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Les Végétaux Vivants Dans L'architecture - Construire Une Habitation À Base De Matériaux Vivants

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Les Végétaux Vivants Dans L'architecture - Construire Une Habitation À Base De Matériaux Vivants http://lib.ulg.ac.be http://matheo.ulg.ac.be Les végétaux vivants dans l'architecture - Construire une habitation à base de matériaux vivants Auteur : Vallas, Thomas Promoteur(s) : Courard, Luc Faculté : Faculté des Sciences appliquées Diplôme : Master en ingénieur civil architecte, à finalité approfondie Année académique : 2015-2016 URI/URL : http://hdl.handle.net/2268.2/1649 Avertissement à l'attention des usagers : Tous les documents placés en accès ouvert sur le site le site MatheO sont protégés par le droit d'auteur. Conformément aux principes énoncés par la "Budapest Open Access Initiative"(BOAI, 2002), l'utilisateur du site peut lire, télécharger, copier, transmettre, imprimer, chercher ou faire un lien vers le texte intégral de ces documents, les disséquer pour les indexer, s'en servir de données pour un logiciel, ou s'en servir à toute autre fin légale (ou prévue par la réglementation relative au droit d'auteur). Toute utilisation du document à des fins commerciales est strictement interdite. Par ailleurs, l'utilisateur s'engage à respecter les droits moraux de l'auteur, principalement le droit à l'intégrité de l'oeuvre et le droit de paternité et ce dans toute utilisation que l'utilisateur entreprend. Ainsi, à titre d'exemple, lorsqu'il reproduira un document par extrait ou dans son intégralité, l'utilisateur citera de manière complète les sources telles que mentionnées ci-dessus. Toute utilisation non explicitement autorisée ci-avant (telle que par exemple, la modification du document ou son résumé) nécessite l'autorisation préalable et expresse des auteurs ou de leurs ayants droit. Université de Liège Faculté des Sciences Appliquées Section Ingénieur-Architecte Les végétaux vivants dans l’architecture Construire une habitation à base de matériaux vivants par Thomas Vallas Université de Liège Année académique 2015-2016 Promoteur Dr Luc COURARD Membres du jury C. BALLARATI, F.FRANCK, P. LECLERCQ, S. REITERS, Présentation du mémoire en vue de l’obtention du grade de MASTER INGENIEUR ARCHITECTE SOMMAIRE Remerciements _____________________________________________________________ 1 Introduction _______________________________________________________________ 2 Glossaire __________________________________________________________________ 4 I. Concept, démarche et contexte ____________________________________________ 5 I.1 Rêver ______________________________________________________________________________ 5 I.2 Intégrer ___________________________________________________________________________ 10 I.3 Façonner __________________________________________________________________________ 13 I.4 Construire _________________________________________________________________________ 20 II. Structure : une maison dans un arbre ______________________________________ 26 II.1 Concepts et techniques de base du façonnage d’arbre _____________________________________ 26 A. Le développement apical __________________________________________________________ 26 B. La greffe _______________________________________________________________________ 28 C. L’inosculation ___________________________________________________________________ 31 D. Possibilités de courbure et vitesse de pousse __________________________________________ 34 II.2 Les méthodes de « Tree Shaping » _____________________________________________________ 36 A. « Instant Tree Shaping » ou le façonnage instantané ____________________________________ 36 B. « Gradual Tree Shaping » ou le façonnage évolutif ______________________________________ 38 C. « Aeroponic Root Shaping » ou le façonnage des racines en aéroponie______________________ 39 D. Synthèse sur les méthodes de Tree Shaping ___________________________________________ 42 II.3 « Artificial hollow tree » ou l’arbre creux artificiel _________________________________________ 43 II.4 Une structure arborée – Obtention d’une forme habitable __________________________________ 46 II.5 Choix de l’espèce d’arbre à utiliser _____________________________________________________ 48 II.6 Bilan et limites _____________________________________________________________________ 50 III. Enveloppe : des murs en champignons ____________________________________ 51 III.1 Le mycélium ______________________________________________________________________ 52 III.2 Principe de réalisation de l’enveloppe en mycélium _______________________________________ 55 A. Choix du mycélium ______________________________________________________________ 55 B. Conditions de croissance et environnement extérieur ___________________________________ 60 C. Choix du substrat ________________________________________________________________ 