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Nations Hospitable to Organized Crime and Terrorism NATIONS HOSPITABLE TO ORGANIZED CRIME AND TERRORISM A Report Prepared by the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress under an Interagency Agreement with the United States Government October 2003 Authors: LaVerle Berry Glenn E. Curtis John N. Gibbs Rex A. Hudson Tara Karacan Nina Kollars Ramón Miró Project Manager: Glenn E. Curtis Federal Research Division Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 20540−4840 Tel: 202−707−3900 Fax: 202−707−3920 E-Mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://loc.gov/rr/frd/ p 55 Years of Service to the Federal Government p 1948 – 2003 Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Nations Hospitable to Organized Crime & Terrorism PREFACE This report assesses conditions that contribute to or are potentially hospitable to transnational criminal activity and terrorist activity in selected regions of the world during the period 1999-2002. Although the focus of the report is on transnational activity, domestic criminal activity is recognized as a key foundation for transnational crime, especially as the forces of globalization intensify. The report has been arranged geographically into the following major headings: Africa, the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Western Europe, and the Western Hemisphere. Within the geographical headings, the report addresses individual countries with particularly salient conditions. Cases such as the Triborder Area (TBA) of South America and East and West Africa, where conditions largely overlap national borders, have been treated as regions rather than by imposing an artificial delineation by country. The bibliography has been divided into the same geographical headings as the text. The major sources for this report are recent periodical reports from Western and regional sources, Internet sites offering credible recent information, selected recent monographs, and personal communications with regional experts. Treatment of individual countries varies according to the extent and seriousness of conditions under study. Thus some countries in a region are not discussed, and others are discussed only from the perspective of one or two pertinent activities or conditions. Because they border the United States, Canada and Mexico have received especially extensive treatment. - i - Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Nations Hospitable to Organized Crime & Terrorism TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE........................................................................................................................................ i INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 AFRICA.......................................................................................................................................... 2 LaVerle Berry and Glenn E. Curtis Introduction............................................................................................................................... 2 North Africa.............................................................................................................................. 4 Algeria................................................................................................................................. 4 Egypt ................................................................................................................................... 5 Morocco.............................................................................................................................. 6 Sub-Saharan Africa................................................................................................................... 9 Eastern Africa..................................................................................................................... 9 Contributing Factors ..................................................................................................... 9 Arms Trafficking ........................................................................................................ 12 Narcotics Trafficking.................................................................................................. 14 Trafficking in Humans................................................................................................ 16 Corruption................................................................................................................... 17 Money Laundering...................................................................................................... 17 Terrorist Activity ........................................................................................................ 18 Southern Africa................................................................................................................. 19 Mozambique ............................................................................................................... 20 South Africa................................................................................................................ 22 Western Africa .................................................................................................................. 27 Introduction................................................................................................................. 27 Narcotics Trafficking.................................................................................................. 27 Human Trafficking...................................................................................................... 28 Arms Trafficking ........................................................................................................ 30 The Liberia Problem ................................................................................................... 31 FORMER SOVIET UNION AND EASTERN EUROPE............................................................ 32 Glenn E. Curtis Introduction............................................................................................................................. 32 Albania.................................................................................................................................... 33 Former Warsaw Pact European Nations................................................................................. 36 Bulgaria ............................................................................................................................ 37 The Czech Republic........................................................................................................... 42 Hungary ............................................................................................................................ 43 Poland............................................................................................................................... 44 Romania............................................................................................................................ 45 Slovakia............................................................................................................................. 46 Nations of the Former Soviet Union....................................................................................... 47 The Baltic States ............................................................................................................... 47 Estonia......................................................................................................................... 48 - iii - Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Nations Hospitable to Organized Crime & Terrorism Latvia .......................................................................................................................... 49 Lithuania ..................................................................................................................... 53 Belarus.............................................................................................................................. 54 The Caucasus Republics ................................................................................................... 56 Armenia....................................................................................................................... 57 Azerbaijan................................................................................................................... 58 Georgia........................................................................................................................ 59 The Central Asian Republics ............................................................................................ 60 Kazakhstan.................................................................................................................. 61 Kyrgyzstan.................................................................................................................. 62 Tajikistan..................................................................................................................... 64 Turkmenistan .............................................................................................................. 65 Uzbekistan................................................................................................................... 66 Moldova ............................................................................................................................ 66 Russia...............................................................................................................................
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