Issue 144 November 2017

Jean Leon Gerome Ferris’s The First Thanksgiving 1621.

A NEWSLETTER OF THE ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY COMMUNITY

spice trade to Columbus’s incentive to set hunting and gathering food, ensuring their Word of the Month sail and about its importance in the forma- survival and helping prepare a feast for Da ko t a B l ac k m a n tion of a global economy. Though different the fall harvest. The first Thanksgiving, we layers of complexity were added as we got were taught, was a celebration of harmony older, the two-fold takeaway was meant between the Native and Puritan popula- Indigenous to be clear. First, Columbus discovered tions. adjective | in·dig·e·nous | \ in-ˈdi-jə-nəs \ America. Second, Columbus discovered The reality, I later learned, was very Produced, growing, living, or occurring its native population. We were taught that different. The ramifications of colonial- naturally in a particular region or environ- Columbus thought himself to be in India ism—both Columbus’s and the Puritan’s— ment. when he landed, so I first learned to call were grave and far-reaching. Columbus the indigenous population Indians—by the didn’t discover mainland America, as we According to Merriam-Webster, the time I reached high school, we were told were taught, but instead landed on His- first known use of the word indigenous was to credit Columbus with the discovery of paniola (present-day Haiti and the Do- in 1646, nearly 150 years after a year em- America and of Native Americans. minican Republic). The Taino people were bedded in the brains of most schoolchil- It was always around this time, at indigenous to the land, but their exploita- dren in the United States: 1492, a year that least in elementary school, where we would tion for slave labor, and the exploitation my peers and I in our New York City public begin to jump forward a couple hundred of their land for a trade route, ultimately elementary school learned was famed for years in our studies and learn about the led to their complete obliteration by 1535. being when Christopher Columbus sailed Puritans in England. Again, we were given The trade route that connected this land to the ocean blue in search for India, but in- a simplified version of the story in which mainland United States also brought with it stead made the great discovery of America, the Puritans were being persecuted for diseases to which indigenous populations the New World. We were told how crucial it their religious beliefs, so they set sail and were not immune including, but not limit- was to remember the most minute details. took up residence on the land Columbus ed to, measles, mumps, chicken pox, small- In elementary school, it was Columbus’s had discovered. There, they were greeted pox, influenza, and pneumonia. European country of origin (Italy, though his famed with a slew of difficulties, the biggest of settlers did not offer indigenous people voyages were from Spain) and the names which was their inability to grow food on protection against these diseases. On the of his ships (the Nina, the Pinta, and the their new, inhospitable land. Of course, we contrary, in 1763, to combat the Native Santa Maria). In middle and high school, were then taught about the kind Native we learned about the contribution of the Americans who taught the Puritans about CONTINUED TO P.2 * 1 Editorial Board EDITORIAL BOARD

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Statue of Christopher Columbus at Columbus Circle in New York the language to tell us why. According to the definition above, indigenous refers to * CONTINUED FROM P. 1 continue to remain operational. anything naturally-occurring in a place. In 1870, Thanksgiving became a fed- When we apply such terminology to Na- Americans’ efforts to unify, British forces eral holiday. In 1937, Columbus Day fol- tive Americans in this country and call distributed blankets infected with small- lowed suit. As of October 9, 2017, there are them indigenous people, there is a clearly pox to produce an epidemic. a number of states, cities, and universities implied juxtaposition: European colonial- A systematic effort to reduce native in the United States that now celebrate In- ists were not natural, and therefore the populations’ rights and power has conse- digenous People’s Day in lieu of Colum- presence of their descendants (many proud quences that extend to the present day. The bus Day. There have been recent protests Americans) isn’t either. Though true, this American Indian Youth Organization re- throughout the country to remove stat- fact is at odds with the inherent right that ports statistics on poverty, unemployment, ues of confederate generals—so too have so many Americans feel they have to their and lack of resources in education and in- people protested removing statues of Co- land—a feeling that likely stems, at least frastructure in Native American commu- lumbus. The United States has a long and in part, from the cultural erasure of a very nities and reservations. Native American shameful history of crimes against indig- real, albeit very difficult, part of United land today—much of which is sectioned off enous people, and many activists believe States history. The fact is that we have this on governmentally-determined reserva- that to celebrate Columbus Day is to cel- land because we took it, and to keep this tions—is being disrespected by the United ebrate these crimes. from children growing up in the United States government. A prime example is that States (to teach them that Puritans and of the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), an Both Columbus Day and Indigenous Native Americans were friends) does a dis- oil pipeline that the United States govern- People’s day have passed, but Thanksgiving service to all parties. Our cultural history ment intends to build through the Stand- is approaching—it is perceived as a posi- must be a reflection of the full story. ing Rock Reservation in North Dakota. It tive holiday where we have the opportuni- amassed news coverage this past year as ty spend time with people we love, and to protestors, many from the Standing Rock reflect on what we are thankful for. Given Sioux tribe, were met with rampant po- the recent eruption of the conversation re- lice brutality, simply for fighting for their garding indigenous people, it may also be right to clean water. Despite the health and wise to reflect on our history, and on why environmental risks, which will affect the Indigenous People’s day is being met with Sioux tribe in particular, the pipeline will such skepticism; perhaps we can look to 2 The Eleventh Hour A i l e e n M a r s h a l l

