DOCSLIB.ORG

Noticias Sobre Evolución La Teoría Y Los Nuevos Conocimientos

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Noticias Sobre Evolución La Teoría Y Los Nuevos Conocimientos Noticias sobre Evolución La teoría y los nuevos conocimientos Jaume Terradas Unitat d’Ecologia Noticias sobre Evolución La teoría y los nuevos conocimientos Jaume Terradas Con la colaboración de J.Luis Ordóñez Bellaterra, 2015 Unitat d’Ecologia Quiero dedicar este libro al recuerdo de dos personas que han tenido una gran influencia sobre la ciencia biológica y en mi manera de ver la evolución, por más que mis posibles errores en ningún caso hayan de serles atribuidos: Ramón Margalef (1919- 2004), ecólogo de proyección mundial y maestro por tantos motivos, que desveló las conexiones entre la evolución y la sucesión ecológica, y Lynn Margulis (1938-2011), una científica eminente y una mujer briosa que, luchando a contracorriente, formuló la teoría endosimbiótica del origen de la célula eucariota y defendió la importancia de la simbiogénesis en la evolución. Jaume Terradas | 3 Título: Noticias sobre Evolución. La teoría y los nuevos conocimientos Título original: Notícies sobre Evolució. La teoria i els nous coneixements Texto original y traducción: © Jaume Terradas i Serra Ilustraciones e infografías: (CC BY-NC 3.0) J.Luis Ordóñez Diseño: J.Luis Ordóñez y Lucas Wainer Maquetación: David Tarrasón y Paula Santos Primera edición: Abril 2015 (CC BY-NC 3.0) de la edición: CREAF y UAB ISBN: 978-84-606-6402-4 4 | Noticias sobre Evolución Índice Prólogo ................................................................. 07 Sobre el lamarckismo ................................... 49 1. La revolución de Darwin .............................. 11 5. La cuestión de la innovación ....................... 53 El origen común ............................................. 12 Estructura y funcionamiento del genoma .... 53 Origen de las especies .................................. 14 Los genes no son “elementos” de Darwin contra el finalismo y información. Intrones y exones .................... 55 el essencialismo ............................................. 15 Incorporaciones: volviendo a la Eureka darwiniano ......................................... 17 transferencia horizontal ............................... 57 La selección sexual ........................................ 19 ¿Cómo se genera el material genético? ..... 61 Deriva genética ............................................... 21 Supergenes ..................................................... 64 Neutralismo ..................................................... 23 6. El genoma dinámico y la regulación ........ 67 2. La Modern Synthesis y el neodarwinismo ... 25 Transposiciones ............................................. 67 Dos tipos de neodarwinistas ........................ 26 La regulación génica .................................... 70 Regulación vs mutación ................................ 73 3. ¿Gradualismo o saltacionismo? ................. 29 DNA basura, ¿o ignorancia? ........................ 76 El gradualismo de Darwin ............................ 29 ¿Enzimas inactivos? ...................................... 82 Mutacionismo .................................................. 30 Transposones, retrotransposones y otros Goldschmidt y la elementos transponibles ............................ 82 neotenia.......................................................... 31 Transcriptoma y epigenoma ........................ 84 Los equilibrios puntuados ............................ 35 Replicación y transcripción del DNA .......... 87 Transferencias génicas horitzontales ........ 37 Complejidad del genoma y genética de Las grandes perturbaciones y la poblaciones ..................................................... 89 evolución .......................................................... 38 Proteoma ......................................................... 90 ¿Una polémica sobre palabras? .................. 41 Pruebas de laboratorio del gradualismo ... 42 7. El dogma central de la biologia molecular ... 93 Evolució composicional o per incorporació .. 45 La transcriptasa inversa contra Watson .... 93 Edición de DNA y síntesis telomérica ......... 95 4. Las grandes transiciones evolutivas ....... 47 Los RNA, más sorpresas ............................... 96 Sobre el reduccionismo genético ................ 48 Jaume Terradas | 5 8. El desarrollo y la epigenética ....................... 99 12. Evolución acompasada al cambio Desarrollo y evolución .................................. 