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ANGLOAMERICA 2%Otherreligions 19%Nonreligious 2%SunniMuslim 2%Jewish ATLANT OCEA

29%Protwitant 39%OtherChriotian - ----t- UNIVERSALIZINGRELIGIONS PACIFIC • Christianity. OCEAN With more than 2 billion adherents, Christianity is the predominant religion in North America, South America, Europe, and UniversalizingReligions Australia.Within Europe, Roman Catholicism Christianity • RomanCatholic is the dominant Christian branch in the Protnstant southwest and east, in the • EasternOrthodox northwest, and Eastern in the east Other and southeast. In the Western Hemisphere, Islam Roman Catholicism pedominates.inLatin Sunni Shiite America and Protestantism inNorth America. OtherUniversalizingReligions • Islim. Buddhism he•religion of:1:3 billion.peöple, Islam is • the predominant religion of the Middle East Ethnic Religions from North Africa to Central Asia.One-half • Hinduism Juda6m of the world’sMuslims liveoutside the Middle African East in Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Mixedwithuniversalizing and India. The Sunni branch comprises 83 LATiNAMERICA percent of Muslims and is the largest branch in 4%Otherreligious most Muslim countries. The Shiitebranch is 3%Nonreligious 9%Protestant clustered in Iran, Pakistan, and Iraq. • Buddhism. 84%C With nearly 400 million adherents, Buddhism is predominant mainly in China and Southeast Asia.Mahayanists account for about 56 percent Other universalizing religions. of Buddhists, primarily in China, Japan, and Bahá’Iare the next two largest and Korea.Theravadists comprise about 38 universalizing religions. Allbut 3 million of percent of Buddhists, especiallyin Cambodia, the world’s 25 million Sikhs are clustered in Laos,Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. The the Punjab region of India. The 8 million remaining 6 percent are Tantrayanists, found Bahá’Isare dispersed among many countries, primarily in Tibet and Mongolia. primarily in Africa and Asia.

128 WESTERNEUROPE EASTERNEUROPE

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129 . 130

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“‘S Muhammad’s successorsorganized followers -n .13 into armies that extended the region of Muslim 1’ c-I control over an extensivearea of Africa,Asia, 0z and Europe. Within a century of Muhammad’s 0 death, Muslim armies conquered Palestine,the -n Persian Empire, and much of India, resulting Im in the conversion of many non-Arabs to Islam, 0 often through intermarriage. z 3d.’ To the west,Muslims captured North Africa, crossed the Strait of Gibraltar, and conquered part of Western Europe, retaining it, particularly much of present-day Spain, until 1492.During the same century in which the Christians regained all of Western Europe, Muslims took control of much of southeastern Europe and Turkey. As was the case with Christianity, Islam, as a universalizing religion, diffused wellbeyond its in Asia 6M3.,DiFFUSIONOFBUDDHISM hearth Southwest through relocation 6.4.4DIFFUSIONOF hamekStupa,,DeerPark,Samath,India.T,iestupa(Sanskrit’f”heap” diffusion of to portions of sub ISLAM ‘or’m6undä:buiIParound.&:5OOtoTharkthespotvihereBuddha MezquitadeCordoba, z..ttr ;.r - Africa Southeast Asia.Although gavehisfirstsermon. Saharan and Spain.Thiswasthesecond it is spatiallyisolated from the Islamic core largestmosqueinthe world,until1236whenthe DIFFUSIONOFBUDDHISM region in SouthwestAsia,Indonesia, the world’s Muslimswereexpelledfrom Most responsible for the spread of Buddhism fourth most populous cuti ispjepminantiy thispartofSpain,andthe structurewasreconsecrated was Asoka,emperor of the Magadhan Empire Muslim because Arab traders brought the asacathedral. from about 273 to 232 B.C. About 257 B.C., at the religion 3therè - the ee th century height ofthe Magadhan Empire’spower,Asoka became a Buddhist and thereafter attempted to put into practice Buddha’ssocialprinciples. Emperor Asoka’sson, Mahinda, led a missibri. to the island of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), where the king and his subjects were converted to.. Buddhism. As a result, Sri La.rika’isthecouiity;. that claims the longest continuous traditioi6f:

practicing Buddhism. Missionaries wereá1 1” sent in the third century B.C.to Kashmir;iè Himalayas, Burma (Myanmar), and elscwbere in India. In the first.century.A.D., merchants along the trading routes from northeasternclndia introduced Buddhism to Chma Chuiese rulers I 9 allowedtheir people to become Buddhist during the fourth:céntu y A;D.,.an in the ‘-‘1 fâllowing centuries Bu4dhism turl into an important Chinese religion. Buc .him further diffused from China to Korea inthfóurth century and-from K&eato Japan t$ centuries later..During:the same era, Biiddhiri lost its rigiñai base of support in -i.n iaH 4

