Appendix I The following historical overview was written by Ahati N.N. Toure and was included in the first Jericho Manual. This reflects the movement, times, and thoughts/analyses of the movements from which Jericho was created-- the Republic of New Africa and New African Liberation Front. We acknowledge that it lacks citations, leaves out other conditions and peoples’ struggles, etc. With all that said, this analysis is a work in progress. There has been respected criticism and suggestions for a rewrite. Considering this a work in progress, the outcome will be a well researched, scholarly, and reputable analysis of our struggle that reflects not only the outlook of Jericho, but also the world and conditions from which it was born. Historical Overview in the Matter the Afrikan continent. In the process of that of Political Pioneers, Prisoners of War war, the Europeans, during five centuries, The Case of the Afrikan Independence slaughtered some 50 million to 100 million and Integrationist Struggles men, women and children in the hinterlands and coastal areas of Afrika and in the journey The Afrikan’s first encounter with the Americas across the Atlantic Ocean en route to the under European invasion, and particularly the enslavement centers in the newly-invaded territory that later became known as the United Americas. Millions more were terrorized, States, was as a prisoner of war. In 1526 — 93 tortured and killed in the so called New World. years before 1619, the date usually cited for This action by Europeans against Afrikan the first recorded Afrikan enslavement by the people stands as the greatest act of genocide English in Jamestown, Virginia — the first 100 in the history of humankind. Afrikans were held captive in what is now called South Carolina by about 500 Spanish Those who did survive, captives, prisoners enslavers. The Afrikans launched an armed of war, were forced to labor in European struggle against the Spanish and escaped to economic enterprises. Not only were they the territories controlled by the neighboring thrust into a rigid caste hierarchy in which indigenous nations that surrounded the Europeans set themselves up as the settlement. For Afrikans held captive in the permanent superiors, but they were subjected United States, this begins the era of enslaver to a wide array of human rights violations and domination. crimes against humanity routinely carried out and sanctioned by European law. Despite, or Afrikans, the United States’ first prisoners of perhaps because of, the tremendous loss to war, were warred upon by nearly every nation Afrikan humanity, the economic benefits to the of Europe. Danes, Swedes, Dutch, French, European criminal enterprise were staggering. Spanish, Portuguese, English, some of whom Some Afrikan researchers calculate eventually became Americans, coordinated an reparations owed by the U.S. regime to Afrikan international criminal smuggling and people in the united states alone calculated enslavement operation, backed by European solely on the basis of the value of economic banking, insurance and other financial exploitation to the U.S. economy would range interests, that victimized hundreds of millions of from $5 trillion to $17 trillion! human beings. It was, indeed, an international war by Europe upon Afrikan peoples all across Afrikans in the United States, recognizing they were prisoners of war in an alien and imperial system run by an alien and imperial people, might of the American military for three years took up armed struggle to liberate themselves before the revolutionaries were eventually and reclaim their independence. The standard defeated, captured and executed. Prepared to response during the era of European enslaver fight to the death to reassert their national domination was execution for Afrikans who sovereignty, the Afrikan revolutionaries sent joined the liberation struggle. But to recapture their women and children to Florida, at that them the European regime was often forced to time under the nominal occupation and control employ a military response. In the Haitian of the Spanish, and to areas inhabited by the Revolution of the late 18th and early 19th indigenous peoples of the continent and centuries, Afrikan revolutionaries crushed the maroon societies built by Afrikans who had might of the French dictator Napoleon successfully escaped from the American- Bonaparte’s crack troops. But those captured occupied areas to the north. by the French enslavers were subjected to The Afrikans of the Florida territory, in torture, imprisonment and execution. In Brazil, confederation with the Seminole nation, had Afrikans established the Republic of Palmares established an independent state during the and fought off the Dutch and Portuguese early 19th century, to which many Afrikans had through 100 years and 31 wars. escaped from the American-controlled areas in The same was true in the United States. the enslaver-dominated South of the united Afrikans organized resistance all across the states, some of them using the Florida corridor enslaver strongholds of the regime’s northern as a means to flee to the Caribbean islands and