99 ecológico ........................................................... 157 Epigenética ...................................................... 101 Eco-Evo ............................................................ 161 Herencia epigenética ..................................... 102 Evolución y sucesión ecológica: las ideas ¿Puede ser relevante la epigenética en la de R. Margalef ............................................... 165 evolución?................................................................ 104 Nuevos hallazgos de diversidad .................. 171 Variaciones hereditarias originadas por proteínas ................................................................. 107 13. Evolución biológica y cultural .................. 175 Ampliar la visión de la evolución .................. 175 9. ¿Pueden ser dirigidas las mutaciones?.... 109 Herencias de varios tipos ............................. 177 Experimentos y controversias ..................... 109 Cultura en los otros animales ...................... 178 Hipermutabilidad ........................................... 110 Selección a niveles múltiples ...................... 180 ¿Ingeniería celular? ....................................... 112 Las sociedades mixtas y la cultura ............ 185 Coevolución biología–cultura ....................... 186 10. Simbiosis ...................................................... 115 La evolución humana se acelera ................. 189 Margulis y la endosimbiosis serial ............ 115 La cultura, motor de evolución .................... 190 Mitocondrias .................................................... 117 ¿Es la cultura la cima de la evolución? ...... 192 El origen de la célula eucariota ................... 118 Manipulación cultural de la vida ................. 193 Simbiosis por todas partes .......................... 120 La simbiogénesis, ¿una alternativa al 14. Consideraciones finales ............................ 197 cambio mutacional? ...................................... 126 El microbioma humano ................................. 127 Referencias bibliográficas ................................ 203 El sistema immune ........................................ 129 Microbiotas, desarrollo, reproducción, Agradecimientos ................................................. 217 etc.. .................................................................. 131 El holobionte y la teoría hologenómica ...... 133 El microbioma y las plantas ......................... 136 Importancia evolutiva del holobionte ......... 137 11. Cooperación .................................................. 141 Cooperación entre células ............................ 145 ¿Un paso evolutivo fácil?................................ 147 Cooperación entre individuos ...................... 149 ¿Por qué existe el altruismo? ...................... 150 6 | Noticias sobre Evolución Prólogo Este texto es una ampliación, y una profundiza- ha de dar una visión desde dentro. Es un tra- ción, de algunos temas que he tratado en Biogra- bajo que, al tratar de explicar el mundo, abraza fía del Mundo (Terradas, 2006) y en trabajos más una parte sustancial de lo que habían tratado breves (Terradas, 2005; Terradas y Peñuelas 2009, la filosofía y las teologías. 2012). El lector puede encontrar, sobre todo en la primera de estas referencias, un tratamiento más También estoy persuadido de que muchos de los retos general. Desde que escribía aquel libro hasta aho- intelectuales que plantea este intento de explicación ra, mis conocimientos han aumentado (haciendo quedan todavía fuera de nuestro alcance, y quizás al- el balance entre lo que he aprendido y lo que he gunos permanecerán siempre así. Pero no sé imaginar olvidado), y mi percepción de lo que sé es ahora aventura más estimulante que la del proceso colectivo más lúcida y me hace pensar todavía más que en- del conocimiento, avanzando, incansable, entre las tonces que no sé prácticamente nada y que todo inmensas dificultades de la realidad compleja y cam- es mucho más complicado de lo que yo creía, y biante, a lo largo de un proceso histórico, y a pesar de también de lo que creían otros, mucho más en- las muchas trampas ideológicas y psicológicas que tendidos que yo. Aún así, pese a las dudas e inte- nuestras propias mentes nos tienden. rrogantes que marcan el camino que he seguido, el rumbo no ha cambiado de manera sustancial. El volumen de lo que se ha escrito y se escribe sobre las cuestiones evolutivas que hacen el objeto de