Music, Theatre and the Nation: the Entertainment Market in Lisbon (1865–1908)
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Newcastle University School of Arts and Cultures Music, theatre and the nation: The entertainment market in Lisbon (1865–1908) João Luís Meireles Santos Leitão da Silva Submitted in fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2011 Abstract My thesis concentrates on the study of the symbolic construction of the Portuguese nation and the field of popular entertainment between 1865 and 1908, concentrating on various musical practices and their association with a changing theatrical panorama. It addresses the emergence of new forms of music theatre (the operetta and the revista) played a key role in creating a privileged space for the display and representation of modernity, a process in which the notion of the cultural nation-state was embedded. The establishment of a bourgeois public sphere induced relevant changes in the cultural market in Portugal during the period of this thesis, when several journalistic typologies that relied on industrial mechanised processes of production and focused on the actual narration of facts emerged. Moreover, this thesis examines the theatrical life in Lisbon in a period when the processes of urban expansion were closely associated with paradigms of modernity as it was perceived at the time, producing new spaces in the urban fabric. This theses also addresses the presence of an articulated system for the dissemination of musical commodities (such as postcards, sheet music or sound recordings) and the role the commodity form played in that system, striving to portray that phenomenon as a process in which aspects such as technology, class, and gender were embedded. Furthermore, my thesis examines the development of a heterogeneous network of approaches and disciplines that were being established with scientific intents that contributed to the reshaping the coeval perspectives of Portugal as a symbolic nation-state, in which the collection and publication of music from predominantly rural contexts was integrated. ii Acknowledgements The research for this thesis was made possible by a scholarship of the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, for which I am very grateful. It allowed me to concentrate exclusively on my research and to study at the International Centre for Music Studies in Newcastle University. I am also deeply indebted to my supervisors, Dr. Ian Biddle and Dr. Nanette de Jong for their constant support and friendship throughout this process. Their insightful comments and our discussions were key for the development of this project since I first arrived at Newcastle. I would also like to thank my friends and colleagues of Newcastle University for creating a welcoming environment for the discussion of my ideas and for the valuable guidance I got during the past three years. I would like to thank my colleagues and friends from INET-MD (Universidade Nova de Lisboa), especially Prof. Salwa Castelo-Branco, for allowing me to consult the information produced by the project The Recording Industry in 20th Century Portugal and for the possibility to present my work in several publications. I am also deeply grateful to Leonor Losa and Susana Belchior for our ongoing exchange of information on the issues associated with mechanical music in Portugal and to Gonçalo Antunes de Oliveira for our profitable discussions on Portuguese theatre. Moreover, I would like to thank Sofia Patrão of the Museu Nacional do Teatro for indicating several important sources for the study of the operetta and the revista and Miguel Ângelo Ribeiro for supplying me with valuable data associated with the library of Lisbon’s Conservatoire. Finally, I would like to thank my parents Amílcar and Fátima as well as Joana Lancastre for their continuous moral and practical support from the beginning of this project, helping me to get through this slow and difficult process. This thesis could not have been written without them. iii Contents Introduction 1 Periodicals, Politics and Iconography 6 Urban Space, Theatrical Entertainment and Sociability 8 Commodities, Technology and Everyday Life 12 Science, Alterity and Traditional Music 17 Chapter 1. Periodicals, Music and Society in Portugal from 1820 to 1908 22 The Establishment of a “Neutral” Press and the Industrialisation of Periodicals 27 The Emergence of a Theatrical Press 29 Illustration, Media and the Public Sphere 32 Media and National(ist) Celebration 36 Voicing the Workers Through the Press 38 Music Periodicals in Portugal: Printed Music and Historiography 50 Towards a Historiography of the Vernacular: Fado and Journalism 52 Commonality and Difference in Nation-constructing Discourses: Sameness and Otherness 56 Photography, Mechanical Music and the Regicide: Media and Technology