There is a federal holiday coming up that you may not be familiar with and proba- bly have only heard about through adver- tisements. November 11 is Veterans Day, and it is almost 100 years old. The holi- day is meant to honor all those who have served in any branch of the armed forces in this country. It is sometimes confused with Memorial Day, which is meant to specifically honor those who have died while serving. Many towns have a parade for the holiday. Federal employees have the day off, so there is no mail delivered and public schools are closed. Veterans Day was first known as Armistice Day. It marked the ending of WWI, “the war to end all wars,” accord- ing to H. G. Wells. The armistice, or tem- porary hold on battles, went into effect on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month in 1918, although AILEEN MARSHALL | NATURAL SELECTIONS some very minor skirmishes did continue after that time. The official peace treaty to wars. The veteran, Raymond Weeks of ing their veterans with a national holiday end WWI was signed in Versailles, France Birmingham, Alabama, led a delegation that coincides with Remembrance Day on June 28 of the following year. Then, in to General Dwight Eisenhower. Over the and Veterans Day. November of 1919, President Woodrow next eight years, various veterans’ service It has become traditional to have a Wilson signed a proclamation declaring organizations took up the cause. In 1954, ceremony at 11 a.m. that day to honor un- November 11 as Armistice Day, officially President Eisenhower signed a bill chang- known soldiers who were killed in battle. marking the end of WWI. In this docu- ing the name to Veterans Day and desig- For instance, there is the annual laying of ment he noted, “We were able to bring the nating it a day to honor all veterans. the wreath at the tomb of the unknown vast resources, material and moral, of a Congress then passed the Uniform soldier in Arlington National Cemetery great and free people to the assistance of Holidays Bill in June of 1968. This Act re- in Washington D.C. Here in New York, a our associates in Europe who had suffered scheduled a number of federal holidays to wreath is laid at the Eternal Light Monu- and sacrificed without limit in the cause a nearby Monday, so that workers would ment in Madison Square Park at 11 a.m. for which we fought. Out of this victory have three-day weekends to encourage before the parade. there arose new possibilities of political citizens to celebrate them. Veterans Day The parade in New York City is the freedom and economic concert. The war was first recognized under this act on largest in the country. This year’s parade, showed us the strength of great nations October 25, 1971. However, this caused on Saturday, November 11, will have acting together for high purposes, and a lot of confusion among people who re- over 300 contingents, including veterans the victory of arms foretells the enduring member the “eleventh day of the eleventh from several wars, school and community conquests which can be made in peace month” from their school days. In fact, groups, military units, marching bands, when nations act justly and in further- some states still celebrated it on Novem- Medal of Honor recipients, and antique ance of the common interests of men.” ber 11. Starting in 1978, President Gerald vehicles. This year’s Grand Marshal will It wasn’t until June 4, 1926 that the Ford changed Veterans Day back to No- be Buzz Aldrin, astronaut and Air Force United States Congress officially recog- vember 11, and it has been celebrated on veteran. The parade runs along 5th Av- nized the end of WWI, through a reso- that date ever since. enue, from 26th Street to 52nd Street, lution that called for celebrating the day Other countries have holidays simi- starting at 11:15 a.m. There is some lim- through… “exercises designed to perpet- lar to Veterans Day. In the United King- ited bleacher seating near the reviewing uate peace through goodwill and mutual dom, they celebrate the second Sunday stand at 41st Street, by the New York Pub- understanding between nations.” A con- of November as Remembrance Sunday. lic Library. gressional Act to make Armistice Day an In Canada, and other Commonwealth Sailors assigned to the amphibious annual legal federal holiday... “dedicated countries, the holiday is also called Re- assault ship USS Iwo Jima march in the to the cause of world peace,” was passed membrance Day, where it is common to 2016 Veterans Day parade in New York in May of 1938. Then in 1945, WWII vet- observe a moment of silence at 11 a.m. on City. The ship had recently returned from eran started a campaign to expand the November 11. France and other allied na- a humanitarian assistance mission to Hai- holiday to honor veterans of all American tions celebrate Armistice Day by honor- ti in the aftermath of Hurricane Matthew. 3 FOR YOUR CONSIDERATION | Ones to Watch, Vol. 2 Edition Ji m K e l l e r

