CHAPTER ONE: the WELSH BACKGROUND I. Dylan Thomas: Quoted by Geoffrey Moore in 'Dylan Thomas', Kenyon Review, Vol

Home , Caitlin Thomas, Raymond Garlick, Vernon Watkins, Welsh poetry

NOTES

CHAPTER ONE: THE WELSH BACKGROUND I. Dylan Thomas: quoted by Geoffrey Moore in 'Dylan Thomas', Kenyon Review, vol. xvii (Spring 1955), p. 26,. 2. Dylan Thomas: New Verse, no. II (October 1934), p. 9. Thomas was then nineteen years old. 3. GwynJones: 'Welsh Dylan', Adelphi, vol. 30, no. 2 (February 1954), p. 115. 4. Karl Shapiro: 'Dylan Thomas', Poetry, vol. 87, no. 2 (November 1955), P· l05· 5. Vernon Watkins: comment on a review of J. M. Brinnin: Dylan Thomas in America in Encounter, vol. VI, no. 6 (June 1956), p. 78. 6. Geoffrey Moore: 'Dylan Thomas', Kenyon Review, vol. xvii (Spring 1955), pp. 264-5. 7. Robert Graves: Foreword to Alun Lewis: Ha! Ha! Among the Trumpets (London, 1945), p. 7. 8. A. G. Prys-Jones: 'Death Shall Have No Dominion', Dock Leaves (Dylan Thomas Memorial Number), vol. 5, no. 13 (Spring 1954), p. 27. 9. See David Williams: A History of Modern Wales (London, 1950), p. 272. 10. Thomas Parry: A History of Welsh Literature, translated by H. Idris Bell (London, '955),P. 48. I I. See Gwyn Williams: An Introduction to Welsh Poetry (London, 1953), pp. 243-5· 12. Gwyn Jones: 'Welsh Dylan', Adelphi, vol. 30, no. 2 (Spring 1954), p. 115. 13. Matthew Arnold: On the Stucfy of Celtic Literature (London, 1919), p. 83. 14. Ibid., p. 110. 15. Geraint Goodwin: The Heyday in the Blood (London, 1954), p. 124. 16. Caitlin Thomas: Leftover Life to Kill (London, 1957), pp. 73-74. 17. Rhys Davies: The Story of Wales (London, 1943), p. 24. 18. T. Rowland Hughes: From Hand to Hand, translated from the Welsh by R. C. Ruck (London, 1950), p. 27. 19. GwynJones: Introduction to Welsh Short Storns (London, 1956), p. xiii.

CHAPTER TWO: THE INTRUDERS: INFLUENCES AND RELATIONSHIPS

I. Stephen Spender: Spectator (5 December 1952), pp. 780--1. 2. Dylan Thomas in a letter to Stephen Spender (9 December 1952), quoted by Derek Stanford: Dylan Thomas (London, 1954), p. 25. 3. Gwyn Thomas: quoted in 'Language, Style, and the Anglo-Welsh' by Gwyn Jones, Essays and Studies (1953), p. 107. 4. Dylan Thomas: Quite Early One Morning (London, 1954), pp. 147-8. 5. Ibid., p. 148. 6. Alun Lewis: 'The Mountain Over Aberdare', from Raiders' Dawn (London, 1942), p. 87: 186 DYLAN THOMAS From this high quarried ledge I see The place for which the Quakers once Collected clothes, my fathers' home, Our stubborn bankrupt village sprawled In jaded dusk beneath its nameless hills; The drab streets strung across the cwm, Derelict workings, tips of slag The gospellers and gamblers use And children scrutting for the coal That winter dole cannot purvey; Allotments where the collier digs While engines hack the coal within his brain; Grey Hebron in a rigid cramp, White cheap-jack cinema, the church Stretched like a sow beside the stream; And mourners in their Sunday best Holding a tiny funeral, singing hymns That drift insidious as the rain..•• And in a curtained parlour women hug Huge grief, and anger against God.... 7. Vernon Watkins: 'Innovation and Tradition', unsigned Obituary Notice, The Times (10 November 1953). 8. A. G. Prys-Jones: 'Death Shall Have No Dominion', Dock Leaves, vol. 5 (Spring 1954), no. 13, p. 26. g. Collected Poems, p. 13. 10. Henry Vaughan: The Wurks of Hen~y Vaughan, vol. 1, Edited by L. C. l\Iartill (Oxford, 1957), pp. 419-20. 11. Thomas Traherne: Centuries of A1editations (London, 1908), pp. 156-7. 12. Dylan Thomas: 'On Reading One's Own Poems', Quite Early One Morning, P·131• 13. Vernon Watkins: a short autobiographical note in Tu'elltieth Century Authors: First Supplement, Edited by Stanley J. Kunitz (New York, 1955), p. 1,052. 14. Dylan Thomas: Letters to Vernon Watkills (London, 1957), p. 64. 15. Ibid., pp. 17-18.

CHAPTER THREE : EARLY YEARS I. The J\1abil1ogion, translated by Gwyn Jones and T. Jones (London, 1949), pp.63-64· 2. Edward Thomas: The Life and Letters of Edward Thomas, Edited by John Moore (London, 1939), pp. 156 and 168. 3. Dylan Thomas: 'Reminiscences of Childhood' (First Version), Quite Early One Morning, p. I. 4. I am indebted for much information concerning Dylan Thomas's early years to !virs. D. J. Thomas, the poet's mother, GlynJones, a close friend of Thomas in his late teens, and Mr. David Richards. 5. Mrs. D.J. Thomas: in an interview reported in Everybody's (21 April 1956), pp. 23 and 39. The article, entitled 'Go and Write, Boy!', was written by Paul Ferris. 6. Caitlin Thomas: Leftover Life to Kill, p. 56. 7 . .T. M. Brinnin: Dylan Thomas in America (London, 1956), p. 92. 8. Dylan Thomas: 'Modern Poetry', Swansea Grammar&hool Magazine, vol. 26, no. 3 (December 1929), pp. 82-34. NOTES 9. Ibid., vol. 27, no. 3, p. 112. 10. Dylan Thomas: 'Reminiscences of Childhood', Quite Early One Alorning, PP·5-6· II. Dylan Thomas: Portrait of the Artist as a 2"oung Dog (London, 1940), p. 13. 12. Ibid., pp. 9-10 13. Dylan Thomas: Swansea Grammar Sclwol }daga:dne, vol. 27, no. 3 (December 1930), pp. 87--89· 14. Ibid., p. 82. 15. Dylan Thomas: Quite Early One Morning, p. 81. 16. Dylan Thomas: Portrait of the Artist as a 2"oung Dog, pp. 186-7. 17. Augustus John: 'The Monogamous Bohemian', Adam (Dylan Thomas Memorial Number), no. 238 (December 1953), p. 10. 18. J. M. Brinnin: Dylan Thomas in America, p. 26. 19. Dylan Thomas: quoted in Adam, no. 238 (December 1953), p. 68. 20. Dylan Thomas: Portrait of the Artist as a 2"oung Dog, pp. 129-30. 2 I. Ibid., pp. 195-6. 22. Gwyn Jones: 'Welsh Dylan', Adelphi, vol. 30, no. 2 (February 1954), p. 112. 23. Geoffrey Moore: 'Dylan Thomas', Kenyon Review, vol. xvii (1955), p. 264. 24. Dylan Thomas: 'Tragedy of Swansea's Comic Genius', Herald of Wales (23 January 1932), p. 6. 25. Dylan Thomas: 'A Modem Poet Of Gower: Anglo-Welsh Bards', Herald of Wales (25 June 1932), p. 8. 26. Dylan Thomas: Quite Early One Morning, pp. 75-76. 27. Dylan Thomas: quoted in Adam, no. 238, p. 68.

