Between the Specificity of Social Work and the Loss of Disciplinary Boundaries: an İnterdisciplinary Experience of Postgraduate Training Dr

. Research Article Between The Specificity Of Social Work And The Loss Of Disciplinary Boundaries: An İnterdisciplinary Experience Of Postgraduate Training Dr. Carmen Burgos [email protected] Dr. Maria Cristina Gonzalez [email protected] Daniela guzman [email protected] Janina Cortes [email protected]

Summary: This research presents an analysis of the academic experience of the Master in Qualitative Research Methodologies in Health, taught by the University of Atacama (Chile). The objective of the study is to first reflect conceptually regarding interdiscipline in the educational field, also reviewing the concepts of multidiscipline and transdiscipline, to then analyze the expression of interdiscipline in the professional training of Social Work in public universities in Chile. In this way, based on the previous conceptualizations, the Master in Qualitative Health Research Methodologies is particularly analyzed, which shows the complementarity of Social Work with the field of Health, and is presented as an element that contributes to overcome the lack of advanced human capital in the Atacama region. The analysis allows to indicate that this Magister is the first program within the country as an alternative of methodological specialization for people in the social and health area, through knowledge of health phenomena with a qualitative perspective. The study concludes that the interdisciplinary base of the Magister effectively expresses the link between different knowledge and practices, which allows predicting auspicious results of this postgraduate course, in addition to leaving challenges, advantages and projections of the Magister.

Abstract: This research presents an analysis of the academic experience of the Master in Qualitative Research Methodologies in Health, taught by the University of Atacama (Chile). The objective of the study is to first reflect conceptually regarding interdiscipline in the educational field, also reviewing the concepts of multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary, to later analyze the expression of interdiscipline in the professional training of Social Work in public universities in Chile. In this way, based on the previous conceptualizations, the Master in Qualitative Health Research Methodologies is particularly analyzed, which shows the complementarity of Social Work with the field of Health, and is presented as an element that contributes to overcome the lack of advanced human capital in the Atacama region. The analysis allows to indicate that this Magister is the first program within the country as an alternative of methodological specialization for people in the social and health area, through knowledge of health phenomena with a qualitative

6340 International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, vol. 8, Issue 01, Januwary 2021

Dr. Carmen Burgos/Between The Specificity Of Social Work And The Loss Of Disciplinary Boundaries: An İnterdisciplinary Experience Of Postgraduate Training perspective. The study concludes that the interdisciplinary base of the Magister effectively expresses the linkage of different knowledge and practices, which allows predicting auspicious results of this postgraduate course, in addition to leaving challenges, advantages and projections of the Magister.

Keywords:Postgraduate course; Education; Health; Social work .

Introduction also results in the division of knowledge). The objective of the text is to show a binding (García and Estrada, 2016) There is a great postgraduate academic experience between Social Work and Health, through a conceptual diversity of visions and meanings, which can analysis of interdiscipline. For this, the study be from methodological, epistemological, is divided into three sections, the first ethical, semantic, historical, geographical, addresses interdiscipline at a conceptual level, political, educational, etc., which transfers the second compiles features of the history of these concepts to the field of complexit From Social Work, highlighting its complementarity our perspective it has a dynamic, historical with the field of Health, together with the contextual character, there is no single analysis of current professional training in conceptualization accepted as unique if we Social Work in Chile; and the third articulates take the field in which it is located, that is, the previous conceptualization, describing as scientific, economic, political, social, an innovative example, the interdisciplinary educational and historical. Semantically, academic experience of the Master in interdiscipline has many possible Qualitative Research Methodologies in Health, interpretations, the context in which it is found at the University of Atacama. Finally, greatly influences, as an adjective, as an challenges, advantages, projections and action, as a noun, as a dimension and even as a tensions of the proposal are evident. synonym for transdiscipline, although the term is not recent, in recent decades it has emerged , The İnterdisciplinary Need, An Urgent not only centers for interdisciplinary studies, Challenge Of The 21st Century: but also undergraduate and graduate degrees. With so many options, the questions arise: Reflecting on the definition of interdiscipline, How to clarify or mean interdiscipline? How its theorization and its use in the educational to understand it in the educational field? Is it field, implies the review of the different built or applied?Olga Pombo (2013) considers concepts that are attributed not only to that to have a proposal of what interdiscipline interdiscipline, but also to multidisciplinary is, one must resort to the prefixes that precede and transdisciplinary, starting with the word the word discipline, the prefixes pluri, inter discipline. But not only that, but to delve into and trans, and thinks of them in a continuum the different approaches that can be awarded; that goes from coordination to the combination from the fragmentary and reductionist and from this to the fusion, thinking in the perspective of knowledge and therefore of the form of a crescendum of intensity, in such a discipline, and that has to do with the way that the multidisciplinary (or multi) neoliberal approach or, with the tendency to implies coordination, inter-convergence and specialization as a way of responding to transdiscipline holism.With this logic, levels specific situations as in its origin (Industrial are considered, and multidisciplinarity is the Revolution with the division of labor and that first, followed by interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary.On the other hand, Raúl