este Estoy convencido (pero sólo es lo que me pa- texto es tan enorme que toda pretensión de síntesis rece a mí, porque es muy lícito pensar que sería ridícula. Cada uno de los apartados que trato existen otras prioridades y urgencias) que el ha sido objeto de miles de páginas y ha dado lugar a primer trabajo de la ciencia es dar una ex- múltiples teorías enfrentadas que reviven una y otra plicación de cómo el juego de la materia y la vez bajo nuevas formas, o se vuelven a construir bajo energía han generado espontáneamente esta formas sólo levemente modificadas. Lo discuten con prodigiosa realidad de la que formamos parte, pasión los especialistas y yo no lo soy, así que no aunque tengamos una percepción muy parcial pretendo
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Writings of Charles De Koninck, Volume
    D E K O N I N The Writings C K of ልሎ CHARLES C H DE KONINCK A R T L h E e S W D r i E t i n K g O s o N f I N C K ልሎ Edited and Translated by Ralph McInerny The Writings of CHARLES DE KONINCK Charles De Koninck, University of Laval, Quebec. The Writings of CHARLES DE KONINCK volume one Edited and Translated by Ralph McInerny with a biography by Thomas De Koninck andልሎ an introduction by Leslie Armour University of Notre Dame Press Notre Dame, Indiana DeKoninck-000.FM 4/15/08 1:17 PM Page iv Copyright © by University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana www.undpress.nd.edu All Rights Reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Designed by Wendy McMillen Set in ./. Minion by Four Star Books Printed on # Nature’s Recycle paper by Sheridan Books, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Koninck, Charles de, d. [Works. English. ] The writings of Charles De Koninck / edited and translated by Ralph McInerny ; with a biography by Thomas De Koninck ; and an introduction by Leslie Armour. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. -: ---- (cloth : alk. paper) -: --- (cloth : alk. paper) . Koninck, Charles de, d. Science—Philosophy. I. McInerny, Ralph M. II. Title. '.—dc This book is printed on recycled paper. Contents Preface vii The Philosophy of Charles De Koninck 1 Leslie Armour Charles De Koninck: A Biographical Sketch 69 Thomas De Koninck ልሎ Works by Charles De Koninck The Philosophy of Sir Arthur Eddington (1934) 99 The Cosmos (1936) 235 The Problem of Indeterminism (1935) 355 Reflections on the Problem of Indeterminism (1937) 401 Are the Experimental Sciences Distinct from the Philosophy of Nature? (1941) 443 Index 457 Preface A few years ago, David Quackenbush, a tutor at Thomas Aquinas College in California, conceived the idea of photocopying the Charles De Koninck ar- chives at the University of Laval.
    [Show full text]
  • From Logos to Bios: Hellenic Philosophy and Evolutionary Biology
    From Logos to Bios: Hellenic Philosophy and Evolutionary Biology by Wynand Albertus de Beer submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of D Litt et Phil in the subject Religious Studies at the University of South Africa Supervisor: Prof Danie Goosen February 2015 Dedicated with grateful acknowledgements to my supervisor, Professor Danie Goosen, for his wise and patient guidance and encouragement throughout my doctoral research, and to the examiners of my thesis for their helpful comments and suggestions. From Logos to Bios: Hellenic Philosophy and Evolutionary Biology by W.A. de Beer Degree: D Litt et Phil Subject: Religious Studies Supervisor: Prof Danie Goosen Summary: This thesis deals with the relation of Hellenic philosophy to evolutionary biology. The first part entails an explication of Hellenic cosmology and metaphysics in its traditional understanding, as the Western component of classical Indo-European philosophy. It includes an overview of the relevant contributions by the Presocratics, Plato, Aristotle, and the Neoplatonists, focussing on the structure and origin of both the intelligible and sensible worlds. Salient aspects thereof are the movement from the transcendent Principle into the realm of Manifestation by means of the interaction between Essence and Substance; the role of the Logos, being the equivalent of Plato’s Demiurge and Aristotle’s Prime Mover, in the cosmogonic process; the interaction between Intellect and Necessity in the formation of the cosmos; the various kinds of causality contributing to the establishment of physical reality; and the priority of being over becoming, which in the case of living organisms entails the primacy of soul over body.
