Caricaturing Culture in India: Cartoons and History in the Modern World Ritu Gairola Khanduri Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04332-9 - Caricaturing Culture in India: Cartoons and History in the Modern World Ritu Gairola Khanduri Index More information

Index

Abdullah, Sheth, 73 Athavale, Ramdas, 35 Abraham, Abu, 208, 210–11, 212–15, Azharuddin, Mohammed, 257 226, 233 Emergency cartoons, 215–17 Babu, 52 obituary, 214 Babuji, 198–9 Advani, L. K., 215–16 Bachchan, Amitabh, 148 advertisements, 19 Bada Saab, 193 Agra Akhbar, 48, 61–3, 66 Balasundaram, 74–5 Ahmad, Saiyid Zahur, 60 Bangalore Development Authority, 189 Ahmed, Envar, 108–10, 142, 193 Bannerjee, Mukulika, 170–1 Air Deccan, 205 Barry, Gerald, 132 Air India, 205 Batcha, Akbar, 279 air travel, 204–5 Bateson, Gregory, 15 “Aj Ki Duniya,”, 137, 138, 140, 141–2 Baudrillard, Jean, 170 Algeria, 276 bazaroo, 236–7 All India Muslim Majlis-e-Mushawarat, 274–5 bed of nails trope, 6, 216 All India Radio, 242 Bengali language, 130–1 All the Year Round,50 Bhaiyaji, 181–2 Alliance of Independent Press Councils of Bharat Mata, 54 Europe, 247–8 Bharatnatyam, 23 Amar Ujala, 176 Bhargav, Vibha, 250 Amarji, 150 Bhaskar, M., 127 Ambedkar, Bhimrao, 34, 263–4, 296 Bhaskar, Vidya, 137, 140 Ambedkar Vichar Manch, 264 Bhattacharya, Neeladri, 37 Amin, Shahid, 284 Bhayankar drishya! Napunsak darshak, 64–5 Anand, Mulk Raj, 139 Bhushan, Reboti, 111, 114, 145, 146 Ananda Bazar Patrika, 130–1 Bijlani, Sangeeta, 257 Anderson, Benedict, 14, 298 Bilgrami, Akeel, 37 Anthropological Survey of India, 16 Bireshwar (also Bireshwarji), 8, 40, 124, anti-colonialism, 31 133–4, 195–6, 284–5 apology, 24 at National Herald, 142 Appadurai, Arjun, 22 departure from “Aj Ki Duniya,”, 140 Archer, W. G., 150 Kedarji and, 134–7 Arla Dairy, 271 mentoring, 134–7 art Bluitgen, Kaare, 271 Laxman as artist, 227–9 Bollywood, 18 art criticism, 225–6 boycotting, 273–4 Art of Caricature, 138, 139–40 Brass, Paul, 288 Asad, Talal, 290 Brazil, 14 Asian Age, 186–7 bribery, 167–8 Tru – Lies, 257–61 Britannia trope, 54, 90

348

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04332-9 - Caricaturing Culture in India: Cartoons and History in the Modern World Ritu Gairola Khanduri Index More information