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Dr. Carmen Burgos/Between The Specificity Of Social Work And The Loss Of Disciplinary Boundaries: An İnterdisciplinary Experience Of Postgraduate Training

Motta takes up the prefixes "pluri" and "multi" fragment knowledge.From this brief and "inter" and "trans", the first as quantity introduction to the interdisciplinary, the and the last two as relations (he takes a very articulation with the topic of interest will be different turn from the first) which are addressed immediately: the current moment of reciprocal and cooperative , interdependence, Social Work and its relationship in a concrete exchange and interpenetration. What gives it a way with the Health sciences; from a historical totally active character. identifies that the use look in order to reconstruct the outlines that as synonymous of the concepts, is what make up the state of the matter in the country. generates the confusion between one and the other.In particular, it delves into inter and Origin and initial development of Social transdiscipline, as levels of reality that Work in Chile: therefore have different logics, which implies According to Montaño (2012) there are two the need to relearn how to build and propose in perspectives on the genesis of Social Work. A the educational field, with a different, open so-called endogenist, who refers to the social attitude, ready for transformation and rupture aid of yesteryear as the origin of the of the known. Starting from the triad of profession, from the logic of improvement of prefixes related to the multidisciplinary the aid; and the other identified as a historical- concept understood as collaboration, action critical perspective that establishes that Social between different disciplines, which Work is a product of a political project that strengthen research for the creation of lies in the installation of a State that needs to knowledge, in this sense each contributes its respond to the undesired consequences of the vision to a situation or problem.Interdiscipline social question. However, González (2010) understood as convergence, it not only mentions that this interest in the social assumes the participation of different question changes in our country, focusing on disciplines, but also the integration of the desire to make philanthropy professional, disciplinary approaches in the investigation of which went through making charity a situations or problems, understood as complex scientific, systematic and planned actio The systems or, the construction of knowledge disciplinary complementarity of origin through the articulation of concepts, between Health and Social Work is such that, procedures and methodologies.The among the recognized pioneers in world Social construction of the concept of interdiscipline Work is Florence Nightingale (Cordeiro, implies recognizing that a proposal cannot be 2018), considered a pioneer of modern nursing made without a particular meaning, or without and creator of the first conceptual model in ceasing to question its linguistic or semantic nursing, who Furthermore, it organized the meaning, so we propose to do it from a first school for visiting nurses in England, a contextual point of view, which recognizes the model that served as inspiration for the existing complexity, globalization and creation of the first school of Social Work in response needs that go beyond the proposals of Chile. In Chile, professionalization, which disciplines and multidisciplines.It is possible began with the creation of the first School of to identify different types of Social Work in 1925, was soon linked to the contexts:Following a linear sequence, hygienic and welfare model of current public transdiscipline leads to the fusion or synthesis policy. The incorporation of subjects such as of the disciplines, which implies a Prophylaxis and Hygiene, Food and Diet, and transformation and a totally different vision, in Care of the sick and injured is observed in the which not only the disciplines “coexist”, but curricular networks of the time (Castañeda and also propose methodologies and Salamé, 2010).When the first school of Social conceptualizations, which is considered a Service was created in Chile and Latin complex multidimensional reality that does not America, under the auspices of the predecessor

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Dr. Carmen Burgos/Between The Specificity Of Social Work And The Loss Of Disciplinary Boundaries: An İnterdisciplinary Experience Of Postgraduate Training

