedimentary rocks (Warkalli beds) occur as isolated patches along the coast near Kannur, and east of Payyannur. They comprise variegated clays and friable sandstone. At Kannur and Pazhayangadi, carbonaceous clay with thin seams of lignite is reported towards bottom of the sedimentary sequence. The Tertiaries as well as the basement rocks are extensively lateritised. The pebble bed, reported near Valapatnam along the bank of Valapatanam river, is considered to be of Quaternary age. Quaternary alluvial deposit occur along the coast and in the valleys. They constitute palaeo-marine deposit ( Formation), fluvial deposit ( Formation) of Valapatnam and rivers, fluvio-marine deposits (Viyyam Formation) and beach deposits (Kadappuram Formation) (Figure 1). The geology of the

9 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District district given above may be read with the “Geology of Kerala” which is given as Annexure 1 for better understanding of geological succession and stratigraphic sequence.

Figure 1: Geology and mineral resources of Kannur. (Source: District Resource map, Kannur district, Geological Survey of )

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7 Geomorphology Based on physiography, the district can be divided into three distinct geomorphologic units viz i) the coastal plains and lowlands in the western part, (ii) the central undulatory terrain comprising the midland region and (iii) eastern highland region. The coastal plains occurs as a narrow belt of alluvial depositional landforms running parallel to the coast with a maximum width of about 15 km. It comprises narrow beaches interrupted by cliffs, promontories and rocky beaches. Estuaries, lagoons, tidal flats, fllodplain and palaeo-beach ridges are the other landforms of the area. The region has a maximum height of 7m in the east. The midland region, a relatively wide zone repreents denudational landforms exhibiting laterite capped flats, mesasm ridges, spurs, laterite interfluves and narrow alleviated valleys. Midland region forms a plateau land at certain places covered by a thick cover of laterite. Elevation of this region displays remnants of planation surfaces as well. Two former planation surfaces with fairly extensive remnants are characterised by laterite cappings. Vestiges of still older surfaces are identifiable at higher altitudes. The hilly region in the east is a structural cum denudational landform, Here the elevation is generally above 500m. Hills have very steep slopes. Landforms of intrusive origin are also noticed nearPeralimala and . The hilly tract in the eastern part consists of highly rugged terrains. The Ezhimala peak with the characteristic N-S alignment is a distinct physiographic unit in the coastal plains. Minor cliffs of laterite generally rising to an elevation of 50 to 60 m above mean sea level are found at Mahe, Thalasserry and coast. The midland region presents a plateau land covered by a thick cover of laterite. This is immediately to the east of the coastal strip, rising from 40 to 100 m above msl. The valleys in the plateau are gorge like and V shaped cut by youthful streams. The hilly tract along the eastern part of the district constitutes the highland region and is highly rugged. Development of bad land topography along the margins of the valley is a common feature observed in the district (Figure 2).

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Figure 2: Geomorphology Kannur District (Source: District Resource map, Kannur district, Geological Survey of India)

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8 Soil types There are mainly four types of soil observed in the district.

(1) Lateritic soil

(2) Brown hydromorphic soil

(3)Coastal and river alluvium

(4)Forest Loamy soil

(1) Lateritic soil – The predominant soil in the district is lateritic soil, which is the weathered product derived under humid tropical conditions. It occurs mainly in the midland and hilly areas characterized by rugged topography. They range from sandy loam to red loam.

(2) Brown hydromorphic soil – These are confined to the valleys between undulating topography in the midlands and in the low lying areas of the coastal strip in the district. These soils are brown in colour and the surface texture varies from sandy loam to clay. They have been formed as a result of transportation and deposition of materials from adjoining hill slopes and also through deposition by rivers.

(3) Coastal and river alluvium – The coastal alluvium is seen in the western coastal tract of the district. The coastal plain is characterized by secondary soils, which are sandy and sterile with poor water holding capacity. The width of the zone is more in the central part i.e., in the Kannur area and it is almost narrow in both north and southern areas of the district. The marshy soil in the coastal plain supports mangrove vegetation and is found at the estuaries and backwater extending inland along their courses. The soil is composed of recent deposits predominantly marine with some fluvial sediments along the coastline. These soils are immature with high sand content. River alluvium is found along river valleys cutting across the extensive lateritic soils. The soil is very deep with surface texture ranging from sandy loam to clay. It is fertile, having water holding capacity and plant nutrients which are regularly replenished during floods.

(4)Forest Loamy soil –

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These soils are found in the eastern hilly areas of the district and are characterised by a surface layer rich in organic matter. They are generally acidic and are dark reddish brown to black in colour with loam to silty loam texture (Figure 5).

Figure 5: Soil types of Kannur. (Source: District Resource map, Kannur district, Geological Survey of India)

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9 Landuse

In Kannur district out of the total geographical area of 296600 ha about 16.43% of the area is covered by forest .The total cropped area counts to about 77% of the total area and the major crops cultivated includes , rubber, cashew ,pepper, areca nut, jack fruit, mango and paddy. . Extensive waste land formed of hard laterite, unsuitable for cultivation lies in the midland region. Most of the area is covered by lateritic soil. Forest loam soil occurs in the east and the alluvial soil is along the coast (Figure 3). The area under forest in given in the forest map given below.

Figure 3: Land use of Kannur. (Source: District Resource map, Kannur district, Geological Survey of India)

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10 .Groundwater scenario The area lies in the high rainfall area of the western coast. The district is divisible into four geohydrological provinces from coast to the east based on the yield of groundwater. The coastal alluvium in the west has fairly good yield with depth to water table from 0.5 to 3m. In the laterite capped midland region, open dug wells are suitable where depth to groundwater is between 5 and 20m. Further east, the area is covered by weathered rock and lateritic soil. Here the valleys and lowlands have good yield of water from dug wells while in other areas bore wells are suitable. In the hills further east, fracture planes are potential zones of groundwater and can sustain bore wells. Groundwater occurs under phreatic conditions in weathered mantle of the crystalline rocks, laterites and unconsolidated coastal sediments. It occurs under semi confined to confined conditions in the deep-seated fractured aquifers of the crystalline rocks and Tertiary sediments (Figure 4). Kannur district is underlain by charnockites, pyroxene granulites, garnetiferous gneisses, hornblende biotite gneisses and schistose rocks overlain by Tertiaries and coastal alluvium along the coast ranging in age from Archaean to Recent. These rocks have undergone weathering and lateritisation. The hydrogeological units encountered in the district are (i) consolidated formations (weathered and fractured crystallines) (ii) Semi consolidated sediments equivalent to Warkalies of Southern Kerala and Laterite formations and (iii) unconsolidated formations (Recent alluvium occurring along the coast).

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Figure 4: Geohydrology of Kannur. (Source: District Resource map, Kannur district, Geological Survey of India)

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11 .Natural hazards Several places along the coast are prone to beach erosion. The district falls under seismic zone III of ISI Classification(Figure 6).

