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The Collapse of Empire at Gordion in the Transition from the Achaemenid to the Hellenistic World
Anatolian Studies 69 (2019): 109–132 doi:10.1017/S0066154619000073 © British Institute at Ankara 2019 The collapse of empire at Gordion in the transition from the Achaemenid to the Hellenistic world Elspeth R.M. Dusinberre University of Colorado Boulder, USA [email protected] Abstract Gordion, ancient capital of Phrygia, was a large and thriving city of secondary importance during the period of the Achaemenid Persian Empire (ca 550–333 BC). Recent work makes possible a reconsideration of the site: evaluating its architecture, finds and use of landscape within and after the socio-economic and administrative context of the Achaemenid imperial system enables the following new overview. During the Achaemenid period, Gordion’s populace participated in the broad cultural exchanges enabled by the imperial system and may have emphasised animal husbandry. When Alexander’s conquest led to the collapse of the Achaemenid administrative infrastructure, the impact on Gordion’s economy and cultural circumstance was profound. Its population plummeted, the architectural and spatial organisation of the site changed dramatically and new directions and means of trade and cultural interaction developed. Gordion’s archaeological remains reflect and emphasise the tremendous historical and political changes attending the end of the Empire and the beginning of the Hellenistic period. Özet Frigya’nın antik başkenti Gordion, Akhaimenid Pers İmparatorluğu döneminde (MÖ. 550–333) ikincil öneme sahip büyük ve gelişen bir şehirdi. Yapılan son çalışmalar bu bölgenin tekrardan değerlendirilmesine imkan vermiştir. Mimari özelliklerinin incelenmesi, bulgular ve arazinin Akhaimenid İmparatorluk sisteminin sosyo-ekonomik ve idari bağlamı süresince ve öncesinde kullanımının gözlenmesi yeni bir genel bakış açısı sağlamıştır. -
Unit 21: the Art of Greece
The Artios Home Companion Series Unit 21: The Art of Greece Teacher Overview The arts reflect the society that creates them. Nowhere is this truer than in the case of the ancient Greeks. Through their temples, sculpture, pottery and literature, the Greeks incorporated the concept of reaching for excellence and one’s full potential. Reading and Assignments In this unit, students will: Complete six lessons in which they will learn about Greek literature, art, philosophy, religion, and myths, journaling and answering discussion questions as they read. Define vocabulary words. Explore the following website: ▪ Gods and goddesses of Ancient Greece http://www.ancientgreece.co. uk/gods/explore/exp_set.ht ml Visit www.ArtiosHCS.com for additional resources. A recreation in modern materials of the lost colossal statue by Pheidias, Athena Parthenos is housed in a full-scale replica of the Parthenon in Nashville’s Centennial Park. She is the largest indoor sculpture in the western world. Photograph by Dean Dixon, Sculpture by Alan LeQuire (1990), work of art is free according to the terms of the Free Art License. Leading Ideas In Acts 17, Paul gives a sermon that makes it evident that he understood Greek philosophy. However, he did not stay there in his conversation. He presented the gospel to them. This is a great demonstration of not being “of the world” but being “sent into” the world. — Acts 17 (Read this chapter in ESV at: https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+17&version=ESV) Ancient: Middle School Unit 21: The Art of Greece Page 314 Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that by testing you may discern what is the will of God, what is good and acceptable and perfect. -
Cutting the Gordian Knot. the Iconography of Megaron 2 at Gordion
Cutting the Gordian knot. The iconography of Megaron 2 at Gordion Berndt Ersöz, Susanne Published in: Opuscula: Annual of the Swedish Institutes At Athens and Rome 2015 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Berndt Ersöz, S. (2015). Cutting the Gordian knot. The iconography of Megaron 2 at Gordion. Opuscula: Annual of the Swedish Institutes At Athens and Rome, 8, 85-108. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 SVENSKA INSTITUTEN I ATHEN OCH ROM INSTITUTUM ATHENIENSE ATQUE INSTITUTUM ROMANUM REGNI SUECIAE Opuscula Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 8 2015 STOCKHOLM SUSANNE BERNDT Cutting the Gordian knot The iconography of Megaron 2 at Gordion Abstract* and other iconographic material. -
Views on the Nature of Human Relations And, Ultimately, the Historical Process