    [Show full text]
  • Calculus of Variations and Optimal Control for Gf 3
    CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS AND OPTIMAL CONTROL FOR GENERALIZED FUNCTIONS GAST¨I¿ŒO S.F. FREDERICO, PAOLO GIORDANO, ALEXANDR A. BRYZGALOV, AND MATHEUS J. LAZO Abstract. We present an extension of some results of higher order calculus of variations and optimal control to generalized functions. The framework is the category of generalized smooth functions, which includes Schwartz distributions, while sharing many nonlinear prop- erties with ordinary smooth functions. We prove the higher order Euler-Lagrange equations, the D'Alembert principle in differential form, the du Bois-Reymond optimality condition and the Noether's theorem. We start the theory of optimal control proving a weak form of the Pontryagin maximum principle and the Noether's theorem for optimal control. We close with a study of a singularly variable length pendulum, oscillations damped by two media and the Pais{Uhlenbeck oscillator with singular frequencies. Contents 1. Introduction: singular Lagrangian mechanics1 2. Basic notions 3 2.1. Open, closed and bounded sets generated by nets5 2.2. Generalized smooth functions and their calculus5 2.3. Embedding of Sobolev-Schwartz distributions and Colombeau generalized functions8 2.4. Functionally compact sets and multidimensional integration 10 3. Higher-order calculus of variations for generalized functions 13 3.1. Higher-order Euler{Lagrange equation, D'Alembert principle and du Bois{Reymond optimality condition 15 3.2. Higher-order Noether's theorem 19 4. Optimal control problems 22 4.1. Weak Pontryagin Maximum Principle 24 4.2. Noether's Principle for optimal control 29 5. Examples and applications 31 5.1. Modeling singular dynamical systems 31 5.2. How to use numerical solutions 31 5.3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conceptual Structure of Evolutionary Biology: a Framework from Phenotypic Plasticity
    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY EJE 2018, 4(2): 111-123, doi: 10.2478/eje-2018-0018 The conceptual structure of evolutionary biology: A framework from phenotypic plasticity Universidade Federal Rogério Parentoni Martins* do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em, Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Departamento ABSTRACT de Biologia, Centro de In this review, I approach the role of phenotypic plasticity as a key aspect of the conceptual framework of Ciências, Brazil Corresponding author, evolutionary biology. The concept of phenotypic plasticity is related to other relevant concepts of contemporary E-mail: rpmartins917@ research in evolutionary biology, such as assimilation, genetic accommodation and canalization, evolutionary gmail.com robustness, evolvability, evolutionary capacitance and niche construction. Although not always adaptive, pheno- typic plasticity can promote the integration of these concepts to represent some of the dynamics of evolution, which can be visualized through the use of a conceptual map. Although the use of conceptual maps is common in areas of knowledge such as psychology and education, their application in evolutionary biology can lead to a better understanding of the processes and conceptual interactions of the complex dynamics of evolution. The conceptual map I present here includes environmental variability and variation, phenotypic plasticity and natural selection as key concepts in evolutionary biology. The evolution of phenotypic plasticity is important to ecology at all levels of organization, from morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations that influence the distribution and abundance of populations to the structuring of assemblages and communities and the flow of energy through trophic levels. Consequently, phenotypic plasticity is important for maintaining ecological pro- cesses and interactions that influence the complexity of biological diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Natura Non Facit Saltum in Alfred Marshall (And Charles Darwin)
    Natura non facit saltum in Alfred Marshall (and Charles Darwin) Geoffrey Fishburn* Abstract: The adage Natura non facit saltum was, as is well known, adopted by Alfred Marshall as the motto for his Principles of Economics, most probably as a borrowing from Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species. This paper examines Marshall’s use of the adage and argues that, on the whole, the ‘Darwinian’ promise implicit in its use was not realised: his intentions to the contrary, Marshall did not adequately succeed in his objective here. Two appendices provide, first, the original uses of Natura in Darwin, and, second, a history of its (and variant) uses, including the relevant passage from Linnæus. Introduction Few mottoes as this, on the frontispiece of Alfred Marshall’s Principles of Economics, express at once so succinctly – ‘Nature does not make a leap’ – both the author’s methodological position and his desire, given its apparent proximate source in Darwin, to be associated with the foremost intellectual revolution of his day. With what knowledge of its previous use Marshall deliberately chose to use it as the motto of his Principles is a question of interest in itself, and is dealt with further below. What is also of interest, is just what association – or as suggested above, claims to association – the motto, standing unambiguously on the frontispiece from the first edition onwards, would have suggested in an age when in the best tradition of Political Economy such texts were addressed as much to a wider public of literate persons from many disciplines as to specialist students and practitioners of the subject.
