INDIAINDIA--BASEDBASED NEUTRINONEUTRINO OBSERVATORYOBSERVATORY (INO)(INO) PlansPlans && StatusStatus
NabaNaba KK MondalMondal Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai, India AtmosphericAtmospheric neutrinoneutrino detectiondetection inin 19651965
Physics Letters 18, (1965) 196, dated 15th Aug 1965
Atmospheric neutrino detector at Kolar Gold Field –1965 INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008PRL 15, (1965), 429, dated 30th Aug. 1965 2 KGFKGF
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 3 INOINO InitiativeInitiative
• In early 2002, a document was presented to the Dept. of Atomic Energy (DAE), Govt of India with a request for fund to carry out feasibility study for setting up an underground neutrino laboratory in India. • In August 2002, an MoU was signed by the directors of seven participating DAE institutes towards working together on the feasibility study for such a laboratory. • A neutrino collaboration group was established with members mostly from Indian Institutes and Universities. • A sum of 50 million INR ( 1 M USD) was allotted by DAE to carry out the feasibility study. • Considering the physics possibilities and given the past experience at Kolar, it was agreed to carry out the feasibility study for a large mass magnetised iron calorimeter which will compliment the already existing water cherenkov based Super-K experiment in Japan.
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 4 INOINO activitiesactivities duringduring feasibilityfeasibility studystudy periodperiod
•• DetectorDetector RR && D:D: •• SiteSite Survey:Survey: – Choice of active detector – History of the site. – Cost factors. – Design of the magnet – Cost factors. – Risk factors and safety issues. – Prototyping – Prototyping – Ownership & site sharing. – Electronics front end and – Depth DAQ system – Outreach potential – Gas recirculation system – Local support & awareness – Cost estimate for various components
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 5 INOINO activitiesactivities duringduring feasibilityfeasibility studystudy periodperiod
•• NumericalNumerical simulation:simulation: – Development of GEANT3 & GEANT4 based codes for proposed detector geometry – Neutrino generator – Analysis to evaluate physics potential. •• HumanHuman ResourceResource development:development: – INO training school – Joint universities training program – Direct recruitment – INO positions/ INO fellowships at various institutions – Ph. D. degree for instrument building
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 6 IndiaIndia--basedbased NeutrinoNeutrino ObservatoryObservatory ProposalProposal
GoalGoal:: AA largelarge massmass detectordetector withwith chargecharge identificationidentification capabilitycapability •• TwoTwo phasephase approach:approach:
R & D and Construction Operation of the Detector Phase I Physics studies, Phase I Detector R & D, Physics with Atmospheric Neutrinos Site survey, Phase II Human resource Physics with Neutrino beam from development a factory Phase II Construction of the detector
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 7 NeutrinoNeutrino PhysicsPhysics usingusing INOINO
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 8 PhysicsPhysics usingusing atmosphericatmospheric neutrinosneutrinos duringduring PhasePhase II
•• ReconfirmReconfirm atmosphericatmospheric neutrinoneutrino oscillationoscillation •• ImprovedImproved measurementmeasurement ofof oscillationoscillation parametersparameters •• SearchSearch forfor potentialpotential mattermatter effecteffect inin neutrinoneutrino oscillationoscillation 2 •• DeterminingDetermining thethe signsign ofof ∆∆mm 23 usingusing mattermatter effecteffect
•• MeasuringMeasuring deviationdeviation fromfrom maximalmaximal mixingmixing forfor θθ23 •• ProbingProbing CPCP andand CPTCPT violationviolation •• ConstrainingConstraining longlong rangerange leptonicleptonic forcesforces •• UltraUltra highhigh energyenergy neutrinosneutrinos andand muonsmuons
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 9 DisappearanceDisappearance ofof Vs.Vs. L/EL/E ν µ TheThe disappearancedisappearance probabilityprobability cancan bebe measuredmeasured withwith aa singlesingle detectordetector andand twotwo equalequal sources:sources:
N up(L/E) = P(νµ →νµ; L/E) N down(L’/E) = 1 - sin2 (2Θ) sin2 (1.27 ∆m2 L/E)
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 10 2 PrecisionPrecision measurementmeasurement ofof ∆∆mm 31 andand θθ23