Charity Board of the Ministry of Health, the fragmentation and the domain of professional training of women who exercise the specialization that limits the integration of professionalization of care and social control knowledge and the construction of general stands out, being defined as “efficient knowledge, as indicated by Martínez (2018) collaborators in the field of Health ”(Quiroz, Transdisciplinarity is understood as an 1998, p.38). This reflects the main idea of intellectual and academic movement that has initial training, focused on health, from a developed a lot in the last fifteen years; and paramedical and feminine perspective, they that it is proposed to go 'beyond' not only uni begin to “treat” the consequences of the social disciplinarity, but also multidisciplinarity problems of the time (Figueroa, 1976). (which enriches one discipline with the knowledge of another) and interdisciplinarity The incorporation of Social Assistants, who (which even carries the epistemic and were initially considered assistance methodological order of a to another). ... Its technicians, is specified with the intention is to overcome the division and implementation of the public health policy, fragmentation of knowledge reflected by whose purpose is focused on the social control particular disciplines and their consequent of the bodies (Illanes, 2006). Thus, then, our hyperspecialization, and, due to this, their profession was marked by a mark of health inability to understand the complex realities of that made us the "advisor" with the greatest today's world, which are distinguished, impact on the doctor, since a characteristic of precisely, by multiplicity of the links, the its own was the home visit, serving, finally, as relationships and the interconnections that a link between the social welfare institutions constitute them. (p.2) Transdisciplinary and the family, restoring threatened family training processes aim to answer this question. virtues and moralizing the worker, to face The transdisciplinary is defined as that common realities, such as infant mortality knowledge that goes beyond the limits of a before the first year of life, alcoholism of the discipline in order to address diverse and more father, marital breakdown, alliances not legally complex social phenomena. It is aimed at constituted, unregistered children and integrating knowledge in the search for more unemployment.As can be seen, originally the complex conceptual and analytical disciplines were not fragmented. The frameworks (Chávez, 2018).We could say that disciplinary specification processes were one of the characteristic elements of modernity developed in response to the need to respond is the progressive professionalization of social to the increasingly complex social reality. action, both by civil society and by the State However, this same complexity has made it (Illanes, 2006). Professionalization necessary to approach social reality from the corresponds to the establishment of scientific different disciplinary perspectives first, and premises at the base of a profession, goes hand then from a common perspective, which lies in in hand with the specificity of social work, the object of interest and which is based on since it represents the sophistication of integrality and the need to give holistic knowledge and procedures necessary to answers. It is not the same to join disciplinary develop an action to produce the social pact. views to build a transdisciplinary view. The However, questions about the specificity of opening of borders, or at least the loss of their social work began to develop in the mid- relevance, favors the formation of advanced twentieth century and have remained a focus human capital, the creation of advanced of disciplinary interest until today, as knowledge, and a contribution to equity and mentioned in the following quote:It is territorial development. It is the territory, its undeniable that the existence of general or development and well-being that underpin a generalizing approaches or visions present in transdisciplinary action.The division of the Social Work profession have left deep scientific knowledge is at the base of the 6343 International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, vol. 8, Issue 01, Januwary 2021

Dr. Carmen Burgos/Between The Specificity Of Social Work And The Loss Of Disciplinary Boundaries: An İnterdisciplinary Experience Of Postgraduate Training traces ..., permeating the professional system universities belonging to the Council of of a todology that, due to more curricular Rectors, attached to the public system. The changes that the Training Units have remaining 83% study in private institutions, promoted, has not been able to overcome . ... I where their training project is not necessarily remain convinced of the existence of the necessary specificity of Social Work, despite committed to the country project, which is the approaches that affirm that the social is what characterizes a public institution. The addressed by the social sciences and that the public role is played by a university that really new order brought with it the loss of the contributes and becomes part of a country frontiers of the sciences, considering that development project, committing itself to it already no need to worry about specifics. from different areas and disciplines. The (Argueta, 2006, p. 218)At the same time, the review carried out regarding the graduation question of the specificity of the object of Social Work is generated in a global context profiles and curricular mesh correspond to the where disciplines and professions begin to blur careers of the schools belonging to the their limits and boundaries and share areas of CRUCH, that is, of public institutions. action and intervention. This situation, typical Likewise, this diversity affects the of postmodernity, implies that the disciplines heterogeneity of the quality levels of are preparing to review their components and university institutions. Currently, explore a new form of knowledge that goes undergraduate careers are governed by quality beyond the peculiarities of each profession. If you bet on that, then, the study plans should standards established by the National reflect that diversification and transition to the Accreditation Council (CNA). Under the transdisciplinary. competence approach, they seek to respond to a specific graduation profile, becoming the Current Trends İn The Training Of Social Workers İn Careers Belonging To CRUCH main parameter that guides the training project.Next, graduation profiles of the Training in higher education has been CRUCH schools are reviewed to verify the structured by establishing levels of deepening interdisciplinary nature of the committed knowledge in training cycles. The competencies, as mentioned in their study configuration in training cycles responds to the plan. This also identifies, from the main challenges that the OECD has indicated incorporation into the curriculum of subjects for our country, referring to curricular associated with Health, the link between this flexibility, less over-specialization and greater training axis with Social Work.Universities consideration for general or comprehensive were excluded in the following table: education in the undergraduate cycle (OECD, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2017).There is a diversification of higher Universidad de la Frontera, Pontificia education, which means that at present diverse Universidad Católica de Chile, Universidad de training projects coexist, based on different Chile, Universidad de Los Lagos, Universidad and sometimes conflicting elements, which del Bío Bío, Universidad Católica de la complicate the professional scene. There is a Santísima Concepción, Universidad Católica great growth of private university institutions, del Maule and Universidad de Valparaíso, who which in Latin America reaches 60% (OECD, do not mention the link with health. 2015). For example, in Chile only 17% of the enrollment of Social Work students study at

