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The Oxford Companion to English Literature, 6Th Edition

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The Oxford Companion to English Literature, 6Th Edition p Pacchiarono and How He Worked in Distemper: With PAGET, Violet, see LEE, V. Other Poems, a collection of 19 poems, in various PAINE, Thomas (1737-1809), son of a Quaker stay- metres, by R. *Browning, published 1876. The title maker of Thetford, who followed various pursuits poem, the three which follow it, and the epilogue, were before being dismissed as an exciseman in 1774 for directed at Browning's critics, in satirical or serious agitating for an increase in excisemen's pay. At the vein; the remaining poems are a miscellany on topics of suggestion of his friend Benjamin *Franklin he sailed religion, love, and art. 'Numpholeptos', 'St Martin's for America, where he published in 1776 his pamphlet Summer', and 'A Forgiveness' deserve particular men­ Common Sense and in 1776-83 a series of pamphlets, tion. The most unusual poem in the volume is, The Crisis, encouraging American independence and however, the ballad 'Hervé Riel', about the heroic resistance to England; he also wrote against slavery exploit of a French sailor in a fight against the British. and in favour of the emancipation of women. In 1787 PADEL, Ruth (1946- ), poet and classical scholar, he returned to England (via France), and published in born in London and educated at the Sorbonne, the Free 1791 the first part of *The Rights of Man in reply to University, Berlin, and Oxford University. Her vol­ Burke's Reflections on the *Revolution in France. The umes of poetry are Alibi (1985), Summer Snow (1990, second part appeared in 1792, when, alerted by *Blake with poems invoking Crete and the 'summer snow of an impending arrest, Paine left for France, where he deep in the mountain' of Mount Ida), Angel (1993), was warmly received and elected a member of the Fusewire (1996), and Rembrandt Would Have Loved You Convention. However, he opposed the execution of ( 1995 ), which is an intimate exploration of a love affair. Louis XVI, was imprisoned for nearly a year, and Her verse combines classical allusion with an increas­ narrowly escaped the guillotine. *The Age of Reason ingly contemporary idiom. Scholarly works include In (1793), an attack on Christianity and the Bible from a and Out of the Mind: Greek Images of the Tragic Self Deist point of view, greatly increased the violent hatred (1992) and Whom Gods Destroy: Elements of Greek and with which he was regarded in England, where his Tragic Madness (1995). effigy and books were repeatedly burned; he was attacked in print by R. * Watson, bishop of Llandaff, Padlock, The, a comic opera by *Bickerstaffe, with and many others. He returned to America in 1802, music by *Dibdin, performed with much success in where his views on religion and his opposition to 1768. Washington had made him unpopular, and his last The elderly Don Diego is the temporary guardian of years were saddened by ill health and neglect. He was the young Leonora and is about to make her his wife. buried at his farm in New Rochelle; ten years later But, in spite of a large padlock on the door, Leander, a *Cobbett, who had once vehemently opposed Paine, young lover, presents himself during Diego's absence, exhumed his bones and brought them back to England, cajoles the duenna and Mungo, the Negro servant, and planning some kind of memorial as reparation, but gains admission to the lady. Diego returns unexpec­ they were eventually mislaid. tedly, but sensibly accepts the situation and hand­ Paine's early biographers did their best to denigrate somely endows Leonora. The story is taken from one of him, but his writings became a textbook for the radical *Cervantes's novels. party in England and were extremely influential; his The part of Mungo (taken in the original production connection with the American struggle and the French by Dibdin himself ) provided the London stage with its Revolution gave him a unique position as an upholder first black-faced comedian, and created a sensation: for of the politics of the *Enlightenment. His prose is a while his lines 'Mungo here, Mungo dere, Mungo plainer, more colloquial, and less rhetorical than that of every where' were a catchphrase. As feeling for the *Burke, whose 'high-toned exclamation' he despised. oppressed Negro grew, the role appears to have been He gave away most of the considerable earnings from played with increasing stress on sentiment. his pen, in part to the Society of Constitutional paean, a song of thanksgiving for deliverance from Information, founded in 1780. evil or danger, addressed usually to Apollo who, as god PAINTER, George, see BIOGRAPHY. of healing, was given the name Paean. Later the word is used for a shout or song of triumph. PAINTER, William, see PALACE OF PLEASURE. Page, Mrs