southern territories. Some managed to set and escape the white supremacist dictatorship up independent states in portions of the United altogether. The American enslaver regime, States where American imperialism had not yet sensing a threat to the criminal economic wholly imposed itself. Scholars estimate system it had created, launched a military Afrikan revolutionaries established at least 50 assault against them. It was a war, costing the independent maroon communities in the forest, regime millions of dollars that dragged on for mountain and swampy regions of Virginia, 42 years. The Americans utilized the combined North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, forces of their Army, Navy and the Marines Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida, before the Afrikans and the Seminoles were seeking in various ways to duplicate the finally defeated. Those who survived the war Afrikan societies from which they came. The were deported to-the Oklahoma territories, and largest and most notable of these existed in the many Afrikans from there escaped into Mexico. “Dismal Swamp” along the Virginia-North While the Afrikan masses in the South were Carolina border and in Florida in confederation struggling to create independent zones within with the Seminole nation. the United States, and using armed resistance In some cases Afrikans held captive in the to do this, the European-educated Afrikan elite, United States carved out through armed mostly intellectuals and human rights activists resistance — at least temporarily — a space in the North, were waging a political campaign for independent self-rule. Some scholars point to end the enslavement of Afrikan people. out in one instance in 18th century South Some, like Martin Delany, Paul Kofi, and John Carolina there arose an organized and highly Russwurm, advocated repatriation to Afrika disciplined Afrikan uprising that fought off the (particularly to Sierra Leone, Liberia and Nigeria) and the establishment of independent captured under the regime’s “Fugitive Slave states and settlements in the Afrikan Act” of 1850 out of jail and smuggling them to homeland. Others, like Frederick Douglass, Britishheld Canada (more than 100 years later David Walker, and Henry Highland Garnet the New Afrikan freedom fighter (who later became disillusioned with the was liberated from a women’s prison in Clinton, prospect of Afrikan equality in America and New Jersey, and smuggled to political asylum opted for independence in Afrika) fought for the in Cuba). This clandestine smuggling abolition of inferior caste status and for operation, carried out in collaboration with integration into American society as social, European progressives, also brought Afrikans cultural and political equals with the European seeking escape from enslavement to the population. The abolition of enslavement status northern areas and to Canada. In northern became a crucial precondition for its New York State, Afrikans allied with the realization. European revolutionary John Brown, whose Just as in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, many activities there were financed by a European of the 19th century Afrikan intellectuals businessman, were participating in the became victims of political repression. David operation of a clandestine training center for Walker, the fiery author of the renowned armed struggle against the enslaver regime Appeal to Colored Citizens of the World, a tract under cover of an agricultural commune. that, among other things, advocated the violent Thus, the history of Afrikan struggle against overthrow of the enslaver regime, was believed American oppression and exploitation — by assassinated in Boston under mysterious any means necessary — is centuries old, and circumstances in 1830. Douglass, who had the response of the American regime has been escaped from enslavement and who had since covert, political, legal and military in its attempt become a captivating orator, writer and to stifle it. This was certainly borne out in the newspaper publisher, was forced to flee into era immediately preceding the activism of most exile in England for a time to escape recapture of today’s Afrikan political prisoners and and re-enslavement by the regime. Samuel prisoners of war, whose persecution by the Ringgold Ward, an Afrikan Congregational regime stems directly from their political minister and human rights activist, eventually activities in the late 1960s, throughout the fled the united states for Canada and later 1970s, and into the early 1980s. Most were England, saying the American regime was profoundly shaped by the lives and the irredeemably corrupted and unalterably assassinations of two great figures in Afrikan committed to the enslavement and struggle. Omowale (El Hajj Malik El subordination of the Afrikans it held as Shabazz), the father of Afrikan revolutionary captives. nationalism, whose work in generating The human rights activists in the North not only substantial international support for the Afrikan advocated through writings and speeches the human rights struggle within the United States abolishment of