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COLL GRADU HEALTH G) compreh EGE ATION TRAINING ensively PROFIL … with E the ability to 1 Univer Does not Social Work integrate sity of mention in Health (7th multidisc Tarap semester) iplinary acá teams (UTA) with a view to 2 Artur Does not Public health facilitatin o Prat mention (2nd g critical Univer semester) reflection sity on social (UNA processes P) with a 3 Univer Does not Social Work perspecti sity of mention and Mental ve of Antofa Health (2nd totality gasta semester) 9 Cathol Does not Social Work (UA) ic mention and Mental 4 Univer Does not Public Health Univer Health (2nd sity of mention in-depth sity of semester) Ataca electives Temuc ma o (UDA) (UCT) 5 Metro The Mental eleven Univer ... Social Work polita Bachelor Health and sity of capable and Health n of Social Psychiatry Conce of (6th Techn Work has (3rd pción stimulati semester) ologic interdisci semester) (UDE ng and Electives al plinary C) conducti Univer knowled Specialized ng sity ge that training human (UTE allows electives develop M) him to ment understa processes nd, with explain individua and act ls and in the groups, global in a culture ... context He has of social different and specialtie territorial s in the complexi knowled ty, .... ge base Able to ... integrate multidisc 6 Univer … Deepening iplinary sity of Professio topic teams, Magal nal with valuing lanes the skills shared (UMA to leadershi intervene 6345 International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, vol. 7, Issue 12, December 2020

Dr. Carmen Burgos/Between The Specificity Of Social Work And The Loss Of Disciplinary Boundaries: An İnterdisciplinary Experience Of Postgraduate Training

p, gasta semester) networki (UA) ng and continuo 4 Univer Does not Public Health us sity of mention in-depth training Ataca electives ... ma (UDA) fifteen Univer Has a Electives sity of solid 5 Metro The Mental Aysén ethical- polita Bachelor Health and (UAY) professio n of Social Psychiatry nal Techn Work has (3rd backgrou ologic interdisci semester) nd, al plinary Specialized aimed at Univer knowled training recognizi sity ge that electives ng and (UTE allows safeguar M) him to ding understa matters nd, of public explain interest and act ... and in the the global ability to culture ... participat He has e in different multidisc specialtie iplinary s in the projects, knowled interactin ge base g ... effectivel 6 Univer … Deepening y and sity of Professio topic construct Magal nal with ively lanes the skills No. COLL GRADU HEALTH (UMA to EGE ATION TRAINING G) intervene PROFIL compreh E ensively … with 1 Univer Does not Social Work the sity of mention in Health (7th ability to Tarap semester) integrate acá multidisc (UTA) iplinary teams 2 Artur Does not Public health with a o Prat mention (2nd view to Univer semester) facilitatin sity g critical (UNA reflection P) on social processes 3 Univer Does not Social Work with a sity of mention and Mental perspecti Antofa Health (2nd ve of 6346 International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, vol. 8, Issue 01, Januwary 2021

Dr. Carmen Burgos/Between The Specificity Of Social Work And The Loss Of Disciplinary Boundaries: An İnterdisciplinary Experience Of Postgraduate Training

totality ding matters 9 Cathol Does not Social Work of public ic mention and Mental interest Univer Health (2nd ... and sity of semester) the Temuc ability to o participat (UCT) e in multidisc eleven Univer ... Social Work iplinary sity of capable and Health projects, Conce of (6th interactin pción stimulati semester) g (UDE ng and effectivel C) conducti Electives y and ng construct human ively develop ment processes with Note: Own elaboration. individua ls and Reviewing the graduate profiles of the Social groups, Work careers belonging to the CRUCH, it is in a context observed that the incorporation of the of social transdisciplinary is marginal (one degree and mentions the concept), rather what is presented territorial is the incorporation of the interdisciplinary, complexi coinciding with what is What happens in other ty, .... Able to areas of knowledge.In practice, half of the integrate graduation profiles present within their multidisc statement the concepts of interdisciplinary, iplinary multidisciplinary, multidisciplinary teams, teams, complexity scenarios, all of them linked to the valuing shared idea of crossing disciplinary boundaries. 50% leadershi of the careers explicitly refer to p, interdisciplinary as a competence to be networki developed, specifically they commit to the ng and training of professionals: with interdisciplinary continuo us knowledge that allows them to understand, training explain and act in global culture, from a ... multidisciplinary and intercultural perspective, with an attitude of openness to fifteen Univer Has a Electives sity of solid interdisciplinary dialogue. All this enables Aysén ethical- them to insert, participate and contribute in (UAY) professio multi and interdisciplinary intervention and nal research projects.Regarding the analysis of the backgrou link between Social Work and Health, the nd, aimed at careers, for the most part, do not incorporate recognizi specific subjects in their macrocurriculum. ng and However, six of the eighteen careers establish safeguar in their curriculum, in-depth and specialization 6347 International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, vol. 8, Issue 01, Januwary 2021