32

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in

three

•

addition

abolition

•

Buddhism

the

religions as

OThER of Sikhism

Shfráz, movement, Báb

Baha’I.

outlook clothing

cutting •

men

Gobind they

the by

Sikhism’s Creator,

(1469—1538) guru

Sikhism.

the

The

Bahá’u’lláh

the OPTIC

Protestantism, ction

prophet

universalizing

the

‘ons

Amrit

(Persian

distribution

will

Other

wearing

United

Bab

(religious

Iran,

tenth

UNIVERSALIZING

their ,,

CHURCH, Siyyid and

and was and Singh

of helped

other

to

who

uphold

s

most

with

God

(or

racial,

disciples, a and

the

in States

to a establish Bahá’i

universalizing for

guru,

beards

.

precursor

(Arabic

turbans

as

rules

sense

li Baptism),

than

also

1844.

0

overcome

.

was

the of

messenger important

to

teacher

“gateway”), EGYPT

largest The

the

class,

has

Muhammad,

religions.

give

Gobind

introduced

largest the

are

revealed

of or

Christianity religions

and

Bahá’Is

principles

Husayn One

for

strong

a

on

unity

hair.

Silths universe and the

of universal

or

in

ones.

“Glory

their

the

Eastern

Supreme

the

REUGIONS

enlightener)

numbers

ceremony, of

Singh two which

Religion

Wearing

religious

regional

believe founded

of

to

a

disunity Ali

“Baha’i” God.

religions

heads

disciplined the

purpose.

with

of

Sikhism’s

universalizing

known

by

of

Nun,

faith

Islam,

(1666—1708),

Sikhs

the

practice

divine

Bahá’u’lláh’s God”),

Orthodoxy

Being,

that

differences

of

a

prejudices. and

the

the

introduced

faith.

of

through

faith distinctive

known

adherents.

as

Nanak

declare

and

one Bábi first

never and will.

larges

the

or

was

of

in is RELIGIOUSCONFLICTS m Ci z0 6.8TerritorialConflicts:Ireland

• NorthernIrelandandthecityofBelfastaredivided •Conflictsbetweenthetworeligiousgroupshave amongRomanCatholicsandProtestants. flaredperiodicallyinNorthIreland.

The a tby intënS&adhereñts ofone rçligion to organize Earth can conflict with the spatial eipression of other religious or nonreligious ideas Contributing to more intense religious conflict has been a resurence of religious , which is a literal mterpretation anda strict and mtense adherence to basic prmciples of a religion A group convmãed that its religious view is the correct one may spatially mtrude upon the térritorycôntrolled by others. The most troublesome religious boundary PercefritProtestant in Western Europe lies on the island of Eire • 75—100 ED (Ireland). The Republic of Ireland, which • 50—74 25-49 OM occupies five-sixthsof the island, is 92 percent 10-24

Roman Catholic, but the island’snorthern 0—9 one-sixth, which is part of the United Kingdom a rather than Ireland, is about 58 percent Protestant and 42 percent Roman Catholic The entire island was an English colony for many centuries and was made part of the United Kingdom in 1801.Agitation for RE Dun• IRELA ( independence from Britain increased in Ireland during the nineteenth century, especiallyafter Ume poor economic conditions and famine in the 1840sled to mass emigration, as described in Chapter 3. Followinga successionof bloody Corks confrontations, Ireland became a self-governing O 25 5OMiIes

dominion within the British Empire in 1921. o 25 50Oilomete,s Complete independence was declared in 1937, and a republic was created in 1949. 6.8.1DISTRIBUTIONOF PROTESTANTSIN IRELAND,1911 When most of Ireland became independent, Longa colonyofEngland,Irelandbecameaself-governingdominion a majority in 26 northern districts voted to withintheBritishEmpirein1921.In1937,itbecamea completely independentcountry,but26districtsinthenorthofIrelandchoseto remain in the United Kingdom. Protestants, who remainpartoftheUnitedKingdom.TheRepublicofIrelandtodayis comprised the majority in Northern Ireland, morethan95percentRomanCatholicwhereasNorthernIrelandhas a Protestantmajority.TheboundarybetweenRomanCatholicsand preferred to be part of the predominantly Protestantsdoesnotcoincidepreciselywiththeinternationalborder,so Protestant United Kingdom rather th oin NorthernIrelandindudessomecommunitiesthatarepredominantly RomanCatholic.Thisistherootofa religiousconflictthatcontinues the predominantly Catholic epublicof today. Ireland.