enslavement, but they also proved brilliantly effective, was assassinated in organized open and covert resistance to the 1965. The assassination was one of a regime. This included breaking Afrikans coordinated series of worldwide U.S. Central Intelligence Agency-sponsored assassinations The Case of the U.S. Regime’s and coups d’état intended to destroy the Colonization of Indigenous Nations anticolonial movements of Asia and Afrika, as The indigenous nations of the North American well as those within the colonial powers of continent were also the subjects of military Europe and the United States. aggression and occupation. The U.S. regime, Evidence points to Malcolm’s assassination at first militarily weak, had to rely on treaties being carried out through American intelligence and subterfuge in its agenda of total in coordination with the Police occupation of the so-called North American Department, the Federal Bureau of continent. It eventually gained economic and Investigation and the Nation of Islam, which military strength for an outright assault against had been thoroughly infiltrated by police and the last strongholds of American Indian FBI agents and informants. Three years later, independence in the closing decades of the the apostle of nonviolence, Dr. Martin Luther 19th century. The control of land was the key, King, Jr., who in his posthumous essay, A for the regime — in a frenzied race against Testament of Hope, had rejected Malcolm’s other imperial European competitors, like the internationalist strategy as unnecessary and, English to the North, and the Spanish and by subtle implication, unpatriotic, was French to the South and West — aimed at the assassinated. King had attempted through his exploitation of the land for European settlement nonviolent philosophy to radically democratize and population expansion, agricultural wealth, and humanize American society in an all-out and exploitation of mineral resources. assault against what he called its three Rationalized by white supremacist and fundamental evils — capitalist exploitation, imperialist ambitions, the regime’s policy, military imperialism and white supremacist popularly known as “manifest destiny,” was an oppression. Evidence points to King’s antecedent to Adolf Hitler’s notion of assassination being authorized by the Johnson lebensraum (“living space”), the need for the White House and carried out by American Nazi regime to expand beyond Germany’s military intelligence in a complex collaboration borders into Eastern Europe and to supplant that involved Army Special Forces, informants the Slavic population (whom the Germans within King’s own organization, the Southern considered to be an inferior race) with a Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), the German one. A century earlier, the Americans FBI, the Memphis Police 14 Department and were animated by a similar genocidal lust for organized crime. power and control of the so-called North Even in its response to the spontaneous American continent. In the words of one people’s uprisings that erupted throughout the American ideologue: “The rich and beautiful mid to late 1960s, the regime utilized its valleys of Wyoming are destined for the military forces to occupy the Afrikan areas and occupancy and sustenance of the Anglo-Saxon to quell revolt. Thousands of troops, equipped race. The wealth that for untold ages has lain with M- 16s and patrolling in jeeps and tanks, hidden beneath the snow-capped summits of flooded city streets all across the country and our mountains has been placed there by imposed martial law in response to successive Providence to reward the brave spirits whose waves of people’s revolts against the white lot it is to compose the advance guard of supremacist dictatorship. civilization. The Indians must stand aside or be overwhelmed by the ever advancing and ever the Union can never enjoy repose, nor possess increasing tide of [European] emigration. The reliable security, as long as Cuba is not destiny of the aborigines is written in embraced within its boundaries,” they declared characters not to be mistaken. The same in 1854. The imperialists feared Cuba, like inscrutable Arbiter that decreed the downfall of Haiti, would become another independent Rome has pronounced the doom of extinction Afrikan-ruled republic that would strengthen the upon the red men of America.” Afrikan revolutionary struggle that was raging, Indeed, the push to control a sizable portion of or that simmered just below the surface, in the continent seemed destined to succeed. various parts of the United States. “We should The leadership of the Democratic Party, having ... be recreant to our duty, be unworthy of our seized an electoral victory in 1844, would gallant forefathers, and commit base treason peacefully settle with the British in Canada on against our posterity, should we permit Cuba to the border for Oregon in the Northwest and be Africanized and become a second St. prevail in war with Mexico, robbing it of Texas, Domingo [Haiti], with all its attendant horrors to vast tracts of the lands of New Mexico, and the white race, and suffer the flames to