Dr. Carmen Burgos/Between The Specificity Of Social Work And The Loss Of Disciplinary Boundaries: An İnterdisciplinary Experience Of Postgraduate Training subjects, such as: Social Work and Mental learning societies, education centered on Health (UCT, UA), Mental Health and learning, learning to learn throughout life, Psychiatry (UTEM), Social Work and Health learning to do and learning to be (Delors, (UDEC, UTA ), Public Health (UAP). 1997; OECD 1998, 1999; UNESCO, 2005) as educational slogans that argue the developed Understanding the relevance of Health in the countries. (p.4) life and well-being of people, it is established from Public Policy, programs and projects that Before the approach by competences there are are oriented to this purpose. Along with this, it different positions. Some with resistance is recognized that health is transversal to the because it is related to a commercial and different contexts in which Social Work is neoliberal view of knowledge and others with developed, therefore, it is interesting to a more condescending and rational view, who consider its relevance in the training projects believe that the model can be used as a tool for of the Undergraduate Career. continuous improvement and analyzed from a pedagogical perspective. (Díaz,

2006).Perrenaud (1999) highlights that the What does Education tell us in the age of competences help to develop processes of knowledge? Without a doubt, the world has transformed at conceptual readjustment, that is, the mobility an accelerating rate in recent years. Since the of the content, in the learning process, advent of the Industrial Revolution, then the incorporates, according to the author, the fall of the Berlin Wall and other events, a assimilation of the same and the series of changes were outlined that will have accommodation for the construction of action schemes that serve and take aspects of a profound impact on the social fabric. But what we have experienced in the so-called age problem solving models. With this, he of knowledge is something for which, in many proposes a change from the encyclopedic ways, it was not prepared neither as a nation, technocratic paradigm to a paradigm located in nor as a State, nor as a University.In this action.The need for generations prepared for scenario, the university of the XXI century in socially useful and productive work cannot be Latin America is traversed by important social, denied. As evidenced in the UDA professional political and cultural determinations to be profile, where it refers that someone capable specified by the emergency with which they of performing tasks for which they are appear. One of them is the competency supposed to be trained and competent will be approach for education in the 21st century trained. (University Academic Commission, (Beneitone et al., 2007). 2010, n coherence with what has been said, According to Orozco (2009):Traditional Argudín (2005) points out some advantages of Competency-Based Education, which serve for education focused on the teaching of statements and axioms, demands new ways of decision-making compared to programs that learning ... learning to learn, among other have not been designed from this model.to. notions. At first glance, these new figures of Faces a society where knowledge changes education are laudable because they underpin very quickly, that is, the student will have to new ways of producing and transmitting develop the competence to inquire, synthesize knowledge. It is required, in the context of the and assess the new data that arise in their market economy, to learn to incorporate the professional and personal fields in order to be applicative use of scientific and technological in tune with accelerated changes. . advances (to produce more capital for the b.It requires autonomy and self-control of the benefit of capital itself), while privileging new procedures to achieve short-term objectives. logics and new educational concepts such as, Quite immediate question but that is related to the social, cultural and technological for example, that of an educated society,