    [Show full text]
  • Limits of Legal Evolution Knowledge and Normativity in Theories of Legal Change
    Limits of Legal Evolution Knowledge and Normativity in Theories of Legal Change Liam McHugh-Russell Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of Laws of the European University Institute Florence, 13 June 2019 European University Institute Department of Law Limits of Legal Evolution Knowledge and Normativity in Theories of Legal Change Liam McHugh-Russell Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of Laws of the European University Institute Examining Board Professor Stefan Grundmann, European University Institute (EUI Supervisor) Professor Claire Kilpatrick, European University Institute Professor Peer Zumbansen, Osgoode Hall Law School Professor Simon Deakin, Cambridge University © Liam McHugh-Russell, 2019 No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author Researcher declaration to accompany the submission of written work Department of Law – LL.M. and Ph.D. Programmes I Liam McHugh-Russell certify that I am the author of the work Limits of Legal Evolution: Knowledge and Normativity in Theories of Legal Change I have presented for examination for the Ph.D. at the European University Institute. I also certify that this is solely my own original work, other than where I have clearly indicated, in this declaration and in the thesis, that it is the work of others. I warrant that I have obtained all the permissions required for using any material from other copyrighted publications. I certify that this work complies with the Code of Ethics in Academic Research issued by the European University Institute (IUE 332/2/10 (CA 297).
    [Show full text]
  • Główne Problemy Filozofii Biologii Filozofii Biologii
    GŁÓWNE PROBLEMY GŁÓWNE PROBLEMY FILOZOFII BIOLOGII GŁÓWNE PROBLEMY FILOZOFII FILOZOFII BIOLOGII Redakcja Krzysztof Chodasewicz, Adrianna Grabizna, Agnieszka Proszewska, Adrian Stencel, Aleksander Ziemny ISBN: 978-83-943428-5-2 Warszawa 2017 IFiS PAN BIBLIOTEKA „FILOZOFII I NAUKI” GŁÓWNE PROBLEMY FILOZOFII BIOLOGII REDAKCJA KRZYSZTOF CHODASEWICZ, ADRIANNA GRABIZNA, AGNIESZKA PROSZEWSKA, ADRIAN STENCEL, ALEKSANDER ZIEMNY WARSZAWA 2017 IFIS PAN NAKŁADEM FUNDACJI FILOZOFIA NA RZECZ DIALOGU UROBOROS BIBLIOTECA DE LA „FILOSOFÍA Y CIENCIA” LIBRARY OF THE “PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE” EDITOR: WŁODZIMIERZ ŁUGOWSKI RESEÑA/RECENZJA: ANDRZEJ GECOW DIBUJOS/ILUSTRACJE: BARBARA PIĄTKOWSKA CHODASEWICZ, ZOFIA CHODASEWICZ, JUSTYNA CHODASEWICZ REDACCIÓN TÉCNICA/EDYCJA: ALEKSANDER A. ZIEMNY PORTADA/PROJEKT OKŁADKI: ALEKSANDRA WIELICZKO, VOLUMINA.PL, DANIEL KRZANOWSKI IMPRESO Y HECHO EN SZCZECIN, PRINTGROUP ALL RIGHTS RESERVED/DERECHOS RESERVADOS 2017 ISBN: 978–83–943428–5–2 „FILOZOFIA I NAUKA”/”FILOSOFIA Y CIENCIA” INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA Y SOCIOLOGIA DE LA ACADEMIA DE CIENCIAS POLACA 00-330 VARSOVIA, NOWY ŚWIAT 72 WPROWADZENIE DO TOMU 9 BIBLIOGRAFIA 14 A. STENCEL, DOBÓR NATURALNY. ZARYS PROBLEMÓW FILOZOFICZNYCH 17 WPROWADZENIE 18 1. STANDARDOWE UJĘCIE DOBORU NATURALNEGO 19 1.1. RETROSPEKTYWNE UJĘCIE 19 1.2. PROBLEM DOSTOSOWANIA 21 2. ALTERNATYWNE UJĘCIA DOBORU NATURALNEGO 23 2.1. UJĘCIE DAWKINSA–HULLA 23 2.2. ZREDUKOWANE UJĘCIE STANDARDOWE 26 3. JAKIE OBIEKTY MOGĄ EWOLUOWAĆ DROGĄ DOBORU NATURALNEGO? 28 KOŃCOWE WNIOSKI 32 BIBLIOGRAFIA 34 A. GRABIZNA, SPÓR O GATUNEK 39 WPROWADZENIE 40 1. PRAKTYCZNE IMPLIKACJE PROBLEMU GATUNKU 41 2. DWIE PŁASZCZYZNY PROBLEMU GATUNKU 45 2.1. PRZYCZYNY SPECJACJI – NIECIĄGŁOŚĆ GATUNKÓW A NIECIĄGŁOŚĆ NISZ EKOLOGICZNYCH 46 2.2. PRZYCZYNY SPECJACJI – NIECIĄGŁOŚĆ GATUNKÓW A NIECIĄGŁOŚĆ ZMIENNOŚCI 47 3. SPÓR O GATUNEK A KWESTIA REALIZMU 48 3.1.