2 2 Experiment |∆m 31| Sin θ23
Current 30% 34%
MINOS + CNGS 13% 38%
T2K (5 yrs) 6% 22%
NOνA (5 yrs) 13% 42%
SK20 (1.84 MTy) 17% 24%
INO ( 250 KTy) 10% 30%
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 11 BeyondBeyond SuperbeamSuperbeam -- NeutrinoNeutrino FactoryFactory
7000 KM
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 12 NF:NF: GoldenGolden channelchannel optimisationoptimisation
2 sinsin 22θθ13:: 55σσ sensitivitysensitivity
• Magic baseline (7500 km) good degeneracy solver • Stored muon energy > 20 GeV
Patrick Huber: NUFACT06
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 13 NF:NF: GoldenGolden channelchannel optimisationoptimisation
MassMass hierarchy:hierarchy: 33σσ sensitivitysensitivity
•• Baseline:Baseline: ~7500~7500 kmkm •• StoredStored muonmuon energyenergy 2020 –– 5050 GeVGeV Patrick Huber- NUFACT06
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 14 INOINO DetectorDetector SpecificationsSpecifications
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 15 INOINO PhasePhase 11 • Neutrino Source – Need to cover a large L/E range • Large L range
• Large Eν Range – Use Atmospheric neutrinos as source • Detector Choice • Should have large target mass ( 50-100 kT) • Good tracking and Energy resolution ( tracking calorimeter) • Good directionality ( <= 1 nsec time resolution ) • Charge identification • Ease of construction • Modularity • Complimentarity with other existing and proposed detectors – Use magnetised iron as target mass and RPC as active detector medium
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 16 INOINO DetectorDetector ConceptConcept
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 17 TheThe MagnetMagnet
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 18 ICALICAL DetectorDetector SpecificationsSpecifications
No of modules 3 Module dimension 16 m X 16 m X 12 m Detector dimension 48 m X 16 m X 12 m No of layers 140 Iron plate thickness 6 cm Gap for RPC trays 2.5 cm Magnetic field 1.5 Tesla RPC unit dimension 2 m X 2 m Readout strip width 2 cm No. of RPCs/Road/Layer 8 No. of Roads/Layer/Module 8 No. of RPC units/Layer 192 Total no of RPC units 27000 No ofINO-UKNF Electronic meeting channels 4th April,3.6 X 2008 106 19 ConstructionConstruction ofof RPCRPC
Two 2 mm thick float Glass 2 mm thick spacer Separated by 2 mm spacer Pickup strips
Glass plates
Resistive coating on the outer surfaces of glass INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 20 FirstFirst RPCRPC lablab atat TIFRTIFR
NIM Gas dist unit Gas filter unit Gas mixing unit
Telescope stand CAMAC Tools and jigs
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 21 RPCRPC TestTest StandStand
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 22 EarlyEarly resultsresults
Gas Mix ture Tele window Cros s talk (%) (mm) 62:8 :30 10 6.8 62:8 :30 15 6.7 62:8 :30 20 6.2 57:8 :35 20 6.5 52:8 :40 20 5.9 46:8 :46 20 6.3
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 23 CosmicCosmic MuonMuon TestTest usingusing smallsmall RPCsRPCs
DAQ Gas unit
Telescope
• Streamer mode (R134a=62%, Argon=30% and the rest Iso-Butane) • Recording hits, timing, noise rates etc Stack of 10 RPCs
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 24 SomeSome interestinginteresting eventsevents trackedtracked
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 25 Aging:Aging: EfficiencyEfficiency dropdrop ofof aa RPCRPC
100. 00 90. 00 80. 00 70. 00 cy 60. 00 en 50. 00 ci i f f 40. 00 E 30. 00 20. 00 10. 00 00. 00 00: 00 48: 00 96: 00 144: 00 192: 00 240: 00 288: 00 Run time, Hours
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 26 LongLong--termterm stabilitystability teststests ofof RPCsRPCs
• Two RPCs (J2 & J3) built using 2mm Japanese glass for electrodes • Readout by a common G-10 based signal pickup panel sandwiched between the RPCs • Operated in avalanche mode (R134a: 95.5% and the rest isobutene) at 9.3KV • Round the clock monitoring of RPC and ambient parameters – Temperature, Relative humidity and Barometric pressure • Under continuous operation for more than two years. • Chamber currents, noise rate, combined efficiencies etc are stable INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 27 PaintingPainting withwith conductiveconductive paintpaint onon GlassGlass
Paint developed by KANSAI-NEROLAC composition : (i)Binder (acrylic resin), (ii) Pigments (conductive black), (iii) solvents (Aromatic hydrocarbons and alcohols).