Index 349

British East India Company, 3 Dar, Sudhir, 208, 254 “British Lion’s Vengeance on the Bengal darsan/darshan, 298–9 Tiger, The,” 4–5, 49 Das, Durga, 107 Brown, Judith, 96 Das, Priya, 58–9, 60–1 Buddhism, 265 Daw, Prasanta, 225–6 Burton, Antoinette, 28–9, 122 Dawn, 104, 105 Bush, George W., 288 Dayal, John, 285 Butalia, Urvashi, 33 de Certeau, Michel, 48 de Gaulle, Charles, 287 Campbell-Bannerman, Henry, 80 Deccan Herald, 186–7 carnivals, 26 defamation, 260 caste, 58–9, 168, 206–7, 262–3, see also Delhi Durbar, 50–1 untouchability Delhi Sketch Book, 49, 50 Caucasian, 126 democracy, 167, 170–1 censorship, 215, 292–3 desi cartoons, 201–2 Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 25, 31, 48, 249 development, 167, 189 Chakravarti, Moni, 14 Devendra, 203 Chandra, Shefali, 23 Dhurapkarji, 202–4 Chandu, 193–4 Diamond Comics, 292 Chaudhry, Yash Raj, 137 Dickens, Charles, 49 Children’s Book Trust, 110 Dickey, Sara, 16, 18, 171 Chitravali,8–9, 31, 90 digitization, 221–3, 231 choti “line” cartoons, 13 Dirks, Nicholas, 49 Christians, 285 Disney, Walt, 146 Churchill, Winston, 83–4 Dongre, Ashok, 202 classicism (Indian), 23 Don’t Spare Me Shankar,35 Cohen, Lawrence, 13 Doust, Len, 138, 139–40 Cohn, Bernard, 7 Doyle, John, 4 Comic World, 292 Serpent Charmers,6 Common Man, 40, 159, 165, see also Tota Doyle, Richard, 4 Babu Dronacharya, 148 as Air Deccan mascot, 205–7 Kevy, 195–6 Eastern Echo,38 Kutty on, 192–3 Eastern Economist, 217 statue of, 191–1 Edwards, Elizabeth, 14–15, 30 Tota Babu and, 201 Egypt, 273, 276 Constable, Archibald, 56 Eklavya, 148 Conybeare, Chris, 247 elite networking, 168 copying, 15, 235–6 Emergency, 13 corruption, 167–8 Abu Abraham and, 215–17 courts, 25 Engels, Friedrich, 25 creative labor, 220–1 Engineer, Ashgar Ali, 288 cricket, 22 English language, 23, 143 Cripps, Stafford, 107 Indian, 233 Crusades, 276 ethnographic biography, 121–2 cultural imports, 23 ethnographic present, 10 Curzon, Lord George Nathaniel, 1 exhibitions, 226–7 Laxman, 227–9 Daily Texan, 38, 273 Nehru House, 208–10 Dainik Jagran, 200–1 Dalit communities, 168 feminism, 122 Dalmia, Vasudha, 54 Film Division, 16 Danish cartoons controversy, 1, 14, 21, 22, ﬁlms, 18 25, 41, 271–2, 277 ethnographic, 16 Milli Gazette on, 289–90 Flint, David, 247

