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Design of Transverse Flux Permanent Magnet Machines for Large Direct-Drive Wind Turbines

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Design of Transverse Flux Permanent Magnet Machines for Large Direct-Drive Wind Turbines Design of Transverse Flux Permanent Magnet Machines for Large Direct-Drive Wind Turbines Design of Transverse Flux Permanent Magnet Machines for Large Direct-Drive Wind Turbines PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof.ir. K.C.A.M. Luyben, voorzitter van het College voor Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 20 oktober 2010 om 10.00 uur door Deok-je BANG Master of Engineering, Pukyong National University geboren te Busan, Korea Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor: Prof.dr. J.A. Ferreira Copromotor: Dr.ir. H. Polinder Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Rector Magnificus, voorzitter Prof.dr. J.A. Ferreira, Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor Dr.ir. H. Polinder, Technische Universiteit Delft, copromotor Prof.dr. B. Mecrow, Newcastle University, UK Prof.dr. G.J.W. van Bussel, Technische Universiteit Delft Prof.dr. Z. Chen, Aalborg University, Denmark Prof.dr.ir. G. Lodewijks, Technische Universiteit Delft Prof.ir. L. van der Sluis, Technische Universiteit Delft ISBN 978-90-5335-336-3 Printed by Ridderprint B.V. Pottenbakkerstraat 15-17 2984 AX Ridderkerk The Netherlands Cover design by Cha-joong Kim Cover pictures: Deok-je Bang Copyright © 2010 by Deok-je Bang All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission from the publisher or author. to my wife, Nam-yeon for her support and love Acknowledgments In April 2006 I started my Ph.D research at the Electrical Power Processing group, and now I am ending up my research. The time spent for Ph.D. research will be never forgotten because I learned a lot of things about study, research and life. I would hereby like to express my gratitude for the people who have supported me during my Ph.D. research period. First and foremost I would like to thank to my co-promoter Dr. Henk Polinder, who provided right guidance when I had vague ideas and when I was struggling with the TF (transverse flux or terrible flux) machines. Dr. Polinder also guided me how to represent my research results more explicitly. Besides his guidance on my research he also made me think about life and family. I would also like to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Jan Abraham Ferreira, who was my promoter. Prof. Ferreira’s openness of mind and positive thinking way inspired and motivated me to find new ideas to get round a bottleneck in my research issues. Without the supervision of both promoters, this thesis would not have been possible. I would also like to thank Dr. Bas Gravendeel, the external evaluator of my first year research evaluation, for his comments, suggestions and encouragement. The UpWind project, a European project funded under the EU’s Sixth Framework Programme (FP6), is gratefully acknowledged for their financial support to my research. I would also like to thank my dear friend Bong-Jun Kim, Mr. Dong-Sang Park and Wintech Co., Ltd. in Korea for their financial and technical support in building the experimental setup. Special appreciation is given to the members of my thesis committee, Professors B. Mecrow, G.J.W. van Bussel, Z. Chen, G. Lodewijks and L. van der Sluis for their time and constructive comments on my thesis. I would like to thank Cha-joong Kim for designing the cover of the thesis. It looks great, thank you. I would also like to thank Frank van der Pijl who translated the propositions and summary of my thesis into Dutch. Bridget (Mrs. Saywell) and Veronika (Ms. Pisorn, now Mrs. Borisavljevic) are acknowledged for checking the English language. Thanks a lot for your kind comments and edition. i My gratitude goes to friends and colleagues in Electrical Power Processing group. Especially, I would like to thank my roommates Frank van der Pijl, Aleksandar Borisavljevic and Balazs Czech, and ex-roommate Mattia Scuotto for sharing the office with me and for helping me in all possible ways. I would also like to thank Ghanshaym Shrestha and Zhihui Yuan – we had a lot of discussion on our Ph.D. research and life. Others at the group whom I would like to acknowledge for their help and friendship are; Anoop Jassal, Dalibor Cvoric, Yi Wang, Hung Vu Xuan, Sam Ani, Ivan Josifovic, Jinku Hu, Marcelo Gutierrez Alcaraz, Johan Wolmarans, Milos Acanski, Xun Gong and Rodrigo Teixeira Pinto. I would also like to thank ir. S.W.H. de Haan, Dr. Paul Bauer, Dr. M.J. Hoeijmakers, Dr. Jelena Popovic, Mr. Bart Roodenburg and Mr. Robertus Schoevaars. I would also like to thank Dr. Yi Zhou, Dr. Dongsheng Zhao and Milan Hajder, ex-colleagues in the group. I would also like to thank Mrs. Suzy Sirks-Bong, secretary of Electrical Sustainable Energy department, who gave me the great help on whatever campus life and personal difficulties. In this regard, I would also like to mention Mrs. Laura Bruns who is secretary of Electrical Power Processing group. Thank you for all your help and support and for being such wonderful colleagues. I would like to express my gratitude to my family, family in law and friends. They have given me their love, support and encouragement. Especially, I would like to thank my father for being my pride. Most of all, I would like to thank my wife Nam-yeon for her support, sacrifice, patience and love during last four and half years. Lastly, I would like to thank my children Bo-hyun and Min-woo for their understanding when I had to work many hours for my Ph.D. research and thesis writing. From now I will do my best to repay you guys for your favors and love. ii Table of Contents Table of Contents Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................i Table of Contents......................................................................................................................iii Chapter 1: Introduction ...........................................................................................................1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................1 1.2 Problem Statement..............................................................................................................5 1.3 Research Objective and Approach ......................................................................................6 1.4 Outline of thesis .................................................................................................................7 Chapter 2: Overview of Generator Systems for Wind Turbines .............................................9 2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................9 2.2 Wind turbine technology.....................................................................................................9 2.2.1 Fixed speed concept ...................................................................................................10 A. Stall control ...............................................................................................................12 B. Active stall control.....................................................................................................12 C. Pitch control..............................................................................................................12 2.2.2 Limited variable speed concept...................................................................................13 2.2.3 Variable speed concept with gearbox ..........................................................................14 A. DFIG system with three-stage gearbox ......................................................................15 B. SCIG system with three-stage gearbox .......................................................................16 C. PMSG system with three-stage gearbox .....................................................................17 D. PMSG system with single-stage gearbox ...................................................................17 E. EESG with mechanical and hydraulic gearboxes .......................................................19 2.2.4 Variable speed direct-drive concept ............................................................................22 A. Direct-drive EESG system..........................................................................................23 B. Direct-drive PMSG system.........................................................................................24 2.2.5 Generator systems on the market ................................................................................26 2.2.6 Other potential concepts .............................................................................................28 2.3 Direct-drive and geared generator systems........................................................................30 2.4 Conclusions......................................................................................................................33 Chapter 3: Direct-Drive PM Generators for Large Wind Turbines .....................................35 3.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................35 3.2 Criteria to assess direct-drive generators for wind turbines ...............................................35
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