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Of the Red Sea-Dead Sea Conduit: a Case Study of the Central Arava Valley

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Of the Red Sea-Dead Sea Conduit: a Case Study of the Central Arava Valley Ben-Gurion University of the Negev The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research The Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies Fresh Water Resource Development As A Result Of The Red Sea-Dead Sea Conduit: A Case Study of The Central Arava Valley Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of "Master of Science" By: Eliot Jay Sherman August 2010 Ben-Gurion University of the Negev The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research The Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies Fresh Water Resource Development As A Result Of The Red Sea-Dead Sea Conduit: A Case Study of The Central Arava Valley Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of "Master of Science" By: Eliot Jay Sherman Under the Supervision of Professor Eilon M. Adar Ben Gurion University of the Negev The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research - Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research & Advised by Dr. Clive Lipchin Arava Institute for Environmental Studies Author's Signature …………….……………………… Date ……………. Approved by the Supervisor…………….…………….. Date …………….. Approved by the Director of the School ……………... Date ……………. Fresh Water Resource Development As A Result Of The Red Sea-Dead Sea Conduit: A Case Study of The Central Arava Valley Abstract The World Bank is currently sponsoring a feasibility study to determine the viability of a Red Sea Dead Sea Conveyance [RSDSC] program. This is the latest iteration of a regional water management strategy associated with the rapid decline of the Dead Sea water level that has been discussed for many years. The project aims to convey water from the Red Sea to the Dead Sea via pipeline or tunnel, and within the Dead Sea basin desalinate this sea water in an effort to provide potable water to the riparians (Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian Territories), as well as stabilize the Dead Sea water level. Project plans indicate that after water is desalinated in the Dead Sea region, the newly generated fresh water will be conveyed to both Jordan and Israel/West Bank. Currently, multiple locations in Israel have been identified as possible recipients for desalinated water. The interest of this research aims to explore and determine the viability of increasing fresh water resources to Israel‘s Central Arava Valley. The Central Arava Valley is a center of intensive export-oriented agricultural production and a hyper arid climatic zone, its water requirements are supplied completely by local fresh to brackish groundwater sources. Concurrently, increasing agricultural and settlement growth are mining regional groundwater. Determining if new water from the project can positively assist the region in development will be a key issue determining if this is a viable location for the use of new fresh water resources. Research was conducted through collection of existing data concerning the study area, as well as on-site interviews with regional experts in the various sectors under consideration in this research. Research outcomes have determined that planned regional expansion of the agricultural industry is certain to lead to continued decrease in water quality, and supplies will not meet the quantity requirement for 2020 and beyond. If left without solution, this will have an adverse affect on the profitability of regional agriculture. i Interviews with regional experts have highlighted that external sources of high quality water will be needed to maintain and facilitate agricultural production. Regional developers are assessing the economic feasibility of independent water conveyance projects and irrigation profitability with more expensive, higher quality water. However, due to vague information on a variety of options for additional sources for fresh water supply, there is no desire to incorporate planning of the RSDSC water conveyance with regional plans. Growth in agriculture corresponds to expansion of the existing settlements and population in the region, as well. Expanding settlements in anticipation of future residents also will facilitate an increase in resource needs. The likelihood that the RSDSC project will commence is still uncertain, and for this reason, this research suggests that regional planning in the Central Arava continue to investigate the feasibility of the expansion efforts currently being considered and under way by regional developers. However, with this in mind, it is also in the best interests of the region to begin simultaneous cooperation with project planners, and to begin to assess the integration of RSDSC project plans and regional infrastructure Additional research highlights include the recommendation that the RSDSC project coordinators meet with stakeholders and planners in the Central Arava. This will allow regional authorities the opportunity to provide necessary input and suggestions to help integrate fresh water conveyance plans with existing water infrastructure. Water can be utilized in the Central Arava though further storage development (e.g. infiltration reservoirs) as well as irrigation quality enhancement through on-site mixing with local brackish waters. This will be paramount in achieving and sustaining regional growth. ii Acknowledgements The completion of this research project would not have been possible without the guidance and help of many individuals, who, in one way or another contributed and extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this research. I extend my gratitude to Professor Eilon Adar and Dr. Clive Lipchin, for their support and assistance as advisors throughout the duration of my studies. I thank Professors Alon Tal and Hendrik Bruins for their willingness to read and participate in the defense of this thesis. As well, without the willingness and participation of the many individuals who agreed to meet with me on one or more occasions to provide invaluable information, this research would not have been possible. I extend my sincere appreciation to Shira Kronich, Eitan Krukowski and Ofer Arnon for their assistance with obtaining and translating much needed documentation. Special thanks are also extended to my teammate Elana Katz-Mink, and to my family, who helped make my graduate studies in Israel a reality. iii Table of Contents Abstract......................................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures & Tables ........................................................................................................................... vi 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Project background ........................................................................................................................... 1 2. Research Procedure.......................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Research Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 10 2.2 Research Methods ........................................................................................................................... 12 3. Description of Project in World Bank Terms of Reference ...................................................... 13 Research Results ....................................................................................................................................... 20 3.1 Study Area (Central Arava Valley) ................................................................................................ 20 4. Water Use and Management in Study Area .................................................................................. 30 4.1 Current Regional Water Requirements ........................................................................................ 30 4.2 Predicted Regional Water Requirements ..................................................................................... 33 5. Agriculture and Land Use in Central Arava ................................................................................. 38 5.1 Current Agricultural Production ................................................................................................... 38 5.2 Regional Land Use and Expected Growth .................................................................................. 41 6. Tourism in the Central Arava ......................................................................................................... 45 6.1 Current Central Arava Tourism .................................................................................................... 47 6.2 Tourism Growth in Central Arava ............................................................................................... 49 7. Red Sea-Dead Sea Conduit Fresh Water Conveyance ................................................................ 55 7.1 Existing Regional Conveyance Plans............................................................................................ 55 7.2 Economic Considerations .............................................................................................................. 58 7.3 Integrating Red Sea-Dead Sea Conduit Fresh Water Conveyance
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