350 Index

folk forms, 233 Haque, Mozzamel, 289 Forbes, Geraldine, 30 Haraway, Donna, 166 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, 167 Harijan, 74, 92 Frank, Gelya, 121 Hasan, Mushirul, 45 Haugerud, Angelique, 26 Gajwani, Gopi, 213 Hazare, Anna, 168, 191 Gandhi, Devdas, 93, 96–7, 107–8, 110 Herzfeld, Michael, 121 Gandhi, Indira, 93, 216–17 Hindi language cartoons, 143–4, 202–4 Varma’s portrayal, 217–18 Hindi Punch, 21, 23, 45, 47, 55, 56, 75 Gandhi, Mahatma Mohandas, 25, 39–40 reviews, 56–8 Balasundaram case, 74–5 Hindu Punch,18–19, 67 cartoons and, 75–6 Hinduism, 274–5, 281–4 in England, 68–9 Hindustan Express, 292 in India (1891), 69–70 Hindustan Standard, 130 in South Africa, 70–5 Hindustan Times, 105, 107–8, 110, 266 Jinnah and, 103–4 Times of India and, 253–7 meeting with David Low, 87–8 Hindustani music, 23 public speaking, 81–2 Hitler, Adolf, 92 representation as Buddah, 267 Hobbs, Jack, 285–6 representation in cartoons, 86–7, Holi festival, 13 88–9, 91 Hull, Mathew, 252–3 Gandhi, Rajiv, 291 humor, 26–7, 203, 276, 296–8 Gandhi, Sanjay, 217 alienation, 27 Gandhi, Sonia, 202, 285 postcolonial, 241 Ganesh, 285 Humpty Tumpty cartoon, 253–6 Garland, Nicholas, 232–3, 234 Hussain, Zakir, 208 gender, 64–5 George, Kenneth, 233 Igarashi, Hitoshi, 291 Georgia, 14 indentured laborers, 72, 74–5 Ghosh, Prakash, 143 Independent, 214 Ghosh, Shohini, 261 India Today Ghurye, G. S., 13 Abu Abraham in, 212–13 Gilligan, Carol, 122 Indian Administrative Service, 182 Gilray, James, 3, 4 Indian Charivari,52 Girmitiyas, 72 Indian constitution, 123 Gombrich, Ernst H., 3 Indian Council of Cultural Relations, Gopinath, Captain G. R., 205 209–10 Gould, Francis Carruthers, 68 Indian English, 233 Govil, Arun, 267–9 Indian Express, 215–16, 267–9 Grigg, James, 97 Indian Institute of Cartoonists, 19, 111, Grover, A. N., 247 229–32 Guha, Ramachandra, 252 Indian National Congress, 105–6 Guha-Thakurta, Tapati, 212 Indian Opinion, 74, 75–7, 81–6 Gujarati Punch, 1, 55, 312 Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF), Gup Shup,55 269, 300 gupt cartoons, 33 indigenization, 212 Gupta, Akhil, 169 infanticide, 189 Gupta, Dipankar, 211 INSAT satellite, 189 Gupta, Mahesh, 234, 234 Internet, 19 Kanjalil and, 236–7 interpretation Gurera, Shekhar, 33, 149 maturity and, 37 Ion, 272–3, 290 Hannerz, Ulf, 2, 242, 279, 307 Islam, 102–4 Hansen, Thomas Blom, 85 Hinduism and, 274–5

Index 351

Ispahani, M. A. Hassan, 103–4 Latur earthquake, 1 Iyengar, A. S., 110 Laxman, R. K., 1, 18, 40, 146–7, 169, 285 Jackson, Michael, 157 air travel cartoons, 204–5 Jain, Girilal, 300 as Times of India brand ambassador, 19–20 Jain, Ravi, 114–15 author’s meeting with, 161–4 Jaipur Literary Festival, 168 Common Man, 194 Jayalalitha, 165 early career, 150 Jaychandran, 234–6 exhibitions, 227–9 Jinnah, Mohammed Ali, 102–5, 108–9 Low’sinfluence on, 154 John Bull trope, 54 national importance, 159–60, 165 joking relationships, 26 popularity with politicians, 172–3 Joseph, Ammu, 175 public persona, 171–2 Joseph, Pothan, 94, 104 Punch and, 45 Joshi, Priya, 23 style, 152–4, 162–3, 219 Jyllands Posten, 25, 271–2 women and, 189–90 Lelyveld, Joseph, 18 Kaak, 45, 180, 184–5, 202–3, 233, 293 Lemon, Mark, 48–9 Kain, R. L., 262–4 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 7 Kalam, Abdul A. P. J., 164, 172 liberalism, 61–2, 251–3, 257, 261, 269–70, Kalra, Sushil, 12 296–8 Kalu and Meena, 199 PCI’s classification, 300 Kamath, Maya, 21, 31, 32–3, 174, 179, linguistic culture, 123 186–9 lipstick, 95–102, 190 media and state in, 188–9 Lloyd, Arthur Wynell, 83 on gender inequality, 189 Loksatta, 156 water shortage cartoons, 188 Lonsdale, John, 83–5 Kanjilal, Manoranjan, 236–7 Low, David, 52, 87–8, 90, 127–8, 132, 138, Kannabiran, Kalpana, 33, 257–61 232, 234, 285–6 Karnatik music, 23 influence on Laxman, 154, 232 Kathiawad, 70 Laxman and, 162–3 Kaur, Amrit, 95–6 on Shankar, 94 Shankar’s portrayals, 101–2 Lytton Gazette,59 Kedia, Baijnath, 8 Kelkar, Ramnath, v Macmillan, Harold, 139 Kerkar, Subodh, 157, 160–1 McNay, Michael, 214 Kevy (also Kerala Varma), 195–6, 219 Mad magazine, 218–19 Khan, Zafarul Islam, 275–6 Madagascar, 14 interview, 276–9 Madhubani painting, 150–1 Konkan, 228 Madras Christian College, 127 Kumar, Anuj, 163 Madras Mail, 58, 127 Kunal, 152–3 Mahabharata, 185 Kutty, 40, 121, 123–4, 295 Mahmood, Saba, 290 at National Herald, 241 Mahotsav, Yuva, 148–9 author’s visit to, 124–6 Majumdar, Suresh, 140 early life, 126–8 Mandoo, 233 foreign travel, 132–3 Mandook, 136 in Delhi, 128–9 Mangeshkar, Lata, 153 on Common Man, 192, 194 Manjul, 19, 221, 222, 236 popularity in Bengal, 132 Mankekar, D. R., 198 Shankar and, 128, 129–30 Mankekar, Purnima, 17 “March of Civilisation, The,” 77–8 Lahiri, Chandi, 45 Markazi Majlis-e-Mushawarat, 274–5 Lancaster: More Pocket Cartoons,93 Marmik, 156 Langness, Lewis L., 121 Martin, Trayvon, 38

