Overview of Media Discourse Studies of Critical Discourse Analysis Desi Nori Sahputri Department of English. Universitas Lancang Kuning Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia [email protected]

ABSTRACT The later 1990s and early 2000 in critical areas occurred in the field of applied linguistics. The determination of this analysis is to find out how the role of CDA in the power of media discourse studies. The devices that have been used to discover social spectacles while informative the true identity of social actors. Key word: Media Discourse, Social Actor, CDA, Power 1. Introduction Media discourse is an interesting perspective to explore, especially when objectivity, becomes the main topic- "Do media objective in their news report?: The majority of papers both media and discourse studies still asking the same question until Norv. Since the objectivity of reporting the reality in the media were so much influenced by power and ideology of the elite or the media itself. the question will always rise is stated by Hamuddin (2015) 3 identical significant researchers since the 1990s at CDA are Ruth Wodak, Teun van Dijk, and Norman Fairclough. They have dissimilar outlines of the discourse analysis theory and methods. Van Dijk contributed his first journal entitled "discourse and society" in 1990 surveyed by several related books. The critical discourse of studies has ascended before the critical analysis of the language of how and why cumulative discourse contributes to the reproduction of macrostructures and consideration to cultural and ideological touches. Especially critical to the question of power, hegemony and resistance in various fields of language, the term 'critical' in the discourse have been discussed in several ways for the use of language and the autocracy of power in society. Mahboob and Paltridge (2013) state it is important to examine the power and understand the way in which power is exercised by overloaded groups of domination. The application of CDA in the multidisciplinary field consists of various analyzes and methods (Wodak and Meyer 2003) but not cleaned for textual analysis and conversation (Van Dijk, 2009). CDA is an approach to analyze complex 'social phenomena' and requires a multi- approach (Wodak dan Meyer 2009), but Jorgensen and Philips (2002) regard the CDA as a multidisciplinary approach to analyze the relationship between "discourse and social and cultural development" across cultural domains associated with this, Fairclough (1995) argues that the purpose of the CDA explores the systematic relationship of the victim which is not clear and systematic:  Social structure, broader relationships, and culture  Events, techniques, and discursive practices Van Dijk (2002) approves that CDA prepositions that focus on how abuse of power, dissimilarity, and dominance are experienced in social and political interruptions. Furthermore, another originator of the CDA, Janks (1997) views CDA as a form of social practice in which critical theory is applied to analyze impervious relationships. The theory of critical theory is qualified by the CDA that discusses the language of power and power struggles that at once reveal who the original identity [enindas, while Van Dijk (2003) stated that the Critical Discourse attentions on how the mental depiction of social groups impacts social structures. The theme of the conversation can affect how a person deals with important information in text or conversation. The interdisciplinary multi-methodological approach becomes a feature of CDA, not a separate discipline. Van Dijk (2009) Represents CDA, is a combination of theory and critical applications, not critical analysis leading to (critical discourse studies). Sketches of the CDA principle objectives used in reviewing current CDA studies by Van Dijk and Wodak & Meyer (2009):  CDA highlights natural assessment. the assessment as a need to explain the phenomenon under investigation provides simplicity as to why certain interpretations are more effective than others.  CDA is regarded as a social research because it is critically related to the issues of understanding and understanding of human rights, the abuse of power in the realm of racism, classism, sexism and so on, and social dissimilarity.  CDA is interested in unethical issues that investigate the dominant group of people who experience discursive dissimilarity.  CDA is an interdisiplinary of the following theory, method and practical applications in serious problems which do not binding in the community.  CDA is problem-oriented rather than focusing on a particular theory or discipline because its implications are explicitly addressed in layman's terms to society.

Significant how the CDA as a critical discourse analysis method plays an important passion to expose strengths in media discourse studies is the goal of this review. Detailed objective is to scrutinize the presentation of the CDA methodology in related studies.

2. CDA Theory and Approach Different and theories presentation to CDA as expressed by Van Dijk, Wodak, and Fairclough. At the bottom presents various social models and theories to unleash ideological ideas.

