Technical Note - Ecology Springbrook Cableway
Technical Note - Ecology
Springbrook Cableway
NE30019
Prepared for Urbis
3 September 2020
3 September 2020 Cardno i Technical Note - Ecology Springbrook Cableway
Contact Information Document Information
Cardno (Qld) Pty Ltd Prepared for Urbis ABN 57 051 074 992 Project Name Springbrook Cableway
Level 11 File Reference Technical Note Ecology 515 St Paul’s Terrace Fortitude Valley QLD 4006 Job Reference NE30019 Australia Date 3 September 2020 www.cardno.com Version Number 2 Phone +61 7 3369 9822
Fax +61 7 3369 9722
Author(s):
David Francis Effective Date 3/09/2020 Senior Principal Ecologist
Approved By:
Sophie St John Date Approved 3/09/2020 Environment Lead
Document History
Version Effective Date Description of Revision Prepared by Reviewed by
1 10/7/2020 For client consideration DF SS 2 03/09/2020 Final DF SS
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Our report is based on information made available by the client. The validity and comprehensiveness of supplied information has not been independently verified and, for the purposes of this report, it is assumed that the information provided to Cardno is both complete and accurate. Whilst, to the best of our knowledge, the information contained in this report is accurate at the date of issue, changes may occur to the site conditions, the site context or the applicable planning framework. This report should not be used after any such changes without consulting the provider of the report or a suitably qualified person.
NE30019 | 3 September 2020 | Commercial in Confidence ii Technical Note - Ecology Springbrook Cableway
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 1 2 Desktop review 2 2.1 Documents 2 2.2 Other projects 4 2.3 GIS and Databases 7 3 Discussion 11 3.1 Ecological Opportunities 11 3.2 Ecological Considerations 11 4 References 12 Appendices
Appendix A ALA RECORDS OF SPECIES OF CWS
Tables
Table 2-1 City-wide strategies and studies 3 Table 2-2 Springbrook studies 4 Table 2-3 Environmental impacts and mitigation measures associated with comparable cableway projects 6 Table 2-4 Remnant vegetation within the Study Area 7 Table 2-5 Vegetation categories within the Study Area 8 Table 2-6 Areas in National Park and Conservation Park that can be restored 9
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1 Introduction
This technical note addresses ecological matters in the broader Springbrook locality as they relate to a potential cableway development. The Study Area that is the focus of this technical note is illustrated in Figure 1. The purpose of this technical note is to provide high-level guidance regarding some of the opportunities and constraints relating to establishing such infrastructure in the broad locality and is not intended to provide detailed ecological advice or assessment. Further investigation and studies will be necessary to inform both the detailed design and environmental management requirements.
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2 Desktop review
2.1 Documents
2.1.1 World Heritage Parts of the Study Area are within the Gondwana Rainforests of Australia World Heritage Area (GRAWHA). To achieve World Heritage status a location must be of outstanding universal value and meet at least one out of ten selection criteria. While at the time of nomination in 1992 (Government of Australia, 1992), the nomination criteria were different to those of today, the Gondwana Rainforests of Australia (then named Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves of Australia) met the following: outstanding examples representing the major stages of the earth's evolutionary history. outstanding examples representing significant ongoing geological processes, biological evolution and man's interaction with his natural environment. contain the most important and significant habitats where threatened species of plants and animals of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science and conservation still survive. Figure 1 illustrates the extent of GRAWHA within the Study Area. The nomination document does not specifically identify any values unique to Springbrook that contribute to the outstanding universal values of the GRAWHA. This said, the location supports examples of all values that contribute to the GRAWHA listing. The Australian Rainforest Conservation Society website notes that Springbrook “represents the wet heartland of the entire World Heritage Area, and most closely resembles the palaeoclimatic conditions existing more than 25 million years ago when the ancestry of today’s flora and fauna evolved”. Some of the key values identified in the nomination document for Springbrook include: Springbrook National Park (NP) forms a significant remnant of a radial spur of the ancient Tweed Shield Volcano with plants and animal community relics of the fossil record. Springbrook National Park is home to numerous rare and threatened species including the cascade tree frog (Litoria pearsoniana), the poached frog (Assa darlingtoni), the marbled frogmouth (Podargus ocellatus plumiferus) and three species of Euastacus crayfish. A great diversity of plant species are present including at least 675 species that have been recorded to date. Species of interest include: o Springbrook NP and the surrounding areas contain the only lowland stand of coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum). o The only known Queensland population of the moss Sphagnum cuspidatum is found in E. oreades forest near Bilborough Falls in Springbrook NP. o Cliff ledges support the striking spear lily (Doryanthes palmeri) with one of the largest population occurring in Springbrook NP. Springbrook NP is of special refugia significance to the family of Charopidae snails, found in rainforests of eastern Australia and acknowledged to be Gondwanan in origin.
2.1.2 Springbrook National Park The Springbrook National Park and Springbrook Conservation Park Management Statement (DNPRSR, 2013) notes the following in relation to natural values of the location: Springbrook plateau is a remnant of the northern side of a once huge shield volcano1 in the region (~23 million years ago). About 10 million years ago the volcano started to subside and the remaining lava plugged its vents. Weathering and erosion helped shape the caldera landform. Springbrook Plateau receives 3,000 mm of rain per annum feeding streams and waterfalls.
1 Which is now the largest erosion caldera in the southern hemisphere.
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11 of the 19 regional ecosystems (REs) within Springbrook NP have an Of Concern status under the Vegetation Management Act 1999 (VM Act) and one has an Endangered status. Antarctic beech (Nothofagus moorei), relics of an earlier cooler, wetter age, now occur only at high altitude. Endangered RE 12.3.1 provides habitat for the vulnerable Richmond birdwing butterfly (Ornithoptera richmondii) and endangered Coxen's fig-parrot (Cyclopsitta diophthalma coxeni). It also protects vulnerable macadamia species Macadamia integrifolia and M. tetraphylla. The endangered southern ochrosia (Ochrosia moorei) is only found in the Springbrook area. This understorey tree is threatened by small population size limiting its capacity to reproduce.