With the summer film festivals, namely Ven- ice (August 30 – September 9), Telluride (Sep- tember 1-4), and Toronto (September 7-17) behind us, it’s time for the second of a three- part series, which examines the roles that are likely to feature in the Best Actor race. In re- cent years, the eventual Best Picture winner has premiered at Telluride, and so begins the Oscar race. By this time last year, Venice had given us the performances of Ryan Gosling (La La Land) and Andrew Garfield (Hacksaw Ridge), and those of Casey Affleck (Manches- ter by the Sea) and Viggo Mortensen (Captain Fantastic) had hailed from the Sundance Film Festival. The only performance from an even- tual nominee that we hadn’t seen was that of Denzel Washington (Fences). FOCUS FEATURES FOCUS Similar to last year, we have little to go Gary Oldman as Winston Churchill in Darkest Hour. on because most of the films that have been screened so far have centered on a female, not As for the others discussed here, Ang career that has spanned four decades. Day- a male, lead. The last time the Academy award- Lee’s big gamble, Billy Lynn’s Long Halftime Lewis won three Best Actor Oscars beginning ed Best Picture to a film with a female lead was Walk, which was shot at 120 frames per sec- with My Left Foot in 1990, followed by There Million Dollar Baby back in 2006—not the ond, flopped, leaving the film’s star Joe Alwyn Will Be Blood in 2008, and most recently Lin- greatest stat for Battle of the Sexes and Lady out in the cold. Dev Patel (Lion) was recog- coln in 2012. He is widely considered one of Bird to be up against following their praise- nized in the Best Supporting Actor category, the best actors of our time, and all eyes will be worthy Telluride premieres, but I digress. Un- and Hugh Grant (Florence Foster Jenkins) was on Day-Lewis to see if he can snatch the Oscar like 2016, this year appears to already have a campaigned in supporting, but failed to land a away from Oldman. frontrunner who may prove unstoppable. nomination. Before we delve into this year, let’s put THE FIGHTER: Jake Gyllenhaal – a cap on the last one. Of the seven roles that THE PEACEMAKER: Gary Oldman – Stronger (director: David Gordon Green): were discussed here, two went on to secure Darkest Hour (director: Joe Wright) FYC: This biographical drama, based Best Actor nominations: Washington and Af- FYC: This British war drama follows on the memoir of the same name by Jeff Bau- fleck, and the race came down to those two new Prime Minister Winston Churchill (Old- man and Bret Witter, depicts the inspiring true men. We had Washington—a veteran looking man) during the early days of WWII when story of Bauman who lost his legs in the 2013 for his third win, and Affleck—the scrappy Hitler closed in on Britain, forcing Churchill Boston Marathon bombing. The film, current- guy from Boston hoping to net his first. Even to decide whether to negotiate or fight back. ly in theatres, screened at the 2017 Toronto though Washington delivered hands down the The film bowed at Telluride, earning rapturous International Film Festival (TIFF) where it best performance of the year, Affleck was able reviews. Oldman was nominated for Best Ac- won over critics who praised Gyllenhaal’s per- to outrun his past (more on this shortly) to tor in 2012 for Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy. His formance. The actor has one Best Supporting take the prize. performance here has earned him frontrun- Actor nomination under his belt for Brokeback ner status, and given that it comes from a film Mountain in 2006. But now that Leonardo Nate Parker (The Birth of a Nation) that is in pole position for Best Picture, with DiCaprio has finally been awarded his first topped the snub list, which included Joel Edg- director and actor accolades, he may be un- Best Actor Oscar, it seems that Gyllenhaal has erton (Loving), when his issues with the law stoppable. taken up the mantel of the younger heartthrob were exhumed as I described last year. At that destined to be overlooked for several years by time, I portended that if he didn’t get nominat- THE DESIGNER: Daniel Day-Lewis – the Academy. Recently, he delivered consis- ed, racism was to blame. It would appear that I (Untitled) (director: Paul Thomas Anderson): tent performances that have earned him some was right because later on in the Oscar season FYC: Not much is known about this awards heat such as last year’s Nocturnal Ani- it was revealed that Affleck too had somepast “ American drama set in the fashion world of mals, and 2014’s Nightcrawler, but how many indiscretions,” to put lightly. However, Affleck 1950s London, where a dressmaker (Day- more of these will he have to deliver of equal was legally barred from speaking about his al- Lewis) is commissioned to design for mem- caliber before the Academy rewards him? leged reprehensible behavior and so, walked bers of high society and the royal family. away from the ordeal squeaky clean, and likely But what is known is that the dressmaker is THE RECORD HOLDER: Denzel as dirty as sin on the inside. Charles James, and the film is reportedly the last of Day-Lewis who will retire following a CONTINUED TO P.5 * 4 * CONTINUED FROM P. 4