extend California, thus expanding the regime’s control to our neighboring shores, seriously to of the continent to the south and to the west, endanger or actually consume the fair fabric of and gaining control of the coasts on both the our Union.” Atlantic and the Pacific. Flushed with this Hence, the war against the indigenous nations victory, the imperialists’ ambitions could not be of what became known as the North American contained, and they set their sights on new continent was the first stage in the regime’s horizons: the colonization of Alaska, Hawaii, imperial expansion in the so-called Americas. Cuba and American domination in Central To effect the removal of these nations, America. As the regime’s fifteenth president, genocide was a fundamental element in the James Buchanan, argued in 1858 it was regime’s strategy; the American regime “beyond question the destiny of our race to employed chemical and biological warfare spread themselves over the continent of North against them. Its most notorious effort was the America,” adding “the tide of emigrants will flow use of small pox infected blankets for to the south, and nothing can eventually arrest distribution among indigenous populations. its progress. ... Central America will soon The Americans were well aware that the Indian contain an American population.” populations had no immunity to European Interestingly, American imperialist expansion diseases. Such efforts depopulated whole into Cuba was a long-standing interest of the sections of the continent. The regime also white supremacist dictatorship dating back to sponsored drug trafficking in the form of the regime’s third political ruler and first alcohol to foster drug addiction among the secretary of state, Thomas Jefferson, who indigenous populations to undermine the reputedly dreamed of Cuba as an American moral, physical and spiritual health of the state. American imperialists, including former various nations (more than a century later the secretary of state and soon-to-be regime CIA would be discovered to have fostered the president, James Buchanan, argued the crack cocaine epidemic within Afrikan colonization of Cuba was an imperative of the communities across the United States). This regime’s national security interests. “Indeed, assault also contributed to the rapid depopulation of many areas. In the area known struggle several decades earlier. Its intent (in by the European conquerors as New York the Afrikan case as well) was to destroy the State, many Indian spiritually- based resistance struggle for sovereignty of the various movements among the legendary Six Nations indigenous nations by having their members Confederacy focused on the evils of alcohol as become American nationals. Thus, it would be an essential part of the internal social struggle able to dismiss all claims to reclamation of land against European oppression. The regime also under internationally-recognized treaty rights exploited in the age-old methodology of divide as voided by the dissolution of the nations with and rule conflicts among various Indian which the regime had formerly treated; nations, routinely violated treaty agreements, American citizenship would have effected a and engaged systematically through its military “legal depopulation” of those nations into “legal in assassinations, rape, torture, mutilation, extinction.” massacres, including of elders, women and For the most part, the Indian nations, like the children all of which eventually led to its military Afrikans of the independence struggles of the triumph and control. 18th and 19th centuries, fought against Partitioning the conquered lands for its own inclusion in European society and for the purposes, the regime forced the surviving preservation of their independence in their own populations on to reservations, which were, homeland. Their struggle was military and the more or less, military-controlled concentration subject of international law, for the United camps in the least agriculturally productive States imperial regime had treated with them areas it could find; the imperial regime had as equals under terms of European initially placed its administration of the international law during a time when its military conquered peoples under the Department of might was less than equal to the Indian nations War. The absence of good agricultural land or with which they were compelled, by military plentiful wild game forced Indians into a necessity, to treat. The political prisoners of the crushing dependency upon the Europeans pan Indian nationalist movement — its most conquerors for food and livelihood. The regime well-known formation being that of the supplied bad, often rancid food. As in the case (AIM) — continue of the Afrikan captives, the Europeans also the struggle for the reclamation of land practiced cultural genocide against the Indians, guaranteed under treaties with the U.S. regime taking their children away from their parents and the restoration of national sovereignty for and nations to remote boarding schools, where all the indigenous nations in the American- they attempted to make them into semi- occupied