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Druckvorlage Farbig INTERNATIONAL LACTATION CONSULTANT ASSOCIATION Klinische Leitlinien zur Etablierung des ausschließlichen Stillens Clinical Guidelines for the Establisment of the Exclusive Breastfeeding Übersetzt von Denise Both, IBCLC Juni 2005 INTERNATIONAL LACTATION CONSULTANT ASSOCIATION Klinische Leitlinien zur Etablierung des ausschließlichen Stillens Clinical Guidelines for the Establisment of the Exclusive Breastfeeding Übersetzt von Denise Both, IBCLC Überarbeitungskomitee 2. Auflage Mary L. Overfield, MN, RN, IBCLC Lactation Consultant, WakeMed Chair, Professional Development Committee International Lactation Consultant Association Raleigh, North Carolina USA Carol A. Ryan, MSN, RN, IBCLC Director, Parenting Services Perinatal Education & Lactation Services Georgetown University Hospital Washington, DC USA Amy Spangler, MN, RN, IBCLC Affiliate Faculty, Emory University Perinatal Education Instructor, Northside Hospital Atlanta, Georgia USA Mary Rose Tully, MPH, IBCLC Adjunct Assistant Professor UNC School of Public Health Director, Lactation Services UNC Women’s & Children’s Hospitals Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA Teilweise finanziert durch das Maternal and Child Health Bureau Health Resources and Services Administration US Department of Health and Human Services 2 Vorwort Das Interesse an der Gesundheit von Mut- Alter von zwei Jahren gestillt. Die derzeiti- das vielfach durch die persönlichen An- ter und Kind hat auf der ganzen Welt eine ge Stillsituation ist demzufolge weit von sichten sowohl des Gesundheitspersonals lange Tradition. Die 1948 verabschiedete, dem entfernt, was empfohlen wird. 229 als auch der Familie belastet wird. Es ist weltweit gültige Menschenrechtserklärung von wesentlicher Bedeutung, dass das Viele Gesundheitsfachleute glauben, dass stellt fest, dass „Mutterschaft und Kindheit Stillen vom Gesundheitspersonal als die sich gestillte Säuglinge, die in Industriena- zu besonderer Betreuung und Unterstüt- normale Art und Weise der Säuglingser- tionen geboren werden, nur geringfügig zung berechtigen“. 182 Die 1989 ratifizierte nährung anerkannt wird, als Standard an von nicht gestillten, mit künstlicher Säug- Konvention der Rechte für das Kind 181 dem alle anderen Möglichkeiten der Säug- lingsnahrung ernährten Babys unterschei- garantiert das Recht der Kinder auf den lingsernährung gemessen werden müssen. den. Diese Einstellung spiegelt sich sowohl höchstmöglichen gesundheitlichen Stan- Diese Leitlinien sind dazu konzipiert, ein im Fehlen von Stillmanagementinhalten in dard. Weitere Konventionen und internatio- optimales Stillmanagement aufzuzeigen den Lehrplänen von Gesundheitsberufen nale Konsensus Dokumente konzentrieren und medizinischem Personal ein eindeuti- als auch dem Mangel an Stillberatungsfä- sich auf die Verringerung der geschlechts- ges Verständnis über die Kunst des Stil- higkeiten bei vielen Gesundheitsfachkräf- bedingten Diskriminierung, die eine gute lens und auch der hinter dieser Kunst ste- ten wider. 72, 83, 86, 93, 102, 102, 113, 118, 146, 147, 223 Gesundheit untergraben können, vor allem henden Wissenschaft zu vermitteln. Meh- 1991 wurde von der Weltgesundheitsorga- bei jungen Mädchen und Frauen. Gerade rere hoch angesehene Fachgesellschaften nisation (WHO) und dem Kinderhilfswerk kürzlich hat die globale Staatengemein- haben Stellungnahmen herausgegeben, der Vereinten Nationen (UNICEF) die Initi- schaft sich dafür ausgesprochen „eine die die Beweise und Gründe aufzeigen, ative Babyfreundliches Krankenhaus ge- Umgebung zu schaffen – sowohl auf natio- warum dem Stillen und dem Wissen um gründet. Babyfreundlich ist eine Auszeich- naler wie auch auf globaler Ebene – die das Stillen und die Stillberatung beim me- nung, die an Kliniken oder Entbindungsein- die Entwicklung fördert und die Armut dizinischen Personal eine hohe Priorität richtungen vergeben wird, die in Überein- ausrottet.“ 230 Das ausschließliche Stillen eingeräumt wird. 1, 6, 9, 10, 36, 51, 99, 133, 138, 180, stimmung mit den Zehn Schritten zum während der ersten sechs Lebensmonate 250 erfolgreichen Stillen arbeiten. 248 Die Daten- wurde als eine der kostengünstigsten Maß- Klinische Leitlinien müssen nicht nur evi- lage zeigt, dass die meisten Mütter für nahmen erkannt. denzbasiert sein, sondern auch einheitlich, einen erfolgreichen Stillbeginn und die korrekt und kulturell angepasst, um einen Es wurde geschätzt, dass vier Millionen Etablierung des Stillens ausreichende wirkungsvollen Einfluss auf Stillbeginn, der 130 Millionen weltweit jedes Jahr ge- Information und Unterstützung durch das Stilldauer und ausschließliches Stillen zu borenen Babys innerhalb der ersten vier Gesundheitspersonal benötigen. 248 haben. 133, 165, 187, 203 Wie alle anderen Be- Lebenswochen – der Neugeborenenperio- Zu den Faktoren, die mit der frühen Einfüh- reiche der Gesundheitspflege, so entwi- de – sterben. 