3. Social Theory Of Approach This theory is language oriented because it aims to analyze social events and politics in society. in this theory, discourse is seen as a social practice that sets various entities. In fact, the power of discourse signifies different worldviews from different perspectives that lead to the emergence of ideological forces and practices in society. Fairclough (1992) The practice of language in society is a method of social practice of individual activities. this opinion is related to the power and ideology in the discourse. a social group that practices both activity and politics may be an important proposition for their social practice, this proposition contains the forces that lead to ideology. 4. Ideology Theory The basic framework in a multidisciplinary approach to organizing some ideological and consumption concepts. the ideology of controlling the thinking of social groups then representing the basic social characteristics of the group based on their identity, principles, norms, goals resources and positions (Van Dijk 1995). Perceptive and social factors are convoluted in the investing process. Social cognition is a system with shared socio-cultural knowledge existing among members of certain cultural groups and communities. for example, suffragette ideas or principles about principles such as categorizes by men, positive action and abortion. According to Jane Flax, feminist theory has several purposes: 1. To understand women’s oppression—how it evolved, how it changes over time, how it is related to other forms of oppression. 2. To understand the power differential between men and women 3. How to overcome oppression Because of that, an important component in ideological representation is the existence of our terms versus them (Van Dijk 1995). Cognitive function is the basic form of ideological traits accompanied by the experience of a person who is called a model. models parallel to cognitive function because they observe one's thoughts and personal knowledge it possesses. model is the main unit controlling the actions of human life because some ideology is found. The model is uniquely formed because it holds the ability to control the experience of a social actor (Van Dijk 1995) and influences the cognitive processes of other group members in society.

4. The Virtual Ideology Of Van Dijk The influential Van Dijk framework is known as Van Dijk's ideological plaza or conceptual square. Van Dijk put forward four principles to express ideological attitudes, these four principles are:  Emphasize the positive things about them  Emphasize the negative things about them  Emphasize the negative things about you  Emphasize the positive things about them

These four play vital role in a broader contextual strategy of positive self presentation and negative other presentation. It discusses the individual’s action as a member of a group while firmly expressing various ideological nations. Positive selfrepresentation emphasizes individual’s positive behavior as in saying a positive thing about us and saying a negative thing about them. This positive deportment as in an immaterial typical of group conflict and as the interaction pattern opposes the other group (Van Dijk 2000). The negative other presentation depicts that no negative saying should be directed at us and no positive saying should be directed to them (Van Dijk 2000). This implies that the term us always refers to positive saying and beliefs in a social context while, the term them refers to negativity, criticism and other negative stands.

5. VAN DIJK SOSIOCOGNITION APPROACH Various approaches and CDA linguistic theories integrate in generating discursive and social processes to see assumptions made by the stronger on the less powerful. critical discourse studies are positions or attitudes, critical perspectives in a multidisciplinary approach because it intends to explain the secret ideology into social practice. Therefore, Van Dijk proposed triangulation of linkages between discourse, cognition and society (Van Dijk 2009). Triangulation emphasizes the cognitive phenomena associated with the structure of discourse and the ways in which dominance, social and ideology occur. To find attitudes, representations and social ideologies, the relationship between the structure of discourse and the structure of society that must be considered. Van Dijk (2009). Dijk shows that which causes social inequality, racism is the dominance of whites in certain countries. Moreover, top-down models are focused because discourse reveals a typical form of injustice in society.

6. WODAK DISCOURSE-HISTORICAL APPROACH Wodak’s Discours Historical Approach (DHA) is strongly influenced by the critical theory of the Frankfurt School because it highlights the political discourse in critical society as well as expressing ideology in language and discourse. Wodak accessible three types of criticism in DHA (Reisigi dan Wodak, 2009) which expresses the justification of why certain understandings are so criticized, seemingly valid and abstract. The three types of criticism are as follows: 1. Socio-diagnostic criticism aims to demystify persuasive or potentially manipulative character or discursive practices. Here, analysts make use of contextual knowledge and social theory and other rhetorical models from different disciplines to interpret discursive events. 2. The future perspective criticism that seeks to construct on improving communication (for example, by outlining guidelines for the use of sexist language by reducing 'language barriers' in hospitals, schools and so on). 3. Textual criticism or discourse-immanent aims to find inconsistencies, paradoxes, self-conflicts and dilemmas in the internal structure of the text or internal discourse. 3-step analytic procedure, namely: a. The specific identification of the topic of discourse b. Discursive strategies and linguistic tools are explored.

