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Hans Werner Richter Wolfgang Borchert Universität Paderborn Fakultät für Kulturwissenschaften Institut für Germanistik und Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. Phil.) Hans Werner Richter Wolfgang Borchert Zwei Schriftsteller im 2. Weltkrieg Ihre Kriegseinsätze und die Umsetzung in Literatur Eingereicht von Katrein Brandes geboren am 28.9.1939 in Braunschweig Professor Dr. Wilhelm Schäfer Professor Dr. Volker Peckhaus Präsident Dekan der Fakultät der Universität Paderborn für Kulturwissenschaften Gutachter 1. Professor Dr. Michael Hofmann 2. Professor Dr. Norbert Eke I N H A L T S V E R Z E I C H N I S Seite 1 Ausgangslage Fragestellung .......................................................................................... 4 1.1 Erschließung des Themas an zwei Beispielen Hans Werner Richter – Wolfgang Borchert .................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Quellenlage ....................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Verarbeitung der Teilnahme am Zweiten Weltkrieg ...................................................... 10 1.4 Ausblick auf die Gegenwart ............................................................................................ 13 2 2 Biographien ............................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Hans Werner Richter ...................................................................................................... 14 2.1.1 Herkunft ............................................................................................................. 14 2.1.2 Kriegszeit ............................................................................................................ 16 -Generalgouvernement Polen ........................................................................... 16 -Frankreich ......................................................................................................... 23 -Italien ................................................................................................................ 27 Exkurs 1: „Die Schlacht von Monte Cassino“ ........................................ 41 Exkurs 2: „Auf Wiedersehen in Kanada“ ............................................... 43 -Aufnahme der Kriegszeit in den Roman Die Geschlagenen ............................ 44 -Kriegsgefangenschaft in den USA ..................................................................... 48 2.1.3 Beginn des Schreibens seit 1944 ....................................................................... 49 2.2 Wolfgang Borchert .......................................................................................................... 58 2.2.1 Herkunft ............................................................................................................. 58 2.2.2 Kriegszeit ............................................................................................................ 61 2.3 Moskauer Front, Gefängnis ............................................................................................ 63 -3 mögliche Varianten des zweiten Einsatzes .................................................... 68 a) Rshew-Bogen ......................................................................................... 68 b) „Raum Toropez“ ..................................................................................... 70 Exkurs 3: Heeresgruppe Mitte in Kriegsberichten und Kriegserinnerungsliteratur .................................................................... 72 c) Woronesh ............................................................................................... 75 -Ende des Kriegseinsatzes .................................................................................. 77 2.3.1 Verarbeitung der Kriegseindrücke ..................................................................... 80 Exkurs 4: Timm als Zentralfigur ............................................................. 93 2.3.2 Hinwendung zur Realität ................................................................................... 95 3 Die beiden Schriftsteller im Vergleich (faktisch-historischer Hintergrund) ..................... 101 3.1 Verweildauer im Kriege ................................................................................................ 101 3.2 Perspektiven künftiger Lebensführung ........................................................................ 102 3.3 Wahrnehmung des Fremden ........................................................................................ 108 -Wolfgang Borchert : UdSSR ............................................................................ 111 -Hans Werner Richter: Italien .......................................................................... 113 -Literarischer Niederschlag in den Texten Wolfgang Borcherts ...................... 115 3.4 Zwiespalt der Pflichterfüllung ....................................................................................... 117 3.5 „Töten“ im Kriege ......................................................................................................... 120 3.5.1 Feldpostbriefe .................................................................................................. 124 3.5.2 Philosophische und sozialpsychologische Aspekte .......................................... 125 3.5.3 Vermeidungsstrategien Hans Werner Richters und Wolfgang Borcherts ....... 129 3.5.4 Zurückweisung des Tötens............................................................................... 131 3.5.5 Feldpostzensur ................................................................................................. 133 3.6 Annäherung an „Schuld“ .............................................................................................. 135 3.7 Substantielle und literarische Voraussetzungen für Dichtung beider Autoren ............ 138 4 Beispieltexte im Vergleich (sprachlich-fiktive Gestaltung) ............................................. 141 2 4.1 Wolfgang Borchert Die Kegelbahn Im Mai, im Mai schrie der Kuckuck ................. 142 4.1.1 Die Kegelbahn .................................................................................................. 142 4.1.2 Im Mai, im Mai schrie der Kuckuck .................................................................. 144 4.1.3 Beziehung zu Ernest Hemingway ..................................................................... 148 4.2 Hans Werner Richter Die Geschlagenen Kapitel II und VII ........................................ 150 4.2.1 Die Geschlagenen Kapitel II ............................................................................. 150 4.2.2 Die Geschlagenen Kapitel VII .......................................................................... 151 4.2.3 Beziehung zu Ernest Hemingway ..................................................................... 152 4.2.4 Gestalterische Möglichkeiten Hans Werner Richters ...................................... 153 4.3 Vergleichende Betrachtung .......................................................................................... 156 4.3.1 Textstellen........................................................................................................ 156 4.3.2 Literarische Konzepte und ihre Durchführung ................................................ 159 Exkurs 5: Das Erlebnis der Front .......................................................... 164 4.3.3 Einfluss essentieller Lebenserfahrungen Hans Werner Richters und Wolfgang Borcherts ......................................................................................... 166 Exkurs 6: Wolfgang Borchert Die Blume ........................................... 171 Exkurs 7: Hans Werner Richters Reminiszenzen an Wolfgang Borchert .............................................................................................. 172 5 Position Hans Werner Richters und Wolfgang Borcherts in der Nachkriegszeit .............. 174 5.1 Bewusstseinslage .......................................................................................................... 174 5.2 Reaktion auf aktuelle Ereignisse ................................................................................... 178 5.3 Begrenzter literarischer und politischer Neubeginn .................................................... 180 5.4 Nachkriegsprosa weiterer Autoren .............................................................................. 184 6 Einstellung der Bevölkerung der Bundesrepublik zum Krieg in der Gegenwart .............. 189 6.1 Zwiespältiges Verhältnis ............................................................................................... 189 6.2 Vermittelte Erinnerung ................................................................................................. 190 6.2.1 Erinnerungsliteratur ......................................................................................... 190 6.2.2 Medialisierte Erinnerung ................................................................................. 191 6.2.3 Hans Werner Richters Deutungsanpassung .................................................... 192 6.3 Bundeswehr .................................................................................................................. 194 6.3.1 Bündnisverpflichtungen ................................................................................... 194 6.3.2 Motivation der Soldaten .................................................................................
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