Figure 6: Geotechnical characteristics and natural hazards map of Kannur. (Source: District Resource map, Kannur district, Geological Survey of India)

Figure 2

: Geomorphology of Kannur. (Source: District Resource map, Kannur district, Geological Survey of India)

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12 .Mineral Resources

12.1. Major Minerals China clay, bauxite, limeshell, lignite and laterite are the major economic minerals of the district. The district has large resources of good quality china clay used for a variety of industries. Good deposits are seen at Pazhayangadi and . Apart from china clay, district has resource of ball clay, fire clay and tile clay. Low-grade bauxite is associated with laterite. Bauxite occurs at , Pattuvamkunnu and east of Payyannur. The sedimentary sequences of madayi has thin seams of lignite with a cumulative thickness of 5m. Lignite is also reported from Kannur, Meenkunnu and Azhikod. Talc and steatite bands are reported from Thalassery and

12.2. Minor Minerals

12.2.1 Ordinary Earth Ordinary earth is the common name used for the soils. Soil is made up of three main components – minerals that come from rocks below or nearby, organic matter which is the remains of plants and animals that use the soil, and the living organisms that reside in the soil. The proportion of each of these is important in determining the type of soil that is present. But other factors such as climate, vegetation, time, the surrounding terrain, and even human activities (eg. farming, grazing, gardening, landscaping, etc.), are also important in influencing how soil is formed and the types of soil that occur in a particular landscape. The formation of soils can be seen as a combination of the products of weathering, structural development of the soil, differentiation of that structure into horizons or layers, and lastly, of its movement or translocation. In fact, there are many ways in which soil may be transported away from the location where it was first formed. Soils represent one of the most complex and dynamic natural systems and are one of the three major natural resources, other than air and water. Knowledge of their chemical, physical and biological properties is a prerequisite both for sustaining the productivity of the land, e.g. agriculture, and for conservation purposes. Soil is an integral part of a terrestrial ecosystem and fulfills numerous functions including the capacity to generate biomass and the filtering or buffering activities between the atmosphere and the groundwater in the biosphere. Soils have many important functions. Perhaps the best appreciated is the function to support the growth of agricultural and horticultural crops. Soil is the mainstay of agriculture and horticulture, forming as it does the medium in which growth and ultimately the yield of food producing crops occurs.

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Farmers and gardeners have worked with their soils over many centuries to produce increasing amounts of food to keep pace with the needs of a burgeoning world population. The soil's natural cycles go a long way in ensuring that the soil can provide an adequate physical, chemical and biological medium for crop growth. As well as being essential to agriculture, horticulture, forestry and natural and semi-natural systems, soil also plays an important role for our fauna. The soil itself contains millions of organisms, the exact nature and role of which we are still trying to determine. Undoubtedly, the soil flora and fauna play a vital role in cycles which are fundamental to the ability of the soil to support natural and semi-natural vegetation without additions of fertilizer and other support mechanisms. They breakdown plant debris, take in components from the atmosphere; aerate the soil together with many other functions that make the soil such an important medium.

12.2.2. Ordinary Clay (tile/brick clay) Clays and clay minerals occur under a fairly limited range of geological conditions and are produced by weathering of silicate minerals containing calcium, magnesium, sodium, or potassium reacting with carbonic acid, carbonates, and bicarbonates. These soluble products are removed by ground water, while the remaining elements, aluminum, silicon, and oxygen combine with water to produce stable clay minerals. The environment of formation include soil horizons, continental and marine sediments, geothermal fields, volcanic deposits, and weathering rock formations. Extensive alteration of rocks to clay minerals can produce relatively pure clay deposits that are of economic interest. Clay formed at the site of the parent rock is known as primary or residual clay; the one carried away or transported and deposited elsewhere is known as secondary clay. For obvious reasons, the former is purer with less impurity (5%–15%), while the latter may contain mica, quartz, and iron oxide as impurities. Geological factors such as conditions at the time of deposition and post-depositional changes have an important influence on the properties of sediment.

13.2.3 Ordinary Sand In Kerala Minor Mineral Concession Rules, 2015, the ordinary sand is defined as sand used for non-industrial purpose. This includes both river sand and sand excavated from inland areas like palaeo-channels. Since a separate Act has been enacted by namely, The Kerala Protection of River Banks and Regulation of Removal of Sand Act, 2001 (hereafter referred to as Sand Act, 2001) and since the mining of river sand is controlled by Revenue Department by virtue of the powers conferred by the said Act and the Rules made thereunder, the Department of

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Mining and Geology now regulates the mining of sand which do not comes under the purview of Sand Act, 2001. The ordinary sand (other than river sand) occurs in the palaeo-channels. The word paleo- channel is formed from the words “paleo” or “old,” and channel; i.e., a paleo-channel is an old channel. Paleo-channels are deposits of unconsolidated sediments or semi-consolidated sedimentary rocks deposited in ancient, currently inactive river and stream channel systems. These are typical riverine geomorphic features in a location representing drainage streams, rivers, rivulets which were flowing either ephemeral or perennial during the past time and now stands either buried or lost or shifted due to tectonic, geomorphologic, anthropogenic process/activities, as well as climatic changes. When a channel ceases to be part of an active river system, it becomes a paleo-channel. In order to tap the ordinary sand occurring in palaeo-channels, the Department entrusted the study of identification of palaeo-channels in major river basins of Kerala to Geological Survey of India (GSI). GSI resorted to remote sensing studies using satellite imageries and delineated some of the palaeo-channels. However, since such deposits falls in paddy land/wetlands of Kerala, it is difficult to extract such sand on account of restrictions imposed by various Acts and Rules. The Kerala Conservation of Paddy Land and Wetland Act, 2008 and Rules made thereunder which was enacted for conservation of paddy land and wetlands of Kerala imposes restrictions in mining of ordinary sands occurring in wetlands and paddy fields. The said Act and Rules are implemented by Revenue Department. In addition, Government have setup District Expert Committee to monitor and control the mining activities of ordinary sand. In Kerala Minor Mineral Concession Rules 2015, it is mandated that No Objection Certificate from the District Collector concerned, based on the recommendation of the District Expert Committee constituted by the Government in this regard, is to be produced by the applicant in the case of application for extraction of ordinary sand. In addition, Bank guarantee from any Nationalized or Scheduled Bank at the rate of Rs. 300 (Rupees three hundred only) per cubic metre for the purpose of reclamation of pits that will be formed after quarrying in the area permitted, in respect of application for extraction of ordinary sand. The mining of ordinary sand from palaeo-channels also case some environmental concerns. Since sand is a good aquifer, the mining of aquifer system poses threat to ground water availability in surrounding areas. However in certain cases, the mining of such sand from paddy lands increase the productivity of paddy as excess sand in the paddy lands are not good for paddy. In Kerala, due to shortage of river sand and ordinary sand occurring in palaeo-channels, the construction industry now uses manufactured sand obtained by crushing of crystalline rocks.

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. 12.2.4.Laterite Laterite is a soil and rock type rich in iron and aluminium, and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Nearly all laterites are of rusty-red coloration, because of high iron oxide content. They develop by intensive and long-lasting weathering of the underlying parent rock. Tropical weathering is a prolonged process of chemical weathering which produces a wide variety in the thickness, grade, chemistry and ore mineralogy of the resulting soils. The majority of the land area containing laterites is between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Laterite is a National Geological Monument identified in Angadipuram town in district. The special significance of Angadipuram to laterites is that it was here that Dr. Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, a professional surgeon, gave the first account of this rock type, in his report of 1807, as "indurated clay", ideally suited for building construction. This formation falls outside the general classification of rocks namely, the igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rocks but is an exclusively "sedimentary residual product". It has a generally pitted and porous appearance. The name laterite was first coined in India, by Buchanan and its etymology is traced to the Latin word "letritis" that means bricks. This exceptional formation is found above parent rock types of various composition namely, charnockite, leptynite, anorthosite and gabbro in Kerala. The laterite profiles in different types of rocks varies depending on the composition of parent rock. For example in Charnockites, the thickness of the profile ranges from 2 m to 10 m with humus zone on the top with thin pebbly zone (with ferruginous pellets in clayey matrix), underlain by vermicular laterite with tubular cavities of various shapes and size filled with kaolinitic clay. This is followed by thin layer of lithomarge. Further below completely weathered, partly weathered or fresh parent rock occur. In some places one can see hard duricrust at the top. .