The following heuristic questions used in the DHA analysis:  What qualities, features and characteristics are associated with social actors, phenomena/events, objects, and processes?  What arguments are used in the intended discourse?  How, objects, phenomena/events, people, actions, and processes are named and called linguistic languages? As a result, the Wodak Methodology in CDA consists of complex analytical procedures. the power within DHA is its analytical concept that is easily understood by people who are experienced in the field of linguistics but difficult for others who have non-linguistic abilities.

7. METHODOLOGY OF REVIEW In review, the first electronic database search was run in the Google Scholar database and ProQuest Scholarly Journal. Database Proquest to search study related reviews about ni because it is a dependable database and provides a variety of information that includes some respected sources. Most importantly, ProQuest has become a university contribution to provide necessary resources for students. in addition, Google Scholar is used because it is freely accessible and directories literature in various disciplines. The search is limited by the time period from 2005 to 2015. Kash said such as critical discourse analysis and media is used as a word to be pursued. Other criteria used as a review are based on the authenticity of the data. initially, 30 related studies have been downloaded from the ProQuest and Google Scholar databases. of the 30 studies, 14 studies were eliminated in the absence of a concrete theoretical framework. 16 studies were read thoroughly and their contents were analyzed in accordance with the main theoretical framework. Then, the main framework used in the study was compiled based on 3 main themes. the first theme relates to the application of CDA using the Fairclough analytical framework. The second and third themes related to the implementation of CDA with the Van Dijk framework.

8. FINDING FROM THE REVIEW Study about power and discursively ideology of politic in discourse that has been investigated because there was connotation. It understood each word and power behind every word in unmasked the character of the social leader that is noble or unbearable. It turns out that power is often linked with actions in controlling and limiting aid to societies that are not strong because of the presence of power holders and the presence of oppressed parties. Necessarily, the ideology has the power to double the discourse analysis noncritic as several ways of imposing a trust. In addition, there is very little positive self-presentation and other negative presentation strategies because this group is overloaded by a dictating group that has a positive self- presentation. The studies below are organized into three main themes which are related to Fairclough’s analytical framework, Van Dijk’s ideologically honest and sociocognitive approach. The analytical frameworks for each study are strong-minded by the researchers of the particular study.

