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India-Based Neutrino Observatory (Ino) INDIAINDIA--BASEDBASED NEUTRINONEUTRINO OBSERVATORYOBSERVATORY (INO)(INO) PlansPlans && StatusStatus NabaNaba KK MondalMondal Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai, India AtmosphericAtmospheric neutrinoneutrino detectiondetection inin 19651965 Physics Letters 18, (1965) 196, dated 15th Aug 1965 Atmospheric neutrino detector at Kolar Gold Field –1965 INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008PRL 15, (1965), 429, dated 30th Aug. 1965 2 KGFKGF INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 3 INOINO InitiativeInitiative • In early 2002, a document was presented to the Dept. of Atomic Energy (DAE), Govt of India with a request for fund to carry out feasibility study for setting up an underground neutrino laboratory in India. • In August 2002, an MoU was signed by the directors of seven participating DAE institutes towards working together on the feasibility study for such a laboratory. • A neutrino collaboration group was established with members mostly from Indian Institutes and Universities. • A sum of 50 million INR ( 1 M USD) was allotted by DAE to carry out the feasibility study. • Considering the physics possibilities and given the past experience at Kolar, it was agreed to carry out the feasibility study for a large mass magnetised iron calorimeter which will compliment the already existing water cherenkov based Super-K experiment in Japan. INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 4 INOINO activitiesactivities duringduring feasibilityfeasibility studystudy periodperiod •• DetectorDetector RR && D:D: •• SiteSite Survey:Survey: – Choice of active detector – History of the site. – Cost factors. – Design of the magnet – Cost factors. – Risk factors and safety issues. – Prototyping – Prototyping – Ownership & site sharing. – Electronics front end and – Depth DAQ system – Outreach potential – Gas recirculation system – Local support & awareness – Cost estimate for various components INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 5 INOINO activitiesactivities duringduring feasibilityfeasibility studystudy periodperiod •• NumericalNumerical simulation:simulation: – Development of GEANT3 & GEANT4 based codes for proposed detector geometry – Neutrino generator – Analysis to evaluate physics potential. •• HumanHuman ResourceResource development:development: – INO training school – Joint universities training program – Direct recruitment – INO positions/ INO fellowships at various institutions – Ph. D. degree for instrument building INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 6 IndiaIndia--basedbased NeutrinoNeutrino ObservatoryObservatory ProposalProposal GoalGoal:: AA largelarge massmass detectordetector withwith chargecharge identificationidentification capabilitycapability •• TwoTwo phasephase approach:approach: R & D and Construction Operation of the Detector Phase I Physics studies, Phase I Detector R & D, Physics with Atmospheric Neutrinos Site survey, Phase II Human resource Physics with Neutrino beam from development a factory Phase II Construction of the detector INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 7 NeutrinoNeutrino PhysicsPhysics usingusing INOINO INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 8 PhysicsPhysics usingusing atmosphericatmospheric neutrinosneutrinos duringduring PhasePhase II •• ReconfirmReconfirm atmosphericatmospheric neutrinoneutrino oscillationoscillation •• ImprovedImproved measurementmeasurement ofof oscillationoscillation parametersparameters •• SearchSearch forfor potentialpotential mattermatter effecteffect inin neutrinoneutrino oscillationoscillation 2 •• DeterminingDetermining thethe signsign ofof ∆∆mm 23 usingusing mattermatter effecteffect •• MeasuringMeasuring deviationdeviation fromfrom maximalmaximal mixingmixing forfor θθ23 •• ProbingProbing CPCP andand CPTCPT violationviolation •• ConstrainingConstraining longlong rangerange leptonicleptonic forcesforces •• UltraUltra highhigh energyenergy neutrinosneutrinos andand muonsmuons INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 9 DisappearanceDisappearance ofof Vs.Vs. L/EL/E ν µ TheThe disappearancedisappearance probabilityprobability cancan bebe measuredmeasured withwith aa singlesingle detectordetector andand twotwo equalequal sources:sources: N up(L/E) = P(νµ →νµ; L/E) N down(L’/E) = 1 - sin2 (2Θ) sin2 (1.27 ∆m2 L/E) INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 10 2 PrecisionPrecision measurementmeasurement ofof ∆∆mm 31 andand θθ23 2 2 Experiment |∆m 31| Sin θ23 Current 30% 34% MINOS + CNGS 13% 38% T2K (5 yrs) 6% 22% NOνA (5 yrs) 13% 42% SK20 (1.84 MTy) 17% 24% INO ( 250 KTy) 10% 30% INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 11 BeyondBeyond SuperbeamSuperbeam -- NeutrinoNeutrino FactoryFactory 7000 KM INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 12 NF:NF: GoldenGolden channelchannel optimisationoptimisation 2 sinsin 22θθ13:: 55σσ sensitivitysensitivity • Magic baseline (7500 km) good degeneracy solver • Stored muon energy > 20 GeV Patrick Huber: NUFACT06 INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 13 NF:NF: GoldenGolden channelchannel optimisationoptimisation MassMass hierarchy:hierarchy: 