2.1.3 City-wide strategies and studies A number of documents prepared at a City-wide level are relevant to the natural values of the Study Area as discussed in Table 2-1.
Table 2-1 City-wide strategies and studies Document Author Overview Key points Burleigh to Conics for Refinement of the The plateau region of Lamington National Park Springbrook Gold Coast Bioregional Corridors (west of Study Area) and the Springbrook National Bioregional City Council mapped by the Park is home to the powerful owl (Ninox strenua). Corridor Queensland Environmental The Bonogin Ridge (extends from the south- Study (2009) Protection Agency with eastern boundary eastward) is mostly undisturbed consideration to and important for ground-dwelling fauna lacking the constraints of urbanisation, ability to traverse the cleared areas of rural land uses and Tallebudgera Valley (outside of Study Area). fragmented habitats so that Gold Coast City The Tallebudgera Valley and Bonogin Ridge Council can prioritise and (eastern boundary and east of the Study Area) protect an ecological facilitate the dispersal of species that are altitudinal corridor. migrants (e.g. rose robin (Petroica rosea), rufous fantail (Rhipidura rufifrons), noisy pitta (Pitta versicolor) and grey goshawk (Accipiter novaehollandiae). Critical Ecosure for Maps corridors and Reaffirms the corridor discussed in Conics (2009). Corridor and Gold Coast significant remnants for the Substantial City Council City Remnant Mapping (2016) Our Natural Gold Coast A response to current and Springbrook forms part of several critical corridors City Strategy City Council emerging opportunities connecting in a north-south (i.e. along the with cost-effective and hinterland) and east-west (i.e. coast to hinterland) practical measures to direction. enhance, restore and The City of Gold Coast LGA has more kilometres connect natural assets and of bush trails than Kokoda one of which was biodiversity in the Gold highlighted as a priority; being, Springbrook to Coast Local Government Tallebudgera Valley. Area (LGA) while accommodating growth of the city. Threatened City of Gold Plant identification and Springbrook pinkwood (Eucryphia jinksii) is a rare rainforest Coast conservation. tree only discovered relatively recently (1994) that plants of the only occurs in the warm temperate rainforests on Gold Coast the southern end of the Springbrook Plateau. The only Gold Coast population of Southern ochrosia is found in high elevation, subtropical rainforest at Springbrook. Also found at lower elevations in Northern NSW. The rainforests of Springbrook are home to a number of conservation-listed flora only found in high altitude rainforests.
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2.1.4 Springbrook studies A number of studies prepared within the Springbrook locality are relevant to the natural values of the Study Area as discussed in Table 2-2.
Table 2-2 Springbrook studies Document Author Overview Key points Springbrook PB for Gold Vision and visitor Rainforests of Springbrook are of global Visioning Coast City management plan that significance: major rainforest areas of Springbrook Plan (2011) Council promotes quality visitor National Park are incorporated within the experiences in sustainable GRAWHA. and environmental The Queensland Government has acquired land to sensitive ways. rehabilitate forests, although these areas are not well identified to the public. The SEQ Regional Plan 2009-2031 implies that the Queensland Government will minimise development and redevelopment on the Springbrook Plateau and prevent further habitat fragmentation, forest edge impacts, clearing and loss of connectivity. Water quality is a priority in the Upper Nerang River sub-catchment which drains to Little Nerang Creek and the Nerang River. These and downstream areas provide habitat for frogs (noted species above). Three Regional Ecosystems present are of Concern under the VM Act: – RE 12.8.8; – RE 12.8.8a; and – RE 12.8.10. RE 12.11.1 supports a high number of species of conservation significance. Vehicle strike is a recognised threat to fauna and visitor options must consider vehicle movements and fauna passes/crossings. There is a risk of spread of weeds and pathogens with increased visitors. This is Gail Visitor highlights of At Natural Bridge, there is a cave of glow worms, Springbrook Geronimos Springbrook. best viewing is between December to March. (2015) Natural Bridge is in the western section of Springbrook National Park and features a rock formation formed by the force of the waterfall over a basalt cave.
2.2 Other projects
2.2.1 Promotion of World Heritage Areas The GRAWHA is only one of 14 World Heritage Areas in Australia’s States and Territories for which natural values are celebrated including: Queensland / New South Wales - Gondwana Rainforests of Australia Queensland - Fraser Island - Great Barrier Reef - Wet Tropics of Queensland New South Wales
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- Greater Blue Mountains - Lord Howe Island Group - Willandra Lakes Region Northern Territory - Kakadu National Park - Uluru - Kata Tjuta National Park Tasmania - Macquarie Island - Tasmanian Wilderness Western Australia - Purnululu National Park - Shark Bay - The Ningaloo Coast Under the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Articles 4, 5 and 6 require countries who are signatories to the World Heritage Convention (i.e. State Parties) to not only protect and conserve world heritage areas, but also to actively present their values. In particular Article 5 requires (bolding and underlining added for emphasis): 2. to set up within its territories, where such services do not exist, one or more services for the protection, conservation and presentation of the cultural and natural heritage with an appropriate staff and possessing the means to discharge their functions; 5. to foster the establishment or development of national or regional centres for training in the protection, conservation and presentation of the cultural and natural heritage and to encourage scientific research in this field. Considering the 14 World Heritage Areas outlined above, each are presented in different ways, with differing levels of intensity and focus. The GRAWHA is promoted in a relatively modest manner with static displays in locations including Dorrigo National Park (i.e. the Dorrigo Rainforest Centre), Lamington National Park (i.e. at Green Mountains) and Murwillumbah (i.e. the Murwillumbah visitor information centre). Indeed, there are very few state-of-the art-centres promoting Australia’s World Heritage Areas, with the Shark Bay World Heritage Discovery Centre being a notable exception. While not yet established, the Wet Tropics Management Authority is pursuing the establishment of a World Heritage Gateway Centre in Cairns2. Establishment of the centre aims to: Contribute to a revitalisation of tourism in Tropical North Queensland including the emerging Indigenous tourism sector, and encourage greater collaboration. Become a ‘must-see’ attraction that will capitalise on the region’s World Heritage status and help to position Cairns and Tropical North Queensland as world leaders in preserving and presenting the universal values of natural World Heritage. Offer something new to reinvigorate tourism but also for local residents to enjoy. Strengthen the region’s profile as a destination bursting with high quality, nature based experiences. Capitalise on the region’s dual World Heritage status. Provide a stage for acknowledging Australia’s largest concentration of eco-certified operators.