CHAPTER FOUR: 18 POEMS I. Vernon Watkins: Introduction to Dylan Thomas: Letters to Vernon Watkins, pp. 12-13. 2. Vernon Watkins: 'Innovation and Tradition', unsigned Obituary Notice, The Times (10 November 1953). 3. Dylan Thomas: Letters to Vernon Watkins, p. 49. 4. T. S. Eliot: After Strange Gods (London, 1934), p. 38. 5. Ibid., pp. 19--20. 6. Vernon Watkins: Comment on a review of J. M. Brinnin: Dylan Tlwmas in America in Encounter, vol. vi, no. 6 (June 1956), p. 77. 7. Dylan Thomas: quoted by Geoffrey Moore in 'Dylan Thomas', Kenyon Review, vol. xvii, p. 261. 8. Caitlin Thomas: Leftover Life to Kill, p. 57. 9. V. S. Pritchett: 'The English Puritan', New Statesman and Nation, vol. !iii, no. 1,350 (26 January 1957), p- 103. 10. Margiad Evans: Autobiography (London, 1952), p. 158. II. 'Hymne to God, my God, in my sicknesse', Donne's Poetical Works, vol. i, Edited by H. J. C. Grierson (London, 1912), p. 368. 12. Robert Martin Adams: 'Taste and Bad Taste in Metaphysical Poetry', Hudson Review, vol. viii, no. I, p. 73. 13. Karl Shapiro: 'Dylan Thomas', Poetry, vol. 87, no. 2 (November 1955), p.106. 14. Dylan Thomas: Adventures in the Skin Trade and other stories (New York, 1955), pp- 129-30. 15. Ibid., p. 136. 16. R. B. Marriott: Adam, no. 238, p. 32. 17. Karl Shapiro: 'Dylan Thomas', Poetry, vol. 87, no. 2, p. 110. 18. Francis Scarfe: Auden and After (London, 1945), pp. 112-13. o 188 DYLAN THOMAS 19. Dylan Thomas: quoted in Henry Treece: Dylan Thomas (London, 1949), p.4B. 20. Ibid., pp. 47-411. 21. Dylan Thomas: Letters to Vernon Watkins, p. 38. 22. Collected Poems, p. 4. 23· Ibid., p. 15. 24· Ibid., p. 37. 25. Ibid., p. 38. 26. Dylan Thomas: Portrait oftM Artist as a 'Young Dog, p. 30. 27. Margiad Evans: Autobiography, p. 26. 28. Ibid., pp. 46 and 47.

CHAPTER FIVE: TWENT'Y-FIVE POEMS I. Collected Poems, p. 73. 2. Derek Stanford: Dylan Thomas, p. 24. 3. Dylan Thomas: Portrait of the Artist as a 'Young Dog, pp. 21-22. 4. Karl Shapiro: 'Dylan Thomas', Poetry, vol. 87, no. 2, p. 104. 5. T. S. Eliot: After Strange Gods, p. 53. 6. Dylan Thomas: Under Milk Wood, p. 81. 7. Karl Shapiro: 'Dylan Thomas', Poetry, vol. 87, no. 2, p. 106. 8. Matthew Arnold: On tM Study of Celtic Literature, p. 116. 9. Lawrence Durrell: Poetry London-New Tork, no. I (March-April,1956), p. 34.

CHAPTER SIX: THE MAP OF LOVE I. Vernon Watkins: 'Dylan Thomas', unsigned Obituary Notice, The Times (10 November 1953). 2. Karl Shapiro: 'Dylan Thomas', Poetry, vol. 87, no. 2, p. 108. 3. David Richards: Preface to an unpublished manuscript by Dylan Thomas. 4. Dylan Thomas: quoted by Henry Treece: Dylan Thomas, p. 47. 5. Dylan Thomas: 'On Reading One's Own Poems', Quite Early One Morning, P·137· 6. Dylan Thomas: Portrait of the Artist as a 'Young Dog, pp. 23-24. 7. John Donne: Deaths Duell, Sermons of John Donne, vol. x, Edited by E. M. Simpson and G. R. Potter (California, 1961), pp. 232-3. 8. Ibid., p. 238. 9. Babette Deutsch: 'The Orient Wheat', Virginia QuarterlY Review, vol. 27, no. 2 (Spring 1951), p. 224. 10. William Blake: Poetry and Prose, Edited by G. Keynes (London, 1946), P· 187· I I. Vernon Watkins: Introduction to Dylan Thomas: Letters to Vernon Watkins, P·13· 12. David Aivaz: 'The Poetry of Dylan Thomas', The Hudson Review, Vol. iii, no. 3 (Autumn 1950 ), p. 394. 13. Collected Poems, p. 86. 14. John Donne: Deaths Duell, Sermons of John Donne, vol. x, Edited by E. M. Simpson and G. R. Potter, p. 234. 15. Dylan Thomas: quoted by J. M. Brinnin in Dylan Thomas in America, p. 212. 16. Dylan Thomas: 'Book Review', Adelphi, vol. viii (September 1934), pp·418- 19· 17. Lawrence Durrell: Poetry London-New 'York, no. I (March-April 1956), P·35· 18. Vernon Watkins in a note to Dylan Thomas: Letters to Vernon Walkins, p. 30. 19. Ibid., p. 19. 20. Ibid., p. 54. 21. Ibid., p. 101. NOTES IBg CHAPTER SEVEN: A PROSE INTERLUDE: THE EARLY STORIES I. Dylan Thomas: A Prospect of the Sea (London, 1955), p. 20. 2. Vernon Watkins: 'Dylan Thomas', unsigned Obituary Notice, The TiTTl4s (10 November, 1953). 3. Margiad Evans: Autobiography, pp. 45-46. 4. Dylan Thomas: The Enemies, A Prospect of the Sea, p. 40. 5. Dylan Thomas: The Orchards, A Prospect of the Sea, p. 90. 6. Dylan Thomas: 'This bread I break', Collected Poems, p. 39. 7. Dylan Thomas: 'To Others than You', Collected Poems, p. 107. 8. T. S. Eliot: After Strange Gods, p. 46. 9. See Rhys Davies: T.'Ie Story of Wales, (London, 1943). 10. Dylan Thomas: Adventures in the Skin Trade and other stories (New York, 1955), p.128.