INFORMATION TO USERS While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. For example: • Manuscript pages may have indistinct print. In such cases, the best available copy has been filmed. • Manuscripts may not always be complete. In such cases, a note will indicate that it is not possible to obtain missing pages. • Copyrighted material may have been removed from the manuscript. In such cases, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or as a 17”x 23” black and white photographic print. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or microfiche but lack the clarity on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge, 35mm slides of 6”x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography. Order Number 8726642 Fathers and sons in the Histories of Herodotus Greenberger, Jeff Steven, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1987 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark . -
Attis and Lesbia: Catullus' Attis Poem As Symbolic Reflection of the Lesbia
71-7460 GENOVESE, Jr., Edgar Nicholas, 1942- ATTIS AND LESBIA; CATULLUS’ ATTIS POEM AS A SYMBOLIC REFLECTION OF THE LESBIA CYCLE. iPortions of Text in Greek and Latin]. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1970 Language and Literature, classical • University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan Copyright by Edgar Nicholas Genovese, Jr. 1971 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED ATTIS AND LESBIA: CATULLUS' ATTIS POEM AS A SYMBOLIC REFLECTION OF THE LESBIA CYCLE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Hie Ohio State University By Edgar Nicholas Genovese, Jr., A.B. The Ohio State University 1970 Approved by ^ \ Adviser Dc^^rtment of Classics ACKNOWLEDGMENTS John T. Davis, cui maximas gratias ago, mentem meam ducebat et ingenium dum hoc opusculum fingebam; multa autern addiderunt atque cor- rexerunt Clarence A. Forbes et Vincent J. Cleary, quibus ago gratias. poetam uero Veronensem memoro laudoque. denique admiror gratam coniugem meam ac diligo: quae enim, puellula nostra mammam appetente, ter adegit manibus suis omnes litteras in has paginas. ii PARENTIBVS MEIS XXX VITA September 18, 1942 . Born— Baltimore, Maryland 1960-1964 .............. A.B., Classics, Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio 1964-1966 .............. Instructor, Latin, Kenwood Senior High School, Baltimore, Maryland 1966-1968 .............. Teaching Assistant, Teaching Associate, Department of Classics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Summer 1968 ............ Instructor, Elementary Greek, Department of Classics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1968-1970 ........ N.D.E.A. Fellow, Department of Classics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Summer 1969, 1970 . Assistant, Latin Workshop, Department of Classics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major field; Latin and Greek poetry Latin literature. -
Alexander, Midas, and the Oracle at Gordium Author(S): Ernest A. Fredricksmeyer Source: Classical Philology, Vol. 56, No. 3 (Jul., 1961), Pp
Alexander, Midas, and the Oracle at Gordium Author(s): Ernest A. Fredricksmeyer Source: Classical Philology, Vol. 56, No. 3 (Jul., 1961), pp. 160-168 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/265752 Accessed: 24/01/2009 15:23 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucpress. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Classical Philology. http://www.jstor.org ALEXANDER, MIDAS, AND THE ORACLE AT GORDIUM1 ERNEST A. -
Open Logan Wyman Thesis__4.11.12.Pdf
THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DEPARTMENTS OF CLASSICS AND ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN STUDIES AND HISTORY AND RELIGIOUS STUDIES PROGRAM ALEXANDER THE GREAT: CONQUEST AND DIVINITY LOGAN A. WYMAN Spring 2012 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for baccalaureate degrees in Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies and History with interdisciplinary honors in Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies and History Reviewed and approved* by the following: Dr. Mark Munn Thesis Supervisor Dr. Mary Lou Munn Honors Adviser Dr. Catherine Wanner Honors Adviser * Signatures are on file in the Schreyer Honors College. i i ABSTRACT In only a short nineteen years, Alexander the Great managed to bridge two different worlds under one empire that spanned from Greece to India. By bringing the vast Persian empire with the Greek western one under a single ruler-ship he was forced to reconcile the conflicting ideologies of the areas. The reconciliation of these cultures social and religious norms weighed heavily on Alexander and influenced the manner in which he administered his empire as well as how he came to view himself as a ruler. What stands out is the shift in personality and views of his own divinity and