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 28 RPCRPC buildingbuilding blocksblocks
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 29 MakingMaking ofof RPCRPC gapgap
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 30 RPCRPC fabricationfabrication
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 31 RPCRPC FabricationFabrication
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 32 TestingTesting ofof LargeLarge AreaArea RPCsRPCs usingusing cosmiccosmic rayray muonsmuons
Trigger Scintillators
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 33 SignalSignal fromfrom RPCRPC
Charge distribution Muon pulse
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 34 Timing distribution EffectEffect ofof SFSF6 onon efficiencyefficiency && crosscross talktalk
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 35 INOINO PrototypePrototype
• 12, 1m2 RPC layers • 13 layers of 5 cm thick magnetised iron plates • About 1000 readout channels • RPC and scintillation paddle triggers • Hit and timing information
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 36 INOINO SimulationsSimulations
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 37 DetectorDetector SimulationSimulation •• UsedUsed NUANCENUANCE NeutrinoNeutrino EventEvent GeneratorGenerator – Generate atmospheric neutrino events inside INO detector
•• UsedUsed AtmosphericAtmospheric NeutrinoNeutrino FluxFlux ofof HondaHonda et.et. al.al.
•• GEANTGEANT detectordetector simulationsimulation packagepackage – Simulate the detector response for the neutrino even
•• AnalysedAnalysed oscillationoscillation datadata atat twotwo levelslevels – Using NUANCE output and kinematic resolution function – Using full detector simulation
•• ObtainedObtained preliminarypreliminary resultsresults soso far.far. DetailedDetailed simulationsimulation isis underway.underway. INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 38 SomeSome simulationsimulation resultsresults
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 39 HadronHadron ResponseResponse
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 40 INOINO SiteSite
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 41 LocationLocation ofof thethe UndergroundUnderground LaboratoryLaboratory
•• StudiesStudies werewere performedperformed onon twotwo potentialpotential sites.sites. – Pykara Ultimate Stage Hydro Electric Project (PUSHEP) at Masinagudi, Tamilnadu – Rammam Hydro Electric Project Site at Darjeeling District in West Bengal • INO Site Selection Committee after thorough evaluation have now recommended PUSHEP at Tamilnadu as the preferred site for the underground lab.
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 42 INO-UKNF meeting4th April,Location 2008 of INO 43 ExpectedExpected BackgroundBackground
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 44 UndergroundUnderground Caverns:Caverns: SchematicsSchematics
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 45 TimeTime ScaleScale
• Phase I: 12-18 months: – Draw up detailed design report for tunnel and cavern – Detailed design report on detector structure, RPCs, pickup electrodes, electronics & power supply system • Phase II : 22-40 months: – Tunnel & cavern construction – RPC R & D and construction – Tendering and procurement of iron, magnet coil – Electronics and gas mixing unit procurement and fabrication • Phase III: 12-18 months – Laboratory outfitting – Transporting of materials – Assembly – Data taking of first module start early while assembly of other modules continue
Expected to start the first module by 2012 INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 46 CenterCenter forfor DetectorDetector DevelopmentDevelopment
• Particle detectors developed by High Energy & Nuclear Physicists have found application in medical imaging, material science, industrial control, geological survey.
• Apart from exciting physics, detector development itself will be a major activity of this centre.
• Need a focused approach with a well coordinated group of people working on detector development.
• INO Centre can play the role of coordinating such activities through joint R & D efforts on detector development with other laboratories around the world.
• NeedINO-UKNF close meeting interaction with industry.4th April, 2008 47 INOINO GraduateGraduate TrainingTraining ProgrammeProgramme
•• AA largelarge numbernumber ofof wellwell trainedtrained PhysicistsPhysicists andand EngineersEngineers willwill bebe neededneeded toto leadlead thethe experimentalexperimental activitiesactivities inin highhigh energyenergy andand astroparticleastroparticle physicsphysics toto bebe carriedcarried outout usingusing INOINO facility.facility. •• WeWe planplan toto startstart aa graduategraduate trainingtraining programmeprogramme fromfrom AugustAugust 2008.2008. •• SelectedSelected studentsstudents willwill bebe initiallyinitially trainedtrained forfor oneone yearyear atat TIFRTIFR,, MumbaiMumbai inin bothboth experimentalexperimental techniquestechniques andand theory.theory. •• SuccessfulSuccessful candidatescandidates afterafter thethe trainingtraining willwill bebe attachedattached toto Ph.D.Ph.D. guidesguides atat variousvarious collaboracollaboratingting institutionsinstitutions forfor aa Ph.Ph. D.D. degree.degree.