144 Das entspricht 36 Prozent rung von Muttermilchersatzprodukten und ckelt sich auch das Stillmanagement wei- der weltweiten Todesfälle bei Kindern dem Abstillen in Zusammenhang stehen, ter. Deshalb spiegeln die hier vorgestellten unter fünf Jahren. gehören fehlendes Vertrauen in die Stillfä- Managementstrategien das derzeitige Die gesundheitlichen Vorteile des Stillens higkeit, besonders bei Erstgebärenden, klinische, pädagogische und wissenschaft- für Mütter, Kinder und Gesellschaft sind mangelnde Unterstützung durch das Ge- liche Wissen wider. gut dokumentiert. 1, 6, 9, 10, 36, 51, 99, 133, 138, 180, sundheitspersonal und eine Vielzahl von Einige Aspekte des Stillmanagement las- 250 Das gleiche gilt für die gesundheitlichen Stillproblemen. 78, 221 Dieses Dokument sen ein kontrolliertes und randomisiertes Risiken und die wirtschaftlichen Kosten, konzentriert sich auf das Erreichen des Studiendesign nicht zu und basieren statt- die sich aus der Verwendung von künstli- ausschließlichen Stillens bei gesunden, dessen auf klinischer Erfahrung und logi- cher Säuglingsnahrung ergeben. 43, 46, 238 voll ausgetragenen Säuglingen. Es werden schen Schlussfolgerungen aus bekannten Die Vorteile werden sogar noch überzeu- häufig auftretende Probleme angespro- wissenschaftlichen Fakten. Die Referen- gender, wenn der Einfluss des NICHT- chen, die oftmals zur frühzeitigen Einfüh- zen, die die in diesem Dokument enthal- Stillens auf die Morbidität und Mortalität rung von Muttermilchersatzprodukten und tenden Strategien unterstützen, reichen von Müttern und Kindern berücksichtigt vorzeitigem Abstillen führen. Umstände von Originalstudien bis zu Arbeiten, die auf wird. und gesundheitliche Probleme, die eine jahrelanger klinischer Erfahrung basieren. Weltweite Gesundheitsorganisationen, Überweisung an eine ausgebildete Still- Die Bewertungskriterien des Evidenzgrads Regierungs- und regierungsunabhängige fachkraft, eine Still- und Laktationsberate- der jeweiligen Referenzen erfolgt analog Organisationen sowie Berufsverbände im rIn IBCLC (International Board Certified dem von der US Preventive Service Task Gesundheitsbereich empfehlen das aus- Lactation Consultant) oder eine ÄrztIn, Force entwickelten Modell (siehe Anhang schließliche Stillen in den ersten sechs Hebamme, Pflegefachkraft oder Ernäh- 1). 227 Lebensmonaten und daran anschließen- rungsspezialistIn mit besonderer Ausbil- des Weiterstillen bis zum zweiten Ge- dung zur Stillberatung, erfordern können, Diese klinischen Leitlinien treten für Frau- burtstag und darüber hinaus als normale werden angesprochen. en und Kinder ein, indem sie dem mit ihrer Form der Kinderernährung. 9, 10, 36, 51, 250 Pflege betrauten medizinischen Fachper- Eine umfassende Beurteilung von Mutter Trotz allgemein verbesserter Zahlen hin- sonal eine Handlungsstruktur geben. Sie und Kind, wozu auch Wissen und Vorstel- sichtlich des Stillbeginns und der Stilldauer spiegeln einen Pflegeansatz wider, der auf lungen der Mutter gehören, ist ein wichti- in den 90er Jahren des letzten Jahrhun- dem Verständnis beruht, dass die Gesund- ger erster Schritt. Die Vorstellungen und derts, werden heute weniger als die Hälfte heit und die Interessen der Mutter-Kind- fälschlichen Annahmen der Eltern müssen aller Säuglinge weltweit bis zu vier Monate Dyade untrennbar sind. Die Gesundheit angesprochen werden, ehe eine angemes- ausschließlich gestillt. Zwar werden global der Mutter ist der wichtigste Faktor für die sene klinische Behandlung begonnen betrachtet relativ viele Kinder mit einem Zukunft des Neugeborenen und ein gesun- werden kann. Stillen ist ein Gesundheits- Jahr noch weiterhin gestillt (79 %), aber des Neugeborenes ist die größte Hoffnung verhalten mit langfristigen Konsequenzen 9, nur etwa die Hälfte der Kinder wird noch im für die Zukunft. 3 4 Inhaltsverzeichnis Zu erwartende Outcomes bei stillenden Müttern und ihren Säuglingen.................................................................... 6 Leitlinien 1. Das Stillen in der ersten Stunde nach der Geburt ermöglichen und bis nach dem ersten Anlegen für anhaltenden Hautkontakt zwischen Mutter und Säugling sorgen. ................................................................ 7 2. Der Mutter und dem Säugling helfen, eine bequeme Stillposition einzunehmen und korrekt anzulegen.......... 8 3. Mutter und Säugling bleiben während des gesamten Klinikaufenthaltes zusammen . ...................................... 9 4. Die Mütter dazu anleiten, die frühen Hungerzeichen des Säuglings zu erkennen und darauf zu reagieren. Sicherstellen, dass der Säugling mindestens acht Mal innerhalb von 24 Stunden gestillt wird....................... 10 5. Sicherstellen, dass die Mütter die Physiologie der Milchbildung
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