12.2.5 Granite Dimension Stone and Granite (building stone) For administrative purpose the hard crystalline rocks which do not have any economic minerals are classified as granite dimension stones and granite (building stones). The definition given in the Kerala Minor Mineral Concession Rules 2015 is as follows:- „Granite dimension stones include all types of granites, dolerite,charnockite, leptynite and other crystalline rocks of Acid, Intermediate, basic and ultra basic groups of igneous and metamorphic origin which are suitable for cutting to pre-determined sizes, polishing, carving and amenable for making value-added products in decorative monumental and ornamental fields of industry as a high-value item. Granite (building stone) include all those group of rocks specified

23 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District above which are not suitable for using as dimension stones as specified therein, but can be used as ordinary building stones, road metal, rubble and ballasts after breaking into irregular pieces by blasting or otherwise as low value item. The Rules insists that the rocks having the quality of granite dimension stone shall not be quarried for granite building stone as these two types of rocks have different values/royalties‟.

The granite dimension stones, on the basis of geologic setting falls under

 True intrusive or anatectic granites and associated migmatites of Proterozoic age from (colour: Pink, light pink, Gray, yellowish white and bluish pink with wavy patterns) and  Dolerite-Gabbro dykes, Proterozoic intrusive hypabasal dyke swarms from (colour: dark greenish blue, black and dark gray with black spots).

All Archean and Proterozoic rocks of Kerala (refer section on Geology of Kerala) which are not listed above as granite dimension stone falls under the category of granite (building stone) and are found below ordinary earth/laterites/and other sedimentary rocks. In some cases such rocks are exposed as hillocks without any overburden.

12.2.6. Limeshell

In Kerala, the lime shell occurs in the backwaters/estuaries, river mouths and lagoons along the coastaltract.

The lime shell resources next in importance to Vembanadlake are those in Kannur district (Payyannur, Cheruvanthur, Thrikkarippur) in north Kerala.The backwaters along the coast have good resources of lime shell. The alluvial deposit of , south of Payyannur is also rich in lime shell. Since all these areas falls in Coastal Regulation Zones, mechanized mining is not permitted.

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13. River sand

13.1 Rivers in Kannur District

13.1.1 Valapattanam River

Itis the largest River in the Kannur District. Valapatanam River originates from the Brahmagiri of Western Ghats in Coorg district, Karnataka at an altitude of 900-1350m above mean sea level. This river drains into along with near Azheekal. After flowing through Karnataka for about 19 km, it passes through lritty Irrikur, and Valapatanam villages. Major tributaries of the river are Sreekandapuram River, Valiyapuzha, Barapole, Venipuzha and the Aralampuzha. Total drainage area of the river basin is 1867 sq.km of which 564 sq.km lie in Kamataka. The river has a length of 110 km of which 44.8 km are suitable for navigation. Valapattanam River is well known for its wood-based industries. Valapattanam is also a famous fishing harbour as well as the main source of the irrigation project () in the district. Considerable number of human population depends on this river for their daily livelihood. A wood factory called as Western India Plywoods located near the river was the largest wood industry in India and was also biggest plywood factory in till some years back. On the banks of this river lies the Valapattanam town and the famous pilgrim center Parassinikadavu Temple. Boating facilities are available here and the people coming to the temple make it a point to

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plan a boat cruise. A river viewing project has been launched by the Kerala District Tourism Council in order to popularize the as part of tourism promotion. This helps to make the people know more about the Valapattanam River as well.

 Width of the river is varying from 66.00 m to 569.00 m. and the maximum depth recorded is 10.69 m at Kuttiyattur panchayat, 800.00 m to Paavannur Bridge.

 The river is passing through 9 panchayats (4 in left bank, 5 in right bank) and two municipalities.

 The panchayats are Koodali, Kuttiyattur, and Thannoor in left bank and Malappattanam, Chengali,Irrikur, and Kurumayhoor in right bank. The Thalipparambu municipality is in right bank and Mattannur Municipality is in left bank of the river.

 Total 8 bridges are crossing this river (Valapattanam railway bridge,Valapattanam road bridge, Parassini bridge, Therthala bridge, Malappattanam Munambu bridge, Manpur bridge, Irrukur bridge and Paavannoor bridge

13.1.2 Perumba River

It is a freshwater river which flows through the Malabar region. It passes through Payyanur in Kannur district. A tributary of Perumba which is called as Vannathi River flows through the . Perumba is called as Panappuzha in the Mathamangalam area. Another tributary is the Kallamkulam Totti that originates from Kallamkunnu and flows through Totti and finally merges with the Murikkum Thazkam. Transportation of goods are carried through this river.

 Width of the river is varying from 54.00 m to 160.00 m. and the maximum depth recorded is 5.00 m at PF-72 Kunjimangalam.  The river is passing through 3 panchayats and one municipality.  The Panchayats are Kadannappally, , Kunjimangalam in left bank and Payyannur Municipality in right bank.  Total 3 bridges are crossing this river (Shangakiri railway bridge,Thottamkadavu road bridge and Perumpa bridge)

26 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

13.1.3 Kuppam River

Originates from the Padinalkadu Ghat forests in Coorg district of Kamataka and it flows almost parallel to the Valapattanam River. lt flows through Kannur and taluks. Before it exit into the Arabian sea, it joins with the Valapattanam River from a place called Mattool near Azheekal. Total drainage area of the river is 539 sq.km of which 70 sq.km is in Kamataka. The main tributaries of this river are Pakkatupuzha, Alakuttathode, Kuttilolpuzha, Mukkuttathodu and Chiriyathode rivers. Total length of the river is 82 km and the navigable length is only 24 km. This river is also known by the name Mattol River. Earlier people travelled through the Kuppam River in order to travel through the hilly regions of Kannur district. But with the construction of the Kuppam Bridge passenger boats are nowhere to be seen. The Azhikkal minor port is at the mouth of the river.

 Width of the river is varying from 56.00 m to 212.00 m. and the maximum depth recorded is 7.41 m at ,Mukkunnu.  The river is passing through 2 panchayats and one municipality (Chapparapadave panchayat and panchayat on left and right banks, the Thalipparambe Municipality is on left bank.)  Total 3 bridges are crossing this river (Shangakiri railway bridge,Thottamkadavu road bridge and Perumpa bridge)

13.1.4 Tellicherry River

It is also known as Ponniumpuzha or Eranjolipuzha. It originates in the Kannoth forest of the Westem Ghats. The only tributary joins the main river about 14 km away from its mouth near , about 3 km. north of Thalasseri town. The river flows through the villages of Cheruvancheri, Mudiyanga, Patyam, and Padakkal. This is one of the smallest rivers in Kerala having a length of 28 km with a drainage area of 132 sq.km. Navigable length of the river is about 21.6 km.

 Width of the river is varying from 55.00 m to 140.00 m. and the maximum depth recorded is 3.60 m  The river is passing through only two panchayats Koduvally on right bank and Thalassery on left bank.  Total 2 bridges are crossing this stretch, Eranjolikave bridge at starting point and Koduvally at finishing point.

27 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

13.1.5 Mahe River

It is located in Mahe belonging to Pondicherry UT. Mahe river or Mayyazhipuzha originates from the western slopes of Wayanad hills. It flows through Naripetta, Vanimel, lyyancode, Bhekiyad, lringannore, Tripangathur, , Edacheriy, Kacheri, , , Olavilam, Kunnumakkara, Azhiyoor and Mahe before falling into Arabian sea about 6 km south of Thalasseri. The river has a length of about 54 km and it drains an area of 394 sq.km. During the rule of the British, Mahe River was popularly called as the . It was named so as this river separated British ruled Thalassery and French ruled Mahe. The river originates from the forests of Wayanad and has a length of 54 km. Some of the villages through which the river passes are Vanimel, Iringanoor Peringalam, Edachery, Eramala, Kariyad, Mahe etc. After travelling through all these villages, it empties into the Arabian Sea. Mahe River has no major tributaries but is fed by numerous rivulets from both sides. Long ago, this river was used for transporting both men and material. Plans have been put forward by the Pondicherry government to construct a fishing harbor and a Riverside Walkway. The Water Sports Complex is located on the river banks.