its relation to his place as emperor. From the ancient histories of Arrian, Plutarch and Curtius, writing long after his passing, Alexander’s changing sentiments about himself and how he should be viewed among his subjects becomes clear, but what is significant is the factors that influenced these changes in perception. I will seek to demonstrate that Alexander’s push to confirm his own divinity was at first, a strongly politically motivated move to establish he supremacy over his eastern and western empires, however, as he saw more success and his empire began to stretch further east, his concepts of establishing his divinity turned more ego-driven as he tried to affirm to himself and the empire that he did indeed have divine origins and should occupy a place among the gods for his exploits as a man. -
Resurrecting Gordion Preserving Turkey’S Phrygian Capital by Frank G
Resurrecting Gordion Preserving Turkey’s Phrygian Capital by frank g. matero and c. brian rose rchaeology and heritage conservation Babylonians, Hittites) have become important partners in the exca- and the west (Greeks, vation, preservation, and display of archaeo- Romans), it occupied logical sites around the world. With rare a strategic position exception, most archaeological sites are cre- on nearly all trade Aated through excavation, and they become “heritage” through routes that linked the a complex process of study, intervention, and visitation that Mediterranean with TURKEY involves a number of disciplines beyond archaeology. It is the Near East. The largely tourism that drives the need to expose and display sites, city became especially which shifts the priorities of archaeological research to man- prominent shortly aging deterioration (as a result of exposure) and interpreting after the Phrygians buildings, features, and site histories. Input from the archae- settled there in the Gordion is located in central Turkey. ologist, conservator, and design professional at the beginning 12th century BCE, of a project determines the success or failure of how a site is and it continued to ultimately preserved, interpreted, and exhibited. be a military and commercial center even after the Persian Beyond this, many archaeological sites have special mean- conquests in the mid-6th century BCE. During the 3rd cen- ing to the local residents, who have claimed these places as tury BCE, the city was settled by the Celts, whose practice of part of their cultural and/or ethnic heritage long before the human sacrifice is documented by new skeletal discoveries. first shovelful of earth has been removed for scientific study. -
The Rose in Ancient Greek Culture
THE ROSE IN ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE © Géczi, János [email protected] The tablets of Pylos - On the rose motifs in Homeric poetry - Roses of the gods - The choruses - Roses transformed into people: Anacreon and Sappho - Roses in everyday life: From the garland to the floral carpet, from the daub to the artificial flower - Rose allusions in the worldview - Rose symbols of Greek poets of the Hellenistic era - The roses of pederasty, trend toward desanctification - Rose symbols in Greek poetry in the first through third centuries - Forest, park, garden? - Botany - The rose in medicine - Later sources: Summary of the Greek rose thematic - The Greek rose The meaning of the grammatically neuter Greek word for rose, is dual, referring to both the plant and the color pink. The word is probably closest to the Armenian word ward, ‘rose,’ which in turn may originate from Old Persian *urda- (Indo-European *urdho-). (Mayerhofer, however, may originate from the Arabic words warada ‘to bloom’ and waruda ‘to be red.’1) Of its components its color-related meaning – for example, in references to Dawn (Aios2) – indicate that the concepts were brought together by analogous thinking.3 The word primarily evokes a color, but it also designates a plant (more precisely, the flower of a plant) whose color reliably identifies it. The color and the plant (or the flower of the plant), as demonstrated by early Greek sources, appear interchangeable, although there are, indisputably, differences in their meanings. The differences in content in the two homonyms as used in everyday descriptions resulted in an expansion of the semantic content of the word rose, through the Greeks’ emphasis on subtle distinctions and individual thinking. -
Anatolian Origins of the Gordian Knot Legend Brendan Burke