Washington – Roman Israel, Esq. (director: Dan Gilroy): FYC: In this legal drama, Washington stars as the titular character: a driven, ideal- istic, liberal defense attorney who discovers some unsettling things about his law firm and ends up in a crisis that leads to an extreme ac- tion. Because I discussed the actor’s history with the Academy in last year’s column, I will refrain from expanding on it here, except to say that last year Washington, the record hold- er for the most nominations for an African- American actor, should’ve won his third Best Actor trophy. Buzz on the film following its

premiere at TIFF is lukewarm, if warm at all, TWENTIETH FOX CENTURY but Washington could get in through an I.O.U. Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum in The Greatest Showman. from the Academy.

CAPTAIN FANTASTIC: Christian Bale – Hostiles (director: Scott Cooper): FYC: This period war drama, based on an original story by Donald E. Stewart, follows an English army captain who escorts a dying Cheyenne war chief and his family back to his tribal lands in 1892. The film earned rave re- views at TIFF and was subsequently scooped up for distribution this year. Somehow, I have yet to discuss Bale’s award history in this col- umn, though he has been mentioned regularly. Unlike most actors, Bale won the first time he was nominated for his supporting role in The Fighter in 2011. He has since been nominated for Best Actor in 2014 for American Hustle and Best Supporting Actor last year for The Big