    [Show full text]
  • On Mutation and Crossover in the Theory of Evolutionary Algorithms
    ON MUTATION AND CROSSOVER IN THE THEORY OF EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS by James Neal Richter A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana April, 2010 c Copyright by James Neal Richter 2010 All Rights Reserved ii APPROVAL of a dissertation submitted by James Neal Richter This dissertation has been read by each member of the dissertation committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citations, bibliographic style, and consistency, and is ready for submission to the Division of Graduate Education. Dr. John T. Paxton Approved for the Department of Computer Science Dr. John T. Paxton Approved for the Division of Graduate Education Dr. Carl A. Fox iii STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a doc- toral degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under rules of the Library. I further agree that copying of this dissertation is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with \fair use" as pre- scribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for extensive copying or reproduction of this dissertation should be referred to ProQuest Information and Learning, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, to whom I have granted \the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute my dissertation in and from microform along with the non-exclusive right to reproduce and distribute my abstract in any format in whole or in part." James Neal Richter April, 2010 iv DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my father.
    [Show full text]
  • How Not to Think About Evolution
    How Not to Think About Evolution STUART A. NEWMAN Evidence of evolution is all around us, but some still can’t handle the truth. While outright rejection of the concept had been in decline in mainstream venues up till the mid-twentieth century, in recent years evolution skepticism and denialism have flourished among the U.S. electorate, legislators, and even teachers. For rising political figures on the Right who want to cater to their constituencies without burning all their bridges to modernity, “None of your business” has become an accepted position on the subject.1 The concept of evolution is thoroughly identified in the popu- lar mind with the name of Charles Darwin (see, for example, the fish-with-legs bumper sticker with “Darwin” substituted for “Jesus”). Paradoxically, however, the main problem for rejectionists is not natural selection, the foundation of Darwin’s theory. In the United States, few people, including die-hard creationists, take exception to the signature example of finches’ beaks becoming remodeled over the course of many generations by differential survival of slight variants as condi- tions change. A 1992 article from Creation, a magazine published by Creation Ministries International, describes the finches of the Galapagos Islands with “a variety of bill shapes and sizes, all suited to their vary- ing diets and lifestyles.” It accepts Darwin’s conjecture that they are all the offspring of an original pair of finches and that natural selection is responsible for the differences. Stating that “this is the explanation now held by most modern creationists,” the author asserts that this concedes nothing to any presumed “amoeba-to-man transformation.”2 The stumbling block for most contemporary evolution-skeptics is the notion of “macroevolution:” large-scale morphological changes— unicellular organisms into complex multicellular ones, fish-like forms into mammals, shrew-like forms into primates.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Feasibility of Saltational Evolution
    On the feasibility of saltational evolution Mikhail I. Katsnelsona,1, Yuri I. Wolfb, and Eugene V. Kooninb,1 aInstitute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and bNational Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894 Contributed by Eugene V. Koonin, August 28, 2019 (sent for review May 28, 2019; reviewed by Christoph Adami and Claus O. Wilke) Is evolution always gradual or can it make leaps? We examine a in the landscape, for example to the slope of a different, mathematical model of an evolutionary process on a fitness land- higher peak, via simultaneous fixation of multiple mutations scape and obtain analytic solutions for the probability of multimutation (Fig. 1). leaps, that is, several mutations occurring simultaneously, within a We sought to obtain analytically, within the population single generation in 1 genome, and being fixed all together in the genetics framework, the conditions under which multimuta- evolving population. The results indicate that, for typical, empir- tional leaps might be