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Dr. Carmen Burgos/Between The Specificity Of Social Work And The Loss Of Disciplinary Boundaries: An İnterdisciplinary Experience Of Postgraduate Training environment in which progress is made from constantly reviewing their graduation profiles knowledge. and their relevance to the study plans, to keep the institutional work aligned with the needs of c. It maintains the relationship between skills the context. In the third instance, to the and the labor market, another matter that is management of knowledge, through basic requested as a criterion for quality in current competences, the development of generic and tertiary education.Although it is true, the specific competences. Because an Institution appreciation and discussion is presented of Higher Education must be able to direct briefly, it is considered interesting to highlight complex processes and knowledge circulation. some questions about the competency And as stated in its Strategic Development approach that make sense when the following Plan, it must meet the diverse needs of can be read in a university educational regional and national development, generating model:Universities are required to train knowledge, through research, knowledge graduates who, in addition to having a great transfer, through teaching and training technical knowledge, develop a repertoire of services, application of the knowledge, competences that allows adding value to the through technical assistance and consulting professional functions performed. Thus, the services and dissemination of knowledge, university is emerging as an institution that through the extension of university work and transforms society and that, at the same time, culture. (University Academic Commission, is transformed by it as a result of the rapid 2010, pp. 35-45).Considering the foregoing, advance of communications, science and the state and regional University of Atacama, technology. (UDA Academic Vice President, agreed on the strategy to review, update and 2019, p. 4)Due to the current and established validate the curricular structure (Graduate needs at the government level, to have a Profile, Curricular Mesh and Subject quality education criteria are established from Programs) of each career, in accordance with the institutions in charge such as: Ministry of the fundamentals of the curricular paradigm by Education, Higher Council of Education, competencies, conceived as an integral, Council of Rectors, National Commission for innovative and permanent process.Thus, in Scientific and Technological Research, 2012 the modification in Social Work was Commission for the Evaluation of the Quality made, the first career of the University of of Postgraduate Programs, Administrative Atacama to undertake the adjustment process Commission of the Credit System for Higher in accordance with the guidelines of the Studies and National Commission for Educational Model, entailing the application Accreditation. of participatory methodologies in the training Bearing in mind the guidelines at the macro processes. As a result, experience has been accumulated in the teaching staff of the career, level, the UDA directs its educational work in the first instance to respond with quality to the which contributes to the design and development of the Magister. diversity of those who enter its programs, especially considering concern for personal This change implied the review of different growth and self-affirmation, developing an proposals and the decision to reinforce a Educational Model consistent with what is proposed in the UNESCO report (Delors, feature that was already evident since its 1996) in terms of basing training work on the creation, the emphasis on social research, this pillars of: learning to be and live together, time posing more strongly as one of the two learning to know and learning to do. main axes, together with that of intervention. This implies going beyond what appears as a In the second instance, to contribute with social responsibility to their regional context, mandate regarding the task, given by the

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Dr. Carmen Burgos/Between The Specificity Of Social Work And The Loss Of Disciplinary Boundaries: An İnterdisciplinary Experience Of Postgraduate Training disciplinary specificity, to also emphasize the In this context, we find the lack of advanced construction of knowledge. In this sense, the human capital in the vast majority of the importance of something that already appears country's regions, as we can see through the among the founding features of the profession 2017 CENSUS data. is revealed (Acero, 1988), although Table 2:Level of the highest approved course, historically it has been displaced by the by sex in regions of Chile, 2017 emphasis on intervention processes (Esteban and Del Olmo, 2016). Highest approved course level Therefore, the new structure was proposed in Master - Master - Doctor Docto the context of changes in the educational Women Men (%) ate- rate- model of the University, articulated according (%) Wome mens to the achievement of competencies. This has n (%) (%) implied a gradual change from the traditional REGION teaching-learning model towards one focused Tarapacá 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 on learning. Consequently, the training of the Antofagasta 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.1 University teachers has been intended, through Atacama 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 a Diploma in University Teaching and Coquimbo 0.3 0.4 0 0.1 Research, in its third version to the year 2017. Valparaiso 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.1 Considering the above, interdiscipline is Liberator necessary in times of speed, and as seen in the General efforts at the institutional level to raise quality Bernardo and offer careers and development possibilities O'Higgins 0.3 0.3 0 0 to students from the north of Chile. In order to Maule 0.3 0.3 0 0.1 get to work for skills. Therefore, it is Biobio 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 considered that the experience raised at the The University of Atacama, at the level of the Araucanía 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 Master's program, can serve as a basis, since it The lakes 0.3 0.4 0 0.1 can become a perfect exercise of Aysén of interdisciplinary work at the postgraduate General level. Carlos Ibáñez del

Campo 0.4 0.4 0 0.1 The İnterdisciplinary Academic Experience Magellan Of The Master's Degree İn Qualitative and Chilean Research Methodologies İn Health, Antarctica 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 Universidad De Atacama: Metropolitan Within the world paradigm of public policy, of Santiago 0.9 1.1 0.1 0.2 Chile is subject to decentralization processes. The rivers 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2 In other words, our country is immersed in the Arica and processes of transfer of powers, knowledge, Parinacota 0.4 0.4 0 0.1 capital and administrative powers from the Ñuble 0.3 0.3 0 0.1 central level to the regions (Mardones, 2006). Source: Own elaboration, based on census data, INE (2017).