territory. Europeans, alienated from their national Writes Winona LaDuke in a preface to Ward cultures and traditions, given European names, Churchill’s Struggle for Land: Indigenous forbidden to speak their languages or to Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide and practice their religions. Expropriation in Contemporary North America: The regime, in the 20th century, also attempted “Very little land in North America should rightly to impose American citizenship status on the fall outside native jurisdiction, administered indigenous peoples, a stratagem it had used under indigenous rather than immigrant and that proved, on the whole, more successful values.” LaDuke further declares the “native in undermining the Afrikan independence struggle in North America today can only be properly understood as a pursuit of the Anglo-Saxon institutions, to, in effect, “Anglo- recovery of land rights which are guaranteed Saxonize” humankind. through treaties,” adding that the movement The regime, in cynical statements of horror of does not contemplate “governmental attempts Spanish imperialism in the lands it coveted, to ‘compensate’ us with money for lands we inveighed against Spanish domination and in never agreed to relinquish.” LaDuke concludes: support of the independence struggles of the “Native America is struggling to break free of various peoples of the islands. In a resolution the colonialist, industrialist, militarist nation- in support of Cuban independence in 1898, the state domination in which it is now engulfed.” year of the war, the regime declared the The Case of the Puerto Rican Struggle conditions of Spanish control “have shocked for Independence the moral sense of the people of the United The people of Puerto Rico, like the indigenous States, have been a disgrace to Christian nations in the so-called North American civilization,” adding “the people of the Island of territory, and like the Afrikans stolen from their Cuba are, and of right ought to be, free and homeland and held captive in the United independent.” Despite the pretense, the States, are also the victims of American regime’s agenda was clear. Declared U.S. imperialism. The colonization of Puerto Rico Senator Albert J. Beveridge in a speech that was only a part of the American overthrow of same year: “Hawaii is ours; Porto Rico is to be Spanish imperial rule in the Caribbean and ours; at the prayer of her people Cuba finally Asia, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the will be ours; in the islands of the East, even to Philippines. Thinking the Americans had come the gates of Asia, coaling stations are to be as liberators to free them from the yoke of ours at the very least; the flag of a liberal Spanish colonialism against which they were government is to float over the Philippines, and struggling, the people of these far-flung islands may it be the banner that Taylor unfurled in soon came to understand the imperialists were Texas and Fremont carried to the [west] coast.” simply trading places. In the end, the liberation Furthermore, Beveridge expounded: “The rule forces came to the bitter realization that their of liberty that all just government derives its hopes for liberation had been betrayed, that authority from the consent of the governed, the so-called Spanish-American War of 1898 applies only to those who are capable of self- was motivated by the clash of the American government. We govern the Indians without white supremacist dictatorship’s expanding, their consent, we govern our territories without and more global, economic interests against their consent, and we govern our children the decaying fortunes of a weakening colonial without their consent. ... European power. The Reverend Josiah Strong, “If England can govern foreign lands, so can a leading Congregational minister in the united America. If Germany can govern foreign lands, states, had in 1885 urged that the American so can America. If they can supervise mission was to fulfill the destiny of the Anglo- protectorates, so can America …”The ocean Saxon race, which was to dominate the globe does not separate us from lands of our duty through the conquest of “weaker races,” and desire — the oceans join us, rivers never and to culturally colonize them through to be dredged, canals never to be repaired. Christianization and impose upon them Steam joins us; electricity joins us — the very elements are in league with our destiny. Cuba not contiguous! Porto Rico not contiguous! The Case of the European Dissidents Hawaii and the Philippines not contiguous! The The persecution of people for their political oceans make them contiguous. And our navy views is as old as European culture itself. The will make them contiguous.” Catholic inquisitions of Europe are perhaps the In Puerto Rico and Cuba, as in Guam and the most well-known case in point. Disagreements Philippines, this meant that the U.S. regime in political or religious views would subject invaded and occupied with military forces. In those in the minority of the power equation to every place the regime’s forces invaded, it torture, imprisonment and execution for what