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 48 INOINO TimeTime LineLine
•• INOINO InterimInterim ProjectProject ReportReport waswas presentedpresented toto DAEDAE andand DSTDST onon 11 May,May, 2005.2005. •• AA presentationpresentation onon INOINO proposalproposal waswas mademade toto SACSAC--PMPM inin AugustAugust 2005.2005. •• TheThe proposalproposal waswas recommendedrecommended byby thethe IndianIndian HEPHEP--NPNP communitycommunity atat aa meetingmeeting atat MumbaiMumbai inin MarchMarch 20062006 sponsoredsponsored jointlyjointly byby DAEDAE andand DSTDST toto definedefine thethe roadroad mapmap forfor HighHigh EnergyEnergy andand NuclearNuclear PhysicsPhysics researchresearch inin India.India. •• ItIt waswas discusseddiscussed inin thethe MegaMega ScienceScience CommitteeCommittee setset upup byby PlanningPlanning CommissionCommission inin September,September, 20062006 andand recommendedrecommended forfor fundingfunding inin thethe XIXI thth 55 yearyear planplan startingstarting fromfrom AprilApril 07.07.
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 49 InternationalInternational reviewreview
•• INOINO proposalproposal waswas sentsent forfor reviewreview toto aa panelpanel ofof internationalinternational refereesreferees consistingconsisting of.of. •• Prof.Prof. YojiYoji TotsukaTotsuka KEK,KEK, JapanJapan •• Prof.Prof. A.A. BetiniBetini INFN,INFN, PadovaPadova •• Prof.Prof. JohnJohn LearnedLearned Univ.Univ. ofof HawaiiHawaii •• Prof.Prof. RajuRaju RaghavanRaghavan VerginiaVerginia Tech.Tech. •• Dr.Dr. S.S. S.S. KapoorKapoor BARC,BARC, MumbaiMumbai •• Prof.Prof. SubirSubir SarkarSarkar OxfordOxford UniversityUniversity
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 50 ProjectProject StatusStatus
• INO-Engineering task force has prepared a Detailed Project Report ( DPR) on the INO cavern and surface lab . We have approached environment and forest departments for necessary clearances. • An Engineering consulting firm is preparing the DPR for the detector structure. It is at the final stage. • A prototype magnet is now ready . • Identification of sources for various components needed for mass production of glass RPCs is in progress. • DAQ system for the prototype detector is now under test. • Long term stability test of RPCs both in avalanche mode and in streamer mode will continue. • A new centre will take charge of the INO related activities soon.
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 51 ApprovalApproval StatusStatus
•• DAEDAE hashas givengiven itsits approvalapproval forfor thethe project.project. ThisThis isis anan ““inin principleprinciple”” approval.approval. •• TheThe requestedrequested fundingfunding forfor thethe currentcurrent planplan periodperiod endingending inin MarchMarch 20122012 hashas beenbeen allocatedallocated byby IndianIndian PlanningPlanning Commission.Commission. •• DetailedDetailed ProjectProject ReportReport givinggiving ourour yearyear wisewise fundingfunding requestrequest isis requiredrequired forfor thethe sanctionsanction ofof thethe constructionconstruction money.money. •• DPRDPR isis inin thethe approvalapproval chain.chain. •• ExpectedExpected toto taketake fewfew moremore months.months.
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 52 SummarySummary •• AA largelarge magnetisedmagnetised detectordetector ofof 5050--100100 KtonKton isis neededneeded toto achieveachieve somesome ofof thethe veryvery excitingexciting physicsphysics goalsgoals usingusing atmosphericatmospheric neutrinos.neutrinos. •• PhysicsPhysics casecase forfor suchsuch aa detectordetector isis strong.strong. •• ItIt willwill complementcomplement thethe existingexisting andand plannedplanned waterwater cherenkovcherenkov detectors.detectors. •• CanCan bebe usedused asas aa farfar detectordetector duringduring neutrinoneutrino factoryfactory era.era. •• WeWe willwill soonsoon completecomplete thethe RR && DD phasephase andand beginbegin constructionconstruction ofof thethe INOINO facilityfacility andand thethe ICALICAL detector.detector. •• LookingLooking forwardforward forfor internationalinternational participationparticipation.. ForFor moremore informationinformation onon INOINO pleaseplease visitvisit thethe websitewebsite www.imsc.res.in/~inowww.imsc.res.in/~ino INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 53 ThankThank YouYou
INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 54