 Width of the river is varying from 37.00 m to 268.00 m. and the maximum depth recorded is 8.00 m at starting point.  The river is passing through 4 panchayats and on right bank and Kozhicode district on left bank.  Total 5 bridges are crossing this stretch, Chovva Bypass bridge, Kunnummakara bridge, Monthal bridge, Mahe railway bridge and Mahe road bridge at finishing point.

13.1.6 Anjarakandy River

The river Anjarakandy is flowing through the Anjarakandy in Kannur district.It extends from 11.504017N to11.494321N latitude and 75.394264E to75.301108E longitude‟ .It originates from Kannoth at 600m.The major tributaries of this river include Kappu Thodu and Idumba Thode.Average annual rainfallin this area is 3500mm.Navigable length of the river is 46 km

Spread over nearly 200 acres,the valley on the banks of the Anjarakandy river is the largest cinnamon plantation

28 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

13.2.SAND MINING

13.2.1 Background

Sand and gravel have long been used as aggregate for construction of roads and buildings. Today, the demand for these materials continues to rise. In Kerala, the main source of sand is from in-stream mining. In-stream sand mining is a common practice in the streams and rivers of Kerala.

In-stream sand mining can damage private and public properties as well as aquatic habitats. Excessive removal of sand may significantly distort the natural equilibrium of a stream channel. By removing sediment from the active channel bed, in-stream mines interrupt the continuity of sediment transport through the river system, disrupting the sediment mass balance in the river downstream and inducing channel adjustments extending considerable distances (commonly 1 km or more) beyond the extraction site itself. The magnitude of the impact basically depends on the magnitudes of the extraction relative to bed load sediment supply and transport through the reach.

13.2.2 Environmental Impact of Excessive Sand Mining in Streams

Excessive in-stream sand-and-gravel mining causes the degradation of rivers. In-stream mining lowers the stream bottom, which may lead to bank erosion. Depletion of sand in the streambed and along coastal areas causes the deepening of rivers and estuaries, and the enlargement of river mouths and coastal inlets. It may also lead to saline- water intrusion from the nearby sea. The

effect of mining is compounded by the effect of sea level rise. Any volume of sand exported from streambeds and coastal areas is a loss to the system. The major impacts in Kerala due to excessive and illegal sand mining are :

 Sand mining from almost all the rivers in Kerala goes on unabated despite the restrictions and controls imposed by the State Government;

 It has not only deepened the river beds to below the sea level but threatens the existence of several road bridges across these rivers;

29 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

 As a result of the fall in the riverbed level to below the sea level, the water available in 20- 30 km stretch of several rivers from their confluences to upward has become saline;

 Besides, the water level in the wells on the embankments has fallen sharply after the monsoon season ;

 Another concern is that the indiscriminate mining has bared the bases of the pillars of the bridges to the extent that the Fig 1 : Bared well-foundations of a bridge well foundation that are facing threat of collapse supposed to remain under the riverbed

Fig 2:Indiscriminate sand mining has exposed the foundations of the bridge

 When the extraction rate exceeds the replenishment rate, significant and potentially irreversible changes occur in the hydraulic conditions and channel stability;

 Slumping of river banks, marked changes in riverbed configuration, mining of sand from prohibited areas close to engineering structures and over-deepening of river channels are some of the problems that need immediate attention;

 Apart from in-stream mining, mining of sand from land areas such as paddy fields and floodplains is also practised in many panchayats;

30 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

 The layers of sand inter-bedded within floodplain areas have been exploited as an alternative to river sand;

 The floodplain mining also damages the environmental setting of the area;

 The removal of sediments and creation of deep pits by way of mining sand will result in lowering of water table to deeper levels.

Many bridges across rivers are facing threat of collapsing owing indiscriminate sand-mining. Though sand-mining from the 500-metre limits of bridges is strictly prohibited as per the River Bank Protection and Regulation of Sand Mining Act-2001, sand is being mined illegally even from the close vicinity of the bridge Figure 3: Exposed bank of a river due to unrestricted mining piers, leaving the concrete activities structures in a precarious condition.

13.2.3 Sand and Gravel Mining Policy and Guideline

The following policies should be taken into consideration before approving sand and gravel mining permits.

a) Ensure conservation of the river equilibrium and its natural environment

b) Avoid aggradations at the downstream reach especially those with

Figure 4: Exposed bridge foundation due to unrestricted mininghydraulic structures such as jetties, water activities intakes etc.

c) Ensure that the rivers are protected from bank and bed erosion beyond its stable profile.

31 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

d) Avoid interfering the river maintenance work by Department of Irrigation and Revenue Department or other agencies.

e) No obstruction should be done to the river flow and water transport.

f) Avoid pollution of river water leading to water quality deterioration.

g) Outline the process required in determining the locations, periods and quantity for sand and gravel mining.

13.2.4 The general guidelines for sand and gravel mining are as follows

As per the Supreme Court judgment in Deepak Kumar‟s Case on mining of minor minerals, depth of the sand mining shall be restricted to 3m / Water Level whichever is less. T here for the same condition will be applicable.

a) Parts of the river reaches that experience deposition or aggradations shall be identified first. Operators may be allowed to extract the sand and gravel deposit in these locations to lessen aggradation problem.

b) The distance between sites for sand and gravel mining shall depend on the replenishment rate of the river. Sediment rating curve for the potential sites shall be developed and checked against the extracted volumes of sand and gravel.

c) Sand and gravel may be extracted across the entire active channel during the dry season (January to May and August to November).

d) Layers of sand and gravel which could be removed from the river bed shall depend on the width of the river and replenishment rate of the river.

e) Sand and gravel shall not be allowed to be extracted where erosion may occur, such as at the concave bank.

f) Sand and gravel shall not be extracted within 500 meter from any crucial hydraulic structure such as pumping station, water intakes, bridges, buildings and such structures.

g) Sand and gravel mining could be extracted from the downstream of the sand bar at

river bends.

32 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

g) Flood discharge capacity of the river could be maintained in areas where there are significant flood hazard to existing structures or infrastructure. Sand and gravel mining may be allowed to maintain the natural flow capacity based on surveyed cross-section history

13.2.5 Sand and Gravel Mining Management

A summary of recommendations for the management of sand and gravel mining is given herein. a) Permit mining volume based on measured annual replenishment

A volume equal to the estimated annual replenishment could be extracted from the reach of the channel. Replenishment (up to the elevation of the selected channel configuration) would need to occur before subsequent extraction could take place.

Maintain a record of annual replenishment accounts for the episodic nature of sediment transport. For example, during wet periods with high stream flows, and a high contribution of sediment from hillslopes and tributaries, the data through monitoring would show that sand and gravel bars are replenished quickly. During drought periods with low streamflow, and little sediment supply or transport, the data would likely show that bars were replenished at a slower rate. The use of monitoring data is essential in measuring when actual replenishment occurs. The use of the concept of annual replenishment protects long-term channel stability as well as aquatic and riparian habitat by extracting a volume sustainable by watershed processes.

It is important to develop a system to allocate the total estimated annual replenishment between all of the operators. b) Establish an absolute elevation below which no extraction may occur

(Minimum Enveloped Level or Redline)

The absolute elevation below which no mining could occur or “redline” would be surveyed on a site-specific basis in order to avoid impacts to structures such as bridges and to avoid impacts on vegetation associated with downcutting due to excessive removal of sediment.An extraction site can be determined after setting the deposition level at 2 m below the summer water level. c) Review cumulative effects of sand and gravel extraction

The cumulative impact of all mining proposals should be reviewed on an annual basis to determine if cumulative revering effects are likely and to ensure that permits are distributed in a manner that minimizes long-term impacts and inequities in permits between adjacent mining

33 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

operations. d) Maintain flood capacity

Flood capacity in the river should be maintained in areas where there are significant flood hazards to existing structures or infrastructure. e) Establish a long-term monitoring program

Monitoring of changes in bed elevation and channel morphology, and aquatic and riparian habitat upstream and downstream of the extraction would identify any impacts of sand and gravel extraction to biologic resources. i) Retain vegetation buffer at edge of water and against river bank

Riparian vegetation performs several functions essential to the proper maintenance of geomorphic and biological processes in rivers. It shields river banks and bars from erosion. Additionally, riparian vegetation, including roots and downed trees, serves as cover for , provides food source, works as a filter against sediment inputs, and aids in nutrient cycling. More broadly, the riparian zone is necessary to the integrity of the ecosystem providing habitat for invertebrates, birds and other wildlife. So removal of the vegetation from the river bank while mining should be strictly restricted. j) Limit in-stream operations to the period between January to May and September to November.

The mining should only be allowed during the dry season.

k) An annual Status and Trends Report

This report should review permitted extraction quantities in the light of results of the monitoring program, or as improved estimates of replenishment become available. The report should document changes in bed elevation, channel morphology and aquatic and riparian habitat. The report should also include a record of extraction volumes permitted and excavation location. Finally, recommendations for reclamation, if needed should be documented.

34 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

13.3 River sand mining and distribution system in District

13.3.1 Introduction to SAND

A house is one of the basic requirement and dream of every family. It is also one of the basic amenities promised by Government as echoed in the Slogan“रोटीकपडऔरमकन”.Sand is one of the essential commodities for construction of a building. But due to unhindered exploitation, especially of river sand, and considering ecological imbalance and disasters caused the Honorable High Court of Kerala intervened for protection of the rivers from which sand is mined without any control. Subsequently, Government of Kerala also introduced legislation restricting the mining of the sand from rivers. At the same time sand is one of the most essential materials for building construction. Since restriction caused scarcity, the market forces started playing and the rate of sand went up. The sand, officially available was not sufficient to meet the entire requirements and consequently unauthorized mining started flourishing. Since business in sand became lucrative, anti social elements thrived in unauthorized mining and also in cornering all the officially available sand also. The passes available from grama panchayats were amassed by brokers and middlemen. There was public outcry against such a situation where in ordinary citizens especially those below BPL and below middlemen income group were unable to get sand at reasonable rate.

On a discussion with people's representatives, Local Body authorities, unions etc. it was found that a system could be worked out to ensure that sand officially mined is given only to the actual consumer with preference to those building own house. Since Information Technology is the rule of the day, the work to formulate a software package to ensure that the minimum required sand for a house building is provided to a family at reasonable rate through a centralized booking system. The SAND software is result of the reinforced commitment of district administration to the citizen. The system aims for a computerized booking mechanism and issue of pass for allotment of sand through counters. The design and development of the software was done and successfully executed in with the technical assistance of National Informatics Centre.

The initial model of SAND was customized and deployed in Kannur District with booking at Akshaya and token release modules named Nirman@Kannur. The present system in Kannur do not cover the exit pass system at Kadavu using POS, Vehicle management with smart card and online sand allotment process.

35 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

13.3.2 Project Scope

Scope of the document is to provide a proposal for replication of SAND implemented in Thrissur with necessary customization to suite the requirements in Kannur. The project SAND already has the Central PEC approval (Refer PEC minutes 195 dated 02-12-2010).

The project proposal is prepared to make SAND operational over internet/intranet/KSWAN and to provide proper interfaces to all stake holders like Akshaya, Local bodies and Revenue authorities.

13.3.3 Back ground of the Project

The Nirman @ Kannur is a project envisaged to the effective implementation of the “Protection of River Banks and Regulation of Removal of Sand Act and Rules” of the Government of Kerala in the district. The project was operational since August 2012. The existing system in Kannur is a customized version of basic SAND system implemented in Thrissur and . However, the present system in Kannur does not have a vehicle management system, workflow based approval modules for the Local body and Revenue department, facility for the usage of Smart Card based vehicle registration and POS based delivery slips for the vehicles from the Kadavu.

Through the System for 'Attumanal' Neutral Distribution (SAND) which is operational in , the allotment of river sand will be made on a first come first serve basis and strictly based on certain norms adopted by the District Administration. This system has the following features:

 Module for online registration  Module for Akshaya Registration  Module for Essentiality certificate approval by LSG  Interfaces to Revenue and LSG for approval and allotment of sand.  Module for SAND information to public through internet/SMS  Module for labor management  Module for fund management  Module for vehicle registration  Facilitates SMART Card and use of POS devices

36 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

13.3.4 Technical Concept of the Project

The data is stored in a centralized database which helps to send the information out to the public as well as to operate multiple counters at any place as deemed fit by the Government authorities. The system also allows allotting balance sand unused sand if any to Local body beneficiaries and public works on a queue based manner. The basic information to be included in the database are 1. River and Kadavu Information 2. Vehicle details 3. Sand availability 4. Consumer's Details 5. Consumer's Requests 6. Allotment Details 7. Panchayath, Municipality 8. District, Taluk or Villages 9. Profiles of Operating Officers

13.3.5 G2G & G2C service through SAND

Several G2G and G2C services are offered through SAND. It is a citizen centric service by Kerala Government machinery. Also Government has the full control on SAND mining. The system supports the effective implementation of “Protection of River Banks and Regulation of Removal of Sand Act and Rules” of the Government of Kerala.

The system designed to ensure sand at a reasonable price to the citizen. Citizen can check the status of his/ her booking, present queue at various kadavu and also verify the consumer list for better transparency.

Since it is a web based system local bodies can verify their administration reports. They can also print financial/MIS reports with one touch.

The allotment of river sand will be made on a first come first serve basis. Complying to restrictions of allotments, which have been imposed by the Government authorities, the system will help the officers of District Revenue Administration to control and distribute the quantity of river sand that can be lifted from various 'Kadavu' in an organized and neutral manner. The data is stored in a centralized database which helps to send the information out to the public as well as to operate a counter for the system at any place as deemed fit by the Government authorities.

37 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

13.3.6 Presenting a New Business Model

SAND Project is self Sustainable and Sealable. Since SAND is always required for the house construction, there will be always demand for Government controlled source. So the project can be utilized for ever.

SAND project operates on self generated income in the form of users fee per truck load levied by district administration which is very nominal, but sufficient to run the project. The eight sand counters evenly placed in the district considering the geographical and population factors will be operational to issue the sand passes to the citizens.

13.3.7 Project Deliverables

1. SAND customized for Kannur as a product 2. Online application registration module 3. Online essentiality certificate by LSG 4. Interfaces for Akshaya, LSG and Revenue Department 5. Value added reports 6. Effective Dissemination/ retrieval tools 7. Vehicle registration module 8. Technical advice on RFID, Smart Card and hand held devises (POS)

13.3.8 Sand Solution Architecture

Proposed web based system

10. INTRANET REGISTERED

USERS

PUBLIC SAND

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13.3.9 General Structure of the system

PUBLIC REGISTERED USERS

INTRANET

FIREWALL

WEB SERVER

DATABASE

SERVER SAND

39 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

40 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

41 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

15. Details of River sand concessions and revenue collection Details of river sand mining Kadavus in Kannur District Daily Lifting Qty Sl No Local body name Kadavu village desom thaluk river (Tons) 1 Muzhappilangadu 9 kulamkadav kannur Anjarakandy 2 Mullapram 9 muzhappilangad mullapram kannur Anjarakandy Muzhappilangadu 3 Mammakkunnu 9 muzhappilangad mammakkunnu kannur Anjarakandy 4 moythu palam 9 muzhappilangad koodakkadav kannur Anjarakandy 5 Peralassery 9 mavilayi mavilayi kannur Anjarakandy 6 kakathurithi 62 narath kannur valapattanam Narath 7 kummaya kadavu 75 narath narath kannur valapattanam 8 parakkal 100 pappinnissery parakkal kannur valapattanam 9 Pappinissery kalluri 100 pappinnissery parakkal kannur valapattanam 10 mankadavu 20 pappinnissery mankadav kannur valapattanam 11 valapattanam valapattanam 0 valapattanam valappattanam kannur valapattanam 12 Chirakkal valluvan kadavu 60 chirakkal chirakkal kannur valapattanam 13 perumbha 15 kunhimangalam kunhimangalam kannur perubha 14 poonamkottu 12 koovery koovery Thaliparamba kuppam 15 kattamballi 12 koovery koovery Thaliparamba kuppam 16 kambil kadavu 50 Andoor Andoor Thaliparamba valapattanam 17 thundiyyil 50 Andoor andoor Thaliparamba valapattanam Taliparamba 18 nanicherri 35 Andoor nanicheri Thaliparamba valapattanam 19 kuppam 9 Thaliparamba Kuppam Thaliparamba kuppam 20 therthala 40 Chengalayi therthela Thaliparamba valapattanam 21 chengalayi 25 Chengalayi koyyam Thaliparamba valapattanam 22 manakkad 50 Chengalayi manakkad Thaliparamba valapattanam 23 chengalayi 70 Chengalayi chengalayi Thaliparamba valapattanam 24 kambil kadvu 30 Kolachery Kambil Thaliparamba valapattanam

The daily quantity means the quantity of river sand mined/Day for the last year as per the study report of CED,TVM and the environmental clearance given by SEIAA,Kerala

1 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

Details of river sand mining Kadavus in Kannur District

Daily Lifting Qty Sl No Local Body name Kadavu village desom thaluk river (Tons) 25 keellathe kadvu 25 Kolachery Kellath Thaliparamba valapattanam Kolachery 26 panniyam kandi 35 Kolachery Panniyankandi Thaliparamba valapattanam 27 kurumathur 25 kurumathur kurumathur Thaliparamba valapattanam kurumathur 28 keeriyadu 10 kurumathur keeriyad Thaliparamba valapattanam 29 pavannur kadavu 26 Kuttiyattur pavannoor Thaliparamba valapattanam 30 chooliyad 15 Malappattam chooliyad Thaliparamba valapattanam 31 parippin kadvu 10 Malappattam malappattam Thaliparamba valapattanam kovumthala 32 10 Malappattam kovumathala Thaliparamba valapattanam onakkukandam 33 thaikadavu 10 Malappattam adoor Thaliparamba valapattanam 34 parassini kadavu 70 naniyur nambram Thaliparamba valapattanam 35 mullakodi 65 kayaralam mullakodi Thaliparamba valapattanam 36 mayyil kandakai 40 kayaralam kandakkai Thaliparamba valapattanam 37 chekki kadavu 31 kayaralam kattayad Thaliparamba valapattanam 38 aayarmunabu 35 kayaralam mullakodi Thaliparamba valapattanam 39 kuyiloor 20 padiyoor kuyiloor Iritty valapattanam Padiyoor 40 pedayangode 20 padiyoor Iritty valapattanam 41 kuppam 22 pariyaram mukkunnu Thaliparamba kuppam 42 Pariyaram 15 pariyaram thiruvattur Thaliparamba kuppam 43 kuttyeri 15 kuttyeri kuttyeri Thaliparamba kuppam 44 30 srekkandapuram kottur Thaliparamba sreekandapuram Sreekandapuram 45 madambam 20 srekkandapuram madambam Thaliparamba sreekandapuram 46 Irikoor kuttavu 50 irrikkur irrikkur Thaliparamba valapattanam

The daily quantity means the quantity of river sand mined/Day for the last year as per the study report of CED,TVM and the environmental clearance given by SEIAA,Kerala

2 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

Details of river sand mining Kadavus in Kannur District

Daily Lifting Qty Sl No Local body name Kadavu village desom thaluk river (Tons) 47 mudikkayam 20 ayyankunnu Iritty Bavely 48 Ayyankunnu chenneli 20 Ayyankunnu ayyankunnu Iritty Bavely

charal 15 Ayyankunnu cheral Iritty Bavely 49 50 meloor 15 Dharamadam meloor Iritty Anjarakandy 51 dharmadam 9 Dharamadam dharmadam Thalassery Anjarakandy Dharmadam 52 padinjare puzhakkara 9 Dharamadam dharmadam Thalassery Anjarakandy 53 Chirakkuni 9 Dharamadam chirakkuni Thalassery Anjarakandy 54 thurittimukku 9 kariyad Thalassery Mayyazhi 55 nalupuraykal 9 Peringathur kariyad Thalassery Mayyazhi 56 thundiyyil kariyad 9 Peringathur kariyad Thalassery Mayyazhi Panoor 57 vazhayil 9 Peringathur kariyad Thalassery Mayyazhi 58 kanhira kadavu 9 Peringathur kariyad Thalassery Mayyazhi 59 monthal 9 Peringathur kariyad Thalassery Mayyazhi 60 anchampeedika 38 Pattannur pattannur Thalassery valapattanam 61 Koodali nidukulam 40 Pattannur pattannur Thalassery valapattanam 62 aayipuzha 10 Pattannur pattannur Thalassery valapattanam 63 challayil 10 new mahi kallayi Thalassery Mayyazhi 64 New Mahi kallayikadavu -1 10 new mahi kallayi Thalassery Mayyazhi 65 kallayi kadavu-2 10 new mahi kallayi Thalassery Mayyazhi 66 kiliyandhara 10 vilamana Iritty Bavely 67 modayaranhi 10 Vilamana vilamana Iritty Bavely Payam 68 kuttichathan kunnu 10 Vilamana Iritty Bavely 69 Vallithode 10 Vilamana vallithode Iritty Bavely 70 edakkadavu 9 edakkadav Iritty Anjarakandy Pinarayi 71 parapram 9 pinarayi parapram Thalassery Anjarakandy 72 Thalassery 9 thiruvangad thiruvngad Thalassery Thalassery 73 Vengad mambaram 9 pathiriyad Thalassery Anjarakandy The daily quantity means the quantity of river sand mined/Day for the last year as per the study report of CED,TVM and the environmental clearance given by SEIAA,Kerala

3 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

Revenue collection by sand mining 2014-2015 (Amount in Rupees) Total sand Sl No Local body name Kadavu lifted VAT Royalty RMF LBC Total (Tons)

1 Muzhappilangadu 972 29160 9720 48600 48600 136080 2 Mullapram 894 26820 8940 44700 44700 125160 Muzhappilangadu 3 Mammakkunnu 1092 32760 10920 54600 54600 152880 4 moythu palam 789 23670 7890 39450 39450 110460 5 Peralassery mavilayi 1347 40410 13470 67350 67350 188580 6 kakathurithi 19913 696955 199130 995650 995650 2887385 Narath 7 kummaya kadavu 11622 406770 116220 581100 581100 1685190 8 parakkal 6079 200607 60790 303950 303950 869297 9 Pappinissery kalluri 5285 179690 52850 264250 264250 761040 10 mankadavu 3140 106760 31400 157000 157000 452160 11 valapattanam valapattanam 1416 42480 14160 70800 70800 198240 12 Chirakkal valluvan kadavu 17932 627620 179320 896600 896600 2600140 13 Kunhimangalam perumbha 2868 100380 28680 143400 143400 415860 14 poonamkottu 2028 60840 20280 101400 101400 283920 Chapparapadavu 15 kattamballi 2058 61740 20580 102900 102900 288120 16 kambil kadavu 20607 618210 206070 1030350 1030350 2884980 17 thundiyyil 16127 483810 161270 806350 806350 2257780 Taliparamba 18 nanicherri 12170 365100 121700 608500 608500 1703800 19 kuppam 1419 42570 14190 70950 70950 198660 20 therthala 11575 370400 115750 578750 578750 1643650 21 koyyam 6370 203840 63700 318500 318500 904540 chengalayi 22 manakkad 13345 427040 133450 667250 667250 1894990 23 chengalayi 6629 198870 66290 331450 331450 928060 24 kambil kadvu 8677 303695 86770 433850 433850 1258165 25 Kolachery keellathe kadvu 5788 202580 57880 289400 289400 839260 26 panniyam kandi 10991 384685 109910 549550 549550 1593695

4 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

Revenue collection by sand mining 2014-2015(Amount in Rupees) Total sand Sl No Local body name Kadavu lifted VAT Royalty RMF LBC Total (Tons) 27 kurumathur 8098 259136 80980 404900 404900 1149916 kurumathur 28 keeriyadu 3545 113440 35450 177250 177250 503390 29 pavannur kadavu 9158 320530 91580 457900 457900 1327910 30 chooliyad 5850 187200 58500 292500 292500 830700 31 Malapattam parippin kadvu 3879 124128 38790 193950 193950 550818 kovumthala 32 5164 165248 51640 258200 258200 733288 onakkukandam 33 adoor thaikadavu 1878 60096 18780 93900 93900 266676 34 parassini kadavu 18737 655795 187370 936850 936850 2716865 35 mullakodi 14070 492450 140700 703500 703500 2040150 36 mayyil kandakai 10920 382200 109200 546000 546000 1583400 37 chekki kadavu 8651 302785 86510 432550 432550 1254395 38 aayarmunabu 8757 306495 87570 437850 437850 1269765 39 kuyiloor 2640 79200 26400 132000 132000 369600 Padiyoor 40 pedayangode 1380 41400 13800 69000 69000 193200 41 kuppam 5832 174960 58320 291600 291600 816480 42 Pariyaram thiruvattoor 3543 106290 35430 177150 177150 496020 43 kuttyeri 3762 112860 37620 188100 188100 526680 44 kottoor 3476 107756 34760 173800 173800 490116 Sreekandapuram 45 madambam 2200 68200 22000 110000 110000 310200 46 Irikoor kuttavu 5506 176192 55060 275300 275300 781852 47 mudikkayam 2775 83250 27750 138750 138750 388500 48 Ayyankunnu chenneli 2905 87150 29050 145250 145250 406700 49 charal 1760 52800 17600 88000 88000 246400 50 meloor 2235 67050 22350 111750 111750 312900 51 dharmadam 1251 37530 12510 62550 62550 175140 Dharmadam 52 padinjare puzhakkara 1137 34110 11370 56850 56850 159180 53 Chirakkuni 1347 40410 13470 67350 67350 188580

5 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

Revenue collection by sand mining 2014-2015 (Amount in Rupees)

Total sand Sl No Local body name Kadavu lifted VAT Royalty RMF LBC Total (Tons)

54 thurittimukku 183 6222 1830 9150 9150 26352 55 nalupuraykal 270 9180 2700 13500 13500 38880 56 thundiyyil kariyad 606 20604 6060 30300 30300 87264 Panoor 57 vazhayil 420 14280 4200 21000 21000 60480 58 kanhira kadavu 450 15300 4500 22500 22500 64800 59 monthal 702 23868 7020 35100 35100 101088 60 anchampeedika 7916 253312 79160 395800 395800 1124072 61 Koodali nidukulam 8957 286624 89570 447850 447850 1271894 62 aayipuzha 1011 32352 10110 50550 50550 143562 63 challayil 480 13920 4800 24000 24000 66720 64 New Mahi kallayikadavu -1 588 17052 5880 29400 29400 81732 65 kallayi kadavu-2 387 11223 3870 19350 19350 53793 66 kiliyandhara 2540 76200 25400 127000 127000 355600 67 modayaranhi 1285 38550 12850 64250 64250 179900 Payam 68 kuttichathan kunnu 1079 32370 10790 53950 53950 151060 69 Vallithode 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 edakkadavu 1086 32580 10860 54300 54300 152040 Pinarayi 71 parapram 1023 30690 10230 51150 51150 143220 72 Thalassery eranholi 699 18873 6990 34950 34950 95763 73 Vengad mambaram 867 26010 8670 43350 43350 121380 Total 362138 11835333 3621380 18106900 18106900 51670513

6 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

Revenue collection by sand mining 2015-2016 (Amount in Rupees) Total sand Sl No Local body name Kadavu lifted VAT Royalty RMF LBC Total (Tons) 1 Muzhappilangadu 291 8730 2910 14550 14550 40740 2 Mullapram 201 6030 2010 10050 10050 28140 Muzhappilangadu 3 Mammakkunnu 357 10710 3570 17850 17850 49980 4 moythu palam 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Peralassery mavilayi 384 11520 3840 19200 19200 53760 6 kakathurithi 982 34370 9820 49100 49100 142390 Narath 7 kummaya kadavu 3 105 30 150 150 435 8 parakkal 2108 69564 21080 105400 105400 301444 9 Pappinissery kalluri 2098 71332 20980 104900 104900 302112 10 mankadavu 2 68 20 100 100 288 11 valapattanam valapattanam 45 1350 450 2250 2250 6300 12 Chirakkal valluvan kadavu 1313 45955 13130 65650 65650 190385 13 Kunhimangalam perumbha 1182 41370 11820 59100 59100 171390 14 poonamkottu 906 27180 9060 45300 45300 126840 Chapparapadavu 15 kattamballi 888 26640 8880 44400 44400 124320 16 kambil kadavu 1050 31500 10500 52500 52500 147000 17 thundiyyil 1360 40800 13600 68000 68000 190400 Taliparamba 18 nanicherri 1045 31350 10450 52250 52250 146300 19 kuppam 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 therthala 3505 112160 35050 175250 175250 497710 21 koyyam 2020 64640 20200 101000 101000 286840 chengalayi 22 manakkad 4305 137760 43050 215250 215250 611310 23 chengalayi 4067 122010 40670 203350 203350 569380 24 kambil kadvu 625 21875 6250 31250 31250 90625 25 Kolachery keellathe kadvu 540 18900 5400 27000 27000 78300 26 panniyam kandi 738 25830 7380 36900 36900 107010

7 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

Revenue collection by sand mining 2015-2016 (Amount in Rupees) Total sand Sl No Local body name Kadavu lifted VAT Royalty RMF LBC Total (Tons) 27 kurumathur 2395 76640 23950 119750 119750 340090 kurumathur 28 keeriyadu 990 31680 9900 49500 49500 140580 29 pavannur kadavu 2071 72485 20710 103550 103550 300295 30 chooliyad 1330 42560 13300 66500 66500 188860 31 Malapattam parippin kadvu 750 24000 7500 37500 37500 106500 32 kovumthala onakkukandam 774 24768 7740 38700 38700 109908 33 adoor thaikadavu 654 20928 6540 32700 32700 92868 34 parassini kadavu 7869 275415 78690 393450 393450 1141005 35 mullakodi 7157 250495 71570 357850 357850 1037765 36 mayyil kandakai 4220 147700 42200 211000 211000 611900 37 chekki kadavu 3088 108080 30880 154400 154400 447760 38 aayarmunabu 3859 135065 38590 192950 192950 559555 39 kuyiloor 1405 42150 14050 70250 70250 196700 Padiyoor 40 pedayangode 705 21150 7050 35250 35250 98700 41 kuppam 1962 58860 19620 98100 98100 274680 42 Pariyaram thiruvattoor 1023 30690 10230 51150 51150 143220 43 kuttyeri 1062 31860 10620 53100 53100 148680 44 kottoor 1060 32860 10600 53000 53000 149460 Sreekandapuram 45 madambam 710 22010 7100 35500 35500 100110 46 Irikoor kuttavu 1946 62272 19460 97300 97300 276332 47 mudikkayam 245 7350 2450 12250 12250 34300 48 Ayyankunnu chenneli 410 12300 4100 20500 20500 57400 49 charal 190 5700 1900 9500 9500 26600 50 meloor 645 19350 6450 32250 32250 90300 51 dharmadam 312 9360 3120 15600 15600 43680 Dharmadam 52 padinjare puzhakkara 372 11160 3720 18600 18600 52080 53 Chirakkuni 354 10620 3540 17700 17700 49560