crushed the liberation forces and imposed itself were considered “abominable heresies.” and its hand-picked stooges to administer the European culture showed a basic intolerance new colonial dispensation. The resistance in for differences that was nothing short of rabid, the Philippines, for example, was particularly and thousands of Europeans lost their lives in hard-fought and bloody. Hundreds of bloodshed designed to purge the population of thousands of Filipinos were slaughtered by deviant thinking. This hostility to “unorthodox” American forces. It took three years and opinions and the methods used to repress 70,000 American troops to crush the Filipino them — various forms of torture to encourage resistance. Interestingly, the imperialists renunciation of beliefs and to terrorize other reported that “an unusually large number” of would-be free thinkers — were carried over Afrikan captives sent from the united states to into the culture that formed the United States. fight in the regime’s campaign to subdue the Afrikans who joined the liberation struggle — Philippines, enthusiastically joined the Filipino particularly in the 18th century— were, upon liberation struggle, wreaking havoc on recapture, subject to those methods of American imperialist forces. As in the case of repression that were the practice in Europe for the other countries formerly colonized by the generations. In New York State alone, Afrikan Spanish the American regime re-colonized revolutionaries were branded on their Puerto Rico as well. It has installed an foreheads with hot irons, burned alive, pulled immovable military presence that has caused apart by chains, beaten and whipped nearly to environmental damage and jeopardized the death, dragged about by horses on New York health of its citizens, and it has economically, City streets (as in the case of the Afrikan man politically and administratively absorbed the walking home from a party in Jasper County, island- nation as a “commonwealth” Texas, who was kidnapped by three white possession, making Puerto Rico a colony that supremacist ex-convicts in June 1998 and “belongs to but that is not a part of’ the united dragged by their vehicle down a road until his states. In 1998, the American occupation of body was torn apart), and otherwise physically Puerto Rico —and the Puerto Rican struggle mutilated, for resistance to enslavement. All of for independence from American imperial this was done by the enslaver regime under rule— reached 100 years. Despite the the cover of enslaver. ruthlessness with which the regime has In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the crushed resistance, the Puerto Rican hysteria in the united states surrounding Independentistas fight on in pursuit of national socialist, anarchist, and later Marxist-Leninist sovereignty and independence of their thought and political activity reached the kind homeland. of fevered pitch reminiscent of Europe’s medieval period. Thousands of European Perhaps the most dramatic, but least politically anarchists and socialists advocating for significant illustration of this fanatical improved working conditions were brutally repression, of this obsession with ideological beaten, sometimes killed, thrust in prisons or orthodoxy, was the Hollywood crisis brought on deported to Europe under massive police during the so-called McCarthy era of the late mobilizations designed to root out anti- 1940s and early 1950s, named for the capitalist “subversion” in the country. The inquisitorial tactics of the fascist U.S. Senator regime, under the control of robber barons and Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin. Similar work corrupt politicians, was a bastion of capitalist was carried out by the House Un-American values that openly advocated the cynical use Activities Committee (HUAC). and exploitation of the European working class, To be branded a Communist (Marxist-Leninist) including their children. by the regime was tantamount for Europeans Consequently, those Europeans of the anti- who were accustomed to enjoying the middle capitalist stripe who protested their class class privileges of the white supremacist oppression and who articulated their desire for dictatorship to social, political, economic and a differing political, economic and social cultural death. An actor, writer, film director or arrangement were anathema to the regime. other participant in the Hollywood film industry Although, especially in the 18th and 19th branded as a Communist was ostracized and centuries, Afrikans and indigenous nations economically neutralized, so stigmatized that (and later Puerto Ricans) in their liberation s/he lost friends and was rendered struggles were the victims primarily of U.S. unemployable. Once branded as an adherent military assaults, the regime’s repression would of the “anti-capitalist heresy,” one’s life in the increasingly assume a more pronounced police United States was over. character in the 20th century. While law Indeed, to be called a Communist was enforcement oppression was always a factor tantamount to being called a worshiper of for Afrikans held captive by the