33σσ sensitivitysensitivity •• Baseline:Baseline: ~7500~7500 kmkm •• StoredStored muonmuon energyenergy 2020 –– 5050 GeVGeV Patrick Huber- NUFACT06 INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 14 INOINO DetectorDetector SpecificationsSpecifications INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 15 INOINO PhasePhase 11 • Neutrino Source – Need to cover a large L/E range • Large L range • Large Eν Range – Use Atmospheric neutrinos as source • Detector Choice • Should have large target mass ( 50-100 kT) • Good tracking and Energy resolution ( tracking calorimeter) • Good directionality ( <= 1 nsec time resolution ) • Charge identification • Ease of construction • Modularity • Complimentarity with other existing and proposed detectors – Use magnetised iron as target mass and RPC as active detector medium INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 16 INOINO DetectorDetector ConceptConcept INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 17 TheThe MagnetMagnet INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 18 ICALICAL DetectorDetector SpecificationsSpecifications No of modules 3 Module dimension 16 m X 16 m X 12 m Detector dimension 48 m X 16 m X 12 m No of layers 140 Iron plate thickness 6 cm Gap for RPC trays 2.5 cm Magnetic field 1.5 Tesla RPC unit dimension 2 m X 2 m Readout strip width 2 cm No. of RPCs/Road/Layer 8 No. of Roads/Layer/Module 8 No. of RPC units/Layer 192 Total no of RPC units 27000 No ofINO-UKNF Electronic meeting channels 4th April,3.6 X 2008 106 19 ConstructionConstruction ofof RPCRPC Two 2 mm thick float Glass 2 mm thick spacer Separated by 2 mm spacer Pickup strips Glass plates Resistive coating on the outer surfaces of glass INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 20 FirstFirst RPCRPC lablab atat TIFRTIFR NIM Gas dist unit Gas filter unit Gas mixing unit Telescope stand CAMAC Tools and jigs INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 21 RPCRPC TestTest StandStand INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 22 EarlyEarly resultsresults Gas Mixture Tele window Cross talk (%) (mm) 62:8:30 10 6.8 62:8:30 15 6.7 62:8:30 20 6.2 57:8:35 20 6.5 52:8:40 20 5.9 46:8:46 20 6.3 INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 23 CosmicCosmic MuonMuon TestTest usingusing smallsmall RPCsRPCs DAQ Gas unit Telescope • Streamer mode (R134a=62%, Argon=30% and the rest Iso-Butane) • Recording hits, timing, noise rates etc Stack of 10 RPCs INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 24 SomeSome interestinginteresting eventsevents trackedtracked INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 25 Aging:Aging: EfficiencyEfficiency dropdrop ofof aa RPCRPC 100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 cy 60.00 en 50.00 ci i f f 40.00 E 30.00 20.00 10.00 00.00 00:00 48:00 96:00 144:00 192:00 240:00 288:00 Run time, Hours INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 26 LongLong--termterm stabilitystability teststests ofof RPCsRPCs • Two RPCs (J2 & J3) built using 2mm Japanese glass for electrodes • Readout by a common G-10 based signal pickup panel sandwiched between the RPCs • Operated in avalanche mode (R134a: 95.5% and the rest isobutene) at 9.3KV • Round the clock monitoring of RPC and ambient parameters – Temperature, Relative humidity and Barometric pressure • Under continuous operation for more than two years. • Chamber currents, noise rate, combined efficiencies etc are stable INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 27 PaintingPainting withwith conductiveconductive paintpaint onon GlassGlass Paint developed by KANSAI-NEROLAC composition : (i)Binder (acrylic resin), (ii) Pigments (conductive black), (iii) solvents (Aromatic hydrocarbons and alcohols). INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 28 RPCRPC buildingbuilding blocksblocks INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 29 MakingMaking ofof RPCRPC gapgap INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 30 RPCRPC fabricationfabrication INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 31 RPCRPC FabricationFabrication INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 32 TestingTesting ofof LargeLarge AreaArea RPCsRPCs usingusing cosmiccosmic rayray muonsmuons Trigger Scintillators INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 33 SignalSignal fromfrom RPCRPC Charge distribution Muon pulse INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 34 Timing distribution EffectEffect ofof SFSF6 onon efficiencyefficiency && crosscross talktalk INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 35 INOINO PrototypePrototype • 12, 1m2 RPC layers • 13 layers of 5 cm thick magnetised iron plates • About 1000 readout channels • RPC and scintillation paddle triggers • Hit and timing information INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 36 INOINO SimulationsSimulations INO-UKNF meeting4th April, 2008 37 DetectorDetector SimulationSimulation •• UsedUsed NUANCENUANCE NeutrinoNeutrino EventEvent GeneratorGenerator – Generate atmospheric neutrino events inside INO detector •• UsedUsed AtmosphericAtmospheric NeutrinoNeutrino FluxFlux ofof HondaHonda et.et. al.al. •• GEANTGEANT detectordetector
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