Page, and Anne Page, their daughter, Pair of Blue Eyes, A, a novel by T * Hardy, published characters in Shakespeare's *The Merry Wives of 1873. Windsor. The scene is the northern coast of Cornwall. Stephen 757 PALACE OF PLEASURE | PALGRAVE Smith, a young architect, comes to Endelstow to restore Knight's Tale' (see CANTERBURY TALES, 1), following the church tower and falls in love with Elfride the Teseida of *Boccaccio. The tale was paraphrased in Swancourt, the blue-eyed daughter of the vicar. Her heroic couplets by *Dryden under the title 'Palamon father is incensed that someone of Stephen's humble and Arcite'. It is also the subject of *The Two Noble origin should claim his daughter. Elfride and Stephen Kinsmen. run away together, but Elfride vacillates over marriage, and Stephen, hoping to better himself, accepts a post in PALEY, Grace (1922- ), American short story writer India. Henry Knight, Stephen's friend and patron, then and poet, who grew up in the Bronx, New York city, the meets Elfride, and after she has saved his life on a cliff daughter of Russian-Jewish parents. She was taught they become engaged. However, Knight is horrified to Russian and Yiddish by her father and attended but did hear of Elfride's truancy with Stephen and is convinced not complete courses at Hunter College and New York that they must have been lovers. He harshly breaks off University. She is the author of three acclaimed the engagement leaving Elfride heartbroken. Eventu­ volumes of short stories: The Little Disturbances of ally he and Stephen meet; Stephen learns that Elfride is Man (1959); Enormous Changes at the Last Minute still unmarried and Knight learns the innocent facts of (1974); and Later the Same Day (1985). Pungent and her past escapade with Stephen. But the train which laconic, her tragicomic stories resound with the carries them both to Cornwall is also carrying Elfride's cadences of the city where she was raised and are dead body. They learn when they arrive at Endelstow carried by the spoken word. All embrace 'the open that she has died, and that she had recently married destiny of life' and the politics of dailiness. Paley has Lord Luxellian. long campaigned on behalf of anti-war movements, nuclear disarmament, and women's rights. Her essays Palace of Pleasure, a collection of translations into and articles on family, community, and politics are English of 'Pleasant Histories and excellent Novelles collected in fust as I Thought (1997). Begin Again: New . out of divers good and commendable Authors', and Collected Poems (1992) features poems written made by William Painter (c.1525-95), Clerk of the from the 1950s onwards. Ordnance, and published in 1566, 1567, and 1575. Many of the translations are from *Boccaccio, *Ban- PALEY, William (1743-1805), educated at Christ's dello, and Marguerite of Navarre (see HEPTAMERON), College, Cambridge, of which he became fellow. He but Painter also drew on *Herodotus, *Livy, and was one of the principal exponents of theological *Gellius. The book provided a storehouse of plots utilitarianism of which his Moral and Political Phil­ for Elizabethan writers, especially dramatists; Shake­ osophy (1785), based largely on the doctrine of Tucker, speare probably used it for *The Rape of Lucrèce and is the textbook; an attack on private property in Book * All's Well that Ends Well, and Webster certainly drew III, drawing an analogy between human greed and the the plot of *The Duchess ofMalfi from it. It was edited behaviour of a flock of pigeons, gave him his nickname by Joseph Jacobs (1890). 'Pigeon' Paley. In Evidences of Christianity (1794) and Natural Theology (1802) he finds proof of the existence Paladins, the, in the cycle of *Charlemagne legends, of God in the design apparent in natural phenomena, the 12 peers who accompanied the king. The origin of and particularly in the mechanisms of the human the conception is seen in the Chanson de Roland (see body; the opening pages of Natural Theology introduce ROLAND), where the 12 peers are merely an association the celebrated analogy of an abandoned watch found of particularly brave warriors, under the leadership of upon a heath, from which he argues the existence of Roland and *Oliver, who all perish at Roncesvalles. God as designer, for as 'the watch must have had a From the Spanish war the idea was transported by later maker', so must the natural world. writers to other parts of the cycle, and Charlemagne is found always surrounded by 12 peers. The names of PALGRAVE, Francis Turner ( 1824-97), son of barrister, the 12 are differently stated by different authors, most historian, and antiquary Sir Francis Palgrave (1788- of the original names given by the Chanson de Roland 1861), who had changed his name from Cohen when he being forgotten by them; but Roland and Oliver figure converted to Christianity in 1823.
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