352 Index

Marx, Karl, 25 Navbharat Times, 160 Maya Kamath Award, 229 Nazar, M. H., 75 Mayawati, 35 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 35, 88–90, 116, 275 Mead, Margaret, 15 imprisonment, 93 Mehta, Pherozeshah, 68, 70 Kutty and, 129 Mehta, Vinod, 263 Shankar’s portrayals, 101–2, 114 Memsaab, 193 New Age Islam, 292 Menon, V. P., 128–9 New Statesman, 138 mentoring, 146–7, 149–50, 151 New York Times,4–5, 18, 199 Bireshwar, 134–7 newspaper cartoons, 2 Shankar of Kutty, 129–31 cartoon publication frequency, 117 Merkel, Angela, 271 circulation, 2 Merry Magazine, 127 Ninan, Ajit, 222–3, 234–5 Mesthrie, Uma, 71–2 non-cooperation, 74–5 Milli Gazette, 275–6, 279–81 nostalgia, 20, 115 on Danish cartoons controversy, Nowrosjee, Barjorjee, 56 289–90 Miranda, Mario, 219, 220 Observer, 214 Mishra, Shiva Narayan, 8 ocularcentric bias, 20 Mistry, Sanjay, 181 Oriental Review,57 Mitra, T. K., 135 Orientalism, 167–8 Mitter, Kaushik, 258 Oudh Akhbar, 55, 58 Mitter, Partha, 55–6 Oudh Punch, 45, 52, 54, 55, 58, 60–1 modernism, 25 surveillance, 60–1 modernity, 27 Owaisi, Asaduddin, 277 Moffat, James, 3, 4 interview, 277–9 Mubarak, Hosni, 276 Oxfam, 139 Mudholkar, J. R., 243–4 Muhammad, 285–6, see also Danish Padgaonkar, Dilip, 256–7 cartoons controversy Padmanabhan, Manjula, 12, 33, 174, Mukherjee, Pranab, 35 179–80, 220 Muslims, 276–7, 285–6, see also Danish artistic identity, 179–80 cartoons controversy Suki character, 180 Mutiny painting, 224 in Punch,49 Pakistan, 103–4 My Magazine, 127 Paley, Julia, 28 Pall Mall Magazine,51 Nai Duniya, 203 Palshikar, Suhas, 37 Naidu, Sarojini, 98 Panjab Punch,60–1 Naim, C. M., 272 Partition, 199 Nair, Mannikoth Ramunni, 127 Partridge, Bernard, 51, 68 Nand, Khema, 244 Patel, Sardar, 105 Nandy, Ashish, 168 Patil, Pratibha, 164 Narayan, Akavoor, 114 patriotism Narendra, 195, 229–32 Indian, 76–7 Natal Indian Congress, 74 Pawar, Sharad, 148 National Council of Education Research pedagogy, 34–9, 66 and Training (NCERT), 34 petitions, 242–3, 245, 253–7, 300–1 National Curriculum Framework, 34 photography, 14–15, 30 National Herald, 121 ethnographic, 16 Bireshwar at, 142 physiognomic fallacy, 13 Kutty and, 129 Physiognomy,69 national identity, 211–12 Pincutt, Frederick, 68–9 National Integration Council, 275 Pinney, Christopher, 17 nationalism, 212 Pioneer, 108–9, 176, 262–3

Index 353

pocket cartoons, 144, 163, 187 Rana, Jagjeet, 33, 149, 200–1, 221 women in, 181–6 Ranga, 202 Powdermaker, Hortense, 177 Rao, Narasimha, 262 Praja Bandhu,58 Raobail, 154, 223–5, 233 Prasad, Devi, 259–60 Rasmussen, Anders Fogh, 271 Prasad, H. Y. Sharada, 172 Rathore, Samita, 174 Prasad, Mahavir, 284 Rau, Chalapati, 142 Prasad, Ravi, 153–4, 180 Raven-Hill, Leonard, 50–1 Press Commission, 243 Ray, G. N., 245–6, 247, 250 Press Council of India (PCI), 25, 27, 41, reappropriation, 90–1 242, 244–5, 298, 299–301 Reddy, Nalini, 174, 177–8 deliberation process, 249–51 Registrar of Newspapers for India, 243 effectiveness, 263–4 regulation, 242–4, see also censorship; Press manifesto, 248 Council of India (PCI); self- national press organizations, 246–8 regulation petitions to relational self, 144–5 new darshans, 267–9 religion, 102–4, 266–7, see also Buddhism; S.C., 262–3 Danish cartoons controversy Times of India vs. Hindustan Times, Christians, 285 253–7 Hindu–Muslim tension, 274–5 Tru – Lies, 257–61 Sikh–Muslim tension, 106 reprimand system, 249 reproduction, 15 Press Ordinance, 105 Review of Reviews,18–19, 45, 57–8, 174, Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA), 211–12 282–2 Robinson, Wyndham, 127 Prisoner’s Scrap-Book, 215–16 Rose, Flemming, 25, 271 privacy, 260 Rowlandson, Thomas, 3, 4 Pulcinella, 54 Roy, Mita, 33, 174, 176–7, 220–1 Punch character, 54 Bhaiyaji character, 181–2 Punch Line, 185 Sahiba, 181–2 Punch magazine, 4–5, 39, 48–50, 138, Roy, Sukhdeva, 8 218, see also vernacular Punches Rushdie, Salman, 273, 291, 298 attempts to break into Indian market, 51–2 S. J. S., 227–8 Colonia, 32 Sabnis, Vikas, 156 colonial appropriation, 6 Sadiq, Muhammad, 45 entry into Indian market, 24 Sahay, K. N., 14 Kutty on, 127–8 same-sex cartoons, 13 Laxman on, 45 Samuel, 195–9 vernacular derivatives, 45–7 Abu Abraham and, 208–9, 210–11 recession from popular memory, Kalu and Meena, 199 46–7 Sanjayan, 127 Puri, Rajinder, 213, 272 Sanjek, Roger, 144 Sanskhar Bharti, 236 Qur’an, 276 Sar Punch,60 Sarita, 182–3 racial segregation, 140–1 Satanic Verses, 273, 291 Raﬁq Punch,60 sati, 189 Rai, Gulshan, 292 satyagraha, 39, 74–5, 77, 88–90 Raje, Vasundhara, 221 Sawant, Suresh, 202 Rajkot, 69 Searle, Ronald, 219 Ram, 147–8 secularism, 290 Ramachandran, M. G. (MGR), 171 self-regulation, 248 Ramasarma, K., 267–9 Sepoy Mutiny, 4 Ramayana, 267–9 sexism, 261

354 Index

Shabuddin, Syed, 274 Suhel-i-Hind,60–1 Shahin, Sultan, 292 Suki, 179, 180 Shane, Meenakshi, 190 Sunday Times (South Africa), 83 Shankar Pillai, 93, 128, 241 Supermac, 139 Amrit Kaur’s complaints about, surveillance, 54–6, 60–1 95–8 symbolic annihilation, 175 Cripps and, 107 early career, 94 tactic, 48 Jinnah and, 102–5 tactical modernity, 22, 23, 28, 64 Kutty and, 128, 129–30 Tailang, Sudhir, 174, 236 Low and, 138 Talcherkar, Harishchandra, 1 Nehru and, 114 talk, 29–31 public reaction to, 112 Tarlo, Emma, 215 resignation from Hindustan Times, Tendulkar, Sachin, 169, 257 107–8 Tenniel, John, 5–6, 49 technique, 94 Alice in Wonderland, 132 Shankar, Alka, 110–11 Mutiny series, 49 Shankar, Ravi, 269 terrorism, 276 Shankar, Shalini, 202 textbooks, 301 Shankaranand, Shri, 262 text messaging, 273 Shankar’s Weekly, 34, 110–13, 143, 144, Thackeray, Bal (also Balasaheb), 204 154–5, 195 Abu Abraham at, 214 theater, 26 Sharma, Kedarnath, 135 Thirumavalavan, Thol., 35 Shiv Sena, 211 Thought magazine, 217 Shostak, Marjorie, 64 Times of India, 159, 171, 229 Shourie, Arun, 267–9 Hindi Punch review, 57 Sibal, Kapil, 35–7 Hindustan Times and, 253–7 Siegel, Lee, 295 representation of Buddha, 266–7 Sikhism Tota Babu, 199–201, 221 conﬂict with Muslims, 106 Common Man and, 201 sindhoor tilak, 159 Transparency International, 167 Singh, 8–10 Transvaal Closer Union Society, 81 Singh, Khushwant, 242 Trouillot, Michel-Rolph, 273 Singh, Manmohan, 202, 291 turbans, 72–3 Singh, Ramindar, 262 Turner, Victor, 297–8 Singhvi, L. M., 254 Sinha, Mrinalini, 24–5 United States, 38 Slade School of Art, 94 Unny, Ekanath Padmanabhan, 159 Smuts, General Jan, 82 untouchability, 67, 71, see also caste snake charmer trope, 6 Upadhyay, Madhukar, 295–6 South Africa, 140–1 Asiatic Law Amendment Ordinance, Vairavan, C. T., 115–17 82–3 Van der Veer, Peter, 7 Gandhi in, 70–5 Varma, Raja Ravi, 218 Indian immigration to, 71–2, 83–5 Verma, Adarsh, 176 racial segregation, 70–1, 75 vernacular Punches,52–6, see also Hindi Sparrow, 186 Punch Srimatiji, 182–3 humor, 241 Star of India, 104 Vijayan, O. V., 173 Stead, W. T., 56, 57–8 Vinay, 149–50 “Steam-Roller and the Elephant, The,” Vins, 146 82, 90 visual anthropology, 15–16 street theorizing, 292–3 Visual Anthropology Bulletin,15 style, 162–3 visuality, small voice of, 28, 30

Index 355

Viyavaharik, Madanjit, 75 representation, 31, 64–5, 95–102, Vyang Chitravali, 32, 66 257–9 in pocket cartoons, 181–6 Warner, Michael, 298 World Association of Press Councils, 247 Warrier, T. V. K., 114–15 Wavell, Archibald, 105 Xavier, Thomas, 206 Weisz, Victor, 132, 138–9 Westergaard, Kurt, 271 Yadav, Laloo, 37 Wilson, Harold, 287–8 Yadav, Sharad, 37 women, 64 Yadav, Yogendra, 37 as cartoonists, 21, 33–4, 174–5 Young India,74 paucity of, 176–7, 180–1 Yusuf, 276 journalists, 174–5 Yuva Mahotsav, 148–9, 151–2