white Satan within the American Christian cultural supremacist dictatorship, the European imagination, and anyone so accused dissident resistance to capitalist exploitation assiduously denied the accusation, often with set in motion a new emphasis in regime tactics. vigorous protestations of loyalty to the Political dissidence came increasingly under American regime. Indeed, as did the white the jurisdiction of law enforcement; the blatant supremacist dictatorship of South Afrika, the repression of political dissent was, regime’s use of the Communist tag became a progressively, cloaked under the innocuous catch-all means by which to intimidate and to disguise of a righteous police war on “crime.” discredit the most timid efforts at the The Federal Bureau of Investigation, which for reformation of prevailing capitalist decades has masqueraded as a crime-fighting arrangements. organization, has its roots in this history, in those days of political repression against Even the slightest deviation from the norm was European labor and human rights activists viewed as major evidence of subversive seeking social change in the class intentions, sufficient to justify political arrangements of the American regime’s surveillance and law enforcement prosecution. capitalist order. As a result, the regime mobilized its propaganda forces in the media, as well as its There would be a brief eruption of European political and police apparatus, to crush and radical activism in the 1960s and 1970s, destroy any inkling of dissident thought and catalyzed into action by the Afrikan human activity among Europeans, especially regarding rights revolt that had begun a decade earlier the issue of class arrangements and the and further energized by the growing predominance of the capitalist order. opposition to the regime’s imperial war against Indeed, as we have noted, the socialist and the peoples of Indochina — Vietnam, Laos and anarchist activities of Europeans, particularly at Cambodia. The European anti-imperialist the close of the 19th and during the first three political prisoners and prisoners of war are the decades of the 20th centuries, were effectively offspring of this fundamental European class neutralized through this combination of the struggle against the capitalist order. Largely regime’s massive police repression, backed by veterans of student movements of the 1960s draconian legislative authorization, and its and early I970s, supporters of international propaganda through the media. The witch anti-colonial struggles and the various multi- hunts of the late 1940s into the 1950s national liberation struggles within the united constituted the death knell to the era of states, they stand accused of revolting against socialist political activity. In the case of the American imperial order. motion picture industry, they effectively made Hollywood a bastion of fascism and white supremacy. Appendix II Jericho Suggested Readings Prepared by: Ashanti Omowali Alston and Adam Carpinelli

Political Prisoners and Prisoners of War Balagoon, Kuwasi. A Soldier’s Story: Writings Abu-Jamal, Mumia. Live from Death Row. by a Revolutionary New Afrikan Anarchist. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co, Montreal, Quebec: Solidarity, 2001. 1995. Berger, Dan. Outlaws of America: The Weather Abu-Jamal, Mumia. Death Blossoms: Underground and the Politics of Solidarity. Reflections from a Prisoner of Conscience. Oakland, CA: AK Press, 2006. Farmington, PA, USA: Plough Pub. House, Bisson, Terry. On a Move: The Story of Mumia 1997. Abu-Jamal. Litmus Books, 2000. Abu-Jamal, Mumia, and Noelle Hanrahan. All Bukhari, Safiya, and Laura Whitehorn. The Things Censored. New York: Seven Stories War Before: The True Life Story of Becoming a Press, 2001. Black Panther, Keeping the Faith in Prison & Abu-Jamal, Mumia. We Want Freedom: A Life Fighting for Those Left Behind. New York City: in the . Cambridge, Feminist Press at the City University of New Massachusetts: South End Press, 2004. York, 2010. Abu-Jamal, Mumia. Jailhouse Lawyers: Carmichael, Stokely, and Mumia Abu-Jamal. Prisoners Defending Prisoners V. the U.S.A. Stokely Speaks: From to Pan- San Francisco: City Lights Books, 2009. Africanism. Chicago, Ill: Lawrence Hill Books, 2007. Amnesty International. The Case of Mumia Abu-Jamal: A Life in the Balance. The open Carmichael, Stokely, and Michael Thelwell. pamphlet media series. New York: Seven Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles Stories Press, 2000. of (Kwame Ture). New York: Scribner, 2003. Anderson, S. E., Tony Medina, and Patricia A. Allen. In Defense of Mumia. New York: Writers Carr, James, Dan Hammer, and Isaac Cronin. and Readers Pub, 1996. BAD: The Autobiography of James Carr. New York, N.Y.: Carroll & Graf, 1994. Ayers, William. Fugitive Days: A Memoir. Boston, Mass: Beacon Press, 2001. Cleaver, Kathleen, and George N. Katsiaficas. Liberation, Imagination, and the Black Panther Berry, Mary Frances, and Sharon . Party: A New Look at the Panthers and Their My Face Is Black Is True [Callie House and the Legacy. New York: Routledge, 2001. Struggle for Ex-Slave Reparations]. Griot audio. Prince Frederick, Md: Recorded Books, Committee to free the SF-8. [Publications 2006. Relating to Committee to Free the SF-8]. New York, N.Y.: Committee to free the SF-8, 2007. Friends of the New York Three. Prisoners of King, Robert Hillary. From the Bottom of the War: The Case of the New York Three. New Heap: The Autobiography of Black Panther York, N.Y.: Friends of the New York Three, . Oakland, CA: PM Press, 1981. 