in the Beginning of the Twentieth Century 61 Chapter 2. Urban Space, Theatre and Music in Lisbon: Opera, Operetta, Zarzuela and Revista 70 Introduction 70 Changing the City, Reshaping the Social 72 The Real Teatro de São Carlos and Lisbon’s Operatic Activity 90 Presenting Stories with Music in Lisbon: Operetta and Zarzuela 101 The Revista and the Promotion of “The Nation”: An Archive on Popular Modernity 118 Musical Aspects of the Revista: Sources, Orchestras, and Repertoire 128 The Revista as a Privileged Place for Representing the Symbolic Nation: Multivocality and Modernity on Stage 135 iv Chapter 3. Programmes, Postcards, Coplas and Sheet Music in Lisbon’s Entertainment Market 143 Introduction 143 Domestic Space, Gender, and the Piano 143 The Theatre and some of its Associated Products: Librettos, Programmes, Posters, and Postcards 159 Theatrical Repertoires and Sheet Music 167 The Materiality of Sheet Music 178 Chapter 4. Mechanical instruments, Phonography, and the Reshaping of the Music Market 186 Mechanical Instruments, Data Storage, and Musical Repertoires 189 The Introduction of Phonography in Portugal 205 The Establishment of Pathé in Portugal 216 The Companhia Franceza do Gramophone in Portugal 225 Local Entrepreneurs in the Portuguese Phonographic Market: Castelo Branco and Simplex 241 Conclusion 244 Chapter 5. Studying the Nation: Folklorisation and Music Collecting in Portugal 246 Introduction 246 Popular Traditions and Textual Analysis: The First Scientific Efforts of Portuguese Ethnology 248 Collection of Ethnological Data and the Portuguese Empire 254 Geology, Archaeology and Physical Anthropology 261 Song Collection in Portugal: Between Domestic Entertainment and Scientific Objectivity 270 Conclusion 286 References 300 v List of figures Figure 1. Local/global as a Greimasian square 136 Figure 2. A second elaboration of the local/global as a Greimasian square 137 vi Introduction “The King D. Carlos of Bragança, assassinated in broad daylight in one of the squares of the capital of his kingdom, and the teacher Buíça, his assassin, both sought to rescue, in this anguished historical moment, the Portuguese character from the discredit it had fallen into.”1 This is how a chronicle by Alfredo Mesquita published ten days after the traumatic event that dictated the symbolic death of the Portuguese Constitutional Monarchy began. My thesis concentrates on studying the connections between the symbolic construction of the Portuguese nation and the field of popular entertainment between 1865 and 1908, the year of the regicide. Despite a recent significant increase of publications on both the regicide and the establishment of the Portuguese Republic in 1910, a rise that can be associated with the centennials of both events, these tend to overlook the theatrical and musical aspects of the entertainment market of the later years of the Constitutional Monarchy. Thus, this thesis aims to address a gap in the knowledge of these subjects in the Portuguese context of that period through the study of several musical activities in Lisbon from 1865 to 1908, mainly focusing on the expansion of the theatrical scene of the city, a development that widened the choice of available entertainment. Therefore, my thesis concentrates on the analysis and contextualisation of cultural artefacts associated with various musical practices and their association with a changing theatrical panorama, reconfiguring the leisure activities in Lisbon. According to my perspective, the emergence of new forms of music theatre (the operetta and the revista) played a key role in creating a privileged space for the display and representation of modernity, a process in which the notion of the cultural nation- state was embedded. For that purpose, the symbolic nation was commodified and disseminated through its integration in these entertainment products, relying on the pervasiveness of the popular theatre in Portuguese society for the promotion of the idea of a modern Portugal, thus facilitating its internalisation by several social groups of the time. In this sense, my work concentrates on the study of the interaction between symbolic expressions and “the historical conditions and structures of social organisations within which those expressions are grounded.”2 1 Alfredo Mesquita, “Chronica occidental”, O Occidente, nº 1048, 10th February 1908, 26. 2 Michael Pickering, History, Experience and Cultural Studies (London: Macmillan Press Ltd.), 10. 1 Most of the publications of reference dealing with the history of the revista in Portugal were edited in the late 1970s and in the early 1980s and, despite addressing the musical aspects of the genre, did not examine them thoroughly.3 Therefore, one of the main contributions of my research is a musicological study of the revista in the period when the genre was encoded