Anatolian Origins of the Gordian Knot Legend Brendan Burke HE LEGEND of the Gordian knot is preserved in only five Greek and Roman sources: Arrian (Anab. 2.3.1–8), Curtius (3.1.11–18), Plutarch (Alex. 18.1–2), Justin (Epit. T11.7.3–16), and Marsyas of Philippi (FGrHist 136 F 4). Several scholars have addressed the sources for the story and have focused on the varying accounts by Classical writers.1 These investigations have centered on the legend of the knot in the context of Alexander the Great’s visit to Gordion in spring 333, centuries after any historical King Midas of Phrygia.2 Rather than concentrating on the historiography of the legend of the Gordian knot, this paper examines Anatolian origins of the knot story and the possible connections between the name of the most famous Phrygian dynast, King Midas (or Mita, in Near Eastern sources), and a Hittite word, mit(t)a-, miti-, which often means red wool, twisted threads, or cords. This word appears in several Hittite texts and always in a ritual context.3 I argue that certain details of the story of the Gordian knot preserved by the historians of Alexander are holdovers from the 1 See, for example, E. Fredricksmeyer, “Alexander, Midas, and the Oracle at Gordium,” CP 56 (1961) 160–168; L. Roller, “Midas and the Gordian Knot,” ClassAnt 3 (1984) 256–271. 2 The Midas placed by the Greek chronographers in the late eighth/early seventh century is attested in the annals of Sargon II, active from 717 and 709 B.C.: D. -
About Ancient Greece
CK_2_TH_HG_P109_241.QXD 1/6/05 12:51 PM Page 146 IV. Ancient Greece What Teachers Need to Know Background: The Geographic Setting of Greece Greece is situated on the Balkan Peninsula, which juts into the Mediterranean Sea. To the east is the Aegean Sea and to the west, the Ionian Sea. About one-fifth of Greece is made up of islands. Crete, which marks the southern end of the Aegean Sea, is the largest Greek island. About 75% of Greece—mainland and islands—is mountainous. The terrain greatly affected how ancient Greece developed. Greece has no flooding rivers, like the Nile or the Tigris and Euphrates (which children should have learned about in Grade 1), or the Ganges, Indus, Huang He, and Yangtze. Nor does it have fertile valleys or broad plains to farm. Only an area known as the Peloponnesus on the mainland’s southern tip has some fertile lowlands, and some of the larger islands also have small fertile valleys. Some early Greeks did farm, but many others took to the sea to earn their living. The position of Greece in the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Ionian Seas led to the development of a large and profitable trading network for the Greeks. The early Greeks established colonies around the coasts of the Aegean, Ionian, Black, and Mediterranean Seas. Especially important were the Greek colonies in southern Italy, on the island of Sicily, and in Asia Minor. (Asia Minor is the historical name for the peninsula jutting out from Southwest Asia Teaching Idea between the Mediterranean and the Black Seas; it is the area known today as Make an overhead of Instructional the Anatolian Peninsula, or what forms the greater part of Turkey.) Master 13, Ancient Greece, to orient Unlike the Egyptians, Sumerians, and others who developed civilizations children to the Greek mainland and around rivers in flat regions, the ancient Greeks did not build vast empires. -
Amazing Facts Book Doug Batchelor the Bible on Marriage Divorce and Remarriage
Copyright © 2011 by Doug Batchelor Published by Amazing Facts, Inc. P. O. Box 1058 Roseville, CA 95678-8058 1 (800) 538-7275 www.AmazingFacts.org All scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from the New King James Version®. Copyright © 1982 by Thomas Nelson, Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Scripture quotations marked “NASB” are taken from the New American Standard Bible®, Copyright © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission. (www.Lockman.org) Scripture quotations marked “RSV” are taken from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright 1952 [2nd edition, 1971] by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Scripture quotations marked as “KJV” are taken from the King James Bible. Cover design by Haley Trimmer Text design by Greg Solie • AltamontGraphics.com Table of Contents Dedication Introduction • A Lasting Knot 1. Happily Ever After 2. The Scourge of Divorce 3. The Hard Questions 4. Failed Expectations 5. Most Sacred Institution 6. Conditional Commitment 7. Pomp and Circumstance 8. One Plus One Equals One 9. Civil Responsibility? 10. Multiple Marriages 11. Adultery 12. Seven Proven Tips for Avoiding Adulterous Pitfalls 13. Pandemic of Pornography 14. Surviving Adultery 15. Abandonment 16. Separation 17. The Blame Game 18. If Divorce Happens 19. Get a New Life 20. Remarriage 21. Remarriage and Membership 22. Grace for the Fallen 23. Tips for a Happy Marriage Dedication edicated to my girlfriend Karen, who also happens to be my wife.