62 D. Limites et points d’attention _______________________________________________________ 63 III.3 Vérification expérimentale ___________________________________________________________ 64 A. Description_____________________________________________________________________ 64 B. Protocole expérimental ___________________________________________________________ 66 B.1. Matériel ______________________________________________________________________________ 67 B.2. Préambule_____________________________________________________________________________ 67 B.3. Inoculation du substrat ___________________________________________________________________ 68 B.4. Inoculation du carton par le substrat colonisé _________________________________________________ 72 B.5. Croissance des plaques ___________________________________________________________________ 73 B.6. Séchage _______________________________________________________________________________ 73 B.7. Essais sur les plaques obtenues ____________________________________________________________ 74 B.8. Réalisation de la maquette ________________________________________________________________ 76 C. Suivi et analyse des résultats _______________________________________________________ 77 C.1. Inoculation du substrat ___________________________________________________________________ 77 C.2. Inoculation du carton par le substrat colonisé et croissance ______________________________________ 79 C.4. Essais _________________________________________________________________________________ 84 C.5. Réalisation de la maquette ________________________________________________________________ 87 D. Conclusion _____________________________________________________________________ 89 IV. Application au cas d’une habitation ______________________________________ 90 IV.1 Mobiliers, fenêtres et jonctions _______________________________________________________ 90 IV.2 Le point de vue utilisateur ___________________________________________________________ 92 IV.3 Proposition d’une méthode de réalisation d’une habitation vivante __________________________ 94 V. Conclusion générale et perspectives : à l’échelle de la ville ? ____________________ 97 Bibliographie _____________________________________________________________ 101 Table des figures __________________________________________________________ 104 Index des tableaux ________________________________________________________ 107 REMERCIEMENTS Au terme de ce travail, je tenais à remercier chaleureusement toutes les personnes qui, par leurs conseils, leur temps et leur gentillesse, m’ont aidé et ont été indispensables à sa réalisation ; en particulier : Prof. Luc Courard, promoteur de ce mémoire, pour son aide tout au long de ce travail ; Frédéric MICHEL, Fabienne LIBIOULLE et Véronique SZEPETIUK du laboratoire de matériaux (GEMME) de l’ULG (université de Liège) pour m’avoir permis de réaliser des essais sur mes échantillons, pour m’avoir mis en contact avec le laboratoire de botanique, et m’avoir permis de stocker mes échantillons dans le laboratoire du GEMME de l’ULG ; Prof. Monique CARNOL, Sandrine MALCHAIR et Bernard BOSMAN du laboratoire de botanique de l’ULG pour m’avoir permis d’autoclaver et d’inoculer mes substrats dans le laboratoire de botanique de l’ULG, et pour m’avoir conseillé et aidé avec beaucoup de gentillesse dans cette procédure ; Dr Gabriel CASTILLO CABELLO, mycologue à l’ULG, pour m’avoir accordé une longue et très intéressante entrevue sur la culture et les propriétés des mycéliums ; Ronald POSTMA, chercheur en mycologie au Green Fab Lab de Barcelone, pour son aide décisive au début du projet et ses conseils sur la culture du mycélium; Dr Vincent Demoulin, professeur en biologie et botanique à L’ULG, spécialisé en mycologie, pour m’avoir reçu et m’avoir accordé une entrevue riche et intéressante sur les propriétés du Ganoderma et les risques et limites de son application à l’architecture vivante ; Corinne GAUVREAU-LEMELIN, mémorante, pour avoir discuté avec moi des possibilités d’utilisation d’enduits à la chaux et à l’argile-chaux ; Dr Yaël STAV, Co-fondateur des entreprises TreeNovation et InvivoDesignTree pour ses réponses à mes questions sur son ancienne entreprise TreeNovation et son intérêt pour mon projet ; Jaap, préparateur de l’entreprise de culture et vente de mycélium Homegreen pour ses nombreuses réponses par e-mail à mes questions, et pour m’avoir conseillé et fourni le substrat colonisé très rapidement ; Mes amies Xaviéra Calixte, Jeannette Chignesse et Alice Benezeth pour avoir relu et commenté ce travail. 1 INTRODUCTION D’aucuns pensent que la ville et la nature, voire l’Homme et la nature, ne sont pas compatibles. Que la nature doit être recluse loin de nos habitations pour y préférer l’industrie et le béton, supposés apporter hygiène et confort de vie. Pourtant, l’exode urbain témoigne aujourd’hui que la ville
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