Roman Catholics in Northern Ireland have en victimized by discriminatory practices, h as exclusion from higher-paying jobs and tter schools. Demonstrations by Roman atholics protesting discrimination began in 968. Sincethen, more than 3,000have been ed in Northern Ireland—both Protestants and Roman Catholics—in a never-ending cycle of demonstrations and protests.

.c. 138 ______

• small number of Roman Catholics a, ELFASTLOUGH Dernene a, ‘. th Northern Ireland and the Q -4 i dblic of Ireland joined the Irish blican Army (IRA),a militant 0-I ‘L’ ization dedicated to achieving i.national unity by whatever means f-i ‘able, including violence. Similarly, 0 ruml Ca. z created .‘.I scattering of Protestants nkill I mist organizations to fight the pper rd IMiacka re -I Sp F. I-I including the Ulster Defense Force Qienyvafley knock - er T met I k hhough the overwhelming majority nhiil - z Northern Ireland’sRoman Catholics ire ,r R. Upper Braniel •Protestants are willing to live • fullywith the other religious Hiltfoot i. aS Moneyreagh up, extremists disrupt daily life for Gafwai!y one. As long as most Protestants by ill C& ill firmly committed to remaining in 1Kiometer United Kingdom and most Roman vi / Hill rn. tholics are equally committed to on with the Republic of Ireland, 6.8.2DISTRIBUTIONOFCATHOLICSINBELFAST • 81—100%Catholic Belfast,the capitalofNorthernIreland,containspredominantly Catholic 61—80%Catholic cefulsettlement appears difficult. neighborhoods,primarilywestoftheriverLagan,andpredominantlyProtestant • 41-60%Catholic ce agreements implemented in 1999 neighborhoodstotheeastoftheriver.Troubleshavebeenconcentratedinareas alongtheboundariesofthetworeligions. 21—40%Catholic vided for the sharing of power, but 0-20%Catholic •r Parksand Brit overum suspended * • .-* openspace e arra ent seve se i1a .•. 6.8.3NORTHERNIRELANDTROUBLES

. ,. :•: . (opoteae) TwensixunarmedRoman — CatholiccivilnghtsprotestersinDerrywereshot I - byBritishsoIdiersonJanuary0 1q72now knowninNorthernlreIadasBlôbdyStihday (Below)ProtstantsknownasApprenticeBoys marchthroughBallmérfa,Northn lrelii.J..

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139 I-. m 0

140

6.9.1

ThE Two • U.N. was PARTITION predominantly predominantly boundaries by

the

intended BOUNDARY countnes

Partition

Arab Jewish

1947

Mediterranean

United

Muslim

UNITED Sea

state

drawn

PLAN Plan

to

Nations. were

Jewish Arab

be

state

1947

to

CHANGES

an

created,

Muslim

NATIONS

Gaza

separate

areas

Jerusal international

(mt

from

with

areas.

the

Red

IN Religious

to All intractable. Phiistines, in that RELIGiOUS same The took claim life 6.9 rituals and were

events

the

the

.

Re,

As

AR PALESTINE/ISRAEL

Christians Muslims

Jerusalem

Jews,

the Israel/Palestine.

JORDAN

control

city,

three

of

have Jerusalem major

an

place

concentrated

territory.

run

to

Bible,

the

acquire in

Muslims,

ethnic

Territorial

the

groups

Jesus’s

made

ancient

there,

conflict

events

regard

After

•

the

The

ISRAEL jerusalem, western independence, began Israel’s gained beyond holy

but territory

consider seafaring

CONFLiCTS

Jews,

Jordan religion; the Israel

meaning

1948-49

day

places Med

it and

same

the life,

trace.

a

and

boundaries

control

the difficult

in suburbs after

war,

Hebrew

derranean Jerusalem

AFTER

Holy

there.

Sea

Christiãñs,afid,Mtislims V

Christians

induding

in

religions are

the UN

death,

War

which

Israel the

itcalls

their

Palestine

of small

several

dustered.

thëMiddlë

partition

Judaism

invaders

of

City the

from development

THE

religion’s, were

declared

Jerusalem.

ended

Gaza

for

the

.