2009. Gaucher, Robert. Writing as Resistance: The Law, Vikki. Resistance Behind Bars: The Journal of Prisoners on Prisons Anthology Struggles of Incarcerated Women. Oakland, (1988-2002). Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ CA: PM Press, 2009. Press, 2002. Lindorff, Dave. Killing Time: An Investigation George Jackson Brigade. The Power of the into the Death Row Case of Mumia Abu-Jamal. People Is the Force of Life: Political Statement Monroe, Me: Common Courage Press, 2003. of the George Jackson Brigade. Montreal: Mandela, Winnie, Anne Benjamin, and Mary Abraham Guillen Press, 2002. Benson. Part of My Soul Went with Him. New Gilbert, David, , and Marilyn York: Norton, 1985. Buck. No Surrender: Writings from an Anti- Meyer, Matt. Let Freedom Ring: A Collection of Imperialist Political Prisoner. Montréal: Documents from the Movements to Free U.S. Abraham Guillen Press, 2004. Political Prisoners. Montreal, Quebec: Goodell, Charles E. Political Prisoners in Kersplebedeb, 2008. America. New York: Random House, 1973. National Committee to Free Puerto Rican Hansen, Ann. Direct Action: Memoirs of an Prisoners of War. Can’t Jail the Spirit: Political Urban Guerrilla. Edinburgh: AK, 2002. Prisoners in the U.S.: A Collection of Hoffman, Anita, and Abbie Hoffman. To Biographies. Chicago, IL: Editorial El Coquí, America with Love: Letters from the 1988. Underground. New York: Stonehill Pub. Co, N’Zinga, Shaka, and Robin D. G. Kelley. A 1976. Disjointed Search for the Will to Live. Brooklyn, Jacobs, Ron. The Way the Wind Blew: A N.Y.: Soft Skull, 2003. History of the Weather Underground. London: Oglesby, Carl. Ravens in the Storm: A Verso, 1997. Personal History of the 1960s Antiwar Jackson, George. Blood in My Eye. New York: Movement. New York: Scribner, 2008. Random House, 1972. Rosebraugh, Craig, and . This Jackson, George. Soledad Brother: The Prison Country Must Change: Essays on the Letters of George Jackson. New York: Coward- Necessity of Revolution in the USA. Arissa McCann, 1970. Media Group, 2009. James, Joy. Imprisoned Intellectuals: Rodriguez, Dylan. Forced Passages: America’s Political Prisoners Write on Life, Imprisoned Radical Intellectuals and the U.S. Liberation, and Rebellion. Transformative Prison Regime. Minneapolis: University of politics series. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Minnesota Press, 2006. Littlefield, 2003. 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Mass and racist incarceration Group,2007 victims along with many of our own targeted Islamic Struggle communities. Al-Amin, Jalil.(H. Rap Brown) Die Nigger Die! The LGBTIQQAA Struggle Chicago, Il: Lawrence Hill Books, 1969 People of different lifestyles, sexualities need Al-Amin, Jamil. Revolution by the Book: (the to be defended and Jericho should not be Rap Is Live). Beltsville, Md: Writers’ Inc.- afraid to do so, regardless of what we may feel International, 1993. as individuals (i.e. our own differences, sexisms and homophobias). The Struggle Against from folks who have been putting a lot of Forgetting/Remembering thought into it. How can we incorporate new We need to understand more about how thinkings into our outreach and organizing? historical trauma/amnesia, intergenerational Organizing and Being Proactive trauma from anti-colonial perspectives can help We need to read up on new ways that people us see more clearly communities’ pathologic are organizing and fighting back instead of allegiance to The Empire & White Supremacy pretty much doing the same ole same ole of & the amerikan flag waving hysteria. Why are the last 40 years. we our own worst enemies? Different readings

Appendix III Jericho Chapters National Jericho Movement: New England Jericho Movement: P.O. Box P.O. Box 2164, Chesterfield, VA 23832 390293, Cambridge MA 02139 www.thejerichomovement.com New York City Jericho Movement: P.O. Box [email protected] 670927, Bronx, NY 10467 Chicago Jericho Movement: • mailto:[email protected] [email protected] www.jerichony.org • [email protected]

Iowa City Jericho Movement: Omaha NE Jericho Movement: P.O. Box 2021, Iowa City, IA 52244 P.O. Box 11044, Omaha, Nebraska 68111 [email protected] Oregon Jericho Movement: Los Angeles Jericho Movement: P.O. Box 17420, Portland, OR 97217 c/o Black Riders Liberation Party [email protected] mailto:[email protected]. Box mailto:[email protected] 8297, L.A. 90008 • 323-901-4269 jericho.org • 503-750-0523 [email protected] • http://groups. Richmond VA Jericho Movement: yahoo.com/group/ jerichoamnestycoalitionla/ [email protected] Maryland Jericho Movement: P.O. Box 2623, Washington DC Jericho Movement: Baltimore, MD 21215 [email protected] • mailto:[email protected] 646-271-4677 • 202-340-2966 0699 [email protected]