2 https://www.wettropics.gov.au/site/skins/2017-wettropics/modules/enews/past-enews/oct- 2012/Oct%202012/www.opportunityconsultant.net/wetna/World%20Heritage%20Gateway%20Project%20Fa ctsheet%20(Nov%202011).pdf
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Be a central promotional point of interest which will provide exposure to relevant marketing collateral and tools (websites, visitor info centre, regional smart phone ‘apps’). Acknowledge our Learning Landscape partners, strengthening regional, national and international collaboration across a broad range of fields e.g. reef and rainforest experts. Potentially capitalise on opportunities such as provision of a public ‘front’ for publicly acknowledging the research and achievements of leading tropical experts and organisations doing extraordinary work within the World Heritage Area.
2.2.2 Cableways Direct impacts associated with development projects are often obvious when the clearing of vegetation is concerned. Indirect impacts and impacts associated with ancillary activities are sometimes not immediately evident. Environmental impacts and mitigation measures associated with other cableway projects were reviewed with a summary of findings presented in Table 2-3.
Table 2-3 Environmental impacts and mitigation measures associated with comparable cableway projects Document Source Author Key Points scale Along the Ngong Ping 360 in Batchelor J. Route and type of car selected to minimise the number of route of The Arup Journal Tank S towers. Ngong Ping 1/2008 Helicopter were used to haul materials during construction 360 in Hong rather than build an access road. Kong A low impact rescue trail was established along the alignment. Despite the difficult terrain it was possible to use natural materials thereby resulting in minimal impact. Wollongong Wollongong RPS for Only permanent clearing identified as required was for the local Cableway: Tourism tower footings and can be moved along the centreline to government Preliminary Wollongong avoid high ecological values. area Analysis and Installation of cables by aerial means (i.e. no additional Route Selection clearing beyond that required for the tower footings). (2011) Preference to locate on-ground structures in already cleared areas. Use of existing access roads, on foot or the use of a helicopter during construction. Mt Mt Wellington Northbarker Potential increase in risk of roadkill (based on more visitor Wellington, Cableway: Natural Ecosystem traffic and construction of roads) on fauna. Tasmania Values Impacts Services for Incentives proposed or visitors to use the cableway in the Assessment Mt evenings (where roadkill risks are higher) to alleviate (2019) Wellington pressure on roads. Cableway Company Collision mortality of birds of prey although the cable is considered to be significantly more visible than the transmission lines currently across the foothills. Bird collision risk (not specific to birds of prey) can be mitigated by: – Wire diameter >2.5 cm is suggested to pose less risk. – Line placement in proximity to take-off and landing areas can pose greater risks. – Minimising the vertical spread of lines. – Investigate lighting options so that cableway infrastructure is visible to birds but don’t disorientate birds (e.g. inducing circling to exhaustion, injury or death). – Transparency and reflectance of windows (e.g. tilting windows downwards to limit reflectivity of the sky which is known to create greater risk of collision). Vegetation clearing also required for bushfire hazard management around cableway assets (i.e. not just the tower footprints). Revegetation proposed for areas of temporary disturbance.
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Document Source Author Key Points scale
Barron Skyrail Rainforest Skyrail Skyrail’s tower locations were selected to coincide with Gorge, Cable News Rainforest existing 10 x 10 m canopy gaps and avoided areas of rare, Cairns (viewed Cable threatened or endangered species. September 2020) The leaf litter and top soil was collected before construction and reintroduced upon project completion. Seedlings were catalogued at each site and propagated during construction for re-planting. No access tracks were built/cleared for construction and tower footings were largely built by hand with equipment carried in to remote areas by workers. There was a reliance on helicopters to also carry in equipment and materials. Loads were carried on a 100 m long line to avoid wind turbulence impacts on the canopy. The Skyrail Rainforest Foundation established to raise fund and awareness of tropical rainforest research and education.