9. APPLICATION OF FAIRCLOUGH’S ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK Zhang (2014) observed the political news reports between the context of American and Iraq in the American Newspapers obviously The New York Times using Fairclough’s three- dimensional framework to inspect the discursivity of text, relations, and a situation in exposing the different ideologies. Results exposed a positive ideology for the Bush administration as he was categorized as friendly and a deliverer while the Iraqi community leader Sadam Hussein was labeled as an opponent which described a negative ideology. Further analysis revealed a subjective image on both the countries thus depicting various ideological notions. CDA has been widely used in various types that analyze the phenomenon of criticism that leads to the emergence of certain ideologies, dominations and powers in difference between gender, race and social class. The most important feature of power is in the media. The media is explicit and publicly exposed to various opinions that can blind their minds because of the particular opinions that exist in everyday life. Another study by Mayasari, Darmayanti, and Riyanto (2013) in the context of new rumors directed at unpacking the relationship between the aspects of language and ideology in the Indonesia Daily Newspapers created on the construction of the Corruption Eradication Commission (CEC) building. The clichés between both the parties, CEC and Gathering, have commanded to a positive ideological formation for the CEC as the public supported the anti-corruption body which encouraged donations in order to construct the building. However, the Parliament powerfully opposed the construction of the new building which occasioned to a negative ideological image. So, the negative ideological construction to the Parliament has been cut as members in the Parliament are believed to be destroyed and are complicated by corruption. Vahid and Esmae’li (2012) examined the ideas and power of product corporations through advertisements which prejudiced consumers tortuously. It is observed that a certain form of ideology is legislated to enable consumers to believe and trust the product completely. An example represented through this study is a beauty product by Nivea representing the word ‘Goodbye Cellulite’. The ideology here is the product has the power to disappear any form of cellulite, and that it is dependable. These ideologies hold the power to interest women with cellulite problems as these words are talented of changing one’s thoughts. So, it is exposed that the word printed on the beauty product manipulates consumers dynamically. In another study, Kaur, Arumugam, and Yunus (2013) also explored the ideology in the advertisements of beauty products. Dissertation in beauty products is a social practice as s language becomes a part of a social process. The language used in the advertisements reflects a women’s ideology and social status; thus, women with fair skin, slim and gorgeous attending personal more power than the ordinary women in the society. Through these extraordinary assets of women, an ideology is created revealing the image of being ‘in-group’ rather than being old-fashioned. Expressions which are used to represent the sense of fashion are ‘Big is Beautiful’, ‘Plump Your Lips’, and ‘Shimmering Rouge’ which are connected with women of higher status. Iqbal, Danish, and Tahir (2014a) also studied the discourse used in beauty products and the strategies practical in manipulating women. This study obvious that the discourse used in beauty products founds the power to capture the minds of women in transmitting a positive ideological stance but most consumers failed to notice the negativity behind such a discourse structure. For example, the renowned fairness cream Fair & Lovely uses appealing words such as ‘night fairness’, ‘face polish’, and ‘daily fairness’ to create appealing ideologies to the consumers. Through these words, women hold the trust that fairness lasts a lifetime. Thus, the ideology beneath the discourse possesses the power to manipulate women while conveying negative beliefs. Similarly, Iqbal, Danish, and Iqbal (2014b) examined the ideology of Americans on the Muslims in Time Magazine. In the American world, the Muslims are known as ‘terrorists’ which can be a threat to the Americans. Time Magazine has discussed many issues affecting to the Muslim community which bring about many offensive ideologies. An important example of this phenomenon is the statement “Muslim religious laws alongside badness and conceit” (Talbott 1991, p.3). This indicates that Muslims are arrogant, powerful, and terrorist, therefore contributing to the serious perspective that reflects the negativism of the Muslims around the globe. Similarly, Fauzan, Subroto, and Poedjosoedarmo (2014) investigated the hidden ideological in the Indonesian TV news reports. In the study, the tragedy of mudflow was examined revealing certain ideologies which were buried from the viewers. One may be unconscious of the cause of mudflow, but the power of discourse lies only with the text maker. In this situation, the text maker practiced the power of discourse by illuminating the ideologies in this tragedy. In order to help viewers realize the cause of mudflow, several ideologies were revealed: a) mudflow was not a natural tragedy; b) the effect of mudflow destroyed lives of people; c) caused economic declination. These negative ideologies “emphasized their bad things” and “de-emphasized their good things” (Van Dijk 2000, p.44). In the same bright, Tahmasbi and Kalkhajeh (2013) analyzed TV bank commercials using the perspective of ideology manipulation and power relation. Similar to magazine advertisements, bank advertisements are formulated to promote service and to attract the audience to obtain service implemented in the banking sector. Bank commercials target a specific group of the audience through discourse such as ‘Besides 201 offers to buy Peugeots 407’. Through this by, presupposition takes place as bank advertisers assume that viewers own a less exclusive car thus, this advertisement might be considered by the viewers in purchasing or upgrading the car. Therefore, it is clear that advertisers have created an unbalanced and unfair discourse which has manipulated the viewers obliquely. In a similar study, Behnam and Mahmoudy (2013) discovered the political ideology in Iran’s nuclear report through discourse structure. In defining the ideological structures, the assumption concept was active important to a specific ideological structure. This can be described through the phrase: “Iran has not provided requested information…” (Kerr 2009, p.2). The phrase means a negative belief in Iran. Further, another preference in which ideology can be determined is through uninteresting words in the report such as implicit, suspicions, conflicts, and contamination. These words describe a destructive image for the country such as: a) Iran is trying to hide information from the world opinion, and b) Iran is inconsistent with its nuclear program. Similar to the studies above, Bolte and Keong (2014) analyzed the ideological representation of illegal immigrants in the Malaysia news discourse. It is supposed that discourse shapes the way a text is produced (Jorgenson and Phillips 2002, Fairclough 1992) and vice-versa. The article focuses on the Immigrant Swap Deal between Malaysia and Australia that finally did not take place. A significant ideology that is found in the media discourse is the protection of agreement that denotes a positive representation of Malaysia and Australia. Although refugees have not been commonly accepted in most countries, yet Malaysia and Australia have joined forces to provide shelter to these immigrants. Accordingly, the portrayal of positivity and support is seen between both countries.