CHAPTER EIGHT: PORTRAIT OF THE ARTIST AS A TOUNG DOG I. Vernon Watkins: Foreword to Adventures in the Skin Trade (London, 1955), pp.~. 2. William Griffiths: Adam, no. 238, p. 30. 3. Dylan Thomas: Letters to Vernon Watkins, p. 79. 4. Derek Stanford: Dylan Thomas, p. 165. 5. Vernon Watkins: Foreword to Adventures in the Skin Trade (London, 1955), p.12.

CHAPTER NINE: DEATHS AND ENTRANCES I. Robert Graves: Foreword to Alun Lewis: Ha! Hal Among the Trumpets, P·7· 2. Gwyn Jones: The First Forty Tears, SOTT14 Notes on Anglo-Welsh Literature (Cardiff, 1957), p. 12. 3. John Donne: Sermons of John Donne, vol. x, Edited by E. M. Simpson and G. R. Potter, pp. 231-7. 4. Margiad Evans: Autobiography, p. 112. 5. W. S. Merwin: 'The Religious Poet', Adam, no. 238, p. 73. 6. Margiad Evans: Autobiography, p. 88. 7. John Donne: Sermons ofJohn Donne, vol. x, Edited by E. M. Simpson and G. R. Potter, p. 238. 8. William Empson: 'To Understand a Modern Poem', Strand (March 1947), p.64· 9. Dylan Thomas: Oyile Early One Morning, p. vii. 10. Dylan Thomas: Letters to Vernon Watkins, p. 104. II. Thomas Traherne: Centuries of Meditations (London, 1908), p. 157. 12. Elder Olson: The Poetry of Dylan Thomas (Chicago, 1954), p. 20. 13. Dylan Thomas: New Verse, no II (October 1934), p. 8. 14. Gwyn Jones: 'Welsh Dylan', Adelphi, vol. 30, no. 2 (February 1954), p. 115. 15. J. M. Brinnin: Dylan Thomas in America, pp. 103-4. 16. Vernon Watkins: Introduction to Dylan Thomas: Letters to Vernon Watkins, p. 17· 17. Thomas Traherne: Centuries of Meditations, p. 157. 18. Dylan Thomas: Letters to Vernon Watkins, p. 114. 19. Babette Deutsch: 'The Orient Wheat', Virginia Quarterly Review, vol. 27. no. 2, p. 223. 20. Vernon Watkins: The Death Bell (London, 1954), p. 47. 21. Ibid., p. 60. 22. J. M. Brinnin: Dylan Thomas in ATTl4Tica, p. 99. 23. T. S. Eliot: 'Dante', Selected Essays (London, 1934), p. 243. 190 DYLAN THOMAS 24. Gwyn Jones: 'Welsh Dylan', Adelphi, vol. 30, no. 2, p. 114. 25. Ibid., p. 116.

CHAPTER TEN: COLLECTED POEMS I. I visited Mrs. Caitlin Thomas at the Boat House in 1955, and the late Mrs. D. J. Thomas, who was staying there, during a second visit in 1957. 2. J. M. Brinnin: Dylan Thomas in America, p. 83. 3. Ibid., p. 82. 4· Ibid., p. 93. 5. Songtime, Edited by Percy Dearmer and Martin Shaw (London, 1915), P·37· 6. Eiluned Lewis: Honey Pots and Brandy Bottles (London, 1954), p. 10. 7. Dylan Thomas: Letter to E. F. Bozman, Books, no. 282 (December 1953), PP·114-15· 8. David Jones: 'Self-Portrait'. This was broadcast from the Swansea station of the B.B.C. in August 1955. The quotation from this talk is published in Gwyn Jones's lecture, The First Forty rears, p. 20. 9. Dylan Thomas: New Verse, no II (October 1934), p. 8. 10. Dylan Thomas: Letters to Vernon Watkins, p. 131. II. Raymond Garlick: Dock Leaves, vol. 5, no. 13, p. 2. 12. Ernest Renan: Poetry of the Celtic Races (London, 1896), p. 21. 13. Derek Stanford: Dylan Thomas, p. 140. 14. Caitlin Thomas: Empire News, Article on Dylan Thomas. 15. Dylan Thomas: quoted by J. M. Brinnin: Dylan Thomas in America, p. 147. 16. Vernon Watkins: 'Fidelity to the Living', The Lady with the Unicorn (London, 1948), p. 40. 17. Collected Poems, p. 171. 18. Vernon Watkins: Th Lady with the Unicorn, p. 48. 19· Ibid., p. 40. 20. Ibid., p. 63. 21. Ibid., p. 47. 22. Vernon Watkins: 'Dylan Thomas', unsigned Obituary Notice, The Times (10 November 1953). 23. Caitlin Thomas: Leftover Lift to Kill, p. 35. 24. Dylan Thomas: 'Letter II' Botteghe Oscure, vol. xiii, pp. 99-100. 25. Caitlin Thomas: Leftover Lifo to Kill, pp. 58-59. 26. Ibid., pp. 36-37. 27· Ibid., p. 53. 28. J. M. Brinnin: Dylan Thomas in America, p. 86. 29. Caitlin Thomas: Leftover Life to Kill, p. 34. 30. Vernon Watkins: Introduction to LetUrs to Vernon Watkins, p. 20.

CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE ARTIST IN COMEDY I. Dylan Thomas: 'Letter to Oscar Williams', New World Writing, Seventh Mentor Selection (New York, 1955), pp. 13

WORKS BY DYLAN THOMAS Unpublished Material (i) Manuscript Poems (c. 1931-3); MS. 48,217, British Museum. There are 79 pages. (ii) An unpublished manuscript, consisting of nine pages, which Dylan Thomas gave to Mr. David Richards, The Cross House, Laugharne. The manuscript contains the written answers by Dylan Thomas to various questions put to him by Mr. Richards. (iii) Four notebooks of manuscript poems covering the years 1930-4 (although there are gaps), now in the Lockwood Memorial Library, State University of New York at Buffalo.

Published Works BOOKS 18 Poems, London, 1934. Twenty-Five Poems, London, 1936. The Map of Love, London, 1939· Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog, London, 1940. Deaths and Entrances, London, 1946. Collected Poems, London, 1952. The Doctor and the Devils, London, 1953. Under Milk Wood, London, 1954. Quite Early One Morning, London, 1954. A Prospect of the Sea, London, 1955. Adventures in the Skin Trade, London, 1955. Adventures in the Skin Trade and other stories, New York, 1955. Letters to Vernon Watkins (edited, with an Introduction, by Vernon Watkins), London, 1957.

ARTICLES AND LETTERS referred to in the text Seven Letters to Oscar Williams (1945-1953), New World Writing, Mentor Selection, no. 7 (New York, 1955), pp. 128- 40 . DYLAN THOMAS 'Modern Poetry', Swansea Grammar School Magazine, vol. 26, no. 3 (December 1929), pp. 82-84. 'Children's Hour', Swansea Grammar School Magazine, vol. 27, no. 3 (December 1930), pp. 87-89· 'Three Nursery Rhymes', Swansea Grammar School Magazine, vol. 27, no. 3 (December 1930), p. 82. 'Tragedy of Swansea's Comic Genius', Herald oj Wales (23 January 1932), p. 6. 'A Modern Poet Of Gower: Anglo-Welsh Bards', Herald of Wales (25 June 1932), p. 8. 'An Enquiry', New Verse, no. II (October 1934), pp. 8~. 'Book Review', Adelphi, vol. viii, no. 6 (September 1934), pp·418- 20. 'Address to a Scottish Society of Writers in Edinburgh', quoted in Adam, no. 238 (December 1953), p. 68. 'Insults', Strand (March 1947), p. 65. Letter to E. F. Bozman, Books, No. 282 (December 1953), pp. 114-15. Two Letters in Botteghe Oscure, vol. ix, pp. 154-5, and vol. xiii, PP·97-lOo•

J. A. Rolph: Dylan Thomas: A Bibliography (London, 1956) provides a complete (up to the date of its publication) list of Thomas's published work, both in books and periodicals.

WORKS ABOUT DYLAN THOMAS

BOOKS Treece, Henry: Dylan Thomas, London, 1949. Olson, Elder: The Poetry of Dylan Thomas, Chicago, 1954. Stanford, Derek: Dylan Thomas, London, 1954. Brinnin, J. M.: Dylan Thomas in America, London, 1956. Thomas, Caitlin: Leftover Life to Kill, London, 1957. Tedlock, E. W.: Dylan Thomas: The Legend and the Poet, London, 1960. Holbrook, David: Llareggub Revisited: Dylan Thomas and the state of modern poetry, Cambridge, 1962. Tindall, W. York: A Reader's Guide to Dylan Thomas, London, 1962. Jones, T. H.: Dylan Thomas, London, 1963. BIBLIOGRAPHY 193 ARTICLES (Including reviews) on Dylan Thomas referred to in the text Adams, Robert Martin: 'Taste and Bad Taste in Metaphysical Poetry', Hudson Review, vol. viii, no. I, pp. 61-77. Aivaz, David: 'The Poetry of Dylan Thomas', Hudson Review, vol. iii, no. 3 (Autumn 1950), pp. 382-404. Burton, Phillip: Article on Dylan Thomas in Adam, no. 238 (December 1953), pp. 36-37. Deutsch, Babette: 'The Orient Wheat', Virginia Quarter(y Review, vol. 27, no. 2 (Spring 1951), pp. 221-36. Durrell, Lawrence: 'Letter' on Dylan Thomas in Poetry London• New Tork, no. I (March-April 1956), pp. 34-35. Empson, William: 'To Understand a Modern Poem', Strand (March 1947), pp. 61-64. Ferris, Paul: 'Go and Write, Boy', an interview with Mrs. D. J. Thomas, reported by Paul Ferris in Everybody's (21 April 1956), pp. 23 and 39· Garlick, Raymond: 'Editorial', Dock Leaves, vol. 5, no. 13, pp. 1-5. Griffiths, William: Article on Dylan Thomas in Adam, no. 238, P·30 . John, Augustus: 'The Monogamous Bohemian', Adam, no. 238, PP·9-1O• Jones, Gwyn: The First Forty Tears, Some Notes on Anglo-Welsh Literature, (Cardiff, 1957). -- 'Language, Style, and the Anglo-Welsh', Essays and Studies, 1953, pp. 102-14. -- 'Welsh Dylan', Adelphi, vol. 30, no. 2 (February 1954), pp. 108-17. Maud, R. N. : 'Dylan Thomas' Collected Poems: Chronology of Composition', Publications of the Modern Language Association, vol. lxxvi (June 1961 ), pp. 292-7. Merwin, W. S.: 'The Religious Poet', Adam, no. 238, pp. 73-78. Moore, Geoffrey: 'Dylan Thomas', Kenyon Review, vol. xvii, no. 2 (Spring 1955), pp. 258-77. Prys-Jones, A. G.: 'Death Shall Have No Dominion', Dock Leaves, vol. 5, no. 13, pp. 26-29. Shapiro, Karl: 'Dylan Thomas', Poetry, vol. 87, no. 2 (November 1955), pp. 100-10. Spender, Stephen: Review of Collected Poems, Spectator (5 Decem• ber 1952), pp. 780-1. Watkins, Vernon: Comment on a review of Dylan Thomas in America, Encounter, vol. vi, no. 6 (June 1956), pp. 77-79. -- 'Innovation and Tradition', unsigned Obituary Notice, The Times (10 November 1953). DYLAN THOMAS Watkins, Vernon: Introduction to Letters to Vernon Watkins (London, 1957), pp. 11-21. --Notes to Letters to Vernon Watkins. These precede the letters to which they refer. -- Foreword to Adventures in the Skin Trade (London, 1955), pp. 7-14.