2.3 GIS and Databases
2.3.1 Vegetation communities The City of Gold Coast prepares City-wide vegetation mapping approximately every two years to aid in tracking vegetation cover trends in the local government area and to assist with conservation planning. The mapping effectively integrates the State’s remnant RE mapping and augments this by mapping areas of disturbed remnant (d_rem) where vegetation has been significantly thinned and areas of regrowth (r_rem) where areas once cleared of vegetation are regrowing. Listed in Table 2-4 are the remnant vegetation types as mapped by the City of Gold Coast within the Study Area along with their equivalent RE and conservation status under the VM Act
Table 2-4 Remnant vegetation within the Study Area Vegetation Type VM Act Status Blackbutt (E.pilularis) Tall Open Forest on Metasediments (RE12.11.23) Endangered Dominated by Forest Red Gum/Pink Bloodwood/Grey Ironbark Of Concern (E.tereticornis/C.intermedia/E.siderophloia) Open Forest on Alluvium (RE12.3.11) Broad-leaved White Mahogany/Queensland Stringybark/Tallowwood (E. carnea/tindaliae/microcorys) Of Concern Open Forest (RE12.8.20) Grey Ironbark/Tallowwood/Grey Gum (E.siderophloia/E.microcorys/E.propinqua) Open Forest on Of Concern Cainozoic Igneous Rocks (RE12.8.8a) Montane Heath on Cainozoic Igneous Rocks (RE12.8.19) Of Concern Eucalyptus grandis tall open forest to woodland on alluvium (RE 12.3.2) Of Concern Dominated by Eucalyptus grandis tall open forest to woodland on alluvium (RE 12.3.2) Of Concern Brush Box (L. confertus) Open Forest with Coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum) Rainforest on Of Concern Cainozoic Igneous Rocks (RE12.8.18) Cool Temperate Vine Forest on Canozoic Igneous Rocks (RE12.8.6) Of Concern Rock Faces (RE12.8.19) Of Concern Mountain Gum/New England Blackbutt (E.oreades/E.campanulata) Tall Open Forest on Cainozoic Of Concern Igneous Rocks (RE12.8.2) Flooded Gum/White Mahogany/Tallowwood (E.grandis/E.saligna/E.acmenoides/E.microcorys) Tall Of Concern Open Forest on Cainozoic Igneous Rocks (RE12.8.8) Dominated by Flooded Gum/White Mahogany/Tallowwood Of Concern (E.grandis/E.saligna/E.acmenoides/E.microcorys) Tall Open Forest on Cainozoic Igneous Rocks (RE12.8.8) Gum-topped Ironbark (E.dura) Woodland on Metasediments (12.11.25) Of Concern Broad-leaved Spotted Gum/White Mahogany (C.henryi/E.carnea) Open Forest on Metasediments Of Concern (RE12.11.25) Forest Red Gum/Pink Bloodwood/Grey Ironbark (E.tereticornis/C.intermedia/E.siderophloia) Open Of Concern Forest on Alluvium (RE12.3.11)
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Vegetation Type VM Act Status Forest Red Gum/Ironbark (E.tereticornis +/- E.crebra/E.siderophloia) Open Forest on Metasediments Of Concern (RE12.11.9) Dominated by River Red Gum +/- River She-Oak (E.tereticornis +/- C.cunninghamiana) Woodland on Least Concern Marine Deposits (RE12.3.7) Broad-leaved White Mahogany/Queensland Stringybark (E. carnea/tindaliae) Open Forest on Least Concern Metasediments (RE12.11.24) White Mahogany +/- Tallowwood/Grey Gum (E.acmenoides/E.microcorys/E.propinqua) Open Forest Least Concern on Metasediments (RE12.11.3) Dominated by White Mahogany +/- Tallowwood/Grey Gum (E.acmenoides/E.microcorys/E.propinqua) Least Concern Open Forest on Metasediments (RE12.11.3) Brush Box (L. confertus) Open Forest with Rainforest understorey on Metasediments (RE12.11.3a) Least Concern River Red Gum +/- River She-Oak (E.tereticornis +/- C.cunninghamiana) Woodland on Marine Least Concern Deposits (RE12.3.7) Gully Vine Forest on Metasediments (RE12.11.1) Least Concern Vine Forest on Canozoic Igneous Rocks (usually <600m altitude)(RE12.8.3) Least Concern Vine Forest on Canozoic Igneous Rocks (usually >600m altitude)(RE12.8.5) Least Concern Flooded Gum (E. grandis) Tall Open Forest on Alluvium (RE12.3.2) Least Concern Brush Box (L. confertus) Open Forest with Rainforest understorey on Cainozic Igneous Rocks Least Concern (RE12.8.9) New England Blackbutt/White Mahogany/Tallowwood (E.campanulata/E.acmenoides/E.microcorys) Least Concern Tall Open Forest on Cainozoic Igneous Rocks (RE12.8.1) Forest Red Gum/Yellow Box (E.tereticornis/E.melliodora) Open Forest on Cainozoic Igneous Rocks Least Concern (RE12.8.14) Dominated by Broad-leaved White Mahogany/Queensland Stringybark (E. carnea/tindaliae) Open Least Concern Forest on Metasediments (RE12.11.5a) While much of the Study Area is occupied by remnant vegetation, and therefore subject to the provisions of the VM Act, there are large portions that are cleared and others that support d_rem or r_rem as presented in Table 2-5.
Table 2-5 Vegetation categories within the Study Area Type Area (ha) Percent of Study Area remnant 8,826 78.3 d_rem 44 0.4 r_rem 119 1.1 plant 87 0.8 water 107 0.9 clear 2,094 18.5
The presence of broad areas of clearing, r_rem and d_rem potentially represents an opportunity, not only for strategically locating infrastructure, but also to enhance locations that are degraded. It is relevant to consider that vegetation is not only regulated under the VM Act, but also under other statutory instruments including the Commonwealth’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). This includes a number of rainforest REs that equate directly with the EPBC Act listed Threatened Ecological Community (TEC) “Lowland Rainforest of Subtropical Australia”. Areas that do not equate with remnant RE (e.g. r_rem and d_rem) have the potential to meet the condition thresholds for the TEC. Furthermore these locations can potentially support threatened or otherwise significant species such as the City-wide significant Acacia orites. Figure 1 maps vegetation constraints according to the following categorisation: 1. No vegetation (i.e. clear) Least constrained 2. Plantation 3. Regrowth (r_rem) (not vine forest) 4. Regrowth (r_rem) (vine forest)
5. Disturbed (d_rem) (not vine forest) 6. Disturbed (d_rem) (vine forest) 7. Remnant RE (not vine forest) Most constrained 8. Remnant RE (vine forest)
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Figure 2 presents vegetation mapping in terms of opportunities for ecological restoration focusing on national park and conservation reserves only. Within these areas, some of which are within the World Heritage Area, there is an opportunity to restore vegetation as listed in Table 2-6.
Table 2-6 Areas in National Park and Conservation Park that can be restored
Category Portion of National Park Portion of National Park Total in National Park and that is within the World and Conservation Park Conservation Park (ha) Heritage Area (ha) that is outside of the World Heritage Area (ha)
No vegetation (clear) 12.3 132.0 144.3
Plantation 3.9 44.7 48.6
r_rem 0.9 19.7 20.6
d_rem 1.1 2.5 3.6
Total (ha) 18.2 198.9 217.1
2.3.2 Species To gain an understanding of species of significance known within the Study Area records from the Atlas of Living Australia were analysed. The analysis was undertaken blind to the age or spatial accuracy of the record. The results are presented in Appendix A and known locations are mapped in Figure 3. A total of 186 species of City-wide significance (CWS) have been recorded in the Study Area including 47 species of fauna and 139 species of plant. There is a higher concentration of records proximate to the accessible portions of the plateau and national parks. The relatively high density of points and diversity of CWS species is indicative of the significance of vegetation assemblages and in particular high altitude communities and rainforests. Further investigations in the location would undoubtedly reveal new records. Within the list there are some species of particular note including: Albert's lyrebird (Menura alberti) has a very restricted distribution, being largely confined to rainforests extending from the Mistake Mountains in the west through the Main Range to the McPherson Range and the Border Ranges, with small populations at Mount Tamborine being the northern most outlier. Most of the recorded habitat lies within the GRAWHA. Of the 1,816 records for species of CWS identified in the Study Area, Albert’s Lyrebird accounted for the highest number equating with 22% of all records. While the species occurs in other locations beyond Springbrook, this high count is indicative of the importance of the location to the species and/or to enthusiasts who seek an encounter with the species. Although the species is shy its mimicry calls can often be heard for some distance. The Springbrook Leatherwood (Eucryphia jinksii) is known from no other locations than Springbrook and contiguous rainforest in northern NSW. A large rainforest species, it was unknown to science until 1994. While located in an area that is inaccessible to visitors to Springbrook, the species is of scientific interest because of its rarity with a population of only ~400 in existence.
2.3.3 Landscape features The Springbrook locality incorporates a complicated landform that is predominated by geological features bourn of its volcanic past. The plateau largely approximates the slopes of the original Tweed volcano. Its rhyolite cap drops in steep cliffs to underlying basalt that gives way to gently rolling hills of the Neranleigh Fernvale metasediments. Valleys support minor areas of alluvium. This diverse landscape has resulted in a spectacular landform supporting several waterfalls and peaks such as The Pinnacle (Plate 1). Notable waterfalls and peaks are illustrated in Figure 1.
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Plate 1 – The Pinnacle
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3 Discussion
3.1 Ecological Opportunities A proposed cableway provides opportunities to: Promote World Heritage Values: o A cableway project would potentially provide an opportunity fund a World Heritage Centre that can act as a gateway to and showcase the values of the entire GRAWHA. The benefits of such an endeavour would mirror many of those identified for the proposed Wet Tropics World Heritage Gateway Centre. o Provide an opportunity to deliver an interpretive experience of ecology that contributes to the outstanding universal values such as history of evolution of plants, biodiversity and man’s interaction with the natural environment. Specifically, as viewed from above, and/or through a canopy, a different perspective can be provided on the way time, geology and landform drive floristic diversity. Restore areas that are degraded. There are large portions of National Parks and Conservation Parks that would benefit from ecological restoration, some of which are within the World Heritage Area. Furthermore, outside of conservation areas there are vast areas that would benefit from ecological restoration that in doing so, would improve connectivity and ecological function of the GRAWHA. Potentially provide opportunities for research and species recovery. Alignment with a dedicated centre could facilitate this by providing researchers a ‘hub’ from which to base and coordinate research. Springbrook provides an ideal location to investigate of impacts of climate change given the steep topographic gradient; research on significant species such as Eucryphia jinksii; and recovery of species such as Albert’s Lyrebird.
3.2 Ecological Considerations A proposed cableway within the Study Area must consider the following key ecological considerations: Much of the locality is wooded by remnant vegetation and TECs protected under the EPBC Act. Areas that are non-remnant may also be captured as regrowth (Category C) vegetation under the VM Act and will also likely be captured under the provisions of the planning scheme. Not all vegetation represents a hard constraint per se with clearing in some areas either being exempt or may potentially be offset. Nonetheless, placement of infrastructure outside of significant vegetation (see Figure 1), minimising development footprints (e.g. tower locations in canopy clearings), and implementation of appropriate construction and mitigation measures (e.g. using helicopters for construction) must be considered. There are abundant records for threatened species and/or species of City-wide significance in the location. Great care will be necessary during detailed planning to avoid impacts on significant flora and the habitat of significant fauna. Indirect impacts associated with a cableway include: o Potential strike hazard posed by the cables for birds of prey and owls in the location. These can potentially be managed through design measures. o Increased vehicle movements resulting in increased roadkill. Design measures that may include improving wildlife connectivity across existing roads will need to be considered.
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4 References
Batchelor, J. & Tank, S., 2008. Ngong Ping 360. The Arup Journal, pp. 3-14. City of Gold Coast, 2017. Our Natural City Strategy, s.l.: City of Gold Coast Council. City of Gold Coast, 2020. Threatened Rainforest Plants of the Gold Coast, s.l.: City of Gold Coast Council. Conics, 2009. Burleigh to Springbrook Bioregional Corridor, s.l.: Gold Coast City Council. Department of National Parks, Recreation, Sport and Racing, 2013. Springbrook National Park and Springbrook Conservation Park Management Statement 2013, s.l.: Queensland Government. Ecosure. (2016). Critical Corridor and Substantial Remnant Mapping. Prepared for Gold Coast City Council. Government of Australia, 1992. Nomination of the Central Eastern Rainforests of Australia for inclusion on the World Heritage List, s.l.: Government of Australia. Government of Australia, n.d. Coordinated Conservation Plan - Subtropical Forests, s.l.: s.n. Northbarker Ecosystem Services, 2019. Mt Wellington Cableway: Natural Values Impacts Assessment, s.l.: Mt Wellington Cableway Company. NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment and Energy, 2017. Gondwana Rainforests of Australia: World Heritage Area, s.l.: s.n. Parsons Brinckerhoff, 2011. Springbrook Visioning Plan, s.l.: Gold Coast City Council. RPS, 2011. Preliminary Analysis and Route Selection, s.l.: Tourism Wollongong. Skyrail, 2020. Skyrail Rainforest Cable News, https://www.skyrail.com.au/blog/skyrail-rainforest-cableway- construction/, viewed September 2020.
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*#Mount Wunburra *#Mount Nimmel
*#Salmons Saddle
Wullo-Eerie *# Little Bally Mountain *# Legend Bally Mountain ek Horseshoe Falls *# # Cape,Cre Mountain or * era g Pass lebu d al ¡º T ¡º QLD_Waterfalls_Ex... Tinninaba Falls Gondwana Rainforests of ¡º Fairview Mountain Australia (World Heritage Area) ¡º *# Poonyahra Falls Major Waterway
Gooroolba Falls Study Area Rock Faces *#Mount Gannon Purling Brook Falls (RE12.8.19) The Pinnacle*# water Poondahra Falls Ngarri-Duhm Falls Vegetation Category 1. No vegetation ¡º ¡º¡º ¡º Kadjagooma Falls 2. Plantation The Canyon #Tallebudgera Mountain *# ¡º * 3. Regrowth remnant Blackfellow Falls (not vine forest) ¡º ¡º¡º ¡º k ¡º¡º 4. Regrowthe remnant ¡º e Bijungoolahra Falls (viner forest) bin C m 5. Disturbed remnant C u Boyds Butte ur r (notMount vine Talganda forest) Colgon *# Mount Thillinmam *# *# *# Boojerahla Falls 6. DisturbedMount remnant Tomewin *# Springbrook Mountain Bilbrough Falls Mount Cougal*# *#*#Mount Cougal (East Peak) (vine forest) Mount Cougal (West Peak) Rush Creek Falls 7. Remnant (not vine *# Reads Falls Boyungforest) Thugai Boojerooma Falls Mount Mumdjin *# Tamarramai Falls 8. RemnantMount Thunberrigan (vine *# Twin Falls *# Burrigan forest) *#Wyberba
Landscape Characteristics and Vegetation Categories Map Produced by APAC Water and Environment Date: 2020-07-09 1:57,500 Scale at A3 Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 56 FIGURE 1 Map: NE300019_GS001_VegetationLandscapeFeat.mxd 02 Kilometers ± 0 1 2 Springbrook Conservation Park
Springbrook National Park
Legend
Study Area National Parks and Conservation Parks Gondwana Rainforests of Nicoll Scrub National Park Australia (World Heritage Area)
Lamington National Park TomewinNo Vegetation Conservation Park Plantation r_rem d_rem
National Park and Conservation Park Restoration opportunities Map Produced by APAC Water and Environment Date: 2020-07-09 1:57,500 Scale at A3 Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 56 FIGURE 2 Map: NE300019_GS002_NPCPVeg.mxd 02 Kilometers ± 0 1 2 ") ") ") ") ") !(") ") ") ") ")") !(!( ") !(!( ") ") !(!( ") ")") ")") ") ") !( !(!( !(!( !( ")") ") ") ") !(!( !(!( !(!( !( !(!( !( !( !(!( !(!(!( !(!(!( !(!( ")") !( !(!( ")")") !(!(!( !(!( !(!( ") !(!( ") !(!( !( !(!( ")!(!( ")")
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Species of City Wide Significance Map Produced by APAC Water and Environment Date: 2020-07-09 1:57,500 Scale at A3 Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 56 FIGURE 3 Map: NE300019_GS003_TS.mxd 01 Kilometers ± 0 1 2 Technical Note - Ecology Springbrook Cableway
Springbrook Cableway
APPENDIX
ALA RECORDS OF SPECIES OF CWS
NE30019 | 10 July 2020 | Commercial in Confidence 13 Technical Note - Ecology Springbrook Cableway
Species Common Name NC Act EPBC Act CWS Status Status Fauna Acanthophis antarcticus Death Adder V CWS Fauna Acrobates pygmaeus Feathertail Glider CWS Fauna Adelotus brevis Tusked Frog V CWS Fauna Amaurornis moluccana Pale-vented Bush-hen CWS Fauna Anguilla australis Short-finned Eel CWS Fauna Antechinus arktos Black-tailed E CWS Antechinus Fauna Antechinus subtropicus Subtropical CWS Antechinus Fauna Atrichornis rufescens Rufous Scrub-bird V E CWS Fauna Bellatorias major Land Mullet CWS Fauna Calyptorhynchus banksii Red-tailed Black- CWS Cockatoo Fauna Climacteris erythrops Red-browed CWS Treecreeper Fauna Dasyurus maculatus Spotted-tailed Quoll V E CWS Fauna Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus Black-necked Stork CWS Fauna Harrisoniascincus zia Rainforest Cool Skink CWS Fauna Hoplocephalus stephensii Stephen's Banded CWS Snake Fauna Ixobrychus flavicollis Black Bittern CWS Fauna Lampropholis guichenoti Grass Skink CWS Fauna Lathamus discolor Swift Parrot E CE CWS Fauna Lechriodus fletcheri Black-soled Frog CWS Fauna Lewinia pectoralis Lewin's Rail CWS Fauna Litoria olongburensis Wallum Sedgefrog V V CWS Fauna Litoria pearsoniana Cascade Treefrog V CWS Fauna Litoria revelata Whirring Treefrog CWS Fauna Litoria verreauxii Whistling Treefrog CWS Fauna Macquaria novemaculeata Australian Bass CWS Fauna Melithreptus gularis Black-chinned CWS Honeyeater Fauna Menura alberti Albert's Lyrebird N CWS Fauna Mixophyes fleayi Fleay's Barred-frog E E CWS Fauna Ninox strenua Powerful Owl V CWS Fauna Notechis scutatus Tiger Snake CWS Fauna Nyctimene robinsoni Eastern Tube-nosed CWS Bat Fauna Ophioscincus truncatus Short-limbed Snake- CWS skink Fauna Ornithoptera richmondia Richmond Birdwing V CWS Butterfly Fauna Petauroides volans Greater Glider V V CWS Fauna Phascogale tapoatafa Brush-tailed CWS Phascogale Fauna Phascolarctos cinereus Koala V V CWS Fauna Podargus ocellatus Plumed Frogmouth V CWS Fauna Potorous tridactylus Long-nosed Potoroo V V CWS Fauna Pseudophryne coriacea Red-backed Broodfrog CWS Fauna Pteropus poliocephalus Grey-headed Flying- V CWS fox Fauna Pygopus lepidopodus Common Scaly-foot CWS Fauna Saltuarius swaini Southern Leaf-tailed CWS Gecko Fauna Saproscincus rosei a rainforest skink CWS Fauna Thylogale stigmatica Red-legged CWS Pademelon Fauna Tyto longimembris Eastern Grass Owl CWS Fauna Tyto tenebricosa Sooty Owl CWS Fauna Uperoleia fusca Dusky Toadlet CWS Flora Acacia myrtifolia Myrtle Wattle CWS Flora Acacia obtusifolia Blunt-leaved Wattle CWS Flora Acacia orites Mountain Wattle CWS Flora Acalypha eremorum Common Acalypha CWS Flora Acronychia baeuerlenii Green-fruited CWS Acronychia Flora Acronychia octandra Doughwood CWS Flora Acronychia suberosa Corky Acronychia CWS Flora Actephila grandifolia Large-leaved CWS Actephila Flora Adenostemma macrophyllum a Sticky Daisy CWS
NE30019 | 10 July 2020 | Commercial in Confidence 14 Technical Note - Ecology Springbrook Cableway
Species Common Name NC Act EPBC Act CWS Status Status Flora Alectryon connatus Small-leaved CWS Alectryon Flora Alloxylon pinnatum Tree Waratah N CWS Flora Anopterus macleayanus Macleay Laurel CWS Flora Archidendron muellerianum Veiny Lace Flower CWS Flora Ardisia bakeri Ardisia N CWS Flora Argophyllum nullumense Silver Leaf CWS Flora Asplenium flabellifolium Necklace Fern CWS Flora Asplenium harmanii Necklace Fern CWS Flora Austrobuxus swainii Pink Cherry CWS Flora Backhousia leptopetala Brown Myrtle CWS Flora Baloghia marmorata Jointed Baloghia V V CWS Flora Banksia neoanglica a Banksia CWS Flora Beyeria lasiocarpa Beyeria CWS Flora Blechnum camfieldii a water fern CWS Flora Bosistoa transversa Three-leaved Bosistoa V CWS Flora Brachyscome ascendens Binna Burra Daisy V CWS Flora Brunoniella spiciflora White Brunoniella CWS Flora Caleana major Flying Duck Orchid CWS Flora Callerya australis Blunt Wisteria CWS Flora Callitris macleayana Stringybark Pine CWS Flora Cassia marksiana Brush Cassia V CWS Flora Cestichis swenssonii a herb CWS Flora Chiloglottis sylvestris a bird orchid CWS Flora Citrus australasica Finger Lime CWS Flora Clematis aristata Traveller's Joy CWS Flora Comesperma ericinum Pink Match-heads CWS Flora Commersonia dasyphylla Kerrawang CWS Flora Commersonia salviifolia Grey Rulingia CWS Flora Cordyline congesta Palm Lily CWS Flora Cryptocarya macdonaldii Cooloola Laurel CWS Flora Cryptocarya meisneriana Thick-leaved Laurel CWS Flora Cryptocarya rigida Rose Apple CWS Flora Cryptostylis erecta Bonnett Orchid CWS Flora Cupaniopsis baileyana Narrow-leaved CWS Tuckeroo Flora Cupaniopsis newmanii Long-leaved Tuckeroo N CWS Flora Cyperus rupicola Cliff Sedge V CWS Flora Dendrobium aemulum Ironbark Orchid CWS Flora Dendrobium delicatum an orchid CWS Flora Dendrocnide moroides Gympie Stinger CWS Flora Deyeuxia parviseta Bent Grass CWS Flora Dicksonia youngiae Bristly Tree Fern CWS Flora Diploglottis campbellii Small-leaved E E CWS Tamarind Flora Diuris sulphurea Hornet Orchid CWS Flora Dockrillia mortii Mort's Pencil Orchid CWS Flora Dockrillia pugioniformis Dagger Orchid CWS Flora Dodonaea megazyga Hop Bush CWS Flora Doryanthes palmeri Spear Lily CWS Flora Elatostema stipitatum Small-leaved CWS Rainforest Spinach Flora Endiandra crassiflora Dorrigo Maple CWS Flora Endiandra globosa Black Walnut N CWS Flora Endiandra hayesii Rusty Rose Walnut V V CWS Flora Erythrorchis cassythoides Climbing Orchid CWS Flora Eucalyptus codonocarpa Bell-fruited Mallee Ash N CWS Flora Eucalyptus curtisii Plunkett Mallee N CWS Flora Eucalyptus globoidea White Stringybark CWS Flora Eucalyptus melliodora Yellow Box CWS Flora Eucryphia jinksii Springbrook E CWS Leatherwood Flora Exocarya scleroides a perennial CWS Flora Fieldia australis Fieldia CWS Flora Floydia praealta Ball Nut V V CWS Flora Fontainea australis Southern Fontainea V V CWS Flora Gahnia insignis Grassy Saw-sedge CWS Flora Gahnia melanocarpa Black-fruited Sword- CWS sedge Flora Glinus oppositifolius Carpet Weed CWS Flora Goodia macrocarpa a shrub CWS
NE30019 | 10 July 2020 | Commercial in Confidence 15 Technical Note - Ecology Springbrook Cableway
Species Common Name NC Act EPBC Act CWS Status Status Flora Helicia ferruginea Rusty Helicia V CWS Flora Helmholtzia glaberrima Giant Stream Lily CWS Flora Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia Red Bopple Nut V V CWS Flora Hymenophyllum marginatum Bordered Filmy Fern CWS Flora Kunzea ericoides Burgan CWS Flora Lachnagrostis aemula Blowngrass CWS Flora Lenwebbia prominens Southern Velvet Myrtle N CWS Flora Lepiderema pulchella Fine-leaved Tuckeroo V CWS Flora Lepidosperma elatius Tall Sword-sedge CWS Flora Lepidozamia peroffskyana Shining Burrawang CWS Flora Leucopogon melaleucoides a shrub CWS Flora Liparis swenssonii Small-flowered Tom CWS Cats Flora Macadamia integrifolia Macadamia Nut V V CWS Flora Macadamia tetraphylla Macadamia Nut V V CWS Flora Marsdenia longiloba Slender-leaved Milk V V CWS Vine Flora Mischocarpus ailae a pear-fruit CWS Flora Myrsine angusta Narrow-leaved CWS Muttonwood Flora Nothofagus moorei Antarctic Beech CWS Flora Oberonia titania Soldier's Crest Orchid CWS Flora Ochrosia moorei Southern Ochrosia E E CWS Flora Olearia heterocarpa Nightcap Daisy Bush N CWS Flora Olearia oppositifolia a Daisy Bush CWS Flora Owenia cepiodora Onion Cedar V V CWS Flora Ozothamnus vagans a shrub V V CWS Flora Ozothamnus whitei a shrub CWS Flora Palmeria foremanii a climbing vine CWS Flora Pandorea baileyana Large-leaved Wonga CWS Vine Flora Parsonsia induplicata Thin-leaved Silkpod CWS Flora Parsonsia tenuis Slender Silkpod V CWS Flora Persicaria praetermissa a herb CWS Flora Petermannia cirrosa Petermannia CWS Flora Pittosporum oreillyanum Thorny Pittosporum N CWS Flora Plectranthus argentatus White Plectranthus CWS Flora Plectranthus nitidus Shiny-leaved E E CWS Plectranthus Flora Pomaderris crassifolia Thick-leaved V CWS Pomaderris Flora Pomaderris notata Tall Pomaderris V CWS Flora Prostanthera phylicifolia Spiked Mint Bush CWS Flora Pterostylis acuminata Sharp Greenhood CWS Flora Pterostylis baptistii King Greenhood CWS Flora Pterostylis bicornis Horned Greenhood V V CWS Flora Pterostylis pedunculata Maroonhood CWS Flora Pultenaea microphylla Spreading Pea Bush CWS Flora Randia moorei Spiny Gardenia E E CWS Flora Rhodamnia maideniana Smooth Scrub CWS Turpentine Flora Rhynchosia acuminatissima a climber CWS Flora Ricinocarpos speciosus a wedding bush V CWS Flora Ripogonum fawcettianum Small Supplejack CWS Flora Rubus nebulosus Climbing Raspberry CWS Flora Santalum obtusifolium Sandalwood CWS Flora Sarcochilus fitzgeraldii Ravine Orchid E V CWS Flora Sarcochilus hartmannii Waxy Sarcochilus V V CWS Flora Senna acclinis Rainforest Cassia CWS Flora Solanum shirleyanum Shirley's Nightshade CWS Flora Symplocos baeuerlenii Small-leaved V V CWS Hazelwood Flora Symplocos harroldii Hairy Hazelwood N CWS Flora Syzygium hodgkinsoniae Red Lily Pilly V V CWS Flora Syzygium moorei Durobby V V CWS Flora Taeniophyllum muelleri Ribbon Orchid CWS Flora Teucrium corymbosum Forest Germander CWS Flora Trimenia moorei Bitter Vine CWS Flora Tristaniopsis collina Hill Kanuka CWS Flora Triunia youngiana Native Honeysuckle CWS Flora Urtica incisa Stinging Nettle Ex CWS Flora Westringia rupicola a shrub V V CWS
NE30019 | 10 July 2020 | Commercial in Confidence 16 Technical Note - Ecology Springbrook Cableway
Species Common Name NC Act EPBC Act CWS Status Status Flora Zieria southwellii Lamington Zieria CWS NC Act = Nature Conservation Act 1992 EPBC Act = Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 N = Near Threatened V = Vulnerable E = Endangered Ex = Extinct CWS = City Wide Significance
NE30019 | 10 July 2020 | Commercial in Confidence 17