Short. Because much of the acclaim of Hostiles CLASSICS PICTURES SONY Timothée Chalamet (right) as Elio in Call Me by Your Name. pinpoints Bale’s performance, he stands a good chance of being nominated. man and written by James Ivory (more on this the 21-year-old newcomer Chalamet, perhaps THE PERFORMER: Hugh Jackman below), depicts the passionate relationship that best known for his eight-episode stint on TV’s – The Greatest Showman (director: Michael develops between a young man named Elio Homeland is not yet a slam-dunk (though, Gracey): and an academic (Armie Hammer) who has having seen the film, he should be)—the last FYC: In this biographical musical dra- come to stay at his parents’ Italian villa in the time an actor was nominated for Best Actor ma Jackman portrays P.T. Barnum, a man who 1980s. Through one unforgettable summer the while in their early twenties was in the 1920s. rose from nothing and started the spectacle two bond over their sexuality, their Jewish her- that became the Ringling Bros. and Barnum itage, and love for life and all it has to offer. The There are several other actors with the & Bailey Circus. Jackman was nominated film premiered at Sundance where it received pedigree to earn a nomination this year. We for Best Actor in 2013 for Les Misérables, but universal acclaim, particularly for Chalamet, don’t know if Tom Hanks’ role in Steven Spiel- hasn’t been featured in an Oscar-baity film Hammer, and Michael Stuhlbarg (who plays berg’s greatly anticipated The Papers will be a since. Musicals can be a hard sell, but if any- Elio’s father), as well as for direction and writ- supporting or a leading role, or if the Academy one can do it, it’s Jackman who won a Tony ing. It is important to note that Ivory directed will decide to bestow a heap of good will onto award for his performance in The Boy from Oz and was nominated for A Room with a View, Andrew Garfield who stars in Breathe. Other in 2004. Howards End and The Remains of the Day. performances from leading men this year that Furthermore, each of those films earned a could ignite include Chadwick Boseman for THE ADOLESCENT: Timothée Chal- minimum of eight Oscar nominations, includ- Marshall, Bryan Cranston for Last Flag Fly- amet – Call Me by Your Name (director: Luca ing Best Picture. For these reasons it is a formi- ing, and James Franco for The Disaster Artist. Guadagnino): dable candidate for a Best Picture nomination What we do know is that the critic groups will FYC: This coming-of-age drama, based and therefore should have a strong presence weigh in, and then it’s all over but the shouting. on the novel of the same name by André Aci- in the Oscar race. However, a nomination for Until soon, Oscar watchers! 5 Culture Corner | Book Review: Compass by Mathias Énard (New Directions, 2015; translated into English, 2017) B e r n i e L a n g s

