The Case of Komana /Tokat a Thesis Submitted To
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THE DIALOGUE BETWEEN COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY AND LIVELIHOODS IN RURAL CONTEXT: THE CASE OF KOMANA /TOKAT A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSTY BY CEREN İLTER IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF URBAN POLICY PLANNING AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS FEBRUARY 2020 iii iv Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Yaşar Kondakçı Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science/Arts / Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. H. Tarık Şengül Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science/Arts/Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. D. Burcu Erciyas Supervisor Examining Committee Members (first name belongs to the chairperson of the jury and the second name belongs to supervisor) Prof. Dr. D. Burcu Erciyas (METU, CRP) Prof. Dr. Anlı Ataöv (METU, CRP) Dr. Öğ. Üyesi Ali Cenap Yoloğlu (Mersin Üni., ŞBP) v vi PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Ceren İlter Signature vii ABSTRACT THE DIALOGUE BETWEEN COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY AND LIVELIHOODS IN RURAL CONTEXT: THE CASE OF KOMANA /TOKAT Ceren İLTER M. Sc. Urban Policy Planning and Local Governments Supervisor: Prof. Dr. D. Burcu ERCİYAS February 2020, 139 pages Cultural and archaeological heritage, as a reflection of elapsed time, conveys both the traces of past belonging to its immediate territory and also carries them into the future. Throughout centuries new and different layers bearing differing values interweave to contribute to the significance of cultural assets in an intricate way. The cultural, economic, and social dynamics of the territory, where the cultural heritage exists, is shaped by this interwoven and authentic pattern. However, singular and stereotyped implementations focusing only on the conservation of sites and the economic development of rural territories disregarding socio-cultural are remained restricted without an integrated approach. In this framework, the notion of archaeological heritage is reconsidered and integrated with the dynamics of the landscape, which is a conducive resource for subsistence. viii The study especially explores how the local community and the local governmental institutions responded to the archaeology studies in Komana. The contribution of archaeological and community work to sustainable conservation of archaeological values as well as the livelihoods of the local community are investigated. While a methodology with a more in-depth approach, which includes the problems and perceptions of each party towards the issue with participatory action methods, was developed specially for this study, other studies conducted from the beginning of the project in Komana are also analyzed. Hereby, a guide map has been created in order to lead towards a more efficient community archaeology in the future with obtained experience and to contribute to local development by conserving both archaeological heritage values and resources of livelihoods. Keywords: Community Archaeology, Local Communities, Cultural Heritage, Livelihoods, Local Development ix ÖZ KIRSAL ALANLAR BAĞLAMINDA TOPLUMSAL ARKEOLOJİ VE GEÇİM KAYNAKLARI ARASINDAKİ DİYALOG: KOMANA/TOKAT ÖRNEĞİ İLTER, Ceren Yüksek Lisans, Kentsel Politika Planlaması ve Yerel Yönetimler Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. D. Burcu ERCİYAS Ocak 2019, 139 sayfa Zamanın bir yansıması olarak kültürel ve arkeolojik miras geçmişe ve kendi yöresine ait izlerini günümüze ve aynı zamanda geleceğe taşımaktadır. Yüzyıllar boyunca, ayrı değer taşıyan yeni ve farklı katmanlar, varlıkların anlamına katkı sağlayacak, girift bir şekilde örülmüştür. Kültürel mirasın bulunduğu bölgenin kültürel, ekonomik ve sosyal dinamikleri, bu iç içe geçmiş ve özgün desenle şekillenmekte ve oluşmaktadır. Buna göre, sadece alanların korunması veya yerleşimlerin ekonomik gelişimine odaklanan tekil ve basmakalıp uygulamalar, bütüncül bir yaklaşım olmaksızın sınırlı kalmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, miras kavramı, yeniden ele alınmakta ve geçim için olanak sağlayan bir kaynak olan peyzajın dinamikleri ile entegre edilmektedir. Bu kaygı göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, Türkiye'nin Kuzey-orta kesimindeki Tokat yakınlarında antik bir yerleşim olan Komana'daki toplumsal arkeoloji çalışmaları, bu x çalışmada kırsal toplumun sosyo-ekonomik ve ekolojik niteliklerine kapsayıcı bir yaklaşım örneği olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışma özellikle yerel toplum ve yerel kamu kurumlarının Komanadaki arkeoloji çalışmalarına nasıl tepki verdiğini araştırmaktadır. Arkeolojik ve toplumsal çalışmalarının arkeolojik değerlerin ve yerel kırsal toplumun geçim kaynakları sürdürülebilir korunmasına katkısı araştırılmıştır. Bu çalışma için özel olarak katılımcı eylem yöntemleri ile her bir tarafın meseleye yönelik sorunlarını ve algılarını içeren daha derinlemesine bir yaklaşıma sahip bir metodoloji geliştirilirken, projenin başlangıcından itibaren Komana'da yürütülen diğer çalışmalar da analiz edilmiştir. Bu vesileyle, elde edilen deneyim ile gelecekte daha verimli bir toplum arkeolojisine öncülük etmek ve hem arkeolojik miras değerlerini hem de geçim kaynaklarını koruyarak yerel kalkınmaya katkıda bulunmak için bir rehber harita oluşturulmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Toplumsal Arkeoloji, Yerel Topluluklar, Kültürel Miras, Geçim Kaynakları, Yerel Kalkınma xi DEDICATION To archaeological sites which had been under dams and destroyed by conflicts, and local communities in those territories xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank my mother and father, who have always supported my interest in archaeology and history, and who have contributed in line with their knowledge. I would also like to thank my brother, who I am a colleague with, for not only sharing his professional skills with me, also but also for standing by me no matter and social pressures what, sometimes being more rational than a younger brother and being the only person I can trust forever. I would like to thank grandmother, who raised generations with her fairy tales, and my grandfather, who managed to raise four daughters despite all difficulties and social pressures, my grandmother and my grandfather, who provided all the necessary infrastructure for my brother and me to always read very well-they are not alive now. I would also like to express my eternal gratitude to my boyfriend Alper Soy for always being by my side in this process, for never losing his support and faith in me. He always motivated me and because he believed in me more than I did. I am grateful to all my professors who have endeared me to this profession and expanded my horizons during the undergraduate and graduate period. At the same time, I would like to thank Serdar Nizamoğlu and his wife Atagül Nizamoğlu, the employer of Ikarya consulting company, which I started working with after graduating from school. During the same years that I started to graduate, it became a second school for me. I owe them a debt of eternal gratitude for the professional, businesses and life experiences they have given me and for everything I have learned from them – an eternal thanks to this couple, who are the best examples of how to stand up even in the most difficult circumstances. And of course, I would like to appreciate my advisor, who invited me to the Komana excavation as soon as I graduated from the undergraduate period, for participating in the excavations during these past five years, for integrating the professions of archaeology and planning, and therefore for fulfilling my childhood and youth dreams. I am grateful to her for never giving up on me during this time and for always supporting and motivating me. Also on technical issues to help me in thesis writing process, or I was too concentrated to write a thesis when I feel my absence my friends, Burak Özgür, Damla Karagöz, Ayhan Erdoğan, Bilge Bektaş and finally I would like to express my thanks to Hilin xiii Almoustafa for being more than a friend in my new carrier period in a different city and culture. xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ..............................................................................................vii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................ viii ÖZ ............................................................................................................. x DEDICATION ..............................................................................................xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................... xiii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................... xviii LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................... xx 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background and Approach of Thesis ................................................ 3 1.2. Methodology ................................................................................ 6 2. THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY