The English Civil Wars

A resource pack for teachers and pupils at Key Stage 3 CONTENTS

1. Introduction, credits and copyright (p.2-3) 35. The Sieges of Pontefract, source work (p.105-106) 2. Study Unit:‘Images of An Age; 36. The World Turned Upside-down? What can we learn from portraits 1500-1750?’ (p.4) source work (p.107-108) 3. Study Unit:‘The Civil Wars :Was England Turned 37. A New World? Levellers and Diggers, Upside-down in the seventeenth century?’ source work (p.109-110) with planning grid in QCA format (p.5-11) 38. The Weaker Vessel? source work on women in the 4. Teacher notes on portrait activities (p.12-13) seventeenth century (p.111-112) 5. Who was Charles I?- portrait activity (p.14-18) 39. Will the Real Oliver Cromwell Please Stand Up? 6. Who Rules and by What Right?- comparison of pupil activity sheets (p.113-114) Charles I and his predecessors (p.19-30) 40. The Best Candidate? comparison of 7. Gentlemen or Paupers? - portrait activity (p.31-33) Oliver Cromwell and Thomas Fairfax (p.115-117) 8. Gentlemen or Paupers? 41. Did Cromwell keep to the Rules of Warfare? teacher information (p.34-35) source work on Drogheda (p.118) 9. The Great Chain of Being-pupil information and 42. Cromwell, Protector or Dictator? activity sheets (p.36-39) pupil activity (p.119-120) 10. Making Inventories, pupil activity sheet (p.40) 43. Cromwell, Hero or Villain? 11. Who is the Gentleman? portrait woodcut activity (p.121) pupil inventory activity (p.41-2) 44. Cromwell, Hero or Villain? 12. Inventories- source materials (p.43- 50) teacher information sheet (p.122) 13. Fit for a Lord? Littlecote House, a story picture (p.51) 45. Charles II’s Cavalcade through London and 14. A Gentleman’s War?- role-play activity (p.52-60) teacher information sheet (p.123-4) 15. Steps to War- pupil activity sheets (p.61-3) 46. Like Father like Son? comparison of coronation of 16. Wars or Revolutions? Charles I and Charles II (p.125) pupil information sheet (p.64) 47. The Execution of Charles I, pupil activity (p.126) 17. From Peace to War? pupil activity sheets (p.65-6) 48. The Regicides, pupil information and 18. Who has the Advantage? pupil activity sheets (p.67-8) activity sheets (p.127-131) 19. How were Troops raised to fight? 49. Was the World Turned Upside-down? pupil activity sheet (p.69) Pupil activity sheet (p.132) 20. The Local Armouries, pupil activity sheet (p.70) 50. Sir John Robinson, information sheet (p.133) 21. Arming Soldiers, pupil activity sheet (p.71) 22. Paying the Troops, pupil activity sheet (p.72) 23. The Search for Arms, pupil activity sheet (p.73) 24. Henrietta Maria- Generalissima? Also enclosed are 4 A4 full colour posters of source work activities (p.74-5) a cuirassier, an harquebusier, a pikeman and a musketeer. 25. All Quiet on the Northern Front? The information sheets Soldiers,Armour and Weapons, information sheet (p.76) and A Soldier’s Life, included in this pack give details of 26. 1642- The King Rides to Victory? (p.77) the arms and armour worn in these posters. 27. The Beginnings of the War in Yorkshire 1642, An A3 full colour poster of the Gilt Armour of Charles pupil activity sheet (p.78-9) I can be used with Unit 1, Images of Charles I. 28. Parliament on the Run? activity sheet (p.80-81) The other A3 full colour poster of Oliver Cromwell is 29. The Sieges of Bradford, source work (p.82-3) for use with Unit 5, Cromwell, Hero or Villain? 30. The Battle of Leeds, case study (p.84-90) 31. Leeds Parish Registers, source work (p.91-95) The A2 full colour poster of Charles I on Horseback is 32. The Scots Alliance, activity sheets (p.96-8) for Use with Unit 1, Images of Charles I. 33. The Battle of Marston Moor, case study (p.99-103) The A2 full colour poster of Sir John Robinson is for 34. The Beginning of the End of the Wars, use with Unit 5,Was the World Turned Upside-down? information sheet (p.104)

1 Introduction

The materials in this pack have been created to The Royal Armouries Museum is pleased to acknowledge help KS3 pupils learning about the Civil Wars. the work of Claire Lanham, whose work on the Battle of They have been assembled to fit the QCA Leeds was invaluable in designing this pack. planning format for teachers, as well as to The Royal Armouries wishes to extend its sincere thanks to the following: the National Gallery, London for provide ideal classroom resources for students to permission to use the image of Charles I on Horseback enjoy an exciting and varied investigation of by Sir Anthony van Dyck; the Museum of London for the Civil Wars.These materials have been permission to use the image of Charles II’s Cavalcade devised to complement another pack, through London, by D Stoop, and the imaginary portrait The Civil Wars: 1, which provides a set of of Charles I as King and Martyr; the Ashmolean Museum for permission to use The Royall Oake of Brittayne and teacher and pupil sheets that help a group get the Bancket Haus Scenes of Charles I's Execution by the most from their visit to the Royal Sutherland; the National Trust Photographic Library and Armouries Museum, Leeds. Used together the John Hammond for permission to use the image of two packs provide materials to support a term’s Henry Prince of Wales by Paul van Somer; the Yorkshire Archaeological Society and Peter Brears for permission to study of the Civil Wars, including a visit to the use seventeenth-century inventories from ‘Yorkshire Royal Armouries, Leeds. If you would like to Probate Inventories 1542-1689’ edited by Peter C D make a site visit to the Tower of London or Brears, 1972;West Yorkshire Archive Service,Thoresby Fort Nelson, please contact the Education staff Society and the Rector of Leeds for permission to use for further details, extracts from Leeds Parish Registers. at [email protected]. All other illustrations are reproduced by permission of the Board of Trustees of the Armouries. In this pack, for use in school before and after a Copyright:The material in this pack is not copyright free. visit to the Royal Armouries, you will first find However it may be photocopied for use in connection with the planning materials for teachers, followed by projects and visits to the Royal Armouries museums. teachers’ notes and pupil activity materials to Royal Armouries Education Department, Leeds, LS10 1LT explore the Civil Wars, including portraits, ©2002 Board of Trustees of the Armouries. maps, contemporary pictures of seventeenth- Authors: Gillian Waters and Liz Denton. century events, extracts from primary sources, Design: Darren Snaith. local case studies and writing frames. The pack focuses on the causes, course and consequences of the Civil Wars and their social, political and economic impact on seventeenth- century society. Sections analyse the motivation, and roles of key individuals such as Cromwell and Charles I and their impact on events.The range of activities is varied and seeks to provide a broad spectrum of learning opportunities for pupils of varying abilities, while concentrating on the reinforcement of core skills such as analysing sources, recording evidence, assessing many different types of written and visual information, problem solving, understanding chronology and the synthesis of information to draw coherent conclusions.

2 The English Civil Wars

A STUDY PACK FOR SCHOOLS From 1642-1649 Civil Wars were fought between those who supported the King of England, the Royalists, and those who believed that the King needed to change the way that he ruled, the Parliamentarians.This pack provides a range of primary and secondary source materials which enable students to find out more about the causes, course and consequences of the Civil Wars for people at different levels of seventeenth-century society. The planning sheets include a range of suggested activities which use varied teaching and learning strategies.These involve students in the process of enquiry and act as a catalyst for further research.

Above:The equipment of a musketeer. Right: Cavalry helmets of the Civil Wars. Copyright Board of Trustees of the Armouries.

3 Unit 7 Images of an Age: What can we learn from portraits 1500-1750?

ABOUT THIS UNIT In this unit pupils will acquire knowledge about the main personalities and events of the political, economic and religious changes that occurred in Britain 1500-1750 through an evaluation of the images created at the time WHERE THE UNIT FITS IN The unit builds on work relating to Unit 8 The Civil Wars: was England 'turned upside-down' in the seventeenth century? It also relates to the study of the monarchy carried out as part of the consideration of Britain 1066–1500 PRIOR LEARNING It is helpful if pupils have: • used paintings as sources of information for historical enquiry • understood some of the limitations of sources • visited a museum or art gallery • considered questions of significance and interpretation LANGUAGE FOR Through the activities in this unit pupils will be able to understand, use and spell correctly LEARNING words relating to: portraits as sources, e.g., propaganda, symbolism Speaking and listening – through the activities pupils could: answer questions using relevant evidence RESOURCES (* THE MAJORITY OF THESE ARE INCLUDED IN THE PACK) Posters of Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, Sir John Robinson and Charles I's Gilt Armour. Posters of the soldiers of the Civil Wars EXPECTATIONS AT THE END OF THE UNIT Most pupils will: Assess the usefulness of portraits as sources of information for the period; frame appropriate questions when studying portraits; identify ‘coded messages’ in portraits; investigate the lives of particular people and judge how powerful they were; comment on some of the limitations of portraits as sources Some pupils will not Demonstrate factual knowledge of aspects of life in Britain in the period when have made so much commenting on portraits of the period; find answers to questions by studying portraits; progress and will: extract information from portraits in a way that goes beyond simple observations; combine information from a portrait and information from another source when describing the life of a powerful individual; comment on why portraits exist only of rich people Some pupils will have Drawing upon their knowledge of the period assess critically portraits as sources for the progressed further period; show independence and judgement when carrying out an investigation into the and will: significance of particular portraits; analyse ‘coded messages’ in portraits; independently reach substantiated conclusions about the lives of particular people represented in portraits

4 Unit 8 The Civil Wars: Was England Turned Upside-down in the Seventeenth Century?

ABOUT THIS UNIT In this unit pupils will learn about the main personalities and events in the story of the English Civil Wars.They will consider the connections between the causes and consequences of the Wars.The Unit is expected to last 8-15 hours WHERE THE UNIT FITS IN The unit builds on earlier work relating to Tudor and Jacobean times. It also relates to the study of the monarchy carried out as part of the consideration of Britain 1066–1500 PRIOR LEARNING It is helpful if • have experience of work involving the consideration of conflicting ideas and have made pupils: reference to questions of political debate in previous areas of study • are familiar with activities involving the analysis of cause and consequence and the consideration of questions of interpretation

LANGUAGE FOR Through the activities in this unit pupils will be able to understand, use and spell correctly LEARNING words relating to: seventeenth-century politics, e.g. Parliament, puritan, monarchy, republic, radical, Leveller, Digger, conservative, dissenter Speaking and listening – through the activities pupils could: discuss and respond to initial ideas and information, carry out the task and then review and refine ideas RESOURCES (* THE MAJORITY OF THESE ARE INCLUDED IN THE PACK) Posters of Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, John Robinson and Charles I's Gilt Armour Posters of the soldiers of the Civil Wars. Inventories from Stuart households Case Studies of the Battles of Leeds and Marston Moor EXPECTATIONS AT THE END OF THE UNIT Most pupils will: Demonstrate knowledge of the causes, course and aftermath of the English Civil Wars; give reasons for the outbreak of the Civil Wars and assess the role of Charles I in the build-up to the wars; explain the causes of the Parliamentary victory; identify disagreements about how the country should be governed; comment on how Cromwell has been interpreted in different ways; assess how far the Civil Wars led to change, making links between the events of the wars and different political and religious ideas Some pupils will not Demonstrate knowledge of some key events and individuals involved in the English Civil Wars have made so much and their aftermath; describe how Charles I governed before the wars; suggest some reasons why progress and will: the Parliamentary army won the wars; give reasons why people supported different sides; describe how there were disagreements within the Parliamentary army and describe who won this argument; identify differences in ways in which Cromwell has been interpreted; describe some of the changes that took place during the Civil Wars and Commonwealth period Some pupils will have Demonstrate a detailed knowledge of the English Civil Wars and the wider historical context progressed further within which the conflicts of the seventeenth century took place; evaluate the extent to which and will: Charles I made mistakes in the run-up to the wars; explain some of the different views about why the wars started; explain the relative importance of different factors in securing victory for the Parliamentary side; analyse the disagreements over how the country should be run; evaluate different interpretations of Cromwell; review and evaluate the level of change that took place during the Civil Wars and Commonwealth period and how far the conflict was a clash of ideas 5 Learning Objectives Unit 1 I d

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d a t e a t e t i d n t t n i a c a n i a n r r n h

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s s

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e t E . o y y a r i h L n t t r t s e V a I i e t

t e e I

n s e i i a h y V e e W e T t r c c u h

l I r t h l

t l t

l o o a i p s

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e

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u u e u u s h o t d o e t p t t t H o o e W t b

n a u i h

n n O b b t a r t t T e k e s r e e

t s a a a

t r . . s s h

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o i c c h l e t o s s t a G a h h - - u f t o t D

t t a l f t t r e t

n f

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p p r r N i e d t t d o p s r d

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v r l 2

n n n

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t a k

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n e e n

e

s Y T t t e W o o e R h r

e e e u g g g I r r l t c c n n r e H i h h

n n n r b A e

w e e i i t t i N d t f v t y y o e s s

s f E v v i n u e i e e e e h n n i i s s k k L U U U W u b N o U d t C

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p n u d u o

e i o s e t E r s a b f g e T

c

c o : n o e

O s l o a s h r e ’ c e t i s

p

t N l c s

f i e o e d o n i l r

o p u O s p . o t

h n s a T r c m w a s o d o a

i

S n p e x d e n a T i p e b e h

g

t p o l n a

N

d a o g l I r p

i c T a u s e o o O e r e o C h n L p d c t I P s S t t . s t d e s n a E u n e o

g n a e h y e a h a i o l i k t d s n y e n e i t

n l

i f M

r i t b d i

s e l

r n u . n v a a l a o l s s i a d g a e

u i e m a n e a h l o i

t u O

i o

s b s r a

r t g t n a n c o l t t s d i i . h a p r e s d a

i s l a e

n

o

a l t s l n r c C f

i a n n n s e x t r t r

i y n r u h m e o a l t e o e a f s

o v h g a e r i c o t T r e

t e M s r r u u

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i e

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d a o a s H a a u s t r o l t h b o R a e a w e

f n a n e

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e t c t e a

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i h l f t o . u i

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s

n r

t s C u r e

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n

n y t

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h s a p u s . n u f a a a e

d o d a d c d r . t

u d r

s g e r p c l i e e

a t l a R i r r l o t

n

r a n s n

n n e e d r b e

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r m w d h a n t u t s s a t f a a e a t a

a e d i d

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a t

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r

e s u i

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t a t a . e h f e o C f e e m r f a s a t s h t N n t

n g d i u h n t n n m h l

t d s d t o d i s o o m t t m e g h s o W r o W e

r u a e e e d e a s s r

l

g R

s n n l n g a

a l r r

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t o e f t t h p e p s a p

f f f

r v n e

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i a e s

e f f f h i i a c n E r g a a n o e e o f i i o i a a a r a h i t o a m h m h f e w r R g P s a i c t b e P i w C f K d T d d C C t c h t T o T L r s s f s e e s t w u t t d s o v r h e e l o s o

i a d n y y t s d a e l s l d

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s h

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n u n o e n a t n n h l

t G h i e a g s i . t t

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e e e a

i l

d p l a r . r t t b d e e o c a a g t e l

r s l

m . h o a o g v d r a u a o l u e l m i c y b h o

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o e a

p o b h s

f h n l l u t t m l s t

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h H h h i i t h v a

t

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t d

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r n n s s s a p r e a p t

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i i e t r t i s e t e a I h s d , L L

M c t o e a l

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p n v u a e h a o i

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s i i i n e x s x i a i x r n N h i S h h h u c h o t p M L I w s t t t p A ( G s h s E S t G o E G E V G t A H T W R a a

n . T d O e s i r n t s n n

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r e

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t d A

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9 Learning Objectives Unit 4 . t h ’ . t o y f r o i d t d t e d l

y o i n n s t h

n ’ w a

u v a t s r

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a i r t u i D o a x s

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'

h n

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7

w t e e n c o n T s n s e e i 1 o

l i i C h d e e

p

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t e h e l l o y . f M o

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t i e

i t e a . . t d T f r y m v u m n n f n r

c d i e c C o e o r o

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c E e t t i h t

h t m x J t t a t C n n a g y w w e e i u a n

a B e e r

t f u o r o o h y n s m h e c e '

t n e o r o p t h

r b I

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e a l e I h

r r e o o i t 4 p t u t t s n e i t h

e e

u e e e C s N o s e n l c n y e r

r d r d i r w f v f u a T o s e y h i R l p p p n n . g i e I n e t t y d s m r t r r s c b i r

u l u k i A

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n a c t d t l t e t e e E r a f o o o a o o n r n o n h n n d e a c T i b a i w t T s i i a C l T T L U

10 Learning Objectives Unit 5 l s i n a a a h g

o e e f t T l e f

h .

o r e v t s

o s l a e h

e ) s

i E t . e h h d i d e e n t p t

i f a h T c g n s o n

t u v w o o i a a

n e e

n s O f p

o i i s s e s

r t n d m ( o t i m c r d u

I

p i o n i N v

h

n i o t c e a n i f t s v s r g 7

t d i

i o i c l e

e m s c y i r t

r d O e t v u r a i e

e

o e i

a n a t s o o T t n t p n t e c c i a : g c n a i u s

n r a S U n o l f s t m n r

e o l m s c u i e a r T o o u o

t i

u n k m t g h t r S s g s

i N a m h o c / .

s o i I

n

s v l m e i y s k p m m d r o y t r g a O e r a p n e e l o n c t o i f p k a s A l c c d o a K P S f E f t f o p o s

s o o d n l o s e o a r M o T s

i a

f t e T l e n

. s h l

o e r k v f . w o t a e I c s t i a e O r d

n e

e I h n o r v c n f I g s u I i t

o

n o n h f C C e l s I s

o

s e e t t i i n t

a

i

s t t r e o r t d e l a o

d a s T n e d i a e l c

v e t r e a o e h g t

l n e r n

e f h a r k h c y t c o l r f t n a h U e e a f a e n t i e

c a r i a e p t a t

f T

x c o n e

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h d a h s f s E k d e . r t h a

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f t o d m s C

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r

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o n n i e r o i w e a c b p f e i h

i a n t p h a r n s u T

t N

s s t i r o T c s t n d o e o s . c e s w f e q u n r

r e e d r e m

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i i e w c n e l A a a

w i a p d

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o t

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e

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E h a l p u e d E h t i o o o x a h a a h n c f c T i C f t e T R T L U

11

Unit 1 Teachers Notes

This information is designed to provide position as monarch of Britain. supporting information for the posters used in In the 1630s the concept of a single monarch Unit 1. ruling over a united Scotland and England was still a new idea. CHARLES I ON HORSEBACK The painting is not only a personal portrait but A personal portrait and an image of Divine Right monarchy. also an image of Divine Right Monarchy. Painting by Sir Anthony van Dyck about 1638. Charles is portrayed as a warrior on horseback Copyright National Gallery, London. with the baton in his right hand being a A number of clues within the painting help to symbol of leadership. Charles, as Garter date it. Charles’ collar may be a clue as it is of a Sovereign, is wearing the gold medallion of St fashion that belongs to the late 1630s, with Sir George and the Dragon.The King was very Roy Strong suggesting around 1638. interested in the Order of the Garter, but more The armour itself is not helpful in dating as it is in the religious aspect rather than the public one of a series of armours for tilt and combat spectacle that the Tudors had enjoyed. produced by the Greenwich Armoury between Van Dyck seems to heighten the sadness in 1610-20. One interesting aspect of the armour Charles’ face. Many have asked was he really that pupils may spot is that Charles wears boots that miserable? Sir Roy Strong argues that this rather than armour on his lower legs.This is is van Dyck’s way of subtly introducing the typical of the time when armour was becoming most fashionable of moods, that of shadowed heavier due to technological improvements in melancholy. In the seventeenth century this weapons but at the same time boots were seen look of dignified melancholy would have been to be more practical. However, Charles was not most fashionable. Charles is deep in thought in wearing a ‘modern’ armour by the standards the midst of a forest. For that most pious of of 1638. Kings, Charles I, the choice of calm spiritual The use of ‘old’ armour in the portrait is contemplation must have been seen as a most interesting as it may be intended to reinforce appropriate choice. the concept of the continuity of Kingship. It may also symbolically refer to Prince Henry Frederick, Charles’ elder brother, and allude to the Protestant Renaissance in Europe in the seventeenth-century. The history of the painting is well-known. A year after Charles’ execution, his art collection was sold and dispersed with this painting being bought for £200. It eventually found its way into the collection of the Duke of Marlborough and was sold to the nation in 1885 to become part of the collection of the National Gallery, London. Tied to a branch of the tree to the right of the King is a tablet with the Latin inscription CAROLVS I REX MAGNAE BRITANIAE. This inscription draws attention to Charles’

12 Unit 1 Teachers Notes

CHARLES I - IMAGINARY PORTRAIT AS KING AND MARTYR British school, date unknown. Copyright Museum of London. This is a bust portrait of the King immediately before his execution. He is shown with uplifted hands and he is wearing his execution clothes. A crown is shown on the right-hand side in the middle of a ray of sunlight. The iconography of this portrait also derives from religious art recalling the stigmatisation of those who felt close to Christ. The gold crown in the sky perhaps suggests that the execution of the King would not suppress his deeper life or status.

HENRY,PRINCE OF WALES By Paul van Somer at Dunster Castle in the Inner Hall. The painting shows the prince wearing a suit of armour given to him by Henri IV of France. Copyright National Trust Photographic Library/John Hammond. Henry Frederick was the eldest son of James I and Anne of Denmark. His short life (1594- 1612) was one that nevertheless showed great promise. He was known as an athletic young man who enjoyed tilting but he also demonstrated serious thought and was a patron CHARLES,PRINCE OF WALES of scientists. He also at times demonstrated an independent outlook, for example befriending Anglo-Flemish, early seventeenth century. and visiting Sir Walter Raleigh in the Tower of Ascribed to Paul van Somer or Daniel Mytens. Copyright Board of Trustees of the Armouries. London, whilst Walter was a prisoner of James I. This full-length portrait can be seen on display This study demonstrates his status via the ornate in the White Tower in the Tower of London. armour, which is resplendent with decorative The portrait shows Charles I when Prince of work.Across his chest is the insignia of the Wales wearing an armour made at the Royal Order of the Garter with which he was invested workshop at Greenwich and now in the Royal on 2 July 1603 and he carries a baton in his Armouries collection. Charles looks very similar right hand to denote leadership. In 1610 he was to his elder brother Henry who is also shown in created Earl of Chester and Prince of Wales and armour and wears across his chest the insignia of he became principally based at St James’s Palace. the Order of the Garter, in the same fashion as His death at eighteen from typhoid fever thrust his sibling. his younger brother Charles to the fore.

13 . mouries Ar rustees of the T woodcut. ight Board of ight Board yr Charles I, Cop . ight Museum of London. yr harles I ? ait as King and Martyr tr y por hool, date unknown. Cop itish sc Br Charles I - imaginar Who was C

14 Who was Charles I ?

Charles I, Prince of Wales. Copyright Board of Trustees of the Armouries.

15 Who was Charles I ?

HOW CAN WE LEARN ABOUT CHARLES I? If we were trying to find out about our present Queen we could look at the television, videos, photographs and paintings or even read books about her. In the seventeenth century much of that technology did not exist, but looking at paintings of the King or images of his armour can help us find out about how King Charles was presented. In pairs, one partner should select an image of Charles without the other seeing. Describe what you see to your partner who will then draw your description. Remember to describe the message you think the image is trying to provide (e.g., does Charles look strong, confident, wise, a leader etc). How similar are the 2 images?

Charles I by

16 All in the Eye?

Select an image of Charles I. What do you think the painting is trying to say about Charles as a leader? Do you think it is very realistic or merely propaganda? What hidden messages and symbols can you find?

CLOTHING

BACKGROUND IMAGES

FACIAL EXPRESSIONS

WRITING

RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS

IMAGES CONNECTED TO STRENGTH

LEADERSHIP

17 Image is Everything-Spin Sheet

THE BRIEF Charles I has recently been getting criticism from Parliament, the Press and the general public. People complain that he is weak and they do not have confidence in his ability to lead the country through its current problems.You need to give Charles an image overhaul.The King needs to be transformed into a strong leader with charisma and charm. Paintings and portraits need to convince people that he is the right man for the job!

The Problem Charles needs a makeover because......

The problems with his appearance are......

Spin Plan I will change the following things about Charles

•

•

•

•

•

My advice to Charles is......

18 King of England

JOB DESCRIPTION An exceptional leader is sought to develop a small European country on the international stage. The successful candidate must have unique vision and determination.

KEY RESPONSIBILITIES • To effectively manage/rule country • To manage the budget with sound financial awareness • To develop home markets in trade • To manage a team of advisers using expert interpersonal skills • As required, be prepared to lead country in war • • •

PERSON SPECIFICATION • Strong leader • Healthy and fertile! • Willing to lead an army into battle • Good grasp of military strategy • • •

Please note the Crown is not an equal opportunities employer

19 Charles I

JOB DESCRIPTION This is a challenging role that demands an exceptional leader with the ability to unite a nation in a time of social change.

KEY RESPONSIBILITIES • To effectively rule a religiously diverse country, demonstrating a fair and unbiased approach while head of the Anglican Church • To display effective leadership through challenging times, demonstrating a grasp of interpersonal skills • Negotiate the budget with Parliament – demonstrating diplomacy and clear and unbiased argument • • •

PERSON SPECIFICATION • Proven track record in leadership

• Ability to lead, manage and motivate subjects

• Ability to manage budget

• Skilled negotiator

•

•

•

Please note the Crown is not an equal opportunities employer. You must be a member of the Church of England.

20 Who Rules and by What Right?

Design an advert for the post of King at the time of Charles I. In less than 100 words describe what type of person you are looking for.

21

Father and Daughter

Charles I had some very famous predecessors that many people have argued were better monarchs. But were they? 1. Look at the background information for Henry VIII and compare it to his job description. How successful was he?

I think Henry VIII was......

2. Look at the details for Elizabeth I. Using the background information and your own knowledge discuss with a partner who you think was the more successful – the father or daughter. List 3 reasons for your choice below.

•

•

•

3. As part of an interview panel, interview each of the 3 monarchs and using their job descriptions and any other information that you have, select the best candidate to be an effective ruler of England. Use the interview recording sheet to list your opinions about each monarch and tick the skills they have on the job description. 4. Was Charles a better monarch than Henry VIII or Elizabeth I?

I think Charles I was......

22 Henry VIII

Henry VIII, after Holbein. Copyright Board of Trustees of the Armouries.

1491 Born 1502 Death of elder brother Arthur, Prince of Wales 1509 Marriage to Catherine of Aragon, who was the widow of Arthur. Nine children born with only Mary surviving 1509 Coronation 1511 Establishes Greenwich Armoury – which becomes England’s most important centre for armour making 1516 Daughter Mary born 1520 Field of Cloth of Gold – meeting near Calais with Francis I of France 1531-33 Broke from the Catholic Church and became Supreme Head of the Church of England 1533 Married Anne Boleyn 1533 Daughter Elizabeth born 1535 Execution of Sir Thomas More 1536 Anne Boleyn beheaded at the Tower on 18 May 1536 1536 Married Jane Seymour 30 May 1536 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace – rebellion in North England against Henry’s attack on the Catholic Church. Prisoners sent to the Tower 1537 Son Edward born 1540 Married Anne of Cleves – marriage annulled in July 1540 1540 Married Catherine Howard on 9 August 1540, she was executed on 13 February 1542 1543 Married Catherine Parr 1547 Died

23 Job Description - Henry VIII

JOB DESCRIPTION An exceptional leader is sought to develop a small European country into a premiere league player. This role is relatively new with only one previous Tudor director, therefore the successful candidate must have unique vision and determination to establish the nation and develop an international profile.

KEY RESPONSIBILITIES • To manage/rule country effectively • To rule England with clear vision in a challenging religious environment • To develop home markets in trade • Good understanding and use of media resources (i.e., paintings, documents etc) • To manage a team of advisors using expert interpersonal skills • To deliver public relations in regard to the notion of English monarchy and the position of the monarch

PERSON SPECIFICATION • Strong leadership • Not afraid to work on own initiative • Enjoyment of outdoor pursuits • Fertility • Charismatic • Outgoing personality • Prepared to back their beliefs • Team management skills • Larger than life personality

Please note the Crown is not an equal opportunities employer

24 Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I. Copyright Board of Trustees of the Armouries.

1533 Born 1536 Mother Anne Boleyn is beheaded at the Tower 1537 Half-brother Edward is born 1547 Death of Henry VIII and accession of Edward VI 1553 Death of Edward VI.Lady Jane Grey proclaimed Queen but deposed 9 days later and accession of Mary I 1554 Accused of being involved in Wyatt’s Revolt against Mary Tudor and brought to the Tower.An inscription in the Tower is connected with her imprisonment, she was later released by her half-sister 1558 Becomes Queen on death of Mary 1569 The Rising of the North – Catholic revolt against Elizabeth 1587 Execution of Mary Queen of Scots. Elizabeth reluctantly signed the death warrant 1588 Spanish Armada. England defeats the Spanish attack at sea 1588 Death of Elizabeth’s favourite, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester 1601 Rebellion against Elizabeth involving her favourite the Earl of Essex. He is beheaded at the Tower for treason 1603 Died without a son or daughter to succeed to the throne

25 Job Description - Elizabeth I

JOB DESCRIPTION An exceptional leader is sought to lead the country after a period of great religious change and discussion of its national identity on a European scale.

KEY RESPONSIBILITIES • To effectively manage/rule country • To develop public relations and marketing strategy, including nationwide travel • To recruit, develop, motivate and retain a competent and professional team • To support fashion industry and pageant development • To develop disciplinary and other personnel policies • To manage and encourage events programme • To act as patron of the Arts • This role will involve a large degree of public speaking and entertaining

PERSON SPECIFICATION • Strong personality • Inspirational leadership • Fluent in European languages and classics • Well read and literate • Bravery and courage • Excellent knowledge of public relations and good at public speaking • Sociable, outgoing personality

Please note the Crown is not an equal opportunities employer. Catholics need not apply!

26 Interview Report - Candidate Evaluation

Name of Candidate: Strengths • • • • • • • • •

Weaknesses • • • • • • • • •

would be suitable/unsuitable as the monarch because

27 The Right Man for the Job?

When Charles I was young he probably thought it was highly unlikely that he was going to become the next King. His elder brother Henry Frederick was the Prince of Wales and Charles was expected to support him and take a back seat. Henry was very popular and when he died in 1612 aged 18, the nation mourned. 1. Using your own knowledge and the information on each prince complete the polling card. Be ready to vote on who would be the better man for the job.

Candidate 1 Please put a cross in the box below if you are voting for this candidate for the job of future King of England Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales K

I do/do not think Prince Henry would be a good King. My three reasons for this choice are:

•

•

•

Candidate 2 Please put a cross in the box below if you are voting for this candidate for the job of future King of England Prince Charles K

I do/do not think Prince Charles would be a good King. My three reasons for this choice are:

•

•

• 2. Who won the vote? Do you think the Civil Wars would have been avoided if Prince Henry had become King?

I do/do not think the Civil Wars would have happened if Prince Henry had become King. My reasons are

28 Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales

INTERESTS Ships, farming, sport, art, music, theatre and management of his household. CHARACTER Self confident extrovert who loved sport. Accounts speak of him enjoying horse-riding, tennis and practicing archery. His last words on his deathbed show his closeness to his younger sister, Elizabeth, when he said,‘Where is my dear sister?’ RELIGION Militant Protestant – sympathetic to the Puritans and disliking any ‘Popery’. Tradition states that when James I proposed a French marriage for Henry, he answered that he was ‘resolved that two religions should not lie in bed’. OPINIONS Disliked swearing, once saying ‘All the pleasure in the world is not worth an oath’.

PUBLIC OPINION Henry, Prince of Wales, by Paul van Somer at Dunster Castle Very popular in the country, thought to show in the Inner Hall.The painting shows the prince wearing a suit of armour given to him by Henri IV of France. Copyright great promise. National Trust Photographic Library/John Hammond.

1594 Born on 19 February at Stirling Castle, Scotland – eldest son of James VI of Scotland (later to be James I of England) 1603 Elizabeth I dies and James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England 1604 Henry was made Knight of the chivalrous Order of the Garter At the ceremony courtiers commented on his ‘quick, witty answers, princely carriage, and reverend obesiance at the altar’ 1612 Died November 6 after a sudden illness, probably typhoid fever, though rumours circulated that the Prince was poisoned

29 Charles, Prince of Wales

INTERESTS Not as active as his brother but tried hard to overcome his childhood physical defects. Eventually rode well and distinguished himself at tennis. Demonstrated good taste in music, sculpture and painting. CHARACTER Introverted, shy and sometimes obstinate. He also had a stammer.Affectionate towards his elder brother, writing in his earliest surviving letter that he would give anything he had to him. Devoted to his sister, Elizabeth, but separated from her in 1613 when she left England with her husband Frederick V,Elector Palatine of the Rhine. RELIGION Deeply religious and devoted to the Protestant church although he allowed his wife to follow the Catholic religion. OPINIONS Disapproved of immoral and drunken behaviour. The Venetian ambassador reported in 1621: ‘He was dignified in manners….His moral conduct was irreproachable and he used to blush at an immodest word.’ PUBLIC OPINION Seen as dull in comparison to his late brother. Charles I, Prince of Wales. Copyright Board of Trustees of the Armouries.

1600 Born on 19 November at Dunfermline Palace in Scotland He was not expected to live and was baptized at once 1604 Physically frail and said to be so weak in his ankles that he was unable to walk at age 4 However, his doctor states his walking had improved by the end of the year 1612 Death of his elder brother Henry, Prince of Wales 1616 Created Prince of Wales

30

Gentlemen or Paupers?- Record Sheet

Look closely at the portraits of different people in the seventeenth century. Cut the pictures out. Look at the posters of Cromwell, Robinson and Charles I. Place the richest person at one end and the poorest person at the other end. Record your ideas on this table.

Name of person Number in order of wealth

Thomas Fairfax George Digby Charles Worsley Francis Wortley Ferdinando Fairfax Oliver Cromwell Charles I John Robinson Alexander Popham John Smith Robert Devereux John Harrison

Now give one reason why you have chosen number 1 as the richest person.

31 Gentlemen or Paupers?

THOMAS FAIRFAX FRANCIS WORTLEY

GEORGE DIGBY FERDINANDO FAIRFAX

CHARLES WORSLEY OLIVER CROMWELL

32 Gentlemen or Paupers?

CHARLES I JOHN SMITH

JOHN ROBINSON ROBERT DEVEREUX

ALEXANDER POPHAM JOHN HARRISON

33 Gentlemen or Paupers? - Information Sheet 1

1. SIR FRANCIS WORTLEY 4. CHARLES WORSLEY Sir Francis Wortley was Charles Worsley was a born in 1591 the son of Parliamentarian Sir Richard Wortley of commander in Lancashire, Wortley,Yorkshire. He led and a Member of a group of men to take Parliament in 1653. Bakewell House in Warwickshire in October 1643.A Mr Rellisone tried to use his bow and arrow to prevent the house being pillaged, but 5. SIR THOMAS FAIRFAX was killed by Wortley’s men.Wortley was taken Sir Thomas Fairfax, with prisoner at Walton House on 3 June 1644 and his father Ferdinando, was was sent to the Tower of London as a prisoner one of the main where he was kept for five years. Parliamentarian leaders in Yorkshire. He became the 2. ALEXANDER POPHAM leader of the New Model Alexander’s grandfather, Army. Sir Thomas also John Popham was played a leading role in the Restoration. Attorney General of England, Lord Chief 6. JOHN HARRISON Justice (1592-1607), and John Harrison was a Leeds Lord Chancellor.Among merchant who supported his most famous trials the King. It is said that he were those of Raleigh, and in 1606 of Guy gave Charles money Fawkes. Alexander commanded a hidden in a tankard when Parliamentarian cavalry regiment and fought at the King was in Leeds the Battle of Newbury.Alexander was in the demonstrating his support Council of State when the Commonwealth for the King. He built St John the Evangelist’s came to an end. He received a pardon on the Church in Leeds and also founded a school and accession of Charles II in 1660 as he had an almshouse. assisted General Monk in restoring Charles II to the throne.

3. JOHN DIGBY,EARL OF BRISTOL John Digby was put under house arrest in 1626 by Charles I because he was critical of Buckingham. He lived quietly on his estates in Sherburne, but on the outbreak of war he joined the King.

34 Gentlemen or Paupers? - Information Sheet 2

7. ROBERT DEVEREUX,EARL OF ESSEX 9. OLIVER CROMWELL Son of the 2nd Earl of Oliver was born in Essex who was executed Huntingdon in 1599. for treason by Queen After being educated at Elizabeth in 1601. King Cambridge University he James I restored Devereux returned to live the life of to his father's estate in a small landowner in 1604 and in 1606 Cambridgeshire. arranged a disastrous marriage between Essex He married Elizabeth Bourchier, a daughter of and Frances Howard, Countess of Suffolk a London merchant based at Tower Hill in which ended in a humiliating divorce. Robert London. In 1628 he was elected a Member of was a Member of the House of Lords in 1621. Parliament for Huntingdon. During the Civil He accompanied the Duke of Buckingham to Wars he demonstrated ability as a cavalry Cadiz in 1625. From 1626 he was associated officer, and after the Second Civil War in 1649 with the Parliamentary opposition to King he became one of the most important leaders Charles, refusing to pay the forced loans in Parliament. demanded by the King in 1627. During the Civil Wars Devereux fought for Parliament. He 10. SIR JOHN ROBINSON died in September 1646 and was buried in Sir John Robinson was a Westminster Abbey. Royalist during the Civil Wars and was created 8. FERDINANDO FAIRFAX baronet in June 1660.After Ferdinando was the son the Restoration he was of Thomas, Lord Fairfax of Lieutenant and acting Cameron. His family had Governor of HM Royal extensive estates in Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London and Yorkshire. He was elected Lord Mayor of London. He was Sheriff 1657-8, as a Member of Lord Mayor 1662-3 and Lieutenant of the Parliament in 1629. He Tower 1660-79. Robinson had also been and his son, another Thomas, led the Master of the Clothworker Company in 1656- parliamentarian opposition against the Royalists 7 during the Interregnum. He is an example of in the North of England. someone who not only managed to prosper in the Interregnum but was rewarded for his loyalty with high office in the Restoration.

35 The Great Chain of Being - Record Sheet

Read the information about the Decide where they would fit on different sorts of people in this ladder. seventeenth-century England. Write the names of the people in Look carefully at the portraits of the boxes. seventeenth-century gentlemen. GOD Baronets & Knights Lords

KING Merchants Gentlemen

Clergy Lawyers

Yeomen Farmers

Shopkeepers Army Officers

Labourers Paupers

Beggars Common Soldiers

36 The Great Chain of Being - Information Sheet

Seventeenth-century English society was based People lower down the social scale could not upon wealth and rank. Half the population afford to follow fashion nor would fashionable would have lived below subsistence level, perhaps clothes have been practical for wearing when becoming dependent upon charity during times cooking or farming. of dearth or due to illness or disability. People would ‘know their place’, both in public The Great Chain of Being was one of many life and within the family or household.The ways of describing the organisation of society: King was the head of the country in the same describing society as a tree with roots, trunk way as the father was the head of the family. and crown. At the top of society was the King. Just below royalty was the nobility, many of whom were members of the Court.At the bottom of society were the ‘poor’, including widows, disabled people and the unemployed who were often homeless and starving. GOD In between these two extremes was a group Baronets & Knights Lords of people known in the seventeenth KING century as ‘the middling sort of Merchants Gentlemen people’, consisting of Yeoman Farmers, Master Craftsmen, Merchants, and the Clergymen Lawyers like.At the top of these groups were families who were becoming very Yeomen Farmers wealthy by, for example, acquiring large amounts of land or making fortunes in Shopkeepers Army Officers trade or the clothing industry. Most of the time it would be possible Labourers Paupers to recognise the social group to which an individual belonged just by Beggars Common Soldiers looking at them.

Diagram based upon Gregory King’s analysis of the composition of society 1688 37 The Great Chain of Being

THE NOBILITY AND GENTRY YEOMAN FARMERS The nobility lived in large country manors and Local materials, such as brick, were used for fine town houses made of brick and dressed building yeoman farmer’s houses. stone. Expensive glass glazed the many Clothing was more likely to be made from windows, which were hung with rich curtains wool, with linen for under garments, coifs, of velvet or satin.The walls were often covered kerchiefs and cuffs. Linen was worn next to the with elaborately carved wooden panelling. skin, as it was suitable for washing.Woollen and The nobility led fashion. Both men’s and other fabric outer garments were not washed women’s clothing was made from richly but brushed clean. coloured satins, silks and velvets trimmed with A person broke their fast in the morning with exquisite lace. Undergarments were sewn of beer or ale and bread, perhaps some cheese or very fine linens, as were lace-trimmed kerchiefs, meat if available.The main meal of the day was coifs and cuffs.They wore brightly coloured dinner which included pottage, pies, meat, clothing with colours like scarlet or purple vegetables and bread washed down with ale or which were very expensive to produce. beer. Supper could be bread and cheese, or They ate well. Most meals consisted of heavily perhaps a slice of pie. Beer and ale were drunk spiced meats and pies.White bread, washed by most people, even children although they down with wine, or beer. and women were expected to stick to small A noble did no work.A noble’s son might beer or ale. Milk was drunk by children and the go to one of the public schools and then elderly or ill. to university. People worked for as long as they were able; Music, dancing and card playing were popular there was no old age pension in seventeenth- pastimes. Hunting and hawking were also century England. popular country pursuits.Theatre companies Markets and fairs were always very popular. would perform their plays in the homes of the Even church was a social occasion for some. very wealthy, but even they would attend a play Drinking in inns and taverns was a popular at an outdoor theatre. pastime, as was betting on cards and cock fighting, dog-fighting, and badger, bear and bull baiting.

38 The Great Chain of Being

MERCHANTS THE POOR Materials such as brick and slate were used to The poorest people would have to shelter build merchant’s houses. where they could, making shelters and The wives and daughters of wealthier merchants hovels from materials they found, begged or in towns often wore the silks and satins stole. Some hovels were little better than considered more appropriate for the gentry and animal shelters. nobility. Undergarments were made of fine Some people made their way to forested linens, collars and cuffs could be trimmed with areas and wasteland where shelter and food lace.Tall felt hats were fashionable for both sexes. might be found. The diet was very similar to the diet of The poor wore their clothes until they the gentry. were in rags. Wealthy merchants’ younger sons were educated For many poor people, leisure time was limited at university.Their daughters’ large dowries as they needed to find food for the family. helped them to marry their families into the They might make trips to market or visit local gentry, and even the nobility.The pastimes of the fairs. For thieves and beggars, the crowds of merchants were similar to those of the gentry. people attending such events offered rich and easy pickings. LABOURERS The homes were often very small with only one or two rooms and were built with wattle and daub and thatched with straw. Sometimes they had no chimney only smoke vents, so the home could be very smoky. Some buildings were divided into living quarters for humans and a byre for animals. Many slept on pallets of straw with no sheets, only blankets or animal skins for warmth. It was common for people to share beds. For many, second hand clothing was all they could afford, made from coarse wool and linens. Knitted woollen caps were common as were linen coifs, or linen coverings, for women. Meals could be just beer and bread and maybe a pottage, or stew, with a few vegetables or peas cooked in it. Work was hard, monotonous and dirty and unemployment was common. Local fairs and markets offered opportunities for amusement.

39 Making Inventories

MAKING LISTS Compare your values with your class. Have you chosen the same objects as others? Inventories were taken when people had died, to find out the value of the things they left behind. Each object was given a value by the Did you give similar values to the objects? people who made a list of the things that were there.The people who took the inventories Does your total differ from others? were usually men who were of some standing in the community. What do you think could be some of the Make a list of the main objects in your problems in using lists and inventories as classroom on the grid below. evidence? Then try to give each object a value.

Name: Date: I think that the most important problems in using inventories as evidence are…… Object Value

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Total

40 Reading Inventories - Task Sheet

1. Now have a look at one of the inventories 7. Now look at the sheet called of a person in the seventeenth century. ‘Who was then the Gentleman?’ (You may have to read the inventory two 8. or three times. Spellings have changed since Find the name of your person on the sheet the seventeenth-century.) and read questions 1-8 carefully. 2. Underline the words that are difficult 9. Now read your inventory again and with to read. coloured pencils underline the parts of your inventory that help you answer 3. Some words are easier to understand when the questions. they are spoken. 10. Read the inventory again to make sure Try to say the difficult words out loud. that you haven’t left anything out. Do they sound familiar? 11. Now, write your answers on your section of the summary sheet. If they do, write the modern spelling of the word on the sheets. 12. Others in the class will have looked at a different inventory. 4. Now, read the inventory again and use the glossary to look up other unfamiliar words. Share your information with others in the class. 5. Write down what they mean on the sheet. 13. Record the class information on your sheet. 6. Read the inventory again to make sure that you understand all the words. 14. Now answer question 9 on the summary sheet.

41

Who was then the Gentleman? - Record Sheet

Look at the inventories and answer these questions about the houses. Fill in the grid to record your answers.

Name of Person

1. How many rooms are there in the house?

2. What is the most valuable object in the house?

3. How much money was found in the purse?

4. What do you think the person did for a living?

5. Where did people sleep?

6. How many pigs, horses and sheep are there on the inventory?

7. How much money was this person’s goods worth?

8. In which room did people work?

9. As a group, place the inventories in order of wealth. How wealthy was this person?

Did you know... There were 12 old pennies in a shilling, 12d. = 1s. There were 20 shillings in a pound, 20s. = £1

42 Inventory of Ferdinando, 2nd Baron Fairfax of Cameron, 1647

ITEM VALUE Pounds Shillings Pence Among the first things, one gilded (most likely gold inlay) 179 1 6 basin, one ewer, one guilded salt (dish) with a lid, one guilded cup, two flagons, four candlesticks, one 'colledge' pot, three 'beare' bowls, three 'coin' bowls, two silver salts, one cullender, six plates, two 'puddings' thirty spoons, a pair of saucers, one little ladle, three 'tumblers', two tankards, four salt dishes in all. IN THE CHAMBER Item four pieces of hangings, one Bedstead two chimney 7 8 4 ornaments one Clock and other furniture in the said room LINEN Three Tablecloths two long towels one cupboard cloth another 23 15 0 cupboard cloth four Dozen of napkins (Damask) Item sixteen pair of Sheets of Broode one pair of Large Sheets 54 3 6 ten pair of narrow sheets Ten tablecloths fifteen table clothes all unto ten pillowbeares Twenty pillowbeares one Linen sheet five Dozen of napkins Ten pairs of Course sheets more Course sheets 23 one pair Fushion sheets Twenty short towels 12 hall Tablecloths all old in all. IN MY LADY CHAMBER Item one Trunck Bed with the furniture 10 0 0 IN BEDINGE Item ten Quilts one Mantle two pillows one Little seild Bed 34 9 0 five Bolsters one Dozen of Quishings unmade the suiting of one Bed with Collered Blew six sett quishings made up one quilt Stained one rug in all. Item nine feather Beds three Quilts five bolsters in all. 1 10 0 Item eight pieces of hangings two Carpets four old Rugs three 36 0 0 pairs of Blankets one stool. IN THE GREENE CHAMBER Item Bed Curtains and Valance one Covering belonging to one 29 0 0 bed four Chairs four stools one cubbord twoe seeing glasses. LOW CHAPEL CHAMBER Item one Bedsteade Curtains hanginges and hanginges for 22 0 0 the Roome.

43 Inventory of Ferdinando Fairfax - 2

IN THE KICHINGE Pounds Shillings Pence Item one Rowler 4 0 0 PEWTHER Item fifteen pieces of pewter all old Sixteen saucers two 14 0 0 Cullanders five plates/new plaites 59 Ten Candle sticks nine chamber pots three flagons one Little Can one salt three close stool panes one Little Basin four Aglett plate Candlesticks and three Little plates in all. IN THE GREAT KITCHINGE Item four Little pots two Little pans one ladle 2 0 0 Item one Large cabinet one further flap one Table Leaf one 2 5 0 close stool Item in salt flesh 4 15 0 QUICK GOODS Five stocks of bees 3 6 8 Four fat oxen 32 0 0 Sixteen draught oxen 104 0 0 Ten kine and one Bull 46 0 0 Three saddle gelders one saddle mare and seven cart horses 75 0 0 whereof one stolen One stoned Colt and one filly comes three years old and two 22 0 0 fillies comes two years old 36 weathers 24 0 0 56 ewes 37 0 0 44 hogs 20 0 0 24 holding weathers1700 2 Tupps 5 0 0 7 weathers more 4 18 0 17 swine 17 0 0 Poultry and other huslement on and above the house 2 0 0 CORNE UPON THE GROUND BARN AND GARNER Oats Beans and hardcore already Sawne 133 0 0 Corn in the barn untresht and thresht 40 0 0 Wheat in the garner 14 0 0 HUSBANDRIE GEARE 3 waines 4 pairs of waine wheels 1 carte 2 pairs of cart wheels 28 16 8 2 yokes 1 ox harrow and 2 horse harrows 2 pairs of waine Blades 2 plows and Irons wood for husbandry gear 4 Stand heckes Boards and rails already sawn 9 00 Total 959 2 6

44 Inventory of Anthony Wood of Tentergate, feltmaker, 1632

ITEM VALUE Pounds Shillings Pence In his purse and his apparell 3 6 8 IN THE HALL HOUSE One cupboard, one little table, three smaller form, two chairs, 17 0 two stools and four cushions. One Iron range two iron reckons one pair tongs, one pair of 6 4 pottkilps one spit and one chaffing dish One wood axe, one frying pan, one little stone mortar and one 3 0 iron pestle and one pair of bellows One little Brass pot three pans and two brass candlesticks 9 6 Two pewter bowls six pewter spoons and one pewter salt 1 6 Three wooden buckets, one flask one little dish two skailes 4 7 Six trenchers with other wooden huslement in the said house IN THE PARLOUR One pair of beddstockes one flock bed two doublets one 1 2 0 blanket and three little bolsters with painted clothes on paneled chest two pairs of sheets one pillowboa one table 16 0 Cloth one chair with other huslement IN THE MILKHOUSE Eight milk bowls one kneading trough two little Barrels four 5 0 little….and two sacks with other huslement IN THE CHAMBER One pair of bedstockes on Mattress one doublet three bolsters 12 0 one Cimlinge with other huslement IN THE WORKHOUSE Two bows two hurdles one Planck one dozen of blocks one 13 0 furnace as it stands in the house and three trestles one iron fork one shodd Shovell, and one shodd spade with 2 0 other huslement IN THE BACKSIDE Fire wood and coals and one ladder 1 0 0 the fruits and grass in the garden 9 0 certain manure for the garden 1 4 one cow150 Total 12 8 2

45 Inventory of Widow Cooke of Knaresborough, 1635

ITEM VALUE Pounds Shillings Pence IN THE HALL HOUSE One long table and long settle with one little table 10 0 Sixteen bowls, eight saucers and one porringer. 1 9 0 Two pewter candlesticks two brass candlesticks two single salts, one double salt one beaker, one pewter bowl and one Bottle 80 0 One cubberd with a head one it with four doors 1 0 0 One pot, 8 pans and one brass pot 2 13 4 Three chairs, two stools one little table 4 6 One Iron Range, one reckon, one spit, one pair of tongs, one 7 0 Iron wedge, and one Iron fork IN THE FRONTE PARLOURE One stand bed with a tester, one stand bed with a painted cloth 2 10 0 and one truckle bed Two paneled Chests and two plain chests 15 0 Three coverlets, two blankets, two bolsters, one Matterice, one 2 13 4 Chair, one form, and one stool IN THE BACK PARLOURE One bedstead one Matterice, one coverlet, one bolster and 1 10 0 two pillows One long table with a frame 6 8 IN THE CHAMBER One Arke one Kimlinge with other huslement there 6 8 two pair of sheets and one table cloth 8 0 Total 12 2 6

46 Inventory of Will Plase of Knaresbrough, 1630

ITEM VALUE Pounds Shillings Pence His purse and his apparrell 13 4 one cobord 5 0 3 bowls a salt and one candlestick 2 0 One pot and tow little pans 5 4 Four chests 4 0 One table and one form 1 6 3 spades and one ax 2 0 For coals and turvs and wood 2 0 3 quisings and tow chairs 1 0 One spinning wheel with other hustlements 2 0 Total 1 18 0

47 Inventory of Francis Clarke of Sharleston, Yeoman, 1648

ITEM VALUE Pounds Shillings Pence His purse and apparel 22 0 0 IN THE HOUSE BODY One range 2 little racks one Reckon balke a pair of tongs and 1 4 0 a fire shovel A dripping pan and 5 spits 2 cleavers a broil iron a 15 0 shredding knife A warming pan a Chaffing dish a prig pan and a skimmer 10 0 A table a form 2 buffet stools 6 quissons a little table 1 5 0 5 chairs and 5 quissons one long quission 5 pewter porringers 15 0 2 pewter dishes and two salts IN THE PARLOUR One stand bed one featherbed 2 bolsters one mattrice 2 pillows 4 0 0 3 blankets one pair sheets a rug and 4 curtains and curtain rides A trundle bedstead a flock bed a pair of blankets a double 1 0 0 coverlet a bolster and two pillows and 1 pair of sheets One cupboard 6 candlesticks a chamber pot a pewter flagon 2 0 0 and two quissons One presser and quision 13 4 A little table 2 little stools one bigger stool and 3 boxes 1 3 4 IN THE MILKHOUSE 6 pieces of pewter 13 milk bowls a safe and 3 barrels 1 10 0 8 earthen pots a brazen mortar a pestle 11 0 A trestle some small pots and 2 inch boards 3 4 One long Chest one bible and some other books 13 4 IN THE NEW PARLOUR One standbed a Chaffe bed a bolster 2 pillows 2 blankets a 2 0 0 pair of sheets and a coverlet A cubbord 2 quissons a sealed chair and two low stools 1 3 4 A Flock bed a pair of sheets a blanket a pillow and a coverlet 1 0 0 one table 5 stools a long form 1 10 0 60 Total 44 2 8

48 Inventory of Thomas Oldfield of Bowde, 1613

ITEM VALUE Pounds Shillings Pence His apparrell 3 0 0 His girdle and money in his purse 8 8 0 6 coverlets 1 13 4 4 blankets 6 8 One old feather bed 6 8 One old mattresse 3 4 One meal ark 10 0 One Chiste 2 0 Other two coverlets 1 0 0 16 pieces of pewter and other pewter 1 10 0 2 chafing dishes 3 candlesticks one mortar and a pestle 10 0 3 pans and a prigg 13 4 A pot of brass 3 4 A pair of bedstockes 2 0 One mare 16 8 One cow 2 6 8 hay 2 0 0 hog 13 4 A bible and testament a Dictionary and other books 1 0 0 husslement 2 0 Total 21 19 6

49 Glossary

Apparell clothing Mortar a bowl to grind herbs and Aglett a metal piece put onto the ends spices in of laces to stop them fraying Pestle a tool to grind herbs and spices Arke a big wooden chest containing in the mortar meal or flour Pewter is a metal made from tin Bedstockes the frame of a bed and lead Brazen brass Pillow boa a pillow Broile iron for frying food on Porringer a copper pan Broode embroidered Pottkilps hooks in the chimney on which to put cooking pots Coarse sheets made from coarse cheap material Poultry chickens Chaffe bed a soft bed made with straw Prigg pan a pan Chaffing dish big cooking dish Quishings cushions Chamber pot a pot used to go to the toilet Range cooking area near fire Close stool pans a bowl with a lid on it for going to the toilet in Reckons hooks in the chimney on which cooking pots are hung Cimlinge a copper container in which bacon is salted Settle a large wooden bench to sit on with a high back Colt a male horse Skimmers a spoon to skim the surface of Cullander a collander, a pan with holes in boiling water to get rid of the bottom for draining food impurities Damask heavy rich fabric with a pattern Tester a bed cover on it Trestles small benchlike tables Doublets quilted jackets Tupp a ram Ewer a washbasin Turvs dried earth that can be burned Flagon a large pottery jug on a fire Flock a rich soft material Waines carts Forms benches or tables Weathers sheep Fillies young female horses Fushion a coarse material called fustian Gelders young male horse which has been neutered Girdle a belt Hurdles small collapsible tables Huslement household objects Iron range a cooker Kimelinge copper container to salt bacon in Kine cows Linen cloth made from flax

50 . mouries d? Ar rustees of the T painted about 1705. , ight Board of ight Board yr Littlecote House Cop Fit for a Lor

51

A Gentleman’s War?

WAR OR PEACE? TAXATION Charles I would like Parliament to give to It is 1629. Charles, desperate for money, him the Tonnage and Poundage subsidies calls his second parliament. Charles sent for life. This would mean that Charles some soldiers to Cadiz with his favourite would be able to have all the money Buckingham, but the expedition failed. collected in Customs duties on wine and Charles I used £120,000 of Henrietta wool.These were collected when pounds of Maria's dowry to pay for the expedition. wool or tons of wine left or came into England. BACKGROUND • Two years ago Parliament refused to BACKGROUND vote Charles Tonnage and Poundage • It is 1625 and Charles I has just subsidies. So Charles forced the rich become King. He depends heavily on nobles to loan him money. his favourite Duke of Buckingham to • Charles imprisoned 70 gentlemen help him make decisions. who refused to pay the loan and raised • Charles believed England should fight about £14 million. against Catholic countries in the war on the continent. He offered £30,000 a month to the Danes to help them fight the war. Charles wanted to go to war on the side of his sister Elizabeth, who had married Frederick of Bohemia, a German Protestant Prince. • When Charles I married Henrietta Maria he secretly agreed to fight against La Rochelle, a protestant town held by the Dutch.

DECISION 1 DECISION 2 Will you vote Charles I Will you relent and give the money he needs to Charles I the money he says go to War? he needs?

52 A Gentleman’s War?

PROTESTANT TAXES, TAXES? OR CATHOLIC? It is 1638 and Charles I has ruled for nine years without a parliament. He has revived It is 1637 and Charles has a new Prayer ancient laws and new taxes to get the Book that he thinks the Church of money he needs to rule. Scotland should accept. The Church of Scotland does not have bishops and Charles BACKGROUND likes the bishops as they support his idea of • Charles revived ancient Forest Laws how he should rule. Should Charles I try to that said that all the forests were his impose his ideas on Scotland? lands. People who had taken BACKGROUND forest land in the last fifty years were forced to pay taxes. • When Charles I married Henrietta • In 1635 Charles I introduced Ship Maria he secretly agreed to be tolerant Money to defend English merchants to the Roman Catholics in England. against pirates in the Channel. Henrietta Maria had her own Catholic He raised the tax from all towns priest and a chapel. People in London in England, previously only paid by were flocking to the Catholic Church coastal towns. and not going to the Church of Charles I was raising lots of money by England churches. • selling people monopolies, the rights • Archbishop Laud has made changes to to sell everyday things. the Church of England. He moved the They would be the only people altar behind wooden railings, and allowed to sell something like coal. made the clergy wear different robes. This meant that it cost ordinary He also changed the wording of the people more money to buy everday English Prayer Book. He encouraged things like soap as the monopoly people to think that Charles was King holders could raise prices without by divine right. competition. • In 1637, Prynne, Burton and Bastwick wrote nasty things about the Bishops. Laud had them tried in the Star Chamber.They were put in prison and had their ears cropped.

DECISION 3 DECISION 4 Do you support How do you feel about Charles I’s changes in Charles’s new ways of the church? raising money?

53 A Gentleman’s War?

PRIVILEGES MONEY FOR It is January 1640. Many rich people feel SCOTLAND? that Charles I has been raising money illegally. It is November 1640, the Scottish army has invaded England. Charles I has signed a BACKGROUND treaty at Ripon to pay the Scots £850 a • James I and Charles I created over 100 day.He cannot raise the money he needs to new Lords for the House of Lords in make them go home. Parliament. James I had created the new rank of Baronet to sell to BACKGROUND aspiring nobles. He raised £100,000. • The Scots didn’t like the new Prayer Charles I said that all those with Book which Charles tried to impose income over £40 a year should on them.They formed an army and pay for the privilege of knighthood. fought against Charles. He raised £150,000 by this means. • After the defeat of his first army • If a nobleman’s orphan son or Charles called a Parliament in April daughter needed someone to look 1640 to try to get money from after them until they were old enough Parliament to fight against the Scots. to look after themselves, they had a • Parliament was very angry at the way Ward to look after them. Charles sold Charles had used monopolies and that wardship to the highest bidder. collected taxes without calling By 1640 he made £80,000 a year Parliament and they decided to make from this in the Court of Wards. Charles apologise to them and • Laud wanted the bishops to collect promise not to do it any more.They the church tax, tithes, from local would only vote Charles the taxes if people, and tried to get his men into he agreed not to rule on his own. power. In 1640,Archbishop Laud’s • Neither side would give way. Charles man, the Bishop of London, became got very angry and dismissed the Treasurer. It looks like Laud’s men Parliament after only three weeks. are moving into all the powerful People called this Parliament the positions. Short Parliament.

DECISION 5 DECISION 6 Do you think that Will you vote Charles the Charles I is money to save England? ruling properly?

54 ROLE CARD ROLE CARD NAME: HENRY CLIFFORD NAME: CHARLES I RANK: 5TH EARL OF RANK: KING CUMBERLAND

• You are one of the Great Lords of the North • You are the King of England,Wales and of England. Based at Skipton Castle since Scotland.You were not very close to your 1310, your family has extensive lands in father.You are very shy and reserved. Yorkshire.Your grandfather was one of • You believe that Parliament should agree with Elizabeth I’s favourites. your ideas and that you can rule without • You are friends with the Fairfax family, but Parliament. consider them ‘new money’ compared with • You are married to a French princess, your long, impressive family history. Henrietta Maria and are very much in love • In 1625, you don’t want to fight on the side of with her. She is a Catholic and you have let Elizabeth of Bohemia and think England her worship at her own Catholic Chapel in should fight against Catholic Spain instead. London. This will show Charles that you disapprove of • You want to decide on whether or not the the secret marriage clauses. country should fight without asking • In 1629, although you disagree with what the Parliament. Parliament keeps changing its mind King is doing, you cannot see a way out. about who they would like to fight and refuses Charles is the King and can call and dissolve to give you the money they owe you. Parliament when he wishes to. • Parliament keeps refusing to give you money • You think that Charles I is King by God’s to rule properly.You were very upset in 1625 grace and that if he wishes to change the when they only voted you the Tonnage and Scottish church that is fine. Poundage Subsidies for one year. Normally Kings get these taxes for life. Don’t they know • As a great Lord you are pleased that Charles I how expensive it is to rule? is getting £106,000 a year from monopolies without taxing you.You can afford a little • You decide to find other ways to raise money. more for soap and coal.You are a little upset You forced rich people to buy knighthoods that some London merchants appear to have and raised £150,000.You are quite pleased more money than you do though! with yourself at having raised all this money without having to argue with Parliament. • You think that Charles I has just been selling the honour of Lordship very cheaply and feel • Parliament ordered the execution of your that it devalues the idea of Lordship.You feel favourite, the Earl of Strafford, in 1640, angry that Charles has done this, your family and Archbishop Laud was sent to the Tower. has been in the House of Lords for generations In 1641 you fear that Parliament is trying to and you feel insulted. impeach your beautiful wife Henrietta Maria. • You are willing to fight against the Scots for the King; your family has a long tradition of leading border warfare against the Scots.

55 ROLE CARD ROLE CARD NAME: WILLIAM CAVENDISH NAME: SIR THOMAS BELASSIS RANK: 1ST EARL RANK: KNIGHT OF NEWCASTLE

• You are the son of Charles Cavendish who • You are the son of Sir Henry Belassis and bought Slingsby in Yorkshire in 1594. But the Ursula Fairfax. Ferdinando Fairfax is main family estates lay in Derbyshire at your cousin. Welbeck. • In 1625 you don’t say anything about Tonnage • In 1625 you encourage Parliament to refuse to and Poundage in Parliament because you think vote Charles Tonnage and Poundage for only a that Charles I will send you to the Tower of year, not for life, as you think he will misspend London. In 1629 you don’t like what the King the money. is doing, but you are afraid that he will send you to the Tower and hold you in a prison cell. • In 1629, you think that Parliament can only So you say nothing. advise the King.You like to go to London to meet your friends and it makes you feel • You think that if Charles I,and his father, important.You believe that Charles owes hadn’t sold some peerages that the House of an account of his actions to no one but God. Lords would have died out. (Charles and James He can rule on his own if he wants to. had increased the number of Lords from fifty- five in 1601 to 126 in 1628).This could only • In 1638, you were the governor to the Prince be a good thing for Parliament.You bought of Wales. one yourself! Charles I created you Baron • In 1639, you raised a troop of horse of 120 Fauconberg in 1627. men consisting of nobility and gentry serving • You think people should have the right to say at their own expense.You are prepared to help what they think.You don’t like the Bishops Charles impose his Prayer Book on the Scots. either- they just enforce Charles’ will. • You are unhappy that the Bishops are trying to •You believe that the King rules by right of get in on the act of collecting taxes.Your status God and are willing to support him against the in the area depends on you collecting the taxes Scots in 1639. for the King. • You raise a troop of horse and a regiment of foot drawn from your own tenants. You employ Scottish soldiers and Roman Catholics. • You advise the King to call a parliament in 1640 to raise money a to make the Scots leave England.

56 ROLE CARD ROLE CARD NAME: ARTHUR INGRAM NAME: JOHN HARRISON RANK: MERCHANT AND OF LEEDS KNIGHT RANK: GENTLEMAN

• You are a very rich man with estates at Temple • In 1625, you hear that Charles is attempting to Newsam near Leeds. raise Tonnage and Poundage on wool exports. As a Leeds clothier, you depend on the trade • In 1625 you see an opportunity to loan in wool with Holland and think that these Charles I some money, at a high interest rate. customs duties will reduce your profit.You are • In 1629 you are very angry with Charles and not happy, but what can you do? think he should listen to what you have to say. • In 1629 you are happy that Charles is forcing You decide to write a petition to the King the rich to pay him loans.That means that you telling him that he should stop raising money will pay less tax. without Parliament’s agreement and to stop putting people in prison. • You agree with Laud’s reforms in the Church and in 1635 you helped to build St John’s • In 1639 you offered to equip 12 horsemen at church in Leeds with painted screens and rails. your own expense for the campaign against You would support the King’s decision to the Scots.You had a house in York and when impose the Laudian Church on Scotland. the King visited in 1639 you wanted to put him up, but many thought that the ‘king • As a Leeds cloth merchant you are a little would not lie willingly in Sir Arthur’s roof’. upset by the monopolies on soap, alum, potash and coal that you need for your work. • Your friend Edmund Verney has the monopoly The indigo for dying cloth is imported by of tobacco, Hackney coaches and selling the East India Company and you think that woollen yarn. He has said that he will put in a you are already paying too much in customs good word with the King for you and perhaps duties. get you a monopoly too! •Your grandfather enclosed part of Leeds Moor • You loaned the King money when he needed and built a small one bedroomed house. Now it.You are willing to help pay off the Scots Charles is saying that the land and house aren’t in 1639 so that they will withdraw yours and that you should pay for it.You are from England. not very happy. • You realise that Charles I has been trying to • In 1640 you find that the troops billeted in raise money by himself and know that he has Yorkshire for the war against Scotland have sold a lot of his own Royal land for £650,000. brought some increased trade, but also your • You were one of the followers of Thomas best weavers have gone to join the King. Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, in the 1620s, but when he cut you out of a lucrative money making venture you turned against him. (He had pushed you out of the farm of Irish Customs after three years before the profits came in). In 1640, you finally paid your Ship Money of £8.

57 ROLE CARD ROLE CARD NAME: THOMAS WENTWORTH NAME: FERDINANDO FAIRFAX RANK: 1ST EARL OF RANK: LORD FAIRFAX STRAFFORD OF CAMERON

• In 1626, you refused to pay the forced loan of • You are the son of Thomas, Lord Fairfax of Charles I and were put in prison. Cameron.Your family had lands in Yorkshire at Ilkley and Nun Appleton. Four of your • In 1628, you led the House of Commons brothers died in battle abroad, and you have against the King as you believed that ‘evil fought as a soldier in Holland.You think a war counselors’ extended the powers of the King against Spain is really important. without considering Parliament. You suggested a new Magna Carta and encouraged the • In 1629, as a Member of Parliament you think Commons to pay subsidies, so that the King that Charles is squandering the money you’ve would agree to the new rights for Parliament. given him in taxes.You shout about it in the House of Commons and then go home. • By March 1629 you had taken a job with the Crown as you believed that ‘harmony • You are very unhappy at the way Charles I is depended on the co-operation’ and thought raising Ship Money from inland towns. that Parliament was going too far to pursue You think that only ports should pay it, then their grievances.You told people that ‘the you would not have to pay. authority of a King is the keystone of • You think that if Charles I and his father government’.You became a member of the hadn’t sold some peerages that the House of Privy Council and were determined to make Lords would have died out. Charles and James the King’s will effective.You work closely with had increased the number of Lords from fifty- Laud in his changes in the church. five in 1601 to 126 in 1628.This could only Charles made you a Baron in 1628. be a good thing for Parliament. In 1629, your • In 1632 you were appointed Lord Deputy in father bought the Scottish title of Lord Fairfax Ireland and used your position to increase your of Cameron from Charles I for £1500. yearly income from £6,000 in 1628 to • You don’t like the way that Laud is changing £23,000 in 1638. the Church of England.You suspect that • You tried to manage the elections in Yorkshire Charles is trying to make the Church more to make sure that the King’s men were elected Catholic. But your son,Thomas, raised 160 to Parliament.This made you very unpopular cavalry from the villages surrounding the in Yorkshire.You were made Baron of Raby in family estates for the King in 1639 to fight 1639, which angered Sir Henry Vane who the Scots. owned Raby Castle in Northumberland. • In 1629,Thomas Wentworth, Lord Strafford, • In the summer 1640 Charles I made you Earl invited you to join the Council of the North. of Strafford.You felt very close to the King, You were friendly with Strafford until he and proud of your achievements. began to use his powers as President of the Council of the North to enforce Charles I’s wishes.You believe that Lord Strafford ‘hath battered down our laws and liberties’ and think that Charles I was ‘excessively in love with his darling prerogative’. In 1640 you think that Charles I must be brought to his senses.

58 A Gentleman’s War? - Record Sheet 1

NAME OCCUPATION RANK

DECISION 1 - Will you vote Charles I the money he needs to go to war? Yes/No, I will/will not vote Charles I the money he needs to go to war because….

DECISION 2 - Will you relent and give Charles I the money he says he needs? Yes/No, I will/will not vote Charles I the money he needs to because….

DECISION 3 - Do you support Charles I’s changes in the church? Yes/No, I do/do not support Charles I ‘s changes in the church because….

59 A Gentleman’s War? - Record Sheet 2

DECISION 4 - How do you feel about Charles’s new ways of raising money? I think that Charles I’s new ways of raising money are ______because....

DECISION 5 - Do you think that Charles I is ruling properly? I do/do not think that Charles I is ruling properly because….

DECISION 6 - Will you vote Charles the money to save England? I will/will not vote Charles I the money to save England from the Scots because….

CONCLUSION I think that I would/would not support Charles I in 1640 because....

60 Steps to War - Information Sheet

Charles I and Parliament did not want to go to war in 1640. In the space of two years Charles I and Parliament found themselves on opposite sides, fighting a bloody Civil War.

STEP ONE - PEACE IN OUR TIME? In November 1640 Parliament was called by Charles I because he needed money to pay off the Scottish army. Parliament were still very angry at the way Charles had been ruling without calling a parliament.They would only vote Charles the money he needed if he agreed to their demands.

Parliament’s Demands Charles agrees by Summer 1641 1. To remove the King’s evil counsellors. 1. Strafford was impeached on 10 November 2. To make sure that the King does not rule and Laud on 18 November. without Parliament. 2. The Triennial Act in February 1641 made 3. To make sure that the King does not raise sure that Parliament met every three years. taxes without Parliament’s consent. 3. By August 1641, Ship Money, paying for 4. To make sure that the King cannot put knighthoods, and the Forest Laws had all people in jail for no good reason by using been abolished. Non-parliamentary his own courts like the Star Chamber. taxation was declared illegal. 5. To reverse the changes to the Church that 4. The courts of the Star Chamber and High Laud had made. Commission were abolished. 5. As Parliament could not agree on the ways in which the Church should be changed, Charles did not have to make any changes.

STEP TWO - PARLIAMENT DIVIDED Without support, Charles I had to give in to most of the Parliamentarian demands. Until the summer of 1641 Parliament had been united in their opposition of the King. But during the later months of 1641 Parliamentarians became divided. 1. Ten Propositions - In June 1641 one group of Parliamentarians put together a petition claiming the right for Parliament to approve King’s advisers.The arguments over this issue split Parliament. 2. Rebellion in Ireland - In November news of the rebellion reached Parliment.When the King asked Parliament for money for an army to crush the rebellion, Parliament was worried that Charles would use the army against them.They tried to make sure that Parliament, not the King, decided who was appointed as the army’s leader. Some people in Parliament thought that trying to control the King in this way was a step too far.

STEP THREE - THE FINAL ARGUMENT Charles I realized by January 1642 that he had a small group of Royalist supporters in Parliament. Charles decided to arrest the five men he thought were ringleaders of the opposition on 4 January 1642. He marched into Parliament with 200 armed guards. Had he succeeded, it is possible that a war may never have happened. But the five men had been forewarned and Charles only succeeded in making Parliament more wary of him than before. He left London on 10 January never to return until his trial and execution.

61 The Steps to War - Task Sheet

1. Read the Steps to War Information Sheet. 2. Look at this list of events from 1640-42. 3. Cut the events out. 4. Decide whether they are causes for Peace or causes for War. 5. Place the causes for Peace in one pile, and the causes for War in another. 6. Now look at the Steps to War frame. 7. Paste the events on the frame in order of importance, with number one being the least important.

Abolition of Abolition of Triennial Te n Ship Money the Star Bishops Act Propositions illegal Chamber

Strafford August 1640 Irish Arrest of Strafford’s and Laud The Scots Rebellion The Five MPs execution imprisoned Invasion

Now decide when the Point of No Return happened in the period 1640-42. When did the Civil Wars become inevitable?

62 A Gentleman’s War? - Record Sheet 2

DECISION 4 - How do you feel about Charles’s new ways of raising money? I think that Charles I’s new ways of raising money are ______because....

DECISION 5 - Do you think that Charles I is ruling properly? I do/do not think that Charles I is ruling properly because….

DECISION 6 - Will you vote Charles the money to save England? I will/will not vote Charles I the money to save England from the Scots because….

CONCLUSION I think that I would/would not support Charles I in 1640 because....

60 A Gentleman’s War? - Record Sheet 1

NAME OCCUPATION RANK

DECISION 1 - Will you vote Charles I the money he needs to go to war? Yes/No, I will/will not vote Charles I the money he needs to go to war because….

DECISION 2 - Will you relent and give Charles I the money he says he needs? Yes/No, I will/will not vote Charles I the money he needs to because….

DECISION 3 - Do you support Charles I’s changes in the church? Yes/No, I do/do not support Charles I ‘s changes in the church because….

59 ROLE CARD ROLE CARD NAME: THOMAS WENTWORTH NAME: FERDINANDO FAIRFAX RANK: 1ST EARL OF RANK: LORD FAIRFAX STRAFFORD OF CAMERON

• In 1626, you refused to pay the forced loan of • You are the son of Thomas, Lord Fairfax of Charles I and were put in prison. Cameron.Your family had lands in Yorkshire at Ilkley and Nun Appleton. Four of your • In 1628, you led the House of Commons brothers died in battle abroad, and you have against the King as you believed that ‘evil fought as a soldier in Holland.You think a war counselors’ extended the powers of the King against Spain is really important. without considering Parliament. You suggested a new Magna Carta and encouraged the • In 1629, as a Member of Parliament you think Commons to pay subsidies, so that the King that Charles is squandering the money you’ve would agree to the new rights for Parliament. given him in taxes.You shout about it in the House of Commons and then go home. • By March 1629 you had taken a job with the Crown as you believed that ‘harmony • You are very unhappy at the way Charles I is depended on the co-operation’ and thought raising Ship Money from inland towns. that Parliament was going too far to pursue You think that only ports should pay it, then their grievances.You told people that ‘the you would not have to pay. authority of a King is the keystone of • You think that if Charles I and his father government’.You became a member of the hadn’t sold some peerages that the House of Privy Council and were determined to make Lords would have died out. Charles and James the King’s will effective.You work closely with had increased the number of Lords from fifty- Laud in his changes in the church. five in 1601 to 126 in 1628.This could only Charles made you a Baron in 1628. be a good thing for Parliament. In 1629, your • In 1632 you were appointed Lord Deputy in father bought the Scottish title of Lord Fairfax Ireland and used your position to increase your of Cameron from Charles I for £1500. yearly income from £6,000 in 1628 to • You don’t like the way that Laud is changing £23,000 in 1638. the Church of England.You suspect that • You tried to manage the elections in Yorkshire Charles is trying to make the Church more to make sure that the King’s men were elected Catholic. But your son,Thomas, raised 160 to Parliament.This made you very unpopular cavalry from the villages surrounding the in Yorkshire.You were made Baron of Raby in family estates for the King in 1639 to fight 1639, which angered Sir Henry Vane who the Scots. owned Raby Castle in Northumberland. • In 1629,Thomas Wentworth, Lord Strafford, • In the summer 1640 Charles I made you Earl invited you to join the Council of the North. of Strafford.You felt very close to the King, You were friendly with Strafford until he and proud of your achievements. began to use his powers as President of the Council of the North to enforce Charles I’s wishes.You believe that Lord Strafford ‘hath battered down our laws and liberties’ and think that Charles I was ‘excessively in love with his darling prerogative’. In 1640 you think that Charles I must be brought to his senses.

58 From Peace to War?

BARNARD CASTLE GUISBOROUGH

RICHMOND NORTH YORK BOLTON MOORS PICKERING MIDDLEHAM SCARBOROUGH

HELMSLEY

RIPON BRIDLINGTON YORKSHIRE CRAYKE 1643 DALES

YORK 1644 SLINGSBY KNARESBOROUGH Home of SKIPTON William Cavendish Home of Earl of Newcastle Henry Clifford TADCASTER Earl of Cumberland BEVERLEY Nun Appleton, Home of Sir Thomas Fairfax BRADFORD LEEDS CAWOOD CLITHEROE Home of HULL SHERBURN WRESSLE Sir John Hotham HALIFAX SELBY 1644 WAKEFIELD PONTEFRACT 1649 SANDAL

HUDDERSFIELD Wentworth Woodhouse N Home of Thomas Wentworth Earl of Strafford

ROTHERHAM SHEFFIELD

100 10 20 30

MILES Cloth Towns Cloth Towns Cloth Towns Castles KEY Castles ForestsForest Land Castles Forests Castles Moorland MoorlandMoor Land Cloth Towns Cloth Towns Forests Castles Moorland Forests 66 Moorland

Who has the advantage in 1642?

In the North of England loyalties were divided. 3. PORTS Many wealthy Catholic and Anglican gentry supported the King whilst towns such as Hull, a) Ports were useful to bring men, arms and Manchester, and Bolton and the textile towns armour from the continent. of Keighley, Bradford, Halifax, Colne and b) The ports on the East Coast of Yorkshire, Clitheroe stood for Parliament. In Yorkshire Hull and Beverley, were especially useful initially Henry Clifford commanded the for transporting coal and other goods Royalist armies, but by December 1642 the from Newcastle. Marquis of Newcastle led the King’s army. Lord 4. CASTLES Ferdinando Fairfax and his son Sir Thomas Fairfax led the Parliamentarian armies. a) Castles were useful in defending an important road or area. Skipton Castle 1. THE GENTRY commanded the valley passes across the a) Rich gentlemen could provide their own Pennines to Lancashire. Sheffield Castle arms and armour.They may even have had commanded the passes over the moors some in their homes. into Derbyshire. b) Gentlemen would have the money to raise b) Castles often had supplies of arms and arms and armour from their estates, and to armour and a garrison of men willing pay soldiers. to fight.

2. LARGE TOWNS AND CITIES 5. IRON WORKS a) Larger towns and cities like York often had Sheffield’s ironworks provided a ready source their own town armoury where they kept a for arms and armaments.The Sheffield few old pieces of armour. cutlers could make arms and armour. b) Often rich cloth merchants could be persuaded to loan money to the side occupying their town. Cloth towns could be very valuable. Soldiers would need clothes and shoes to wear, so controlling a cloth town would be an advantage.

67 Who has the advantage in 1642?

Look at your decisions on the map ‘From Peace to War’. Count the numbers of different types of supporters on the map for King and Parliament and fill in the grid. Number Which Side has the supporting…. most support? (Cross out the one that is not right) Type of Supporter Parliament Charles Gentry Charles/Parliament Large Towns and Cities Charles/Parliament Ports Charles/Parliament Castles Charles/Parliament Iron Works Charles/Parliament

Now read the sheet Who has the advantage? Who do you think has the advantage in Yorkshire in 1642?

I think that the Royalists/Parliamentarians have the advantage because…..

68 How were troops raised to fight?

In 1642 armies were raised in two different ways.

1. RECRUITING OFFICERS In 1642 Charles I issued Commissions of Array to men he wanted to lead his armies. He appointed the Earl of Arundel as the Commander-in-Chief of his armies, and the Earls of Holland and Newport because they were friends of his wife, who had just had a baby.These colonels recruited, armed and paid their own men. Charles I picked the Marquis of Newcastle to defend the Northern counties, as he knew that he would be able to raise troops. Parliament had issued the Militia Ordnance in March 1642 giving them powers to raise an army as well and they were also issuing orders to recruit leaders. Parliament chose the During the Scottish Wars in 1639, one future Parliamentarian Earls of Essex and Manchester initially to lead leader, Sir Thomas Fairfax, had raised a troop of horse from his their armies. family estates, called the Yorkshire Redcaps. 2. RECRUITING RANK AND FILE Some men volunteered to fight in the wars. By 25 July the Royalist army in the North recruited 3,000 footsoldiers and 2,000 cavalry. But the Parliamentarians had recruited more men. Unemployment meant that many cloth workers in towns such as Halifax volunteered for Parliament.The war was not expected to last long, and the wages were better than working in the fields as a farm hand. Other men were forced to fight by the people in their town.The county authorities and village constables drafted the men.The first to be conscripted were the unemployed, beggar and thieves. Parliament exempted clergy, students, sons of esquires and those that earned more than £5 in goods or £3 in land per year.

An illustration from De Gheyn’s Wappenhandlung, about 1600, showing a pikeman. 69 The Local Armouries?

Most rich gentlemen had their own supply of arms and armour, but not all of it would have been very new or in prime condition. Little evidence remains from the time, but at In the Hall the end of the Civil Wars, the arms and armour ‘Seaven Case of Pistols with Holsters, one paire used in the wars were displayed in the halls of of holsters, one paire of Holsters without pistoll, great houses.This was partly as a memorial to Tenn Musquets, one sword, two holbords, two the men who had fought in the regiments batteringe axe, fower drums, five suites of armour raised by their landlords, and partly as a and the horse colers.’ fashionable style of decoration.

In the Store Look at the sheets on arming soldiers. ‘Eight Swords and one carbine’ 1.What sorts of soldier would Sir Thomas Inventory of Sir Thomas Wentworth of Wentworth be able to arm? Bretton, near Wakefield, in 1675

The Littlecote Wall display in the Royal Armouries at Leeds is a reconstruction of part 2. How many soldiers could he equip? of the Great Hall at Littlecote House near Hungerford, Berkshire, owned by Colonel Alexander Popham. Popham raised men from his estate and the surrounding country, and equipped a troop of cavalrymen to fight for Parliament in the English Civil Wars. In total there are 37 buff coats in the Littlecote collection, 34 are of the same type, with flared skirts, and double sleeves.There are also 33 pieces of harquebusier armour. Most of the collection represents munition armour of the Commonwealth period, which was ‘mass produced’ and of a poorer quality than the ‘tailor-made’ armour of the rich.

Look carefully at the picture of the Littlecote Armoury. What sorts of soldiers would this set of armour equip?

The Great Hall of Littlecote House, Berkshire, originally belonging to the Popham family.

70 Arming Soldiers

Armour could be very expensive. See if you can work out the costs of arming a soldier.

INVENTORY OF HENRY KEENE,LONDON ARMOURER, 1662 VALUE ITEM Pounds Shillings Pence 4 old pistols and a carbine 8 4 old swords 5 7 head pieces for footmen 17 8 8 pikes 24 29 horsemen’s breasts 4 16 8 One horseman’s armour white and light 18

1. If 8 pikes cost 24 shillings, how much would one pike cost? Did you know... Ther e were 12 old 2.Work out a rough price for one horseman’s breastplate. pennies in a shilling, 12d. = 1s. 3. Is the footsoldier’s or horseman’s armour the more expensive? There were 20 shillings in a pound, 20s. = £1

The infantry raised by Parliament did not usually have buff coats. (Except those raised in London). Regiments of foot ideally had 1,000 soldiers divided into 10 companies. Each of these pikemen and musketeers would need to be armed. These arms, below, were distributed to Colonel Belassis, Royalist leader in Leeds, in May 1643 by the Royalist Ordnance.

Musketts Bandoleres Pikes 1.Count up the number of pikes, muskets and Colonel Belassis 30 30 70 bandoliers that Colonel To his own company 6 6 10 Belassis needed for To his Lieutenant Colonel 3 3 4 his regiment. To his Sergeant Major 3 3 9 2.Write the numbers in the To Captain Godfrey 3 3 9 TOTAL section of To Captain Woolverston 2 2 6 the table. To Captain Udal 3 3 9 3.How much money would To Captain Baynes 3 3 2 be spent on the pikes for the regiment? To Captain Pollack 3 3 7 4.Do you think that it To Captain Booth 3 3 9 would be possible for local To Captain Hilliard 2 2 7 gentlemen to equip a full TOTAL army?

71 Paying the Troops

Pay for soldiers varied from regiment to regiment and according to the number of men an officer controlled. It also depended on how much money the gentleman in charge had. Look at the table below.

TWO AND A HALF DAYS PAY FOR LORD FAIRFAX’S REGIMENT ON 11 MAY 1645. RANK Pay per day Pay for 21/2 days Pounds Shillings Pence Major 54s. A Captain of the Horse 39s. 4 17 6 Lieutenant of the Horse 18s. 2 5 0 Cornet of the Horse 13s.6d. 1 13 9 Quartermaster 9s. 1 2 6 Trumpet 3s. 7 6 Corporal of the Horse 3s. 7 6

How much money do you think the Major would be paid in shillings after 21/2 days? ____ shillings There were 20 shillings in a pound. Try and work out how much a Major would get for 21/2 days pay in pounds and shillings. ____ pounds ____ shillings

Pikemen in Oxford earned from 4 shillings to 6 shillings a week, which was the same as an agricultural labourer. Musketeers earned the same. To risk your life for the same wage that could be had for staying home and working on the local farms did not encourage some people to fight.

Do you think that local gentlemen could afford to pay the wages of the soldiers they employed?

How do you think the King and Parliament found the money to pay the soldiers?

72 The Search for Arms

THE HULL ARSENAL THE SIEGE OF HULL From the moment Charles left London, in Although the arms and armour had been January 1642 both sides tried to equip moved Charles still needed an East Coast port themselves for the forthcoming fight. where Royalist arms and armour from Europe The King had two armouries where he stored could be safely landed. In July 1642 he tried to his arms and armour; the Tower of London and take Hull again. Hull. In 1642 the magazine at the Tower of On 5 July the King advanced on Hull with a London was nearly empty. In November 1641, small force of about 1,000 men. However, Charles I had used nearly all the supplies to Hotham had cut the dykes and flooded the equip the 12,000 soldiers he sent to Ireland to surrounding countryside making an attack on crush the rebellion. the town difficult. In January 1642, the magazine at Hull held The King therefore turned back to Beverley, sufficient arms and armour for 16,000 men. leaving his troops to throw up embankments Both the King and Parliament needed to gain and dig entrenchments, preparing for a long control of the supplies at Hull. siege. On 16 July Hotham’s troops sallied out of the town and burnt the houses outside the HULL TAKES SIDES gates of Hull, which might have given On 11 January both the King and Parliament protection to the attacking forces. had appointed their own governors for Hull. Although Hotham eventually changed his If Hull had declared for the King, Charles allegiance to the King, Hull itself never fell to might have been able to use the arms and the Royalists. armour to quickly subdue Parliament. But two days later Hull refused to accept NEWCASTLE’S ATTEMPT TO TAKE HULL Charles’ candidate, and Parliament’s man, Sir On 2 September 1643 the Royalists attempted John Hotham, took control. He was already a to take Hull again.The Earl of Newcastle seized commander of the local militia, and he took the offensive and began to besiege Hull. 300-400 soldiers with him into Hull. Lord Ferdinando Fairfax, the Parliamentarian Charles arrived in Yorkshire on 18 March and leader, had cut the riverbanks and a large part immediately started to try to gain access to of the low ground was flooded, so many Hull by trickery. He sent his son Prince James Royalist earthworks were knee deep in mud. with an entourage on a goodwill visit to Hull The besieged garrison in Hull had command of and then sent word that he would join the the river, and was able to keep communication prince later.When Charles and his escort lines open with Parliamentarian strongholds in arrived on 23 April Sir John refused to open Lincolnshire.The Hull garrison finally defeated the gates of Hull to the King. Charles then the siege on 11 September.They sallied out and declared Sir John a traitor. On 30 May captured the Royalist guns and turned them Parliament moved the arms by sea to the safer against the Royalists to break the siege. location of the Tower of London. Why was Hull such a difficult town to take? Why was it so important for Charles I to gain control of the arms and armour in Hull? How did this action mean that war was more likely between King and Parliament?

73 Henrietta Maria - Generalissima?

The estimated strength of the Royalist army in Yorkshire on 25 July 1642 was less than 3,000 infantry and about 2,000 cavalry. This was poor compared to the strength of the Parliamentarian armies. In March 1642, Charles had sent his wife Henrietta Maria to the Netherlands with some of the royal jewels to sell to get money to raise and equip an army. In August 1642 a Danish ship brought much- needed arms and armour to the King, including 1,000 pikes.At the same time Queen Henrietta Maria, in Holland, sent £500 pounds in gold. This enabled Charles to equip and pay his northern armies.

HENRIETTA MARIA BRINGS SUPPLIES TO THE KING Read these accounts of Henrietta Maria’s war efforts as reported by a Venetian Ambassador. 10 December 1642 ‘The Queen has hired 700 ships with military provisions for the King.’ 17 October 1642 ‘Another ship sent by the Queen from Holland to His Majesty with munitions, arms and 140 officers for the army has put in at Yarmouth, being unable to keep at sea any longer or proceed to Newcastle. Henrietta Maria There it was seized by the partisans of 13 March 1643 ‘…It is now six days since the Parliament and the leaders arrested. Queen arrived at Bridlington, a small village on They were brought prisoners to the Tower.’ the coast only 16 miles from York. She landed 25 February 1643 ‘The Queen of England there not only because it is so near York but went to Scheveningen the day before also to evade 16 Parliamentarian ships which yesterday….A ship brought to her to take were waiting for her off Newcastle. She military provisions for 6,000 soldiers is held up brought with her 1,000 soldiers with 300 at the mouth of the Meuse by two ships of war officers and they say she also brings £80,000 of the Parliament who have ventured into these and 20,000 suits of armour. She is now staying waters and threaten to sink it if it moves.This at a gentleman’s house only two miles from has delayed Her Majesty’s departure….The York,waiting for safe opportunity to proceed Parliamentarians want to delay the Queen’s … to Oxford…. Her arrival does not leave the departure to give them time to prepare a fleet Parliamentarians without some apprehension.’ and surprise her on her way.’

74 Henrietta Maria - Generalissima? Task Sheet

Read the information on the sheet Henrietta Maria - Generalissima? Then answer these questions. (Generalissima means She-General).

1.Why do you think that some people called Henrietta Maria a General?

2. Do you think this would have upset some of the Royalist leaders?

3.Which ports did Charles I still control?

4.Why did Henrietta Maria land at Bridlington?

5. How important do you think Henrietta Maria was in making sure Charles had enough men and weaponry to fight the war?

75 All Quiet on the Northern Front?

Thinking the North of England was secured, Charles marched south. On 22 August 1642 he raised his standard at Nottingham.This was the official declaration of war by the King. Anyone who raised their standard against the King would be guilty of treason. After this both sides began to raise armies in earnest. Even though war had been officially declared, in Yorkshire men were not particularly eager to fight. On 20 September Henry Clifford, Earl of Cumberland and Lord Fairfax signed an agreement at Rothwell near Leeds, for a ‘suspension of activities, the men of this shire being adverse to such strife’. For about six weeks the county remained quiet and there was talk of neutrality. However,Yorkshire was soon at war.

KEY Parliamentarian Sir Francis Wortley was born in 1591 the son supporters of Sir Richard Wortley of Wortley, Derbyshire. He led a group of men to take Bakewell House Royalist in Warwickshire in October 1643.A Mr supporters Rellisone tried to use his bow and arrow to Newcastle prevent the house being pillaged, but was killed by Wortley’s men.Wortley was taken prisoner at York Walton House on 3 June 1644 and was sent to Hull the Tower of London as a prisoner where he was kept for five years. Chester WAR OR PEACE? Nottingham Shrewsbury On 3 May, the first action of war happened in York. Northampton Worcester Sir Francis Wortley drew his sword and swore to Powick Bridge Edgehill maintain the King against Parliament. Gloucester Oxford London He began to raise 200 horse for Royalist service. Turnham Green Not all Yorkshiremen were as eager for war as Bristol Sir Francis Wortley. Portsmouth Exeter Although Charles ordered all able-bodied men Plymouth to assemble at Doncaster on 20 August, men were slow to gather for war. Map of England in 1642

76

Berwick Berwick

Newcastle Newcastle Carlisle Carlisle 1642 - TheMarston King Rides to Victory? MarstonMoor Moor Hull York Hull York THE BATTLE OF EDGEHILL 3. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE BATTLE OCTOBER 1642 OF EDGEHILL

Newark On 23 October 1642Newarkthe first major but What do you think would have happened if indecisiShrewsburyve battle took place at Edgehill, in the Charles I had won the battle of Edgehill? Shrewsbury Midlands.The RoyalistCropredy cavalryBridge defeated the a) No one would have joined Parliament’s side SUPPLIES Cropredy Bridge Cambridge SUPPLIES Parliamentarian cavalry but the infantryCambridge fight and the war would have been over. was a stalemate allowing the Parliamentarian Gloucester b) Charles I would have gone hawking and Gloucester Oxford army to retreat.ThisOxford left the road to London hunting in Yorkshire. wide open for the King. He wasLondon checked by Londoners who joinedNewbury the ParliamentarianLondon c) People would have thought that Parliament NewburyCheriton had a real chance to defeat the King and army at Turnham GreenCheriton andPortsmouth had to retreat to Oxford where he set up hisPortsmouth winter base. would have supported them. Why do you think some historians have called the Lostwithiel 1. THE IMPORTANCEARMS & SUPPLIES OF THE NORTH ARMS & SUPPLIES Battle of Edgehill the real start of the Civil Wars? Lostwithiel OF ENGLAND. ARMS & SUPPLIES KEY ARMS &The SUPPLIES support of the North of England was Parliamentarian Parliamentarian important to Charles for many different movement supporters reasons. Royalist Royalist Which do you think is the most important reason? movement supporters a) To stop the Scots from moving South to join with the Parliamentarians against Map of Campaigns the King. in 1642 b) To keep coal from Newcastle moving to the ARMS iron forges to make arms and armour. Newcastle c) To keep the East Coast ports open to bring in arms and armour from the continent.

d) To provide men and generals to fight York Hull against Parliament. SUPPLIES 2. CHARLES’AIM 1642 Chester Why do you think the King marched south from Nottingham Shrewsbury Nottingham in 1642?

a) To find a nice quiet place to have a picnic Northampton with his army. Worcester Powick Bridge Edgehill Gloucester b) To retake the Capital, London, and bring a Oxford swift end to the Civil Wars. Bristol London c) To take revenge on the Parliamentarians for Turnham Green daring to try to raise arms against the King. Portsmouth d) Because he felt sure that the North of Exeter Plymouth SUPPLIES England was loyal to him. ARMS

ARMS 77 The Beginnings of the War in Yorkshire 1642

GUISBOROUGH

RICHMOND NORTH YORK BOLTON MOORS PICKERING MIDDLEHAM SCARBOROUGH

HELMSLEY

RIPON BRIDLINGTON YORKSHIRE CRAYKE DALES

YORK KNARESBOROUGH 1 SKIPTON 5

TADCASTER BEVERLEY 7 3 BRADFORD LEEDS CAWOOD CLITHEROE 6 HULL SHERBURN WRESSLE HALIFAX SELBY 4

WAKEFIELD PONTEFRACT SANDAL 2 HUDDERSFIELD

1. Autumn 1642: Sir Thomas Fairfax was 5. On 6 December the Royalists attacked attacked at Wetherby, by 800 Royalists, Tadcaster, the Parliamentarian field ROTHERHAM headquarters.They succeeded in occupying just as he had mounted his horse withSHEFFIELD the intention of riding to Tadcaster to see his part of the town, but were driven back., after father.With only two sergeants and two fighting from 10am to 4pm, when lack of pikemen he faced the enemy, until the rest ammunition powder finally stopped them. of his army joined him to rout the There were at least two hundred casualties. Royalists successfully. 6. On 10 December Sir Thomas Fairfax 2. Autumn 1642: Pontefract was taken by surprised a group of Royalists feasting at the Royalists. Sherburn near Leeds and routed them. 3. On 4 October Hotham’s Parliamentarian 7. On 18 December 1642 Newcastle attacked troops marched from Hull to attack Cawood Bradford.The men of Halifax, however, Castle.The garrison deserted as Hotham’s came to the aid of Bradford and the troops approached and few shots were fired. Royalists fled. Fairfax made his way to When the Royalists attempted to recover Bradford a few days later with a small force Cawood, they were so alarmed by the sight and took command of the local levies. of a windmill and stocks of beans that they fled. 4. On 3 December 1642 Fairfax was driven from York and he withdrew to Selby, under cover of darkness.This left the road to Pontefract open to the Royalists.

78 The Beginnings of the War in Yorkshire Task Sheet

When he marched south to London, Charles I ordered the Earl of Newcastle to raise an army from the northern counties to defend York. In November 1642, Newcastle began marching south to Yorkshire. On 1 December, Newcastle, with 8,000 men, crossed the Tees at Piercebridge and defeated the Parliamentarian army with Royalist artillery. Look at the map the ‘Beginnings of the War in Yorkshire, 1642’.Then answer these questions.

1. How would you describe the war in 2. What was the turning point of the war Yorkshire in 1642? in Yorkshire in 1642? a) Both sides were trying to outwit each a) The Earl of Newcastle arriving in other and gain an advantage. Yorkshire with new troops. b) Parliament was trying to keep lines of b) Fairfax’s attack at Sherburn. communication open between the towns. c) Hotham’s attack on Cawood Castle. c) The Royalists were trying to crush Parliament.

1. How would you describe the war in Yorkshire in 1642?

2. What was the turning point of the war in Yorkshire in 1642?

79 Parliament on the Run?

During 1643, the most successful Royalist army On 23 January 1643 Sir Thomas Fairfax took Leeds. was that of the Earl of Newcastle in Yorkshire. 500 Royalist soldiers were taken prisoner along with 2 In early 1643 the Parliamentarians led by Sir cannon, 14 barrels of gun powder and 400 muskets. Thomas Fairfax and his father Ferdinando were On 29 March 1643, Fairfax occupied Tadcaster.On under pressure at their headquarters in Selby. his retreat he was attacked by Royalists and completely routed with heavy losses. Sir Thomas escaped and They asked Sir John Hotham at Hull for help joined his father at Leeds.The Parliamentarians held against the Royalists but he refused. Leeds, Bradford and Halifax. Fairfax then decided to try to move his troops In April 1643, the Royalists took Rotherham by to the safer and friendlier base of the cloth storm and plundered the town. 1,400 arms and £5,000 town of Leeds. were taken. After taking Rotherham the Royalists proceeded to Sheffield where the Parliamentarians fled without battle. Sheffield’s ironworks were now the King’s and he started to cast cannon for his army. Sir John Hotham had been disillusioned On 21 May 1643, Fairfax attacked Wakefield. 1,400 with Charles I’s attempts to gather Ship Royalists were taken prisoner and a great store of Money and had disliked the way that troops ammunition captured. But Wakefield had to be were billeted in Yorkshire during the abandoned almost at once, as Fairfax could not leave Bishops Wars.When Charles I insulted him troops behind to hold it. by not appointing him as the governor of 29 June 1643, Battle of Adwalton Moor. Hull he decided to accept the The Parliamentarians were defeated by the Earl of Parliamentarian appointment. He even Newcastle near Bradford. On 30 June Sir Thomas refused Charles entry to Hull in April 1642. Fairfax arrived in Bradford, but fearing that he would be isolated by the Royalists, he left 2 hours after his However, when Parliament appointed arrival.After fighting his way out of Bradford, Sir Lord Fairfax and his son as the Thomas headed for Leeds where he met up with his Parliamentary commanders of the northern father, Ferdinando Fairfax.Abandoning Leeds, the Parliamentarian armies headed for Hull. armies instead of Hotham he felt slighted. He refused to aid the Fairfax's in 1643 and The Siege of Hull On 2 September Newcastle seized the offensive again by June had decided to support the King and besieged Hull. Hull had command of the river and attempted to hand Hull over to the Humber and was able to keep communication lines King.The citizens of Hull disagreed with open with Parliamentarian strongholds in Lincolnshire. him and he and his father were arrested Sir Thomas Fairfax escaped by boat from Hull to and imprisoned. Lincolnshire, and the Hull Parliamentarian garrison finally defeated the Royalist siege on 11 September. They were executed in January 1645 on Tower Hill in London. After this Royalist defeat the county was at peace for 3 months while both sides considered their strategies.

NEWCASTLE AND HENRIETTA MARIA The Royalist commander, Newcastle, was hampered by the arrival of Henrietta Maria in February 1643. She landed at Bridlington and he had to give her safe passage from the coast to York,and then ensure her safety until she left to meet Charles I. Whilst Henrietta Maria was in Yorkshire she did her best to try to gain more support for the King. On 4 June 1643, the Queen finally left York and arrived at Newark on 16 June, taking with her 5,000 men, 6 cannon and 2 mortars.This severely weakened Newcastle’s Royalist forces in the North.

80 Parliament on the Run?

Read the sheet Parliament on the Run? Decide whether these battles were Parliamentarian or Royalist victories.

23 January Battle of Leeds I think that this was a Parliamentarian/Royalist victory because…

29 March Battle of Tadcaster I think that this was a Parliamentarian/Royalist victory because…

April Battles of Rotherham and Sheffield I think that these were Parliamentarian/Royalist victories because...

21 May Battle of Wakefield I think that this was a Parliamentarian/Royalist victory because…

29 June Battle of Adwalton Moor I think that this was a Parliamentarian/Royalist victory because…

2 September Siege of Hull I think that this was a Parliamentarian/Royalist victory because…

1. By September 1643 who do you think was winning the Civil Wars in Yorkshire? 2. Which battle was the most important in deciding who was winning by the end of 1643? 3. What sorts of problems did the Royalists and Parliamentarians have?

81 The Siege of Bradford, 1642

Many people wrote their own accounts of the sieges and battles of the Civil Wars. Read this Read the source again and try to answer account of the Siege of Bradford in December these questions 1642 by Captain John Hodgson of Coalley Hall 1.Where did the townspeople of Bradford go near Halifax. for safety? FROM THE MEMOIRS OF CAPTAIN JOHN HODGSON OF COALLEY HALL, NEAR HALIFAX ‘Sir William Savile, this Lord of Halifax’s father, draws up an army of horse and foot, with two 2. How did the people of Halifax know that great guns, on a Sabbath-day, in the morning, Bradford was being besieged? against Bradford Church, the towns peoples that had arms having fled into it to secure themselves. Several neighbours came into Halifax vicarage to the chapels, to crave the assistance of such as were able and willing, that 3. How were the people of Halifax encouraged they would afford their help to rescue their to go and help Bradford? poor besieged neighbours who were threatened with nothing but destruction, viz.- burning, disarming, imprisoning, killing and whatnot. A good man, one Isaac Baume, comes in hasty to Coalley chapel and there aquaints one minister, one Mr. Lathom, what their 4. How did the footsoldiers from Halifax defeat condition was at Bradford; and he enlargeth the Royalist cavalry at Bradford? upon it to the congregation, with a great deal of tenderness and affection, so that many of us did put our hands to the plough with much resolution, being well appointed with necessary weapons; and coming to Bradford Kirk, found the enemy ready to make an attempt upon 5. How important was the church as a way of them in the Kirk. But we gave them no time: telling people what was happening? but a party of club men, or such as had scythes layed in poles, fell upon their horse at one side, and the musketeers on the houses, that were ready to storm the church, on the other side, and so beat them off; took most of them 6.What sort of weapons did people have? prisoners that were not got into the houses, and had taken their guns, but that we wanted a scattering of horse.We had a sore brush with them and made an honourable retreat, after a hazardous pursuit.’

82 The Siege of Bradford, 1643

Many people wrote their own accounts of the sieges and battles of the Civil Wars. Read this Read the source again and try to answer these account of the Siege of Bradford in June 1643 questions by Captain John Hodgson of Coalley Hall 1.Why did the Parliamentarians feel that they near Halifax. could not defend the town of Bradford? FROM THE MEMOIRS OF CAPTAIN JOHN HODGSON OF COALLEY HALL, NEAR HALIFAX

On the Parliamentarian retreat from 2.What happened to Captain Hodgson? Bradford in June 1643 Captain Hodgson says the following: ‘In 1643 Sir Thomas [Fairfax] came to us from Halifax and got into the town [Bradford].We soon grew at a great loss for 3.Why do you think that the Royalists took want of provisions and ammunition to secure their prisoners with them to Leeds? the place; and after some time, we were forced to overrun it. Some got clear away to Lancashire; others of the horse broke out, and got to Hull; many were taken prisoners; myself I was stripped into my shirt, and 4. Some of the Parliamentarians captured by driven among the rest. After they had kept us the Royalists at Bradford changed sides after two or three days they had us to Leeds, and they were captured.Which sentence tells us that there many took up arms; they were going to this happened? besiege Hull, and a small while stayed there. Most of the prisoners were released: some on one account, some on another. I made it my work to get to Lancashire, to Rochdale, and there I fell sick of a fever; after recovery I was sent for to Thornhill in Craven, where we 5. Does Captain Hodgson’s account tell us gathered together three or four companies of whether Parliament was winning or losing the such as had fled away, and got out of prisons; Civil War in Yorkshire? and in a little time to Sir Thomas Fairfax, who left Hull with his horse and dragoons, betakes himself to Lincolnshire.’

6.Which side was Captain Hodgson on?

83 The Battle of Leeds, January 1643

INITIAL ROYALIST SUPPORT IN LEEDS PARLIAMENTARIANS CAPTURE LEEDS Theoretically the Royalists had the support of So on 23 January 1643 the Parliamentarian most people of seventeenth-century Leeds. army, enlarged by men from Halifax and The King had recently granted Leeds a charter, Bradford stormed in and swiftly captured and most influential men in Leeds felt obliged Leeds. Fairfax approached the town through a to the Royalists. Moreover, the town’s howling blizzard and after 2 hours fighting inhabitants were desperate for peace so that from 2-4pm, he gained the town and routed they could continue in their prosperous textile the Royalists.The defenders escaped by businesses.The majority recognised the Royalist swimming the river, but unfortunately some side as the stronger and thus the town naturally drowned in the attempt.About 500 Royalist gave preferential allegiance to the Royalists in soldiers were taken prisoner along with 2 order to prevent disruption in their lives. cannon, 14 barrels of powder and 400 muskets. Lord Fairfax refused to allow his suffering As a result the Fairfaxes gained a large quantity Parliamentarian soldiers free quarters on local of ammunition.The Royalists also evacuated Yorkshire land in December of 1642. Fairfax’s Wakefield and Newcastle retired from fear of upsetting local sympathies reveals the Pontefract to York. fragile position of the Parliamentarian side. THE ROYALISTS SEEK REVENGE

THE ROYALISTS TAKE HOLD However within a matter of weeks, the Queen and court were plotting to recapture Leeds – From mid-October 1642 the atmosphere in so important had this city become.After several Leeds grew more charged. Skirmishes erupted skirmishes and strategic manoeuvres the as both sides sought to claim a more secure Royalists forced the Parliamentarians to flee to hold of the town.This was eventually won by Hull after their defeat at Adwalton in the Sir William Savile’s Royalist troops in summer of 1643. December of 1642.The importance of maintaining Leeds is shown by Savile’s BACK INTO THE HANDS OF THE investment in digging trenches around the PARLIAMENTARIANS town. However this Royalist hold on Leeds In January 1644 the Parliamentary forces, quickly took its toll on the residents. For, heavily supported by the arrival of the Scots according to Thomas Fairfax the Royalists again threatened Leeds.Thomas Fairfax’s army stopped ‘all trade and provisions …that the people took the city once and for all on the 7 April are not able to subsist’.Their suffering was 1644.After the battle of Marston Moor the deemed so pitiful that Fairfax appealed for his Parliamentarians quickly dominated the whole father’s financial support in his quest to rid of Yorkshire. Leeds of ‘this popish army of the North’.

84 Step One Preparing for Battle

Parliamentarians: Sir William Fairfax attempts to camp overnight on the boggy Woodhouse Moor with approximately: 1,000 Clubmen WOODHOUSE 300-700 Musketeers MOOR 400 Horse (6 troops) WADE 300 Dragoons (3 companies) HALL (+ Capt. Hotham’s reinforcements).

Sir Thomas Fairfax sent 2 men to Savile (the Royalist leader) to suggest the peaceful handing over of the town. Savile replied that the Parliamentarians ST JOHN'S ‘should get nothing but by fight’. CHURCH

UPPER HEADROW HEADROW RED HALL

Royalists under Sir William Savile prepare behind their £500 defences of: BRIGGATE Long trench Demi-Culverin cannons Breastwork defences with approximately: 1,500 men (including 400 Musketeers, 280 Horse, ST PETER'S 210 Dragoons) CHURCH

KEY AIRE RIVER Long trench Parliamentarians: Captain Henry LEEDS HUNSLET LANE Mildmay camps overnight on BRIDGE Hunslet Moor with approximately: Demi-culverin 1,000 Clubmen cannons 300 Musketeers 1000 Dragoons Breastwork defences

Parliamentarian movement

Royalist HUNSLET movement MOOR

85 Step Two The First Attack

WOODHOUSE MOOR William Fairfax and T. Norcliffe, covered by a screen of cavalry, WADE lead the remainder of the men to assault the trench near Sir T. Fairfax, Capt. J. Hodgson HALL St. John's Church. and Sergeant Major Forbes lead 500 men and 100 dismounted dragoons down towards the trench by the bridge.

ST JOHN'S CHURCH

UPPER HEADROW HEADROW RED HALL

BRIGGATE

ST PETER'S CHURCH

2pm Royalist musketeers fire at Forbes’ men but aim too high. The two sides are stalemated for an hour whilst Forbes’ men shelter behind a hill.

KEY AIRE RIVER Long trench Mildmay’s troops march up Hunslet Lane LEEDS HUNSLET LANE and dislodge the Royalists from their BRIDGE breastworks, forcing them back over Demi-culverin the bridge. cannons

Breastwork defences

Parliamentarian movement

Royalist HUNSLET movement MOOR

86 Step Three A Parliamentarian Breakthrough

WOODHOUSE MOOR WADE HALL 1. William Fairfax and T. Norcliffe, fight an entrance into the trench by the church.

ST JOHN'S CHURCH

RED HALL

3. Forbes pressed forward when he heard from Mildmay that the Royalists’ BRIGGATE trench had been abandoned.Whilst singing Psalm 68 Forbes uses his comrades’ shoulders to climb into the trench, leading the way for his men. ST PETER'S CHURCH

KEY AIRE RIVER Long trench 2. A small number of Mildmay’s troops moved down to the south bank of the river. From here Demi-culverin they fired into the trenches on the cannons opposite bank.The Royalists suffered heavily from this surprise Breastwork attack.Their defeat released defences Forbes’ stalemate. Meanwhile the Royalists’ cannon had been moved Parliamentarian onto the Leeds bridge, yet it was movement unable to prevent the Parliamentarian troops from HUNSLET Royalist storming across the bridge. movement MOOR

87 Step Four A Royalist Rout

WOODHOUSE MOOR WADE HALL 4pm William Fairfax’s forces clear the trench and chase the Royalists into Briggate

ST JOHN'S CHURCH

RED HALL

BRIGGATE

ST PETER'S CHURCH Under pressure from Mildmay’s troops the Royalists swiftly abandoned their inner trench and joined with the rest of their comrades in fleeing up Briggate

KEY AIRE RIVER Long trench

Demi-culverin cannons

Breastwork defences

Parliamentarian movement

Royalist HUNSLET movement MOOR

88 Step Five Parliamentarian Victory

WOODHOUSE MOOR WADE HALL

The Parliamentarians ST JOHN'S meet in the centre of CHURCH Briggate and capture the Royalist cannon. Savile fails in his attempt to motivate his men to RED fight for the town. HALL

ST PETER'S CHURCH

KEY AIRE RIVER Long trench Savile and other Royalist commanders flee. Finding the Leeds Bridge blocked by Demi-culverin Parliamentarians, they cut a path cannons by St Peter’s Church and force their horses to swim the river. Breastwork Several drowned but the defences survivors flee to Methley. Parliamentarian movement

Royalist HUNSLET movement MOOR

89

The Battle of Leeds - Task Sheet

Read the sheet The Battle of Leeds and study the battle plans. 1. Why was the Battle of Leeds fought?

2. How important was the Battle of Leeds in the fight for Yorkshire?

3. Were the Royalists well prepared for the attack?

4. What do you think the Parliamentarian’s plan of battle was?

5. Who had the most men, Parliamentarians or Royalists?

6. Why do you think the Parliamentarians headed for the Church at the top of the town?

7. Why do you think that the Royalists were not able to hold the town?

90 Leeds Parish Registers - Record Sheet

1. Look at the sheets Extracts from Leeds Parish Registers. 2. Fill in this table ABCD Year Month Number of Number of other Total of people Percentage of soldiers buried people buried buried soldiers buried (A+B) in Leeds (A/Cx100) 1642 December 1643 January 1643 February 1643 March 1643 April 1643 May 1643 June 1643 July 1643 August 1643 September 1643 October 1643 November 1643 December 1644 January 1644 February 1644 March 1644 April 1644 May 1644 June 1644 July 1644 August 1644 September 1644 October 1644 November 1644 December 1645 March 1645 May

3. Are the burials recorded in Leeds Parish registers a full record of everyone who died there in these years? 4. How do you think the unrecorded people died?

91 Extracts from Leeds Parish Registers Edited by George Denison Lund, 1897, Thoresby Society.

BURIALS Date Month Year Person 9 December 1642 James-----, servant to Robert Slingsby of Medow lanie 21 December 1642 Captain Binns, of Horbery, slaine at Bradford 30 December 1642 Adam Comstone, a soldier, slaine in the Parke laine. 5 January 1643 John Long, a soldier slain at Farnley 23 January 1643 This was the day when Leeds was taken by Sir Thomas Fairfax 24 January 1643 Eleven soldiers slayne, 10 unpaid for 25 January 1643 A soldier slayne 26 January 1643 Another soldier slayne 29 January 1643 A soldier slayne 31 January 1643 William Pullen, a souldier, slayne 31 January 1643 Xpo: ball, a souldier, slayne 4 February 1643 John Lawe, a lieutenant 16 February 1643 Thomas Bouser a soldier 15 March 1643 A souldier, died at Rich:Walker, of Bridg end 21 March 1643 William Jackson, a soldier 22 March 1643 William ripley of Ingleby in Cleveland, a souldier. 1 April 1643 Captain Boswel, slayne at Seacroft battell [fought] between the Duke of Newcastle and Fairfax. 2 April 1643 Jeremy Houldsworth, or Northawru, a soldier pd 4d. 3 April 1643 Thomas Clayton, of Darnton, a souldier 4 April 1643 Abraham Longbottom, of Halifax pish, a soldier 6 April 1643 Thomas Saunderson, a soldier 11 April 1643 A soldier for King and Parliament 11 April 1643 A Canoniere for King and parliament 12 April 1643 A Quarter maister general, slaine at Hunslit 13 April 1643 3 soldiers, one of them a gentleman slaine at Hunslit, ands the other 2 slaine in Robert Williamson's house. 14 April 1643 A soldier buried 15 April 1643 John Farham of watlass a soldier 16 April 1643 Thomas Metcalfe, a souldier 17 April 1643 A souldier 22 April 1643 A souldier 22 April 1643 Captain Askum, for King and parliament 23 April 1643 2 souldiers 1 May 1643 George Sweeten, a souldier 5 May 1643 2 souldiers 9 May 1643 Samuel Walker, of Burley Woodhead, in Otley Pish, a souldier 18 May 1643 A souldier 19 May 1643 James Wilson, of barkisland, a souldier

92 Extracts from Leeds Parish Registers - 2

BURIALS Date Month Year Person 19 May 1643 A souldier 22 May 1643 Thomas haman, of Brigait, slayne at Wakefield 22 May 1643 Ralph Thoresby, of kirkgait singelman 22 May 1643 John Robinson, a Quarter-Maister 24 May 1643 A souldier 24 May 1643 A souldier, for King and parliament 25 May 1643 A souldier that came from Wakefield 27 May 1643 A souldier 28 May 1643 A souldier 28 May 1643 A souldier 29 May 1643 Xpo:Tomson,a soldier under major gifford 31 May 1643 Timothy Wood, of pudsey, a souldier 1 June 1643 Leonard Atkinsin, of Vicar laine, execute 2 June 1643 John Cooke, a souldier 2 June 1643 John Wallis, a souldier under Major giffard 3 June 1643 A souldier for the king 6 June 1643 John Becke, a souldier for the king 6 June 1643 Thomas Wilson, a souldier 7 June 1643 A souldier buried in the old school yard 8 June 1643 A souldier from Mr. hemsworth taverne 8 June 1643 Robert baines, of Wakefield, a souldier 15 June 1643 William bamforth, captaine Coppledykes souldier 15 June 1643 Mr. Marmaduke Wivell, a souldier for the King 17 June 1643 John heywood, a souldier 17 June 1643 John Smith, a souldier 18 June 1643 Edward Goulding, a Lincolnshireman, a souldier 19 June 1643 Robert Robinson, a souldier under Captain Lascelles. 20 June 1643 Thomas Rawson of bentley, a souldier 20 June 1643 Captain Robinson of Rooksby 20 June 1643 Samuel Tomson,of Heam, a souldier 21 June 1643 Thomas Barker, a souldier for the King 27 June 1643 Abraham Crawshay, a souldier under Sir George Wentworth 27 June 1643 Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Slater, a souldier 28 June 1643 Charles Fletcher, of Friston, a souldier 1 July 1643 Danyell France, a souldier under Captain Thornton 7 July 1643 Tho: Holland, a souldier under Sir george wentworth 10 July 1643 A child of a souldier's 10 July 1643 captain John Pemberton of Asleby 10 July 1643 Thomas Glover of Bradford, a souldier 11 July 1643 John Kirkstillow of Swinton, a souldier 16 July 1643 William, a blackamore, a souldier under the earle of Newcastle

93 Extracts from Leeds Parish Registers - 3

BURIALS Date Month Year Person 19 July 1643 Phillipe Mitchel, a souldier, buried at beiston 19 July 1643 William, a Dutchman, general King's Trumpeter and gent: of his horse. 21 July 1643 Ralph Odling, a souldier, and Ralph his sonne 22 July 1643 John tennand, of Hunslit carre, a souldier 24 July 1643 captain dent of- 26 July 1643 John Wilkinson, a souldier under Sir Ingerham Hopton 27 July 1643 A souldier died 29 July 1643 Tho: Leake, a souldier under Sir William Witherington 30 July 1643 James Belshay, a souldier 3 August 1643 A souldier from Josias jenkinson of Milhill 12 August 1643 A souldier 12 August 1643 A souldier, a canoneere 29 August 1643 A child of a souldier's 15 September 1643 Humfrey Eckles, a souldier under Captain Dixon. 1 November 1643 An infant of a souldier, died at Armley 16 December 1643 Arthur Binns, of Almondbury, a souldier 21 January 1644 An infant of a souldier 23 February 1644 Thomas Matherson, a souldier slayne at Bradford 23 February 1644 William Willee, a leivtennant of lancowton 26 February 1644 A souldier, whose name wee know not 5 March 1644 A souldier 6 March 1644 A souldier of Captain Ramsden 6 March 1644 William Stirdy, a souldier 30 March 1644 A souldier for the king 31 March 1644 There was many buried at the Several chapels within this parish, whose names were not yet brought in, and therefore noo wonder though they bee not found, if they come hereafter to bee sought for in this booke. 2 April 1644 A souldier whose name we know not 13 April 1644 Thomas Mabson, a souldier under Leiftennant Colonel Mayson 13 April 1644 Thomas Horne, of Great Woodhouse, a souldier 2 May 1644 Captain John Askwith 18 May 1644 Andrew Aldridge, a souldier 3 June 1644 A souldier, died at Xpo: Pate's of Kirkgait 20 July 1644 Oliver Sands, of Fornace fells, a souldier 24 July 1644 A souldier 25 July 1644 Thomas Abstone, a souldier 27 July 1644 2 souldiers 28 July 1644 A souldier 29 July 1644 A souldier 31 July 1644 2 souldiers

94 Extracts from Leeds Parish Registers - 4

BURIALS Date Month Year Person 1 August 1644 2 souldiers 2 August 1644 A souldier 2 August 1644 A souldier out of Callaine, a surgeon 3 August 1644 2 souldiers 6 August 1644 A souldier 10 August 1644 A souldier 13 August 1644 2 souldiers and a child of a souldiers 14 August 1644 A souldier, a souldiers wife, and a souldiers child 15 August 1644 A souldier 17 August 1644 A souldier 20 August 1644 A souldier 21 August 1644 2 souldiers 26 August 1644 Francis Proctor, of Gargrave, a souldier 26 August 1644 A souldier 29 August 1644 A souldier 29 August 1644 A souldier 29 August 1644 Thomas Prat, of yeadon, a souldier 12 September 1644 A souldier 24 September 1644 John Brewerton, a souldier under Captain Scaife, slayne 27 September 1644 William sawley, of Bingley parrish, a souldier 19 October 1644 A souldier 20 October 1644 Captain Thomas Smith, of Thwayte in Bingley Parrish, buried at St Johns 7 March 1645 The wife of captain Saunders of Brigait 7 March 1645 A souldier, a grey coat under the marquesse of Newcastle. 11 March 1645 Alice the wife of John Musgrave of Vicar Laine.This woman was the first that was suspected to die of plague. 24 March 1645 A souldier for parliament 27 March 1645 John Hethering, a souldier 29 March 1645 Mr. Richard Sikes, of Brigaite, alderman 15 May 1645 A souldier July 1645 The church doors were shut up from 2 July 1645 until 5 April 1646 due to the Plague - 354 burials August 1645 357 burials September 1645 215 burials October 1645 132 burials November 1645 62 burials December 1645 7 burials

95

The Scots Alliance

In 1643 both sides were tired of the war. The Scots had remained neutral and both sides tried to get the allegiance of the Scots.

Charles I tried to keep the Scottish army from Parliament promised the Scots that they would fighting against him. change the Church of England to make it more like the Scottish church.

On 24 September 1643 the Solemn League of the Covenant was signed which brought Scotland into the War on the side of Parliament.The Scots army invaded England on 19 January 1644 making for the town of Newcastle.

The area around the River Tyne provided valuable On 25 January 1644 Thomas Fairfax defeated the troops and coal, which was shipped south to pay for Royalists at the battle of Nantwich, in Cheshire. the King’s supplies.Without these supplies for the Many Royalists changed sides and the Fairfax’s army Royalists from Newcastle the war in the south might grew in size. In February his army took many towns have already have been lost. So when the Scots on the East Coast including Bridlington, Driffield invaded, the Earl of Newcastle rushed North from and Stamford Bridge.They gained large quantities of Yorkshire, leaving only a small army to defend York. cannon from ships in the harbour ports.

The remaining Royalist forces in Yorkshire chose In March 1644 Parliament reoccupied Bradford and Leeds as their headquarters to dominate the West Tadcaster, causing heavy casualties to the Royalists. Riding, as this area was now returning to its Parliamentarian allegiance.

The Battle of Selby The Royalists moved their headquarters to Selby to try and stop the Parliamentarian forces in the West Riding and Hull joining with the Scots. Knowing the Scots were marching south, the Parliamentarians stormed Selby on 11 April, and destroyed the Royalists field army of 3,000 men.

The core of Royalist infantry had been destroyed, There was no Royalist army left in Yorkshire to stop which could only be replaced with great difficulty. the Parliamentarians marching on York,the great The local Royalist commander, Belassis, was killed Royalist capital of the North. and the Earl of Newcastle had no choice but to return to Yorkshire to defend York.

The Siege of York On the 18 April the Scots met Sir Thomas Fairfax at Wetherby and his father, Lord Fairfax, a few days later in Doncaster.The united Parliamentarian forces numbered 20,000 troops and greatly outnumbered the Royalist troops. Parliament was now strong enough to besiege Royalist York.From 22 April to 1 July Fairfax besieged Newcastle’s army in York.Without supplies the Royalists would have been quickly starved into submission and the North and the King’s fortunes and hopes for victory would have been lost.

96 The Scots Alliance - Task Sheet

Read the sheet ‘The Scots Alliance’ and look at the map The Northern Campaign 1644. Draw lines to match these events to the correct dates. (The first one has been completed for you!)

Dates Events 19 January 1644 • • The Battle of Nantwich 22 April 1644 • • The Scots met Fairfax’s army in Yorkshire 11 April 1644 • • The Solemn League of the Covenant February 1644 • • Parliament took the East Coast of Yorkshire March 1644 • • The Scots army invaded England 25 January 1644 • • Battles of Bradford and Tadcaster 24 September 1643 • • Battle of Selby January 1644 • • The beginning of the Siege of York 18 April 1644 • • Most of the Royalist army moves North

Look again at the list of events above, and read the flowchart on the Scots Alliance. What do you think is the most important turning point in the War in the North in 1644?

I think that the most important turning point in the War in the North is I think this is the most important because

What would happen if York was taken by the Parliamentarians?

What do you think would happen if Parliament failed to take York?

97 Berwick Berwick

Newcastle Newcastle Carlisle Carlisle Marston MMarstonoor Moor Hull York Hull York

Newark Newark Shrewsbury Shrewsbury Cropredy Bridge SUPPLIES Cropredy Bridge Cambridge SUPPLIES Cambridge

Gloucester Oxford Gloucester Oxford London Newbury London The Scots Alliance - 1644 NewburyCheriton CheritonPortsmouth Portsmouth

Lostwithiel ARMS & SUPPLIES Lostwithiel ARMS & SUPPLIES ARMS & SUPPLIES ARMS & SUPPLIES KEY Berwick Parliamentarian movement

Royalist movement

Parliamentarian Newcastle supporters Carlisle Royalist supporters Marston Moor Hull York

Newark

Shrewsbury Cropredy Bridge SUPPLIES Cambridge

Gloucester Oxford

London Newbury Cheriton Portsmouth

Lostwithiel ARMS & SUPPLIES

ARMS & SUPPLIES

98 The Road to Marston Moor

RUPERT’S RACE TO YORK The Parliamentarians waited on Marston Moor, 5 miles west of York,hoping to defeat him before The combined Parliamentarian and Scottish he reached York.But Rupert bypassed the enemy army of 20,000 men besieged York.Without help by travelling northwards, and reached York on 1 from another Royalist army,York was doomed. July. His cavalry entered the city late in the The Royalists had no spare armies, and were evening, but his footsoldiers were still several short of soldiers. Charles I could not help. He miles away from York and camped for the night had been badly beaten in his attempt to get to at Tolliston. London at the end of March 1644 at the Battle Rupert felt that he needed to defeat the of Cheriton. So the King ordered his nephew, Parliamentarian army quickly, so that he could Prince Rupert, to head north and relieve York. march south to help the King in Oxford as soon To get the extra men that he needed,Rupert as possible. Little did he know that the King had marched to Lancashire where men flocked to just won a crushing victory at Cropedy Bridge him. In Wigan, Royalist supporters covered the and didn’t need his help anymore. streets with flowers. The next morning, 2 July, the Parliamentarian By the end of May Rupert had taken Stockport army decided to move to Tadcaster and lie in and Bolton, but before he had reached Yorkshire wait for Rupert’s army when he marched south he received a message from Charles I at Oxford to join the King.They had just set off when as ‘to march south as soon as possible’. one Parliamentarian general said: Rupert was a man in a hurry, wanting to ‘the message came that Prince Rupert was advancing relieve York,before racing to the help of his with his whole army.This made us march back to the uncle Charles I. place we had just left…’

KEY

BARNARD Royalist movement CASTLE GUISBOROUGH Parliamentary movement RICHMOND NORTH YORK Royalist victory BOLTON MOORS PICKERING MIDDLEHAM SCARBOROUGH Parlimentary victory Scots March HELMSLEY South Queen landed 1643 1643 Towns where fighting RIPON BRIDLINGTON took place YORKSHIRE CRAYKE DALES Marston YORK Moor 1644 Castles KNARESBOROUGH 1644 SKIPTON Prince Ruperts Forests march 1644 TADCASTER BEVERLEY

SIEGES BRADFORD LEEDS CAWOOD 1642 & 1643 Moorland CLITHEROE Farnley HULL HALIFAX Adwalton Wood 1643 SHERBURN WRESSLE Moor SELBY 1643 1644 WAKEFIELD PONTEFRACT 1649 SANDAL Cromwell 1643 HUDDERSFIELD N

ROTHERHAM SHEFFIELD

100 10 20 30

MILES

99 The Battle - 2 July 1644

Rupert drew his troops up on Marston Moor. cavalry fleeing back to York,and Rupert was The Parliamentarian army hurriedly returned chased into a bean field. to the moor and drew up on the ridge between However on the Parliamentarian side Fairfax’s Tockwith and Long Marston.About a quarter cavalry were also forced to flee having run into of a mile north of the Parliamentarian lines ran a storm of Royalist musket fire.The flight of a broad ditch held by Royalist musketeers. Fairfax’s men exposed the Parliamentarian The two armies waited for 2 hours while they infantry and regiment after regiment of the were put in order of battle.The Parliamentarian Scots allies fled. Eventually, Oliver Cromwell’s infantry was slowly returning from their initial cavalry and the Earl of Manchester’s march to Tadcaster Rupert’s infantry were Parliamentarian infantry pushed the Royalists several hours later than his cavalry in reaching back and they began to retreat. the battlefield, Newcastle’s Whitecoats had The battle lasted over 2 hours until after dark. celebrated too hard the night before and were The Royalists lost 4,000 men, the consequently also late to the battlefield. Parliamentarians 2,000, and about 1,500 By 7pm the Royalists had decided that it was Royalists were taken prisoner.Twenty-five too late to begin a battle and had begun to rest. Royalist guns were captured. Prince Rupert led As soon as they were sitting down the allied the remnants of his men to Richmond, then infantry ran across the moor to attack the across the Pennines to meet the King.York unsuspecting Royalist army.The Royalist surrendered on 18 July.The North was lost and musketeers in the ditch were quickly over-run, the King’s defeat was inevitable. and the Parliamentarian cavalry forced Rupert’s

100 The Stages of the Battle of Marston Moor

Read the sheets on the Battle of Marston Moor, and study the battle plan. Number these stages of the Battle on the battle plan.

THE STAGES OF THE BATTLE

STAGE 1 Royalist musketeers lined the ditches. STAGE 8 Prince Rupert had been chased into a bean field, and in his absence STAGE 2 At 7pm, just as it was getting dark; and with ammunition running low, the Parliamentarian infantry the Royalists started to retreat. overran the ditches. STAGE 9 Newcastle’s Whitecoats, pikemen, STAGE 3 Cromwell’s cavalry defeated tried to escape but were hemmed Byron's cavalry. in by enclosures. So they turned STAGE 4 Rupert charged and Cromwell their pikes on the Parliamentarians was wounded and pushed off and began to fight back. the battlefield. STAGE 10 The Royalist Captain Goring had STAGE 5 Leslie charged his cavalry and gathered together some cavalry near pushed Rupert’s cavalry off the Long Marston and was preparing to battlefield. Rupert’s cavalry then charge again. If he had succeeded plundered the baggage trains and the Royalists might have won did not return to the battlefield. the battle.

STAGE 6 Goring’ s cavalry defeated Fairfax’s STAGE 11 Cromwell charged at Goring and cavalry.Their defeat left many defeated him. footsoldiers on Parliament’s side STAGE 12 David Leslie charged the Royalist undefended. Many Scots Whitecoats, but was unsuccessful. footsoldiers under Alexander Leslie Eventually he brought in some fled the battlefield. It looked like dragoons who shot at the Parliament had been defeated. Whitecoats at point-blank range. STAGE 7 General Bailey rallied the As the pikes came down, Leslie’s Parliamentarian troops and his men charged in and finished pikemen defeated a Royalist them off. cavalry charge.