8 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

Revenue collection by sand mining 2015-2016 (Amount in Rupees) Total sand Sl No Local body name Kadavu lifted VAT Royalty RMF LBC Total (Tons) 54 thurittimukku 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 nalupuraykal 9 306 90 450 450 1296 56 thundiyyil kariyad 90 3060 900 4500 4500 12960 Panoor 57 vazhayil 9 306 90 450 450 1296 58 kanhira kadavu 90 3060 900 4500 4500 12960 59 monthal 334 11356 3340 16700 16700 48096 60 anchampeedika 2325 74400 23250 116250 116250 330150 61 Koodali nidukulam 2477 79264 24770 123850 123850 351734 62 aayipuzha 582 18624 5820 29100 29100 82644 63 challayil 282 8178 2820 14100 14100 39198 64 New Mahi kallayikadavu -1 348 10092 3480 17400 17400 48372 65 kallayi kadavu-2 249 7221 2490 12450 12450 34611 66 kiliyandhara 285 8550 2850 14250 14250 39900 67 modayaranhi 160 4800 1600 8000 8000 22400 Payam 68 kuttichathan kunnu 60 1800 600 3000 3000 8400 69 Vallithode 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 edakkadavu 144 4320 1440 7200 7200 20160 Pinarayi 71 parapram 0 0 0 0 0 0 72 Thalassery eranholi 282 7614 2820 14100 14100 38634 73 Vengad mambaram 144 4320 1440 7200 7200 20160 Total 85443 2796528 854430 4272150 4272150 12195258

Value Added Tax VAT

River Management Fund RMF

LBC Local body Contribution

9 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

Revenue collection by sand mining 2016-2017 (Amount in Rupees) Total sand Sl No Local body nameKadavu lifted VAT Royalty RMF LBC Total (Tons)

1 Muzhappilangadu 372 11160 3720 18600 18600 52080 2 Mullapram 99 2970 990 4950 4950 13860 Muzhappilangadu 3 Mammakkunnu 423 12690 4230 21150 21150 59220 4 moythu palam 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Peralassery mavilayi 438 13140 4380 21900 21900 61320 6 kakathurithi 848 29680 8480 42400 42400 122960 Narath 7 kummaya kadavu 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 parakkal 1699 56067 16990 84950 84950 242957 9 Pappinissery kalluri 1697 57698 16970 84850 84850 244368 10 mankadavu 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 valapattanam valapattanam 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Chirakkal valluvan kadavu 1130 39550 11300 56500 56500 163850 13 Kunhimangalam perumbha 818 28630 8180 40900 40900 118610 14 poonamkottu 624 18720 6240 31200 31200 87360 Chapparapadavu 15 kattamballi 603 18090 6030 30150 30150 84420 16 kambil kadavu 950 28500 9500 47500 47500 133000 17 thundiyyil 999 29970 9990 49950 49950 139860 Taliparamba 18 nanicherri 570 17100 5700 28500 28500 79800 19 kuppam 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 therthala 2120 67840 21200 106000 106000 301040 21 koyyam 1185 37920 11850 59250 59250 168270 chengalayi 22 manakkad 2605 83360 26050 130250 130250 369910 23 chengalayi 3276 98280 32760 163800 163800 458640 24 kambil kadvu 625 21875 6250 31250 31250 90625 25 Kolachery keellathe kadvu 504 17640 5040 25200 25200 73080 26 panniyam kandi 724 25340 7240 36200 36200 104980

10 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

Revenue collection by sand mining 2016-2017 (Amount in Rupees) Total sand Sl No Local body name Kadavu lifted VAT Royalty RMF LBC Total (Tons) 27 kurumathur 1350 43200 13500 67500 67500 191700 kurumathur 28 keeriyadu 550 17600 5500 27500 27500 78100 29 pavannur kadavu 1345 47075 13450 67250 67250 195025 30 chooliyad 680 21760 6800 34000 34000 96560 31 Malapattam parippin kadvu 383 12256 3830 19150 19150 54386 32 kovumthala onakkukandam 560 17920 5600 28000 28000 79520 33 adoor thaikadavu 499 15968 4990 24950 24950 70858 34 parassini kadavu 3815 133525 38150 190750 190750 553175 35 mullakodi 3558 124530 35580 177900 177900 515910 36 mayyil kandakai 2115 74025 21150 105750 105750 306675 37 chekki kadavu 1595 55825 15950 79750 79750 231275 38 aayarmunabu 1866 65310 18660 93300 93300 270570 39 kuyiloor 940 28200 9400 47000 47000 131600 Padiyoor 40 pedayangode 280 8400 2800 14000 14000 39200 41 kuppam 1158 34740 11580 57900 57900 162120 42 Pariyaram kuttyeri 783 23490 7830 39150 39150 109620 43 thiruvattoor 762 22860 7620 38100 38100 106680 44 kottoor 1540 47740 15400 77000 77000 217140 Sreekandapuram 45 madambam 1040 32240 10400 52000 52000 146640 46 Irikoor kuttavu 1732 55424 17320 86600 86600 245944 47 mudikkayam 190 5700 1900 9500 9500 26600 48 Ayyankunnu chenneli 275 8250 2750 13750 13750 38500 49 charal 50 1500 500 2500 2500 7000 50 meloor 828 24840 8280 41400 41400 115920 51 dharmadam 396 11880 3960 19800 19800 55440 52 Dharmadam Chirakkuni 339 10170 3390 16950 16950 47460

53 padinjare puzhakkara 327 9810 3270 16350 16350 45780

11 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

Revenue collection by sand mining 2016-2017 (Amount in Rupees) Total sand Sl No Local body name Kadavu lifted VAT Royalty RMF LBC Total (Tons) 54 thurittimukku 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 nalupuraykal 18 612 180 900 900 2592 56 thundiyyil kariyad 45 1530 450 2250 2250 6480 Panoor 57 vazhayil 9 306 90 450 450 1296 58 kanhira kadavu 9 306 90 450 450 1296 59 monthal 90 3060 900 4500 4500 12960 60 anchampeedika 1741 55712 17410 87050 87050 247222 61 Koodali nidukulam 1706 54592 17060 85300 85300 242252 62 aayipuzha 384 12288 3840 19200 19200 54528 63 challayil 144 4176 1440 7200 7200 20016 64 New Mahi kallayikadavu -1 126 3654 1260 6300 6300 17514 65 kallayi kadavu-2 144 4176 1440 7200 7200 20016 66 kiliyandhara 10 300 100 500 500 1400 67 modayaranhi 10 300 100 500 500 1400 Payam 68 kuttichathan kunnu 93 2790 930 4650 4650 13020 69 Vallithode 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 edakkadavu 231 6930 2310 11550 11550 32340 Pinarayi 71 parapram 0 0 0 0 0 0 72 Thalassery eranholi 60 1620 600 3000 3000 8220 73 Vengad mambaram 195 5850 1950 9750 9750 27300 Total 56280 1828660 562800 2814000 2814000 8019460

Value Added Tax VAT

River Management Fund RMF

LBC Local body Contribution

12 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District

References

1. District survery report (except river sand) published by Department of mining and Geology ( Government of Kerala)

2. Sand audit report By centre for environment and development , for the year 2014-2015,2015-2016.

3. sand audit report of CWRDM for the year 2011-2012

The daily quantity means the quantity of river sand mined for the last year as per the study report of CED,TVM and the environmental clearance given by SEIAA,Kerala

13 | P a g e District Survey Report, Kannur District