Other Books to which Reference has been made Arnold, Matthew: On the Study of Celtic Literature (London, 1919). Davies, Rhys: The Story of Wales (London, 1943). Jones, Gwyn: Welsh Short Stories (London, 1956). Mabinogion, The, translated by GwynJones and T.Jones (London, 1949)· Parry, Thomas: A History of Welsh Literature, translated from the Welsh by H. Idris Bell (London, 1955). Renan, Ernest: Poetry of the Celtic Races (London, 1896). Williams, David: A History of Modern Wales (London, 1950). Williams, Gwyn: An Introduction to Welsh Poetry (London, 1953). -- The Burning Tree, translations from early Welsh poetry (London, 1956).

Anglo- Welsh Literary Periodicals Wales, edited by Keidrych Rhys (Carmarthen, 1937-9, 1943-8, 1958-60). The Welsh Review, edited by Gwyn Jones, (Cardiff, 1939, 1944-8). Dock Leaves, edited by Raymond Garlick (Pembroke Dock, 1949-). This is now The Anglo-Welsh Review. INDEX

Aberystwyth, 98 Bardic poetry, 4-8, 21, 115, 127, 143, 'Action' in poetry, quality of, 56 144 Adam, in T.'s poems, 21, 43, 46 'Before I knocked', 46-48 Adams, Robert Martin, quoted 48 Bible, influence in Anglo-Welsh Adelphi, T. 's reviews in, 35, 87 writing, 10; reading, 16, 34. Adventures in the Skin Trade (1955),90; 42; Welshmen's knowledge of, analysis, 113-14; Foreword by 34 Vernon Watkins quoted, 104, 114 Biblical imagery and metaphor in Adventures in the Skin Trade and other T.'s works, 10, 57, 59, 117-18. stories (1955), quoted, 4B-49, 98 120, 129, 141-3; from Genesis After the Fair (story), 91-92 stories, 49-50, 62-63, 92-94, 'After the funeral', 74-82 117, 146-7; Revelation, 67, 80, Aivaz, David, quoted, 85 172; from New Testament, 133, Alliteration, in Welsh poetry, 8; in 141-2, 155; in prose works, 90. T.'s poems, 82, 122, 126-7, 131 93-96, 101, 172 'Altarwise by owl-light', 20 Birds, in T.'s poems, 130-1, 139-44. Anglo-Welsh writing, characteristics, 155-6 2, 14-15, 68, 83, 90, 92-93, 102, Birth, subject of, 46-52, 82-83 105, 143, 173, 180; influence on Blake, William, 17, 18,83 T., 3, 21, 180; technique, 9; Blasphemy, in T.'s writings, 62, 63, influence of Bible and chapel, 66, 67 10, 12-13; notable writers, 14; Blunden, Edmund, 26 theological concepts, 16-17; in• Bohemianism, 28, 36-37, 114, 160 fluences, 16-22; critical of Wales Borrow, George, 35 (love-hate relationship), 31-34, Bozman, E. F., 190 37; writers often treated as Brinnin, J. M., cited or quoted, 25, foreigners by Welsh-speaking 31,87, 123-4, 13 1, 139-40, 156, countrymen, 32; article by T. 161, 184 quoted, 35-36 Broadcast talks and scripts by T., 90, Animal life, in T.'s verse, 143, 147; 162, 166-70, 183-4 (see also in Under Milk Wood, 180-1 QJtite Ear{v One Morning) Apocalypse manifesto, 74 Burning Baby, The (story), 98-100 Apocalyptic manner, I, 4, 5, 75 Burton, Phillip, 183-4 Arnold, Matthew, 6, 9-10, 53, 70 Butler, Samuel, 99 Art, Freudian psychology and, 5, 75; as illusion, 84-85 Cameron, Norman, 53, 54 Art-form, 145 Campbell, Roy, 56 Assonance in T.'s poems, 82, 122, Carmarthen, 161 126-7 Celts and Celtic literature, 6, 53, 56. Auden, W. H., 2, 6, 15, 18,31 70, 143, 147, 174 'Author's Prologue', 4, 7, 115, 139, Chapel (see also Nonconformity), 149, 156; analysis, 144-7 influence on Welsh tempera• ment, 12-13; regular attendance 'Ballad of the Long-legged Bait', at, 27, 34, 68, 158; T. satirizes. 134-5 68, 147-9 196 DYLAN THOMAS Chaucer, Geoffrey, 6 156-g; Donne and, 19, 82-83, Childhood theme, in Anglo-Welsh 85, 119; Vernon Watkins and, writing, 15, 19; T.'s interest in, 156-8 19-21 ,59,77,121-2,130,132-4; Deaths and Entranees (1946), 22, 38: in prose works, 90, 104-8, 166-7 analysis, 115-37 Children's Hour, 28-29 Deutsch, Babette, quoted, 83, 130 Christ, in T.'s poems, 21, 43, 46-48, 'Do not go gentle', 184 64~ Doctor and the Devils, The (1953), go Christian faith and teaching, T.'s Donne, John, 6, 19, 20, 65; quoted, attitude to, 40, 44-45, 66--67, 69, 46,82-83, 85, 115-16, 119 158 Drink, T. and, 28, 29, 32, 33, 110, Christian myth and symbol, T.'s use 160-1; story about drinking of, 2, 19. 46-48, 59, 63~7, 94, trip, 165~; Sunday closing of 116, 120; in Anglo-Welsh writ• public houses, 149, 166 ing, 19, 21 Druids, 5, 43,79,98, 143 Christian sonnets, 63~5 Durrell, Lawrence, 72, 88 Christmas, 167-9 Dylan (name), 23 Church, Richard, 26 Church-going: see Chapel 'Ears in the turret hear', 71-72 Cinemas, 18,26,27, 149 Edinburgh address to writers, 31, 34 Clergy, portrayal in To's works, 99- I8 Poems (1934), 2, 21, 36, 38; 101, 177, 183 analysis, 3~1 Coleridge, S. T., 6 Eisteddfod, 5, 177 Collected Poems (1952), 2, 15, 22; Eliot, T. S., 2, 15, 18,26,87; quoted, analysis, 13~1; quoted, 19,57, 41,67,97, 133 63, 85, 97; Note quoted, 4, 138 Empson, William, 2, 119 ('Author's Prologue': see that Enemies, The (story), 96-g7 title) Enfant terrible, T. as, 28, 108, 115, 161 Comedy, T. as artist in, 104-5, 162- England, 'The Front', 167; 'The 83 Land of Summer', 174 Communist Party, 31 English language, increase of use in Composition of poems, of Welsh Wales, 14; T. and, 14, 24-25; poetry, 7-10, 123; To's method Welshmen writing in, 14, 32 , 35 and techniques, 7, 9, 53-58, 88, English literature, Welsh intruders 122-32, 149-55; unity of, 38; into, 12, 14-22; To's knowledge slower process, 145; Caitlin of 25 Thomas's statement, 155 'Especially when the October wind', Conservatives, 3 I 57~I, 86 Contemporary Poetry and Prose, 73 Eucharist, service of the, 69-70 Conversation About Christmas, 168-9 Evans, Caradoc, 14, 32-34, 94-95, Cornwall, 72 98, 100 Crashaw, Richard, 48 Evans, Margiad, quoted, 43-44, 59- Cwmdonkin Park, Swansea, 26-27, 60, g6-g7, 117, 119 58-59, 85, 121, 148, 167, 169 Experience, presentation of, 7, 53, 56 Cynghanedd,8,9, 123, 127 Extraordinary Li//u Cough (story), 110

Dafydd ap Gwilym, 6 Fall, the, 49-50, 62, 66 Dante, 133 'Fern Hill', 7,9,21, 121-30, 133, 143; Davies, Rhys, cited, I 1,98 analysis of sound structure, 9, Davies, W. H., 36 124-7 Death theme, in Anglo-Welsh writing, Ferris, Paul, cited, 25 15; T.'s obsession with, 19, 43- Films, imagery drawn from films of 45, 47, 49-52, 62, 67~8, 71, the Wild West, 63; scripts by T., 80-82, 85-87, 116-20, 140, 143, 90 INDEX 197 Flesh, horror of the, 48-49 Intellectualism, revolt against, 15,61, Flood, the, 49-50,94,146-7 160 Folk-lore, Welsh, 36, 96, 102 Ireland, 4, 14, 115 Folk singing, 17 'It is the sinners' dwt-tongued bell', FolloWfTs, Th4 (story), 162-4 84-85 'Force that through the green fwe drives the flower, The', 23-45, 61 Janes, Alfred, 29 Frail (word), 30 John, Augwtus, 30-31, 138 France, 72 Jones, Ann (aunt), 27, 75-82, 106-7, Freud, Sigmund, 1.5, 18,51-52,66, 122, 126 75 Jones, Daniel, 29, 108 Funerals in Wales, 78-79 jones, David, 144-5 Jones, Glyn, 14, 39, 98, 186 Garlick, Raymond, quoted, 146 Jones, Gwyn, 14; cited, 17, 145, 174; Gascoyne, David, 73 quoted, 1,9, 12-14,33, 115, 123, Glamorgan, 5, 17 136-7 Goodwin, Geraint, quoted, 1 I Jonson, Ben, 6 Graves, Robert, quoted, 4, I15 Jordan, 46, 172, 176, 177 Griffiths, William, quoted, 105 journalist, T. as, 29-30, 34-35 joyce, james, 18, 26, 105 Hardy, Thomas, 22 Hawk and prey, poem on, 139-42 Kafka, Franz, 18 Hebraic element in Welsh character, Kea~,john,6,24-25,87, 121 16 Hendry, J. F., 75 Labour Party, 31 HeTald of Walts, 34-37 'Lament', 147-9 Herbert, George, 19, 120 Landor, W. S., 35 Herons, in To's poems, 130-1, 141-3, Laugharne, 31, 72, 74, 130- 2, 136, 156 184; To's attachment to, 88-89; Hirtleth, II, 134, 184 last years at, 136, 15g-61 Holy Six, The (story), 100-101 Boat House, 138-g, 190 Hopkins, Gerard Manley, 16, 25, 70 Brown's Hotel, 138, 160, 184 Horse's Ha, Th4 (story), 100-101 Castle, 132, 138, 139 How to be a Poet (story), 164-5 Cross House Inn, 138, 184 Hughes, Richard, 138 Description of, 138-g, 155 Hughes, T. Rowland, quoted, 12 Sir John's hill, 140 Human and natural forces, merging Thomas', Workshop ('the shack'), of, 41, 77, 142 139, 140, 160 'Hunchback in the Park, The', 121 Works inspired by, 88, 130, 132, Hwyl (preaching eloquence), I1-12, 144, 149, 165, 175 34, 107,116 Laverbread, 181-2 Hymn singing, II, 17,33,66,79 Lawrence, D. H., !l6, 4!1 Hywel, poet warrior, 144-5 Lemon, The (story), 104 utters to Vernon Watkins (1957), 90; 'I have longed to move away'. 67-68 quoted, 40, 55-56, 89, 105, 122, 'I make this in a warring absence', 88 130, 145-6; Vernon Watkins'. 'If I were tickled by the rub of love', Introduction and Notes quoted, 49-53. 61 !l2, 39, 84, 88, 89, 1!l4, 161 'Ifmy head hurt a hair', foot', 82-83 Lewis, Alun, 14; 'The Mountain Immortality, 46, 69,77, 119, 120, 122 Over Aberdare', 18, (text), In The Direction of The Beginning 185-6 (unfinished fragment), 104 Lewis, C. Day, 31 'Incarnate devil', 62-63 Lewis, Eiluned, quoted, 143 Individual, isolation of the, 62, 71 Lewis, Saunders, 108 Ig8 DYLAN THOMAS Llangadock, 108-g Ministers' portrayal, 99-101, 177, Llangain, 130, 172 183 Llanstephan, 109 Portrayal in T.'s works, 33, 68, 81, Llareggub (Llaregyb), 99, 100, 174, 114, 147-9 175 Restrictive influence in Welsh life, London, T. moves to (1933), 32, 3 1-34 36-37, 72; T.'s dislike of, 40, 74, Satires on, 68, 147-9 161, 167; lit~rary world, 72, Thomas's attitude to, 10-11, 31, 74, 177; unfinished novel set in, 33, 40, 42; his rejection of 13-14 traditions, 66-68, 77, 79, 147-9 Love, divine and sexual, 19,48-49 Notebooks, Thomas's: see Manuscript versions Note-making, T.'s habit of, 10g-IO Mabinogion, the, 6,23,36, 147, 164-5, 180 Old Garbo (story), 29 Machen, Arthur, quoted, 174 Olson, Elder, quoted, 122 Macnamara, Caitlin: see Thomas, One Warm Saturday (story), 111-12, Caitlin (wife) 163 MacNeice, Louis, 31 Orchards, The (story), 97, 102-4 Madge, Charles, 53 Originality ofT.'s poetry, 39, 40 Manuscript versions of T.'s poems, 'Out of the sighs', 39 38-40, 123; working sheets (illus• 'Over Sir John's hill', 4, 115, 145, trations), 150-3 149, 156; analysis, 139-44 Map of Love, The (1939), 38, 39, 42, Owen, Wilfred, 183 72, 90; analysis, 73-89 Oxfordshire, 130 Marlais (name), IZ, 102 MarIes, Gwilym: see Thomas, Paradox, sense of, in Welsh literature, William