Look carefully at the plan and read the stages of battle again. How many turning points in the battle were there?

101 Marston Moor Battle Plan

102 The Importance of the Battle of Marston Moor

The Battle of Marston Moor is often thought of as one that need not have happened and yet it changed the course of the Wars and ensured that Parliament would win. Which of these reasons do think help to explain why Parliament won the Battle of Marston Moor? Rank these reasons in order of importance.

Ranking Reason

The Parliamentarian pikemen were better disciplined than the Royalists and did not run away when they faced battle.

There were Scots fighting on the Royalist side and they didn’t want to fight their own countrymen on the Parliamentarian side. Many of the Scots deserted the battlefield.

Newcastle’s troops were tired after a long siege.

Cromwell’s cavalry were more disciplined and trotted rather than galloped at the enemy.This meant that it was easier to regroup them and charge again in the same battle.

Rupert’s cavalry were very undisciplined and charged off the battlefield. This meant that they could not be used to charge again in the battle until it was too late.

Newcastle did not give Rupert his full support and had let his men drink late into the night on 1 July. It was his fault that the battle was lost.

The Parliamentarian musketeers were better shots than the Royalists.

Rupert’s side had little ammunition and by the end of the battle it was running low.

Rupert was too eager to attack and chased the Parliamentarians with less than half his army. If he had waited, the Parliamentarian army would have moved away.

Which is the single most important reason why Parliament won the Battle of Marston Moor and why?

Do you think that the Battle of Marston Moor was the only reason that Charles I lost the North to the Parliamentarians?

103 The Beginning of the End of the Wars

After the end of the siege of York the county was almost entirely in the hands of the Parliamentarians. Only a few castles remained in the hands of Royalist supporters. By November 1644 most of the Royalist castles in Yorkshire had been taken by the Parliamentarians, including Sheffield,Tickhill, Helmsley and Knaresborough castles. The siege of Pontefract Castle began on 25 December, but Royalist forces relieved the castle briefly in 1645, after which the siege continued until July 1645.The last Royalist stronghold in Yorkshire, Skipton Castle, finally fell to the Parliamentarians on 22 December 1645 after a three-year siege. The defeat of the King at the Battle of Naseby on 14 June 1645 won the South of England for Parliament, but the last Royalist army did not surrender until 21 March 1646 at Stow on the Wold, and the King finally surrendered on 5 May to the Scots. Soldiers wore siege armour like this when they were in approach trenches close to towns from where they attacked the town walls.They needed extra protection to protect against the defenders’ weapons and falling masonry etc.

Petards were used to blow open gates.The petard was bell shaped and filled with explosives.The fuse was lit and then the soldier had to run quickly to get out of the way. If he didn’t, he would be thrown up into the air and ‘hoist by his own petard’.

104 The Relief of the Siege of Pontefract, 1645

This account of the relief of the siege of Castle near upon 20 Carriages with all their Pontefract on 1 March 1645 was written by match (muskets, pikes) bullets and all other Nathan Drake, a gentleman volunteer in packs taken in the chase.The plunder of the Pontefract Castle in 1644.The Castle was field was to the soldiers and to the besieged by the Parliamentarians and Sir country about... Marmaduke Langdale’s cavalry regiment had Sir Maramaduke Langdale, coming into the marched North from Oxford to relieve it. Castle between 10 and 11 of the clock at night, ‘About three of the clock, Sir Marmaduke’s having quartered his horse in the towns about, forlone hope did appear on the top of the hill and he continued about the town, refreshing of on this side of Wentbridge, and so marched, his men, till the Monday following, being the 3 one company after another, till his whole army March, at which time he marched away with came all into the Chequor field. [There] both most of all his horse and foot.’ armies met, and faced one another till all most 6 of the clock.The Parliamentarian Army Read the account above of the relief always giving ground, Sir Marmaduke’s cavalry of Pontefract. advanced, until they came on the How did the Royalists defeat the parliamentarian footsoldiers. Parliamentarian besiegers? These footsoldiers lyned the Long hedge from Mr. England’s house to the hill tope, where the first encounter began very furiously.The enemy’s footsoldiers behind the hedge fired at How did Sir Marmaduke’s cavalry relieve our cavalry very valiantly. But then our the siege? footsoldiers came out from the castle. Our cavalry charged with the footsoldiers 4 or 5 times.We recovered the hedge from them and beat then quite away towards Ferry Bridge, continually charging them all the way.There being left dead and wounded upon the ground about 160 men. And at Ferrybridge the enemy played three times with one cannon, viz. 2 Case shots and 1 cannon bullet and killed there 4 of our men. But we beat them from the cannon, and took it and brought it away, and followed them in chase betwixt Sherbourne and Tadcaster. We killed 140 of their men in the Chase and took 600 ordinary prisoners and 57 Commanders and officers. [We also] took 47 double barrels, 1600 Arms and 40 Colours (flags) of both horse and foot…We lost not above 20 men in all the flight, the enemy being almost 6 for one.There was brought in to the

105 Pontefract - The Last Royalist Stronghold?

In 1648, Charles I having escaped from custody, for Beds to be brought in by a Day there was a brief Second Civil War. appointed.We had notice of it and made Use It was soon over and Parliament was victorious of the occasion.With the Beds came Colonel again. However, during the few months of war Morice, and Captain Paulden, like Country some castles in Yorkshire were retaken by the Gentlemen with men and Constables to guard Royalists.This account by Thomas Paulden, the beds, but armed privately with pocket who was at Pontefract Castle during the siege, pistols and daggers … shows that some castles were taken by We kept the castle, till after Charles I was subterfuge, rather than direct attacks. martyred;When we solemnly proclaimed The account is taken from a letter written by Thomas King Charles II in it, and did not deliver it up Paulden, in 1702 when he was 78 years old. until two months after.’ ‘… my brother Captain William Paulden died ‘Pontefract, commonly called Pomfret, castle of a fever in the castle, a month before it was had the honour to be the last garrison in the surrendered; my other brother Captain war begun in 1642 to hold out for the King. Timothy Paulden, was killed in a fight in In the Year 1648,the first war being over, we, Wigan. I myself followed the fortune of King that had served the king in it, submitting to Charles in his exile, and was sent to England our common fate, lived quietly in the on several occasions on his majesty’s service. I country, till we heard of an intended invasion was once betrayed and brought before by Duke Hamilton.Then we met frequently, Cromwell; but I denied my name, and and resolved to attempt the uprising of this nothing could be proved against me. castle, of which colonel Catteral was However, he sent me to the Gatehouse in Governor for Parliament, having under him a Westminster, from whence I made my escape, Garrison of an hundred men, most of them with our friend Jack Cowper, by throwing salt quartered in the Town of Pomfret... and pepper into the Keepers eye; which I We had secret correspondence with some in think has made me love Salt the better the Castle; among the rest with a corporal ever since.’ who promised on a certain night, to be upon Guard and to set a Sentinel that would assist How was Pontefract Castle taken by the us, in Scaling the Walls by a ladder, which we Royalists in 1648? had provided. But another Sentinel was Why did Thomas Paulden like salt? placed, where we intended to set our ladder, who fired upon us and gave alarm to the garrison.They appearing on the walls, our men retired in haste, leaving the ladder in the ditch; whereby the next day they within knew that it was no false alarm, but that there had been a real attempt to surprise the castle. The ladder being found the next morning, made the governor call the soldiers out of the town to lodge in the Castle: in order to which he sent his warrants into the country

106

The World Turned Upside-down?

A ‘the Cavaliers have made lately great havoc in Derbyshire, they draw ordnance along with them to force men’s houses they rifle all to thread, they seize upon Pots, Kettles, Pans and Pewter; they cut and break in pieces Tables, Chairs, Stools, Chests,Trunks and bedsteads; they tear pillows, bolsters and feather beds, strew the feathers around the chambers and carry all away; they drink the wine and Beer in sellers out of vessels and overturn the Milk-bowls in the dairies, they drive away all the cattle they can find of all sorts, they leave not a pike, musquet, sword or halbert in any man’s house…' London Year Book, 19 September 1642

B ‘the crosse in cheapside was pulled downe to the ground…[by the puritans in the House of Commons] …with the sound of a trumpet and the noise of severall instruments as if they had obtained some remarkable victory upon the greatest enemies of Christ….all the glass windows in the Cathedral Church of Westminster, wherein there was any imagery or shew of painting were defaced and broken, the Crosse upon the top was thereof took down…It is also said that they began to deface the tombes and monuments of the Kings, Queens and Princes…’ Mercurius Aulius, May 1643

C ‘… several of our soldiers sallied out of the House of one Penruddock, a Papist, and being basely affronted by him and his dog, entered his house and pillaged him to the purpose.This day also the soldiers got into the church, defaced the ancient and sacred glazed pictures, and burned the holy rails…’ Nehemiah Wharton writing to his former Master George Willingham,merchant, at the Golden Anchor, St Swithins Lane, London, in 1642.

D ‘ They hanged Mr. Raynor, an honest religious gentleman….They killed Mr. Sawyer in cold blood.They massacred many prisoners of war and put diverse women inhumanely to the sword…. By nightfall there was hardly any cottage unplundered…and no quarter given to any in the heat.’ Captain Richard Symonds, eyewitness account at Leicester, May 1645.

E ‘Truly it was more than admirable to hold the desperate courage both of the assailants and the defendants, the thundering cannons roaring from our batteries without, and theirs roaring from the castle within; thousands of Musket balls flying at each other’s faces, like driving hailstones…the clangor and carvings of …swords; the pushing of…pikes, crying for blood, and the pitiful clangor of …women imploring for mercy for their husbands, themselves and their children…’ A Scot at the siege of Newcastle, July 1644

107 The World Turned Upside-down?

Read the five sources on the sheet ‘The World Turned Upside-down?’

SOURCES A AND B Read sources A and B.These two sources are from newsbooks written during the Civil Wars. 1. Which newsbook do you think is written by Parliamentarian supporters? Mercurius Aulius YES J NO J London Year Book YES J NO J 2. Give evidence to support your answer.

SOURCES C, D AND E Read sources C, D and E which are eyewitness accounts of different events in the Civil Wars. 3.Which one is the Parliamentarian eyewitness account?

4.Are these accounts of the events they describe more reliable than the newsbook accounts? YES J NO J I think that are/are not more reliable than accounts because

Which account do you think is the most reliable?

What do you think it was really like to live during the English Civil Wars?

108 A New World?

THE LEVELLERS • ‘… we declare: that the people of England, In the 1640s the local ways of maintaining law being at this day very unequally distributed and order broke down. Neither the King nor by Counties, Cities, and Boroughs for the Parliament had the authority to censor election of their deputies in Parliament, pamphlets or writings and there was a flood of ought to be more indifferently proportioned unlicensed prints. according to the number of inhabitants…. As well as reporting the news, • That to prevent … the long continuance of the newsbooks also helped to the same person in authority, this present spread the new ideas that Parliament be dissolved upon the last day people had about the of September… ways they thought • That the people do choose themselves a that England Parliament once every two years… should be ruled. • That the power of this and all future One group called Representatives of this Nation is inferior the Levellers had only to those who choose them, [the people] very new ideas. • That matters of religion and the ways of The Levellers God’s worship …. be not compulsive gained support • That the matter of … constraining any of from the army in us to serve in the wars is against our 1649 after a bad harvest, freedom; and therefore we do not allow it… when the army was not paid for a while. • That in all laws made or to be made, every They mutinied at Burford where 1,000 soldiers person may be bound alike… gathered together. Oliver Cromwell crushed the movement very harshly. • That as the laws ought to be equal, so they must be good, and not evidently ‘ …Levellers; not that they aim at the destructive to the safety and well being of Levelling of men’s estates… stand for an the people… equal interest in Freedom against the • These things we declare to be our present tyranny…’ native rights…’ Agreement of the People, 1649 Mercurius Pragmaticus April 1649

Read the sources on this sheet. List six key ideas of the Levellers. 1 2 34 5 6

Why do you think that someone like Cromwell, and the other army chiefs, would have been worried by the Levellers’ ideas?

109 The Diggers or True Levellers

Gerrard Winstanley was born in Wigan, D The Quakers ‘ they are a people that say Lancashire and moved to London in the 1630s they fare hard, eat little, and pretend to give as an apprentice in the cloth trade. In 1643 he themselves to a devout life, but they in was made unemployed and was forced to leave practice show respect neither to God nor London. He moved to Surrey to become a men; not to God, for they despise his word farm labourer. In April 1649 Gerrard and a written in the holy scriptures and make their group of others started their own community own notions to be exalted above God’s on St George’s Hill in Surrey. word; and they are above and trample on God’s ministers and ordinances…they will A ‘No man shall have any more land than he put off their hats to no one: and say the spirit can labour himself.’ within them teacheth them in all things…’ ‘No branch of mankind should rule one Severall Proceedings of State Affairs Sept 1654 another.The poorest man has as much right to land as the richest man.’ Gerrard Winstanley READ SOURCES A AND B

B ‘That all the Liberties of the people were How are the Diggers ideas different from those of lost by the coming in of William the the Levellers? Conqueror; and that ever since the people of Why do you think that the Diggers called God have lived with tyranny and themselves the True Levellers? oppression… And their intent is to restore creation to its former condition... Find out how many of the Leveller and Digger to distribute the benefit thereof to the Poore ideas have become law today. and needy, and to feed the hungry and to Gerrard Winstanley joined the new Quaker cloathe the Naked…and they did not mean religious movement after the failure of the to meddle with any man’s property, nor to Diggers. break down any …enclosures…but only to READ SOURCE D meddle with what was common and untilled, and to make it fruitful for all Why do you think the Quakers would not take off men…but that the time will come when all their hats to anyone? men should willingly come in and give up their estates and lands and willingly submit How do you think the Quaker movement would be to this community.And for those that come similar to the Digger movement? in and work, they shall have meat and drink READ SOURCE C and clothes… and they will not defend themselves by arms…’ A perfect diurnal of Some What is the poet trying to say about the Passages in parliament April 1649 Civil Wars? Does this help to explain some of the radical ideas C ‘Now we see twas for the crown of the Levellers and Diggers? That both houses did fight For since the cavaliers are downe If you had been an ordinary soldier in the Civil Wars would you have found these ideas interesting? They put the King to flight’ Mercurius Pragmaticus Nov 1648

110 The Weaker Vessel?

In the early seventeenth century Gervase Markham wrote a book intended to give Women were expected to….. young ladies guidance. It tells us a lot about the ways in which women were expected to behave in public.

READ THE SOURCES A, B AND D How would you describe the ways in which women in the early seventeenth century were expected to behave? C Jenny Geddes, a cabbage seller, became a national legend in Scotland when on 23 January 1637 she expressed Scottish Presbyterian outrage at the imposition of the Anglican prayer book by hurling her A ‘Containing the inward and outward stool at the head of the Dean of St Giles Virtues which ought to be in a complete Cathedral, bawling… ‘Dost thou say mass at woman as her skill in physic, cookery, my lug?’ banqueting stuff, distillation, perfumes, wool, This event sparked the Bishops Wars against Charles I hemp, flax, dairies, brewing, baking, and all in 1639. the other things belonging to a household. Gervase Markham’s The English Huswife E ‘two Petticoat preachers came lately into Sidney College in Cambridge, and would B ‘women have no voyse in Parliament.They needs enter into dispute with divers of the make no Lawes, they consent to none, they Collegians, who civilly and scholastically abrogate none.All of them are understood answered their questions; but whose weak either married, or to be married, and their Vessels being not able to resist such opposers, desires are subject to their husband’ used very uncivil language… A Pamphlets, 1632. The Faithful Scout, January 1654

NOW READ SOURCES C, D AND E. D ‘We desire a share in the freedoms of this state. Have we not an equal interest with the How did a woman help to start the Civil Wars? men of this nation? Are our lives, rights or goods to be taken from us more than from men? And can you imagine us to be so Did attitudes to women change as a result of the stupid as to not see when [our rights] are Civil Wars? being daily broken?’ Women’s petition to Parliament 1649 Parliament’s reply ‘Go home and meddle with you housewifery…Things are brought How did some women’s attitudes change as a result to a fine pass if women teach Parliament of the Civil Wars? how to make Laws.’

111 "To most is known, The weaker vessels are the stronger grown." James Strong

LADIES UNDER SIEGE his other soldiers billeted outside. She sat in a chair all night with a pair of pistols trained on Many women had to manage the defence of Oliver. He left the next morning, leaving Jane their homes whilst their men were away at war. and her brother safe. At Corfe Castle, Dorset, Lady Bankes withstood parliamentarian forces for two long sieges whilst HENRIETTA MARIA- her husband, Sir John, was with the King at ‘HER SHE-MAJESTY GENERALISSIMA’ Oxford in 1643.When assaulted by Henrietta Maria was very influential in Parliamentarians she and her daughters threw helping Charles to fight the Civil Wars. burning embers and stones from the battlements Throughout the wars she encouraged her so that the enemy could not scale ladders. husband to continue to fight for his beliefs. In In the north of Dorset in September 1642 Lady July 1644, pregnant with her youngest child, Digby, wife of the Earl of Bristol found that her she was besieged by the Parliamentarians at Royalist household was under siege from her Exeter. Henrietta had to ask her mother, brother the Earl of Bedford. She walked into the the Queen of France, to send her a midwife Parliamentarian lines to confront him and said, from France, as Parliament would not give ‘If you persist in your plans you will find my any midwife safe passage from Oxford body in the ruins’.The siege was soon lifted. across England. In the siege of Sheffield Castle, in Yorkshire, So Henrietta Maria gave birth to her youngest Lady Savile only gave up after fierce fighting in child and shortly afterwards escaped, dressed as which she helped to hurl missiles on the enemy. a washerwoman to France. She left her She was heavily pregnant and when her troops newborn baby with a nurse. found her she was on the point of giving birth. When Henrietta arrived in France she was not In 1641 during the Irish Rebellion, Lady in the best of health. She was suffering from a Elizabeth Dowdall raised a company of soldiers paralysed arm, palsy, a cough and hysteria and in Munster. She seized the rebels’ horses and was losing the sight of one eye. Henrietta had ten men hanged.When she was surrounded never returned to England. she sent out soldiers with grenades to set fire to She heard the news of Charles I’s execution the enemy quarters and burnt the rebels alive. ten days after his death, when she was in Paris. On that day there were angry mobs in Paris, HOLDING CROMWELL HOSTAGE? and the French royal family were so frightened Jane Ingleby of Ripley Castle in North that they left the capital. Henrietta Maria and Yorkshire is reputed to have hidden her her young baby were left all alone in a poor brother in Ripley Castle on the night after attic room in the Louvre.The French civil the battle of Marston Moor. Her brother, a wars, the Fronde, were beginning… Royalist supporter, had fled home after the Royalists lost. Read the sources on this sheet. Oliver Cromwell apparently came to the Do you think James Strong was right in Castle for lodgings for the night and Jane had thinking that ‘the weaker vessels are the to let him in. She would only let Cromwell in stronger grown’? the downstairs rooms and made him keep all

112 Will the Real Cromwell Please Stand Up?

Cromwell has been interpreted in many different ways. Was he the villain or the hero?

1. Circle 5 words or phrases below that you think best describe Cromwell’s character. You may prefer to think of your own. pacifist calm posh megalomaniac humble democratic royalist shy religious control-freak religious immoral leader brave law-abiding ambitious traditional honourable trustworthy good listener

...... 2. Throughout history, people have argued over his motivation and aims. Cromwell also wrote in defence of himself. Read the opinions sheet about contemporary thoughts on Cromwell and his own words. Pick two that show opposing opinions. Identify and explain their bias in the table below.

Opinion1

Opinion 2

I think people interpret Cromwell differently because…………………..

Oliver Cromwell. Copyright Board of Trustees of the Armouries.

113 Opinions… Opinions

1. In 1640 the Royalist MP Sir Philip Warwick commented upon seeing Cromwell in Parliament that he was ‘….very ordinarily dressed – for it was a plain cloth suit, which seemed to have been ill-made by a country tailor. His stature was of good size…his voice sharp and untunable, and his eloquence full of fervour.’

2. The Royalist Clarendon said ‘In this way, and with so little trouble, this extraordinary man – without the assistance and against the desire of all noble persons – mounted himself into the throne of three kingdoms, without the name of King but with a greater power and authority than had been ever exercised or claimed by any king.’

3. After Cromwell’s death, his servant John Maidston wrote to John Winthrop, Governor of Massachusetts, describing Cromwell ‘A larger soul I think hath seldom dwelt in a house of clay than his was. I believe if this story were truly told, the world would add him to the Nine Worthies…..He sought the welfare of his people and spake peace – yet were his temptations such that he (that hath grace enough for many men) may have too little grace for himself.’

4. In July 1647, the Leveller John Lilburne wrote to Cromwell to complain ‘You have robbed (by your unjust subtlety and shifting tricks) the honest and gallant Agitators of all their power and authority – and solely placed it in a thing called a council of war.’

5. In November 1648 Cromwell wrote ‘I find a very great sense in the officers for the sufferings and ruin of this poor kingdom – and a very great zeal to have true justice done upon all offenders.And I do in all, from my heart, concur with them. I verily think they are things which God puts into our hearts.’

6. When he became Protector Cromwell claimed ‘I called not myself to this place, of that God is my witness. I could not refuse the power God had most clearly by his providence put into my hands.’

114 The Best Candidate?

At the start of the Civil Wars no one would have thought Cromwell would have ended up being in control of the country.Was it fate or did he get the job through ability and ambition?

1. Read the information sheets on Sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell.

2. Complete the table below, by ticking in the column.

Oliver Cromwell Sir Thomas Fairfax skilled military leader skilled military leader well-connected well-connected ambitious ambitious experienced politician experienced politician religious religious anti-royalist anti-royalist educated educated tolerant tolerant

3. Using the information you know about other Civil War leaders and the result from above, why do you think Cromwell gained control?

I think Cromwell gained control because

¢

¢

¢

4. Imagine you are a newspaper reporter. Using a maximum of 100 words, write a short article on Cromwell becoming Lord Protector.Write about his motivation for taking the role and his personality. Don’t forget to mention the famous events he has been involved with. When you have finished think of a headline in 6 words or less!