There are novels that are categorized as literature and not merely as fiction, and then there are the geniuses of literature and the masterworks of the genre. Read- ing these masterpieces of literary creation, we enter a process of joyful sublimation to the voices and experiences of unique characters, and we become witnesses to the colorful imaginations of the authors. One surrenders to the writers’ individual- ized and distinctive tones of language and states of mind as they conjure up realities that arise from a void as an expression of the acrobatic mental instincts which the best authors can relay through the art of written prose. A master of literature can construct a great sentence, a stunning paragraph, an unforeseen set of plot cir- cumstances, and create an entire sublime world for their tales and stories. I have recently read an amazing book, a true masterpiece, by the French author, Mathias Énard (b. 1972). Compass was published in 2015 and translated into English this year. It is simply the most wonderfully powerful work of fiction I’ve read in recent memory. It was a winner of the 2015 Prix Goncourt (a highly regarded prize in French literature). Compass clocks in at a lengthy 443 pages and is a difficult read. It is dense with nonstop ideas and an incredible number of facts on many topics, none of which are dropped easily into the text by the author. Énard’s book reflects his voluminous, deep knowledge of the many subjects he addresses, often expressed as anecdotes from the arts, lit- erature, nonfiction tomes on many sub- jects, from obscure moments in history and most importantly, from the flavors and ideas of distant and mysterious lands. The story in Compass is narrated by a brilliant musicologist who ruminates through the complexities of his lifetime that borders on, but never gives complete- making the twain of East and West meet not drown in a flood of bitter regret. ly into, a total disaster. The protagonist, makes for a gripping story. Franz’s base- Franz is as complete a character as Franz Ritter, is in the throes of horrific line tale always returns to his love over one could ever meet in fiction; always insomnia at home in an apartment in Vi- decades of the brilliant French academic, consistent, always real in so many detailed enna as he delves deep into the memories Sarah. The reader comes to realize that ways in his actions, words and thinking. of his travels through the Middle East and Franz is now most likely deathly ill, and His many admitted shortcomings still his scholarly pursuit to expose and relate as we hear the sad details of his strange, never lead the reader to dislike him. In the interconnections throughout history mostly unrequited love for her, Énard im- the stories of the scholars and adventurers between Eastern and Western (mostly) merses us in Franz’s consuming melan- that he has met in his life while visiting classical music. One might think this a choly, all the while understanding his odd, places such as Istanbul, Tehran, Damas- dry subject, but the emotional passion of unexpected strength. Through thick and Franz and those who shared his quest of thin, he is able to remain above water and CONTINUED TO P.7 * 6 * CONTINUED FROM P. 6 Duplessis or with Harriet Smithson (“Do armies of ISIS or as victims of Assad in the you see that fat Englishwoman sitting in Syrian civil war. It’s a heartbreaking story cus, and Aleppo, there are numerous acts the proscenium,” Heinrich Heine has Ber- of what has been lost, tinged with the sad- of duplicity and cruelty, and in Franz’s lioz saying in his account), the actress who ness of what could have been. own case, pettiness. And it is the same inspired the Symphonie Fantastique. Poor Franz is not a showy intellectual. He with the tales he tells at length about the Berlioz, lost in his passion for the inter- never brags about his incredible knowl- actions of the eccentrics of the past. Yet preter of “poor Ophelia”: “Poor great ge- edge and though his studies take him to within this odd brew, there are grand re- niuses, grappling with three-quarters of the heart of the Middle East, to the dan- deeming moments of love and heroism, the impossible!” as Liszt writes in one of gerous cities and outskirts of Iran, Turkey, from both Franz’s lifetime and from the his letters. You’d need a Sarah to be inter- and Syria where he is clearly a Western examples of men and women unearthed ested in all of these tragic fates of forgot- outsider, his tunnel vision of discover- from the historical records, those from the ten women…” ing artistic and scholarly connections be- desert sands of time. Although he is brilliant, Franz is tween East and West exposes his discon- Sarah rises above these flaws of per- fully aware and accepting of his scholarly nect, which leads to a defeat. This all sonality, suffering only from the more limitations, and, wandering his apart- collapses into the mire of today’s horrific intellectual quirk of the occasional fas- ment in sleeplessness, he admits he nev- problems. Franz and his colleagues didn’t cination with the macabre. As Franz de- er reached the top as an academic. Both blind themselves to the coming storm by scribes his own research of the history Franz and Sarah are studies in complete studying in America or Europe encased of music and delves into Sarah’s complex devotion to the work itself and to the pro- in an Ivory Tower at a university, mulling studies, the reader learns details of their cess of slow and steady, exciting, absorb- over The Arabian Nights, simply reading, work, with dozens of references to Middle ing discovery. Compass is a brilliant tale lecturing, and attending conferences. But Eastern composers and writers, as well as of intellectual pursuit that is always in while they put their boots on the ground histories of individuals from the past with tandem with the underpinning emotion and ventured abroad, they roamed within like-minded obsessiveness. They were of love as a concurrent force. It is a love the intellectual, fortified towers of their Westerners who went against the grain which goes naturally with a researcher’s minds and did not stop to consider that and saw the allure of these mysterious, ideas, and as a given that is always pres- there might be something possibly irre- disconnected lands. ent during the events of their lives and in versibly horrific being conjured up before Here is one random, wonderful history itself. their very eyes, even though the region’s passage: “The human heart is indeed The other melancholy, terrible history gives them all the glaring warning a strange thing. Franz Liszt’s artichoke theme of the book is how Franz sees his signs. heart didn’t stop falling in love, even with beloved Middle East devolve to its current As I read Compass, I was completely God—in these reminiscences of opium, as situation of war, fundamentalist religion, captivated by the intense musings of the I hear the virtuosities of Liszt that occu- and miserable violence. We read the aw- inner states of Franz Ritter’s unique and pied me in Constantinople rumbling like ful tales of friends caught in Iran during fascinating mind. Mathias Énard writes death march drums, a singular girl also ap- the Revolution and the destruction of the beautifully, like a once in a decade master pears to me, over there in Sarawak, even people and places he’s long loved, and of literature, and I look forward to more if Sarah has nothing in common with la been in awe of, by the barbaric, ruthless novels by this brilliant man.

Quotable Quote

“It is not only by the questions we have answered that progress may be measured, but also by those we are still asking. The passionate controversies of one era are viewed as sterile preoccupations by another, for knowledge alters what we seek as well as what we find.”

Freda Adler, b. 1934 7 Life on a Roll Pretty Seasonal Colors Elodie Pauwels https://elodiepphoto.wordpress.com

“The falling leaves drift by the window, the autumn leaves of red and gold…” Here we go again, fall has arrived, with its bright and warm colors. Who does not love walking around in this season, amazed by the beauty of the trees? Enjoy it!

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