Marriott, R. B., quoted, 49 6, 53; in T.'s works, 7, 19,44-45, Marxism, 31 55-56, 50, 124, 129 Parody, T.'s liking for, 28-29 Memories II! Christmas, 167-8 Merwin, W. S., quoted, 118 Parry, Thomas, quoted, 7-8 (story), 27, 66, 76, 78, Metaphysical poets, 19, 22 Peaches, The Metrical tradition in Welsh poetry, 106-7, 128 Penzance, 72 8-9, 123 'Modem Poetry' (article), 25-26 Plays, projected, 184; Under Milk (q.v.), 170 Moon, as image, 84-85, 129 Wood 'Poem in October', 7, 21, 130-4, 149; Moore, Geoffrey, quoted, 1,3,34,42 analysis of sound structure, 131-2 Morganwg, 1010, 5 'Poem on his birthday', 4, 115, 139; Mysticism, 19,48, 122 analysis, 149, 154-9; working sheets, 124, 149, 154-5, (illus• National Service, T. unfit for, 24 trations), 150-3 Nationalism, Welsh, 32, 34, 107-8 Poet, T.'s development as, 1-10, 18, Natural life, in poetry, 16,41,46,77, 24-25, 38-39, 134; influences, 93, 142; in Under Milk Wood, 18-22; early poems, 24, 38ff.; 180-1 later work, 115ff. Natural observation, 22 Poets, To's broadcasts on, 183 New Quay, Cardiganshire, 130 Political environment, 17-18; To's Nonconformity in Wales, 10-13, outlook,31 31-34, 66-68 Portrait of the Artist as a Toung Dog Anglo-Welsh writers and, 12, 31- (1940),27-30,32,35,57,65-66, 34. 68 78, 9o-gl, 114; analysis, 104-13 Conventional piety, 31-34, 77, Pound, Ezra, 26, 87-88 149, 176-7 Preaching, Welsh, 11-12,34,107, 116 INDEX 199 Pregnancy, poem on, 82-83 Romantic poets, 18, 19 Price, Dr. (of Llantrisant), 98 Rome, I Prichard, Llewelyn, 35 Pritchett, V. S., quoted, 42 Sacramental imagery, 16, 116, 130-1, Prose works, 34-35, 90-103, 104-14, 143 162-85 Scarfe, Francis, quoted 52 Prospect of the Sea, A (story), 900-94, School for Witches, The (story), 100 97, 162, 169 Scottish Society of Writers, 31 Protestantism, 41 Sensory experience, 16, 57, 83-84, Proust, Marcel, 18 93, 102 Prys-Jones, A. G., quoted, 4-5, 18 Sexual theme and imagery, in Anglo• Puns, in T.'s verse, 28, 51, 63~5, Welsh writing, 15; T. an• 118-19, 17 1, 179 'extremely sexual man', 41; ill Puritanism, 3, 10, 31, 34, 40-42, 48 T.'s poetry, 19, 40, 48-52, 55, 61~3, 65, 75, 121; in prose Quite Ear{Y One Morning (1954), 90, works, 48-49, 101-2; in Under 166,171,183; quoted, 17-18,21, Milk Wood, 178-80 24, 26-27, 29, 36-37, 76, 121, Shakespeare, 25, 39, 49, 121 183 Shapiro, Karl, quoted, 2-3, 48, 50, 66, 68~9, 74 Shelley, P. B., 19 Radicalism, Welsh, 31 'Should lanterns shine', 71 Reading poetry and prose aloud, 21, Sidney, Sir Philip, 183 87, go, 123; T.'s reading of his Sin, concern with, 20, 42, 43, 62, 65 own poems, 21, 71, 76, 116, 123 Social conditions in Wales, 17-18, 'Refusal to Mourn the Death, by 30-31, 33 Fire, of a Child in London, A', Sound structure in poetry, 7~, 45, 116-20 55, 82, 87, 122-3; analysis of Religious imagery (see also Biblical 'Fern Hill', 124-5; of 'Poem in imagery; and Christian myth and October', 131-2 symbol), in T.'s poems, 2-5, 10, South Wales, 4, 104, 107, 182; 18-22, 40-43, 46-48, 63~9, emergence of Anglo-Welsh 115-16, 120; in Anglo-Welsh writers, 14, 17-18, 33 writing, 16-19 South Wales Evening Post, 29 Religious poets, 18-20, 65, 118 Spender, Stephen, 2, 15-16, 31 Religious revivals, II, 17 Spenser, Edmund, 6 Reminiscences of Childhood (broadcast), Stanford, Derek, quoted, 16, 65, 66, 166-7 114, 149 Renan, Ernest, 19, 147 Stanza, use of, 7, 122; analyses of Return Journey (story), 29, 169 syllabic pattern, 124-5, 131-2 Revision of poems by T., 22, 45-46, Story, A, 165~ 123-4, 149, 154-5; working Strand (magazine), 31 sheets (illustrations), 150-3 Style, in Welsh poetry, 10; in T.'s Rhondda valley, 17, 165 poetry, 39-40 Rhymes, in Welsh poetry, 8; in T.'s Sun, as image, 58,86, 120, 126, 133 verse, 122, 127, 131, 140, 144, Sunday observance, 149, 166 148, 154-5 Sunday Riferee, 45 Rhys, Keidrych, 74, 138 Surrealist movement, 1,5,73-75,77, Rhythm, in T.'s verse, 7~, 55, 116, 97 122-3, 126-7 Swansea, 72, 93, 177, 180; T.'s Richards, David, 74-75, 186 birthplace, 23; his early life in, Rimbaud, Arthur, 102, 122 23-27, 29-30, 33-37; descrip• Ringwood, 72 tions of town, 23-24, 26-27, Romantic manner, 2, 4, 5 166-7; references in T.'s poems, 200 DYLAN THOMAS Swansea-cont. Education, 24-26 58, 61; in prose works, 104, Family origins, 12 110-12, 163, 169; Cwmdonkin Health, early paralysis, 24, 87; Park: see that title