115 Sir Thomas Fairfax 1612-71

Thomas was educated at Cambridge University and from an early age and was interested in a career in the army. When the Civil Wars broke out he had already seen action in France, Scotland and the Low Countries. Contemporaries speak of him being deeply religious, serious and mild-mannered. As a General he was popular with his men and displayed skill in battle.

Sir Thomas Fairfax at the Battle of Naseby, 1645. Copyright Board of Trustees of the Armouries.

1612 Born at Denton,Yorkshire, the son of Ferdinando, Lord Fairfax 1643 Captures Leeds for the Parliamentarians 1645 Becomes Commander-in-Chief of the New Model Army 1645 New Model Army victory at Naseby on 14 June 1646 After the victory of Oxford surrendering, Fairfax arrives back in London to receive the congratulations of the City and both Houses of Parliament 1649 Called to sit on the commission to try the King – Fairfax absents himself after disagreeing with the trial 1650 Retires from public affairs after disagreeing about the war with Scotland 1650 Scots invade England in support of Charles II. Fairfax refuses to march against his old comrade,Alexander Leslie, and Cromwell was made commander of the Army

116 Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658

Oliver was born to a modest gentry family.After being educated at Cambridge University he returned to live the life of a small landowner. During the Civil Wars he demonstrated ability as a cavalry officer. He was deeply religious and recognised as one of the outstanding Puritan military leaders. He is well known for being a regicide but justified all his actions with his belief that God had called upon him to exact righteous judgement. Oliver Cromwell at the Battle of Worcester, from Cromwelliana. Copyright Board of Trustees of the Armouries.

1599 Born in Huntingdon, named Oliver after his uncle Sir Oliver Hinchbrook 1620 Marries Elizabeth, daughter of Sir James Bourchier, a merchant at Tower Hill London Takes over management of his father’s estate in Cambridgeshire 1628 Elected as Member of Parliament for Huntingdon 1640 MP for Cambridge in the Short Parliament Related to Pym and Hampden and found himself on Parliamentary committees 1641 Active in supporting the ‘Grand Remonstrance’ and allegedly says that if the Remonstrance had been rejected he would have sold all he had next morning and never seen England again 1642 Officer in Essex’s regiment at the Battle of Edgehill 1643 Establishes reputation as a commander in East Anglia Lieutenant-General of Horse for the Eastern Association under the Earl of Manchester 1644 Plays leading role in the Parliamentary victory at Marston Moor 1645 Becomes General of Horse under Sir Thomas Fairfax in the New Model Army 1645 Reputation is enhanced with his success as a cavalry leader at the Battle of Naseby 1647 Part of the Army Council and chairs army debates at Putney 1649 Active in the trial and execution of the King – although he had previously tried to negotiate with Charles 1649 Lord-Lieutenant and Commander-in-Chief in Ireland 1649 Leads the assault on Drogheda – 2,500 killed and the remainder transported to Barbados to hard labour in sugar plantations 1653 Becomes Lord Protector

117 Did Cromwell Keep to the Rules of Warfare?

Cromwell sent a letter to the Speaker of the House of Commons on 17 September 1649 explaining the recent attack by his soldiers on Drogheda, north of Dublin.

‘Upon Tuesday the 10th, about five o’clock in the evening we began the storm…Many of the enemy retreated to the Mill Mount…our men getting up to them were ordered by me to put them all to the sword. And indeed in the heat of the action, I forbade them to spare any that were in arms in the town. And I think that night they put to the sword about 2,000 men.

Many of the officers and soldiers fled over the bridge into the other part of the town, where about 100 of them took over St Peter’s Church steeple. These being summoned to surrender, refused. Whereupon I ordered the steeple to be fired, when one of them was heard to say in the midst of the flames,‘God damn me, God confound me; I burn, I burn.

The next two towers were summoned, but they refused to yield themselves. From one of the towers they killed and wounded some of our men.When they submitted (hunger compelling them), their officers were knocked on the head. Every tenth man of the soldiers was killed and the rest shipped for the Barbados (as slaves). The soldiers in the other tower were all spared – as to their lives only – and shipped likewise to the Barbados.

…………I am persuaded that this is a righteous judgement of God upon these barbarous wretches, who have washed their hands in so much innocent blood. It will tend to prevent the flowing of blood for the future.

These are the satisfactory grounds for such actions, which otherwise cannot but work remorse and regret. The officers and soldiers of the garrison were the flower of their army. Their great expectation was that our attempt on this place would put fate to ruin us.

It was set upon some of our hearts that a great thing should be done – not by power or might, but by the Spirit of God. And is it not so, clearly? That which caused your men to storm so courageously, it was the Spirit of God – who gave your men courage, and took it away again. And gave the enemy courage, and took it away again. And gave your men courage again, and therewith this happy success. And therefore it is good that God should have all the glory.’

118

Protector or Dictator?- Task Sheet

Cut out these pieces of information about Cromwell along the lines. Then place them in the right date order.

1656 • Knights the Swedish Ambassador and presents him with departure gifts in the same fashion as Charles I • Widespread rumours that Cromwell will become King 1650 July-September • Cromwell invades Scotland and defeats the Scots 1652 • War with the Dutch 1657 • Cromwell refuses the Crown but is reinvested as Lord Protector The ceremony includes holding a sceptre and sitting in the old Coronation Chair with the crowd shouting ‘God save the Lord Protector’ • Coins minted with Cromwell’s image and name 1654 • Calls Parliament, no Royalist is allowed to become an MP • Peace with Holland 1651 • Third Civil War Jan • Charles II crowned King of the Scots Aug-September • Scots invade England, but defeated by Cromwell at Worcester 1658 • June – news of a great victory abroad – the New Model Army and the French had defeated the Spanish at the Battle of the Dunes • Cromwell dies on 3 September – an imperial crown was placed on the head of Cromwell’s effigy • Richard Cromwell succeeds his father • Royalists plan a coup 1655 • War with Spain • Parliament dismissed after some opposition to the Protectorate from Royalists, Puritan extremists and Levellers • Royalist rising led by Colonel John Penruddock in Wiltshire is crushed 1650 June • Cromwell appointed Lord General • Charles II lands in Scotland 1653 • Cromwell becomes Lord Protector and moves into Whitehall Palace He rules for 8 months without calling Parliament and in this time issues over 80 ordinances (laws) • His wife Elizabeth is given the title, her Highness the Lady Protectress

119 Protector or Dictator?

Decide whether you think these events show Cromwell as a Dictator or a Protector.

Date • Event • Protector or Dictator? 1650 June • Cromwell appointed Lord General • • Charles II lands in Scotland 1650 July- • Cromwell invades Scotland and defeats the Scots • September 1651 • Third Civil War • Jan • Charles II crowned King of the Scots Aug- • Scots invade England, but defeated by Cromwell at Worcester September 1652 • War with the Dutch • 1653 • Cromwell becomes Lord Protector and moves into Whitehall • Palace. He rules for 8 months without calling Parliament and in this time issues over 80 ordinances (laws) • His wife Elizabeth is given the title, her Highness the Lady Protectress 1654 • Calls Parliament, no Royalist is allowed to become an MP • • Peace with Holland 1655 • War with Spain • • Parliament dismissed after some opposition to the Protectorate from Royalists, Puritan extremists and Levellers • Royalist rising led by Colonel John Penruddock in Wiltshire is crushed 1656 • Knights the Swedish Ambassador and presents him • with departure gifts in the same fashion as Charles I •Widespread rumours that Cromwell will become King 1657 • Cromwell refuses the Crown but is reinvested as Lord • Protector. The ceremony includes holding a sceptre and sitting in the old Coronation Chair with the crowd shouting ‘God save the Lord Protector’ • Coins minted with Cromwell’s image and name 1658 • June – news of a great victory abroad – the New Model • Army and the French had defeated the Spanish at the Battle of the Dunes • Cromwell dies on 3 September – an imperial crown was placed on the head of Cromwell’s effigy • Richard Cromwell succeeds his father • Royalists plan a coup

120 Cromwell - Hero or Villain?

Cromwell Riding to Victory at the Battle of Worcester, from Cromwelliana. Copyright Board of Trustees of the Armouries.

The Royall Oake of Brittayne being chopped down, by Sutherland. Copyright Ashmolean Museum.

Look carefully at these two images of Cromwell. What are these images telling us about Cromwell?

Do you agree with these views of Cromwell?

121 Cromwell - Hero or Villain?

CROMWELL RIDING TO VICTORY Hanging from the oak are various tablets each AT THE BATTLE OF WORCESTER referring to the constitution of England; the Magna Carta, Statutes and Reports are This woodcut is from a nineteenth-century Parliamentarian liberties which Cromwell is book,‘Cromwelliana’, describing the career of portrayed as destroying. On the left of the tree Cromwell and reflects the nineteenth-century is the Bible. So Cromwell is depicted as view of Cromwell as a victorious figure. encouraging the destruction of the rights of Nineteenth-century historians viewed the Civil Parliament and the church as well as kingship. War as the victory of democracy in the form of Cromwell is shown as directing this destruction Parliament against an autocratic sovereign. and from his mouth come the words ‘Kill and Cromwell was seen as a man of conscience take possession’, from Kings, chapter one, in the who took up arms to defend the liberties of Bible. Cromwell's well-known piety is therefore England. It reflects nineteenth-century being satirised and used against him by the preoccupations with the rise of Parliament and Royalist propagandist. Constitutional History. This is an interesting piece of Civil War Cromwell is portrayed as an heroic figure propaganda in which pupils should easily be showing the contemporary view that ‘Great able to ascertain bias! Men’ could change history on their own. Today this view of Cromwell as single- OLIVER CROMWELL handedly changing history has been to some This portrait of Cromwell, which is one of the extent modified. A2 posters in the pack, depicts Cromwell as a At the Battle of Worcester in 1651 Cromwell sober gentleman. It was painted in the mid defeated the future Charles II, who was forced seventeenth-century.Although it is stated that to flee for his life and hide in an oak tree, Cromwell said that he wished to be painted Bosobel Oak. ‘warts and all’ little evidence of warts can be After the Battle of Worcester Charles II had to seen in this painting. disguise himself as a servant to reach the coast where eventually he was able to get a ship to return to France.

THE ROYALL OAKE OF BRITTAYNE Date unknown, engraving. Courtesy of the Ashmolean Museum. This is an allegory of the King’s execution. Cromwell is the main figure and his motives are pictured as being entirely mercenary. He uses ‘diabolical inspiration’ to encourage people in the destruction of their King and the state institutions: the Church, the Crown and the Common Law, which rest in the oak’s branches. The royal shield hangs from the Oak of Britain, which is topped with the Royal Crown. The oak therefore represents the monarchy.

122 Charles II’s Cavalcade through London

Charles II’s cavalcade through the City of the interregnum and the city’s Parliamentarian London, 22 April 1661, painted in 1662 support during the Civil Wars.The tradition by Dirck Stoop. of the coronation procession began with Copyright Museum of London. Richard II in 1377. This painting depicts the state entry into the BANCKET HAUS City of London of Charles II, the day before (SCENE OF CHARLES I’S EXECUTION) the coronation, as part of the traditional procession between the Tower of London and Dutch, contemporary study, engraving. Westminster. The canvas shows the earliest Copyright Ashmolean Museum. representation of the newly created standing army. The painting omits all details of the City of London and instead shows the procession passing through four huge triumphal arches, which were erected at the City’s expense. They represented monarchy, naval power, concord and plenty. The arches were usually made from wood and canvas and painted to imitate stone with one showing Charles II vanquishing Oliver Cromwell. Charles I had not had a procession due to the threat of plague. However, this caused There are a number of engravings and paintings disappointment and resentment among the focusing on the execution of Charles I, in front people who felt they had been cheated of the of the Banqueting House,Whitehall. Many are opportunity to look at and celebrate their after the date but this is thought to be a King. Charles II realised the importance of contemporary study. In his speech on the the coronation procession to enable his scaffold on 30 January 1649 Charles declared subjects to see him and celebrate a new age. ‘I go from a corruptible to an incorruptible He chose to have a royal entry the day before crown, where no disturbance can be, no the coronation as traditional and a banquet disturbance in the world.’The King, in position after the service. A is seen to be handing his George, the insignia The significance of the Turk in the of the Order of the Garter, to Juxon, Bishop of foreground has not been established. Samuel London.To the right of this he is kneeling at Pepys remarked in his diaries of the ‘company the block. Finally the executioner raises the of men all like Turks’. However the painter head, with the blood still flowing, whilst the Stoop is also well know for his fascination for King’s soul is received into Heaven. Turkish characters.The artist came to London The majority of the crowd look sorrowful. in 1662 as part of the entourage of the In the foreground an old man with a stick has Portuguese Catherine of Braganza. turned away, unable to witness the scene whilst Therefore he would not have witnessed the a lady has fainted. cavalcade and would have painted this from written accounts. The procession had been planned, by both the Crown and the City, to remove memories of

123 y people lined the streets to watch the parade to watch y people lined the streets . Man . ity of London, 22 April 1661 e on sale for the first time er ough the C al coronation w al coronation oy al entry the day before the coronation as traditional and a banquet after the service to celebrate his coronation. the coronation al entrybefore the day oy ight, Museum of London. yr e a r Cop v . e mugs to celebrate a r e mugs v Stoop . alcade through the City of London, s Cav il 1661 by D il 1661 by ather had cancelled both and caused disappointment and resentment among his people ather had cancelled both and caused disappointment resentment II’s Cavalcade thr harles II’s Cavalcade Apr C Charles II chose to ha Charles II’ 22 His f and commemorati

124 Like Father, like Son?

The King had travelled by barge from Whitehall to the Tower on the eve of his crowning and the next day thousands were up early to get the best positions along the coronation route. Samuel Pepys was at Westminster Abbey at 4am to find a space in the Abbey and seven hours later watched the fiddlers in their red vests, the bishops and nobility in their robes and heard the great shout when St Edward’s Crown was placed on the King’s head. Later after getting into Westminster Hall Samuel witnessed the magnificent banquet. The coronation service itself was very similar to Charles I’s. Charles II kept the same coronation oath, part of which refers to the royal prerogative as a check on the laws granted to the people and the clergy.Therefore Charles wanted to hold broad royal power.The oath would have been important to Charles’ subjects as it was seen as the pact made between them and the King.

EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS Sir Edward Walker, Garter Principal King of Arms and one of the organisers of the coronation events wrote ‘And upon Tewsday the 23th of Aprill, being St. George’s day, [King Charles II] was with …State & Solemnity Crowned in the Abby Church of Westminster…the like whereof had not beene in that place since Coronation of Queen Elizabeth 102 yeares past.’ Pepys wrote ‘So glorious was the show of gold and silver that we were not able to look at it – our eyes at last being so overcome with it.’ 1. Study the painting of Charles II’s cavalcade through the City of London, 22 April 1661 and the eyewitness accounts of his coronation. 2. What message was Charles II trying to give his people through his coronation procession?

I think Charles wanted people to think……………………..

3. How do you think Charles II’s coronation and celebrations were different to his father’s?

Differences Similarities

125 The Execution of Charles I

Bancket Haus scene of Charles I’s execution, by Sutherland. Copyright Ashmolean Museum. Look carefully at the illustration of the Execution of Charles I. How many times does Charles I appear on the scaffold in the middle of the picture?

The gentleman to the extreme left of the platform is Colonel Francis Hacker. Next to Francis Hacker are two men. Who do you think they are?

Look carefully at the crowd in front of the scaffold. Do you think that the crowd is happy or sad to see the execution of the King?

A shaft of light appears to be coming down from heaven to Charles’ decapitated body. What do you think this is telling us?

Who do you think this woodcut was made by, a Royalist or a Parliamentarian?

126 The Regicides

On 30 January 1649 one of the most important events of the seventeenth century took place. Charles I was executed outside the Banqueting House in London.The King had been put on trial 10 days earlier in front of a Court with 135 judges.When asked to enter a plea Charles replied that he did not accept that the Court had any right to put him on trial. Charles was declared guilty and on 27 January he was sentenced to death – although only 59 judges signed the warrant. 1. Look at the information about the regicides (people involved in killing a King).

2. Using the regicide information fill in the table.

3. Now look at your results.What does this tell you about Charles II in the Restoration and the Royalist feeling about the Commonwealth?

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127 The Fate of the Regicides after the Restoration

Regicides’ position Pardoned Exiled Bodies Executed Died in society mutilated High social status

Lower social status

Involved in the trial

Involved in the execution

Related to Cromwell

Closely involved in the Commonwealth

128 Regicides who did not sign the Death Warrant

Sir Henry Mildmay Judge Imprisoned, died en route to Tangier Lord Monsoon Judge Imprisoned Robert Wallop Judge Imprisoned Humphey Edwards Judge Died in 1658 Issac Pennington Judge Imprisoned Nicholas Love Judge Escaped to Switzerland John Lisle Judge Bradshaw’s assistant Escaped to Switzerland, assassinated Hugh Peter Army chaplain Executed Col. Daniel Axtell Commanded guards at Executed the trial Col. Matthew Tomlinson Commanded Charles’ guards Pardoned Col. Francis Hacker Organised execution Executed Col. Hercules Hunks Organised execution Pardoned

129 Regicides who signed the Death Warrant

Oliver Prosecuted the trial and Died in 1658 but after the Restoration Cromwell execution of the King after the his body was exhumed and hung on Second Civil War Tyburn gallows. Later his head was set on a pole on top of Westminster Hall Thomas Scott MP and ran the Commonwealth’s Escaped to Brussels in 1660 but persuaded intelligence service to return, tried and executed the same year Henry Marten MP Tried, but because of past help given to Royalists he was only imprisoned Sir John In 1652 appointed Governor of the Fled to Germany at the Restoration. Barkstead Tower of London and Major Whilst visiting friends in Holland in General for Middlesex 1661 he was seized and executed Thomas Major in the New Model Army. At the Restoration made no attempt Harrison Brought Charles I from Hurst to flee and defended himself at his Castle to London, present at court trial. Hung, drawn and quartered Sir William MP and soldier in the army of the Died in 1655 and buried in Constable Earl of Essex Westminster Abbey.Body exhumed after the Restoration Henry Ireton Married to Cromwell’s daughter. Buried in Westminster Abbey in 1651, Sat regularly in the court that tried but exhumed after the Restoration Charles I. Died in 1651 and buried under the gallows at Tyburn Sir Richard Related to Cromwell. Served in Worked actively to bring about the Ingoldsby the New Model Army Restoration and knighted by Charles II John Okey Commanded in the New Model At the Restoration he fled to Germany. Army. In 1654 he objected to Arrested in Holland while visiting, Cromwell’s assumption of power, friends, shipped to England, tried and was court-martialled and executed Richard Deane Cromwell’s relation. One of the Buried in Westminster Abbey but at King’s judges, involved in planning the Restoration his body was exhumed the execution. Died in battle and thrown into a common grave Robert Appointed Lieutenant of the Tower Surrendered at the Restoration and spent Tichborne the rest of his life in prison John Bradshaw One of the King’s judges. Successful Following the Restoration his body was during the Commonwealth but removed from Westminster Abbey and opposed Cromwell’s assumption of hung at Tyburn along with Cromwell power. Died in 1659 George Soldier and MP Surrendered at the Restoration, sentenced Fleetwood to death but reprieved. Imprisoned in the Tower William Goffe Soldier and MP.In 1658 became Fled to America after warrant for arrest at Major General of Foot the Restoration. Royalist agents sent to arrest him received no help from colonists

130 Liberty to Tender Consciences?

The Declaration of Breda granted a free and full pardon to anyone appealing to the King for his ‘grace and favour’ within forty days, with a few exceptions to be agreed by Parliament. Charles also promised to uphold the Anglican Church and grant ‘liberty to tender consciences’.The issue of the regicides, however, was one that must have been very difficult for the King. Read the information below about one of the men and review your table about the fate of the regicides.Why do you think this individual was spared when others died? Think about three tips to give to a regicide in order for them to survive the Restoration!

SIR RICHARD INGOLDSBY A cousin of Cromwell, Ingoldsby was a colonel in the New Model Army. He was a regicide but did not attend any sessions of the High Court. He pleaded later that his signature on the death warrant was a result of being forced by Cromwell – but we will never know if this was true.After the death of Cromwell he approached the Earl of Northampton to declare to Charles II that a pardon and forgiveness of his former errors was all that he wanted. He actively supported General Monk and was involved in the suppression of Lambert’s rebellion.At the coronation of Charles II he was made a Knight of the Bath, according to the historic tradition.

To survive the Restoration as a regicide you need to……

Tip 1

Tip 2

Tip 3

131 Was the World Turned Upside-down?

In the space of eighteen years England had lived through three Civil Wars, the execution of the monarch, a period as a republic with one sole figurehead, internal chaos and the return of monarchy. Had everything come full circle or was there real change? Using your timeline or your own knowledge about the period, complete the information below

I think the key political changes were…………….

I think the key religious changes were…………………

By the time of the Restoration public opinion on the monarchy and its power was……………

In no more than 100 words explain what you think the real impact of the Civil Wars was upon the country. Remember to think about the impact on politics, religion, the monarchy and the opinions of the general public.

132 Sir John Robinson

Sir John Robinson was created a Baronet in June 1660. After the Restoration he was simultaneously Lieutenant and acting Governor of HM Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London and Lord Mayor of London. He was Sheriff 1657-8, Lord Mayor 1662-3 and Lieutenant of the Tower 1660-79. Robinson had also been Master of the Clothworkers’ Company in 1656-7 during the Interregnum. He is an example of a Royalist who not only managed to prosper in the Interregnum but was rewarded for his loyalty with high office at the Restoration. The painting shows Sir John in a full perriwig and wearing a long buff coat with richly embroidered sleeves. His lace may be Venetian and as such the most expensive available. On the table beside him lie the robes and collar of office as Lord Mayor and in the background rises the White Tower. The painting was thought to date from Attributed to John Michael Wright about 1669 Copyright Board of Trustees of the Armouries. 1662-3, however, recent research suggests the correct date to be around 1669. The elaborate weather vanes on the White Tower turrets were produced by Ralph Greatorix and William Partridge in 1669, who were paid £200 for their work. Pepys had met Robinson and regarded him as ‘a talking, braggin Bufflehead, a fellow that would be thought to have led all the City in the great business of bringing in the King….I observe him to be as very a coxcomb as I could have thought had been in the City’. However, Pepys approved of his table and his wife,‘his ordinary table being very good, and his lady high-carriaged but comely big woman; I was mightily pleased with her’.

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