feasible. The results suggest that, under ically observed combinations of the parameters of the evolution- most typical parameters of the evolutionary process, leaps ary process, namely, effective population size, mutation rate, and distribution of selection coefficients of mutations, the probabil- cannot be fixed. However, taking sign epistasis into account, we ity of a multimutation leap is low, and accordingly the contribu- show that saltational evolution could become relevant under tion of such leaps is minor at best. However, we show that, conditions of elevated mutation rate under stress so that stress- taking sign epistasis into account, leaps could become an induced mutagenesis could be considered an evolvable adaptation important factor of evolution in cases of substantially elevated strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • Species: a History of the Idea (Species and Systematics)
    Wilkins_FM.qxd 6/4/09 8:59 AM Page i SPECIES Wilkins_FM.qxd 6/4/09 8:59 AM Page ii SPECIES AND SYSTEMATICS The Species and Systematics series will investigate fundamental and practical aspects of systematics and taxonomy in a series of comprehensive volumes aimed at students and researchers in systematic biology and in the history and philosophy of biology. The book series will examine the role of descriptive taxonomy, its fusion with cyber-infrastructure, its future within biodiversity studies, and its importance as an empirical science. The philosophical consequences of classification, as well as its history, will be among the themes explored by this series, including systematic methods, empirical studies of taxonomic groups, the history of homology, and its significance in molecular systematics. Editor-in-Chief: Malte C. Ebach (International Institute for Species Exploration, Arizona State University, USA) Editorial Board Marcelo R. de Carvalho (Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil) Anthony C. Gill (Arizona State University, USA) Andrew L. Hamilton (Arizona State University, USA) Brent D. Mishler (University of California, Berkeley, USA) Juan J. Morrone (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico) Lynne R. Parenti (Smithsonian Institution, USA) Quentin D. Wheeler (Arizona State University, USA) John S. Wilkins (University of Sydney, Australia) Kipling Will (University of California, Berkeley, USA) David M. Williams (Natural History Museum, London, UK) University of California Press Editor: Charles R. Crumly Wilkins_FM.qxd 6/4/09 8:59 AM Page iii SPECIES A HISTORY OF THE IDEA John S. Wilkins UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY LOS ANGELES LONDON Wilkins_FM.qxd 6/8/09 11:36 AM Page iv University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Filosofia Da Biologia Filosofía De La Biología
    Filosofia da Biologia Paulo C. Abrantes e colaboradores Filosofía de la Biología Segunda Edição Editora do PPGFIL-UFRRJ Núcleo de Lógica e Filosofia da Ciência Organizador Paulo C. Abrantes Filosofia da biologia 2ª edição Seropédica, RJ PPGFIL-UFRRJ 2018 Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ Reitor: Ricardo Berbara Vice-Reitor: Luiz Carlos Oliveira Lima Pró-Reitor de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação: Alexandre Fortes Coordenador do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia: Affonso Henrique Vieira da Costa EDITORA DO PPGFIL-UFRRJ www.editorappgfilufrrj.org Editor-chefe: Cristiane Almeida de Azevedo Editor adjunto: Francisco José Dias de Moraes Comitê Editorial Affonso Henrique Costa Alessandro Bandeira Duarte Danilo Bilate José Nicolao Julião Renato Valois Walter Valdevino Oliveira Silva Conselho Editorial Abilio Azambuja Rodrigues Filho (UFMG) Antônio Augusto Passos Videira (UERJ) Arley Ramos Moreno (Unicamp) Domenico M. Fazio (Università del Salento – Itália) Edgar de Brito Lyra Netto (PUC-RJ) Eduardo Brandão (USP) Ernani Pinheiro Chaves (UFPA) Evandro Barbosa (UFPel) Fernando José de Santoro Moreira (UFRJ) Gilvan Luiz Fogel (UFRJ) Guido Antônio de Almeida (PPGLM-UFRJ / PRO-NEX-CNPq) Helder Buenos Aires de Carvalho (UFPI) Julio Cesar Ramos Esteves (UENF) Luisa Severo Buarque de Holanda (PUC-RJ) Marco Antonio Caron Ruffino (UNICAMP) Marco Antonio Valentim (UFPR) Marcos Fanton (UFPE) Maria Aparecida de Paiva Montenegro (UFCE) Maria Lucia Mello e Oliveira Cacciola (USP) Markus Figueira da Silva (UFRN) Pedro Süssekind Viveiros de Castro (UFF) Rodrigo Antonio de Paiva Duarte (UFMG) Tiegue Vieira Rodrigues (UFMT) Walter Gomide do Nascimento Junior (UFMT) Editores: Alessandro Duarte e Robinson Guitarrari Revisão: Alessandro Duarte e Robinson Guitarrari Diagramação: Alessandro Duarte e Robinson Guitarrari Foto na capa: Meyers Konversionlexikon (1888), retirada do wikipedia <https://pt.wikipedia.
    [Show full text]