tubercular condition, 24, 87, 99; Swansea Grammar School, 24-26; blackouts, 161 ; final illness, T.'s contributions to Magazine, 184 25-26, 28-29, 186 Personality, 24, 28, 39, 41-43, Swinburne, A. C., 7 69 Syllabic structure, 125, 131-2 Political outlook, 3 I 'Rimbaud of Cwmdonkin Drive', 122 Taf, river, 139 Wales, critical of, 32-33, 35-36; Theological concepts, in Anglo- 'The land of my fathers. My Welsh poetry, 16-22 fathers can keep it', 37; love for, 'There was a Saviour', 20 72, 89, 122, 183; last years in, 'This bread I break', 69-70, 97 136, 15g-QI 'This Side of the Truth', 135~, 176 Welsh background and environ• Thomas, Caitlin (earlier Caitlin Mac- ment, influence of: see Welsh namara) (wife), marriage (1937), background 72; Leftover Life to Kill, quoted, Works: see under their titles I 1,25, 42, 15~1; T.'s poem at Thomas, Edward, 16,23,25, 183 time of her pregnancy, 82-83; on Thomas, Gwyn, 14, 17 T.'s method of composition, 155; Thomas, Llewelyn (son), 135 account of daily routine at Thomas, R. S., 14 Laugharne, 160-1; against T.'s Thomas, William 12 further trip to U.S.A., 161; Three Weird Sisters, The (film script), author's visit to, 19o 33 Thomas, Mrs. D.J. (mother), 24, 25, Titanism in poetry, 70 161, 186, 190 'To Others than You', quoted, 97 Thomas, David (father), 25, 66, 123, Towy, river, 143 184 Traherne, Thomas, 18-20, 121-2, THOMAS, DYLAN MARLAIS, birth 128--9 (1914), 23; early years in Swan• Tree, The (story), 94--96 sea, 23-37; as reporter, 29-30, Treece, Henry, 53, 74, 75; cited, 53- 34-35; moves from Wales to 54, 75 London (1933), 32, 36-37; first Twenty-five Poems (1936), 2, 38, 39, volume of verse (18 Poems, q.v.) 41; analysis, 62-72 published (1934), 38; marriage 'Twenty-four years', 85-87 (1937),72; frequently in Wales, 72,130; two years in Oxfordshire, Unrkr Milk Wood (radio play for 130; last years in Laugharne voices) (1954), 2, 67, 90, 99, (1948-53), 136, 15~1; Collected "4, 16g; analysis, 170-83; T.'s Poems (q.v.) published (19,)2), letter on characters, I 75~ 138; visits to United States, 159- United States, T.'s visits to, 15~I, 61, 183; death in New York 183-4; death ofT. in New York (1953), 184; Unrkr Milk Wood (1953), 184 (q.v.) published (1954), 170 'Unluckily for a Death', 22 Accounts of himself, I, 5~, 35-37, 42 Bohemianism, 28, 36-37 Vaughan, Henry, 18-20, 65, 121, Christian names, Marlais, 12, 102; 183 Dylan, 23 'Vision and Prayer', 20, 120-1 Development as poet: see Poet Visit to Grandpa's, A (story), 10B--9 Drinking, 28, 29, 32, 160-1, 165 Visitor, The (story), 102 INDEX 201 Wales (see also subject headings Poems, relationship with those of throughout the index): T., 21-22, 131, 134, 156-8; Anglo-Welsh writers' attitude to criticized by T., 55-56 (love-hate relationship), 31-34, Thomas's Letters to Vernon Watkins, 36,37 Introduction and Notes by Wat• Background and environment, in• kins quoted, 22, 39, 84, 88-89, fluence of: see Welsh background 124, 161 Costume, T.'s jibe at, 32 Welsh background and environment, Language, influence of, 3-4; de• influence on T., 1-22, 31, 61; cline in use, 14; To's attitude to, influence on Anglo-Welsh 4, 32, 34 writers, 14-15; impact of Laugh• Literary and cultural background, arne on T., I5g-Q1; T.'s im• To's use of, 174-5 pressions of, 172 Poetry (see also Bardic poetry), Welsh Review, 14 4-10; prosody and technique, Western Mail, 32 8-10, 123,127; Matthew Arnold 'When all my five and country on, 9-10, 53 sense see', 83-B4 Thomas, Dylan, critical of, 32-33, Where Taweflows (story), 33,107-8 35-36; 'The Land of my fathers. Whippet racing, 18, 1132 My fathers can keep it" 37; leaves Who doyou wish was with us? (story), for London, 32; love for, 72, 89, III 122, 183-4; visits to, 72, 130; Williams, David, cited,s last years in, 136, 159-01 Williams, Gwyn, quoted, 6; cited, 8, Wales (periodical), 74 Watkins, Vernon, 14,77 53,56 Williams, Oscar, 190 Adventures in the Skin Trade, Fore- word to, quoted, 104, 114 Word lists, compiled by T., 88, 149, Death Bell, The, quoted, 131 154 Encounter article, quoted, 3,41 Wordsworth, William, 19, 96 Influence on To's development, 21, Working sheets: see Revision 134, 156 Worm, as image, 45, 51, 52, 50, 83, Lady with the Unicorn, The, quoted, II9 156-8 Obituary notice of Thomas, quoted 18, 39-40, 73, 93 Yeats, W. B., 18,21,29,39,63,84,97