10. APPLICATION OF VAN DIJK’S IDEOLOGICAL SQUARE Pasha (2011) surveyed the Islamic ideologies in the Egyptian newspaper utilizing Van Dijk’s ideological square. It is perceived that ideologies do emphasize the good and bad to portray a positive belief and de-emphasize the good and bad to portray negativity. An example that can be illustrated as negative is the presentation of private Brotherhood relationship. The announcement de-emphasizes their good by just declaring unofficial as for this indications to the ability that the Muslim Brotherhood is not recognized as a group. Thus, activities which are conducted are said to be illegal and unlawful. Later, a negative belief is directed towards the Muslim group to de-emphasize their good activities. Poorembrahim and Zarei (2013) investigated the relationship between language and ideology in the headlines of four main newspapers in America and Britain to scrutinize the image of Islam. The analysis of newspaper headlines discloses the misinterpretation, on how an issue is perceived by the social world. An example which can be depicted through this phenomena is the headline “How Islam has been corrupted”’. This caption assumed that Islam is corrupted and in order to observe corruption in Islam, one has to accept the belief that corruption does exist in Islam. Hence, the negative ideological representation forms categorizes which cast an unfavorable light upon the Muslim community. Another study on news reports by Ahmadian and Farahani (2014) was accepted out to consider the ideological differences in the discourse between The Los Angeles Times and Tehran Times utilizing Van Dijk’s ideological framework: macro-strategies which are positive self- presentation and negative other-presentation. The findings manifested various controverting ideologies in both the newspapers as offensive relations were used in inoculating limitless negative ideologies against each other. One such example which was posted against Iran is the phrase “a country which tries to develop a nuclear weapon”. This phrase gives a horrifying ideology to the society as it is seen as a threat. So, it is exposed that prejudgment looked to be one of the main ideology of the America-Iran relationships as the most powerful possesses a positive ideology temporarily the less powerful is specified to a negative ideology. 11. APPLICATION OF VAN DIJK’S SOCIOCOGNITIVE APPROACH Bilal et al. (2012) studied the relationship between discourse and ideology in political TV talk show. It is supposed that the application of CDA contributions in discovering the unknown objectives of the social actors in the eyes of the society. In this context, several concealed ideological attitudes can be assumed and one example can be covered during the question and answer session when the politician avoided and broke off sentences not wanting to attend to certain questions raised by the anchor. This form of changing problems a lot as it could either jeopardise himself, a secret he did not want to reveal, or purposely capered off to another topic to entertain attention of the audience. Therefore, it can be illustrated that apart from the occurred ideologies, the conversation is employed by the dominating person (politician) which blindfolded the audience from further analytical. Likewise, Azad (2013) scrutinised the ideological structures in 20:30 news broadcasting that discussed George Bush’s statement. Discourse is seen to be lying to the innocent as it buries ideological implications which tend to be a shadow in the political arena. In this phenomena, a negative ideological story was observed to the former president of United States, George Bush as his ‘8 years of presidency’ is labeled as ‘8 years of crime’. This stance implies to an unpleasant meaning as in a terrible leader, a fallen resident, and a confident. Equally, Alo and Ajewole-Orimogunje (2013) investigated the company of ideology in selected radio news that exposes the understood ideological expressions and predispositions while power is exercised. For example, ‘President Obasanjo has acknowledged good governance a solution for the country’s economic ills’; this statement appeared in the selected news. The statement connoted a belief that Nigeria’s lack of good governance which has caused complications in the country’s economy. Therefore, the presence of President Obasanjo as the current President is seen as a panacea to the country which will cure the unstable economic municipal. Thus, it implies a positive self-presentation as the President is viewed as a person who brings changes to the current economic affairs. CONCLUSION This literature has presented that form media play a significant character in the production of beliefs, prejudice and domination over the social context as figure media incline to marginalize Others and misunderstand an event. It was found that ever since CDA has gained popularity in the ground of discourse studies, a collective number of studies has applied CDA to investigate the discursivity of text, interaction, and social context, to explore the relationship between language and ideology, and to observe how leading ideologies dominate the less powerful. Bearing this notion, it is evident that CDA is a powerful tool in deconstructing texts as it scrutinizes the intended ideological representations. To summarise, the present review has examined the various behaviors of CDA which are aimed to reveal stereotypes, presuppositions, hegemony, power and ideological stances. 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