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Dr. Carmen Burgos/Between The Specificity Of Social Work And The Loss Of Disciplinary Boundaries: An İnterdisciplinary Experience Of Postgraduate Training

These data show how the Atacama region has creation of the master's program in Qualitative a real need for advanced human capital, since Research Methodologies in Health, work was it has one of the lowest percentages and it is done directly between the Department of the national capital that has the highest rate of Social Work and the Faculty of Health this type of professionals. What generates Sciences of the University of Atacama, where great disparities in the response capacity both disciplines converged on the need to between the capital and the regions.In this search for more knowledge. broad to work and sense, the Council of Rectors of Chilean understand the social determinants of health. Universities (CRUCH) has proposed in the For this, the qualitative method established in decentralizing context to reduce these gaps, social work was of vital importance for the this is how it requests a study, which is called development of the master's degree. Therefore, The Postgraduate System in Chile: evolution this interdisciplinary alliance managed to and projections for the Universities of the break down the invisible academic barriers Council of Rectors, where it is stated that are often created between departments and that:Those universities that recognize the need faculties and was able to work in an to develop Postgraduate programs that respond interdisciplinary manner to create a program to new national and global needs will be the that will provide students with a leaders of the 21st century. These universities methodological perspective that responds to will be the vital engines that will improve the the health problems from a social economic competitiveness of their nations and perspective.In creating the program, the the well-being of their inhabitants. (Munita general objective is: to develop in the and Reyes, 2012, p. 15)In this context, in 2016 professionals of the program solid theoretical the University of Atacama, specifically from and practical bases for research with a the Faculty of Health Sciences, carried out a qualitative, holistic, transdisciplinary approach project of postgraduate programs that allowed and oriented to the field of health. Focusing on us to glimpse the lack of advanced human delivering the qualitative knowledge necessary capital in the health area, which translated into to develop epistemological skills, practical professionals who understood better their skills for the creation of health research sociocultural, environmental and political protocols, skills for the use of appropriate environment. Understanding in this way that methods and techniques for data collection and the conditioning factors of this area passed subsequent analysis, and the transdisciplinary over to the health sector, which made inherent approach between health-disease for the incorporation of other disciplinary professionals to contribute to the development perspectives to solve this regional of knowledge with cross-disciplinary cross- need.Therefore, the Faculty of Health Sciences cutting visions for the region, the country and in its strategic development plan recognized the world (Exempt Decree No. 25, 2017).In and created two postgraduate programs to this way, the master's degree in Qualitative respond to the need for advanced human Health Research Methodologies becomes the capital in health for the region, creating the first program of this line within the country, master's degree in Qualitative Research standing out as an alternative of Methodologies in Health, program academic methodological specialization for people in the that seeks to contribute to the academic social and health area, through knowledge of development of professionals, orienting health phenomena with qualitative perspective. themselves to improvement in the research In this way, it seeks to respond to the lack of area in health and the master's degree in Public specialized human capital, not only from Health, a professional master's program which health, but also from a perspective from the aims to develop superior professional skills social sciences working together to (Exempt Decree No. 25, 2017).For the understand, analyze and develop

6351 International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, vol. 8, Issue 01, Januwary 2021

Dr. Carmen Burgos/Between The Specificity Of Social Work And The Loss Of Disciplinary Boundaries: An İnterdisciplinary Experience Of Postgraduate Training transdisciplinary strategies for the secondary sources, with exceptions.Both in improvement of the problems of the health Nursing and Social Work, training in the area and social determinants.What has been quantitative and qualitative approach is said in advance is related to the intentionality evidenced, with a predominance of one or the granted to the Master's program in question, other, respectively. As an example, in the since it has been found that traditionally in latter, the theses of recent years have been social research the carrying out of explanatory oriented towards the qualitative.The foregoing studies, of a quantitative nature and within the allows us to visualize how research permeates framework of scientific development in the the educational work of the students of both West, has been privileged under the model of Faculties to a different degree. It should be Natural Sciences. In Health, the predominance noted that in undergraduate intra-disciplinary of this methodology, based on positivism, is teaching is privileged, adding the view of presented in the research work.Already in the others from the provision of services and middle of the last century the development of without necessarily linking them with each qualitative studies in different areas is other and with the disciplinary base of each observed. In this regard, it is worth curriculum.On this basis, the Master in highlighting the analysis of social Qualitative Research Methodologies in Health determinants of health, which make it possible represents a challenge in the search to share to make visible aspects that are beyond the and level knowledge in the matter and at the traditional biomedical model, and, therefore, same time, it constitutes a possibility of considered as a legacy of the approach made interdisciplinary construction, to the extent by Richard Cabot on the nexus between Social that different knowledge converges in its Work and Public Health , according to what design and execution. At the academic body Acero (1988): "The activity of Social work in level, there is the contribution of specialists its relations with Public Health can be whose training corresponds to the following summarized, to a great extent, in the disciplines: Nursing (1), Kinesiology (1), Law investigation of the causes of the disease". (p. (1), Education (1), Social Work (3), 36)In the local context, and in correspondence Anthropology ( 3). In turn, the first cohort, with the respective study grids, not all corresponding to the current year, is currently University careers achieve a homogeneous made up of: Nurses (3), Kinesiologist (2) and level in the development of research Social Worker (1).Therefore, at the level of competencies at the undergraduate level. teachers and students, the basic When considering those of the Faculties of interdisciplinarity is evidenced, an element Health Sciences and Legal and Social that undoubtedly contributes to the training Sciences, Social Work stands out in the process and becomes a plus, which allows to quantity and focus of research methodology highlight the importance of this both in the subjects, in accordance with one of the two pedagogical exercise itself and in the products axes that articulate the training process. As that this is derived. they are contextually situated and transforming knowledge generation processes, the Conclusions And Final Reflection: positioning of subjects is especially valued, so There is an undeniable link between Health that, in this way, knowledge is and Social Work, which has been related from democratized.At the same time, both in Health its origin. The specialization processes, a and Law careers, the tendency is to include product of the professionalization of the one or two subjects in the matter, in general discipline, have promoted the fragmentation of with a view to carrying out a thesis or seminar, knowledge and the partial, and therefore to obtain a bachelor's degree. In the latter, the insufficient, approach to human problems. process consists basically of investigation of However, the same current social complexity, calls us to establish meeting points from an 6352 International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, vol. 8, Issue 01, Januwary 2021