West

‘origins-to

and

neighboring

Jew

1948-1949

the

have as

because

extended

strip Old to

diverge

them

the

in

Bank

include

their

the

its

Resurrection

I

City,

Promised an

makes

Jordan

fought

agricultural

who

and armistice. Conflicts:

customs

of

Holy ARAS where

to

SAUDI

East

the states

third

in

WAR the East Abraham

of

land,which

share

a

to

occupied

ways

Judaism

Land

special

major

is

Control

holy

Land. V

and

the among V

Middle • •

THE from to Israel Syria, 1967 and Gaza Golan

East Palestinians

EGY

Egypt

have

Occupied 1 some Captured control returned Captured

a

Jerusalem.

Jordan,

MIDDLE

Strip

the captured

WAR

portion EastSince

Heights,

Mediteroneon

the

in

the

• city;

World have of

partitioned states, Jordan. Jordan and

states

West V three

Palestinian

1967,

the

from

Jerusalem.

Places the

1979

Palestine

to in

Especially

Sec

fought

by by

and by empires,

of

area

place Egypt

the 1994.

Bank

most

Peninsula

Israel, Israel,

Israel EAST one after

1967

Egypt

Romans

and

the ascended

world’s

the

more

Sinai

and

attacked

Golan one

War

GAZA

holy

and The

West

and

Israel War of turned When

Sinai

Arab

in

SINCE

Israel from

Makkah the

Jew

on

1973.

East

Jewish-controlled

Heights

was to

Bank

I.

wars culminating the

still otherneighboring

Peninsula Palestineintotwoindependent

West

important

over

returned

1n1947, all

Jerusalem

Red

Muslim-controlled

longest

and

controls

the

THE

to

called -c which

Israel to

incorporated

ARABtA

twelfth

Bank, three

Gaza Seo

SAUDI

from

the

with

heaven.

British

and

and Middle

off

Sinai

and the

unsuccessfully.

religions

Muhammad the

its Palestine

Madinah,

standing

for

was

with

century

War,

captured including

Peninsula neighbors, Israel West from

exchange treaty part

to Egypt) Gaza with known

but Muslim

military United to

region Jerusalem.

Temple, especially as withdrew

2,000

The

the

create

a

the

are

state

into

under

the

lasting

of when

its

Bank its

Arab

(formerly

returned

in

1967

location major

clustered

Jordan) have is

after as Nations

because

own

British

neighbors.

government,

and

state

years control. a

their

B.C.

what 1979.

named territory;

the is

for

Jerusalem,

to Palestine,

holy succession.

in

Israeli

Israel

in

Muslim

(formerly

Jerusalem Israel

thought

peace

Six-Day

been

Egypt

Arab . East

a status obstacle

1948,

the most

1956,

named.

center

is

The

peace

the

to of

after and

part in

it

Israel now

won

joined

in

Jews

the

is

Sinai

in

of .

to th

of

of

is worship in ancient times. The Second Temple was destroyed by the Romans in A.D. 70,but its OStaton Cro l’*erods ‘?. Western Wallsurvives as a site for daily . by observant Jews. Gate The most important Muslim structure in tie

Jerusalem is the Dome of the Rock,built in Ad). ,, 691. Muslims believethat the large rock beneath NewGate in s ‘—. the building’s dome is the place from which CHRI \ Muhammad ascended to heaven, as well as the SLSeriou,’s Q - ii Church Go’den altar on which Abrahamprepared to . Gate his son Isaac.Next to the Dome of the Rock is p ‘ °‘‘ al-AqsaMosque, finished in A.D. 705. 6 a aliff The challenge facing Jewsand Muslims is Om ,. — Churchof Gate m‘ that al-Aqsawas built on the site of the ruins of Pool The Redeemer Dome of JaffaGate TheChahi the JewishSecond Temple.Through a complex w arrangement of ramps, Muslims have free access st - N.- to the Mosque without passing in front of the Ciuist Afl Banadcs Temple Wall.But with holy Muslim structures sitting • ‘ e literally on top of holy Jewishstructures, the two A NIA - J cannot be logically:divided-bya line on a map. A ‘P. S ARTEI M 6.9.2JERUSALEM. Q .- ,- . °‘‘ Lessthan/4 squaremile,the . 1 j-.- i” ite OldCityofJerusalemcontains — religious dures ipont . . .:.‘:- . i toJew(the WesternWall) — ç. ‘- iJ4 ,, -‘ ‘Muslims(Dome, theRockandalAqsaMosque)and(ihnstians(Chtih ofthe •.- . , ‘‘ HolySepulhre’andStationsf2 e (iross Inthephotâ,DomeoftheRockisin theleftrear,aAqsaMosqOrightrear,andtheWesternWalllightfor: u d. -—- ..-...... —. --