Dr. Carmen Burgos/Between The Specificity Of Social Work And The Loss Of Disciplinary Boundaries: An İnterdisciplinary Experience Of Postgraduate Training interdisciplinary perspective, understanding knowledge and practices converge. At the that in the social is where the health processes same time, it affects the completion of of people are inserted. This is recognized by individual theses and since the condition of the social model in health, which establishes scientific publication is the basis for approval, the social determinants as the most important it results in encouragement and pressure in this element.With this, it is based not only to form regard. Additionally, the confluence of both multidisciplinary teams, but also to generate academics and students focused on research joint strategies that allow broadening the has made it possible to generate and articulate perspectives of the discipline, not only new proposals in this important field of incorporating Health as a thematic axis in the scientific and academic endeavor. study plans, but also transferring the methodologies (theoretically supported) of References knowing-doing . The lack of advanced human 1. Acero, C. (1988). Research in Social capital in the regions is one of the symptoms Work. Notebooks of Social Work, (1), 35- of centralization, even when work is being 46. Recovered from done to reverse this, through decentralization 2. http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CUTS/arti processes. Reality shows that the transfer of cle/view/CUTS8888110035A/8653 knowledge to the regions is limited, therefore, 3. Argudín, Y. (2005). Competency-based the work that must be done to fill this lack is education. Mexico D. F: Trillas. complex. In this sense, the Master in 4. Argueta, J. (2006). Nature and specificity Qualitative Research Methodologies in Health of Social Work: a pending challenge to be at the University of Atacama plays a relevant solved. Katálysis, 9 (2), 217-226. role to collaborate in responding to a specific Recovered need, which refers to the area of health and fromhttps://www.scielo.br/pdf/rk/v9n2/a09 how it can be approached from a social v09n2.pdf perspective Thanks to the interdisciplinary 5. Beneitone, P., Esquetini, C., González, J., work between the area of Health and Social Maletá, M., Siufi, G. and Wagenaar, R. Work, where academics, academics, (eds.). (2007). Reflections and perspectives professionals with specialization in dissimilar of higher education in Latin America. areas collaborate, but who respond to the Final Report - Tuning Latin America demands required as advanced human capital. Project from 2004 to 2007. Bilbao: From there, it is argued that the Magister University of Deusto. shows clear possibilities in terms of generating 6. Castañeda, P. and Salamé, A. (2010). specialized knowledge from and for the Historical perspective of training in Social region.Regarding the projection of this, the Work in Chile. Electronic Journal of Social contribution of this to the formation of Work, (8), 68-92. Recovered specialized human capital in the area can be fromhttp://www.revistatsudec.cl/wp- considered, which will probably be linked to content/uploads/2015/10/Publicaci%C3% both teaching and research in the medium B3n-Revista-2010-Vol-8.pdf term. As an example, the research to be 7. Chávez Torres, G. (2018). Social Work developed, at the thesis level, focuses on the and transdisciplinarity: challenges to study issue of social inclusion of different segments: transnational migration, community and indigenous communities, migrants, older communication. Notebooks Of Social adults, people with disabilities, HIV / AIDS Work, 31 (1), 21-33.doi:10.5209 / carriers, among others. others.Although the CUTS.55996 Master is in its first year of execution, the 8. University Academic Commission. (2010). interdisciplinarity at the base of it allows Educational Model University of Atacama. predicting auspicious results, as different Iquique: Kunturi.

6353 International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, vol. 8, Issue 01, Januwary 2021

Dr. Carmen Burgos/Between The Specificity Of Social Work And The Loss Of Disciplinary Boundaries: An İnterdisciplinary Experience Of Postgraduate Training

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