Remote Sensing for Science, Education, Rainer Reuter (Editor) and Natural and Cultural Heritage EARSeL, 2010

Cultural Heritage Between the Mountains and the Sea in the Eastern Adriatic

Vlasta BEGOVICa, and Ivančica SCHRUNKb a Institut za arheologiju, Ul. Grada Vukovara 68, , b University of St. Thomas, 2115 Summit Avenue, St Paul, Minnesota 55105, USA

Abstract: Tectonic movements and climate change endanger historical and archaeological sites located in the coastal areas of the eastern Adriatic. Steep mountain slopes and narrow coastal lines with many bays and promontories dominate the topography of the region. These were advanta- geous for human habitation and construction in the past, but today represent a dangerous location between the mountains and the sea. Only within the last few months there have been several very dangerous flash floods and inundations in this region. In November 2009, flash flood and high winds damaged the historic urban cores of and Pula. In December 2009 sea flood af- fected the central Dalmatian and the islands. Later in December, torrential rain (110 litres per m2) caused flash flood and tidal waves up to one metre high, which flooded Rijeka (ancient Tar- satica). A waterspout brought destruction to central . In January 2010, the river and its tributary Norin flooded and endangered the ancient site of Narona (Vid near Metković) in the delta. The cause was the melting of snow in the Dinaric mountain range, an unusual event in January. The same cause triggered floods of the rivers , Vrlika and in the northern Dal- matia, where the water level rose 0,5-1 m per day. The ancient settlement of Scardona on the river Krka was threatened. At the beginning of March high north wind reached the speed of up to 120 km/hour In the middle of May it was another big storm with 50 litres on square metre and very strong wind. The sea level in the eastern Adriatic has risen about 2 m since antiquity due to the movement of the tectonic plates – the Eurasian plate and the European micro-plate, which meet in the middle of the Adriatic. The rising of the sea level could be measured on the sites of Roman maritime villas, whose structures (porticoes with exedras, harbours, fish ponds) built on the an- cient shore are today submerged. At the site of the maritime villa by Medulin near Pula a tall and long wall has been built along the sea to protect fine mosaics. These natural events are threatening cultural heritage. Remote sensing techniques, such as aerial and satellite imagery are necessary to keep systematic control and detection of changes and damage in order to protect cultural sites and landscapes.

Keywords: Cultural heritage, tectonic movements, soil erosion, flooding, Adriatic coast, Adria microplate, remote sensing

Introduction

The earliest topographic accounts of the Adriatic coast and the islands are found in the ancient Greek sources. One of them is a nautical guide of the so-called Pseudo-Skylax (Periplous, 21-24, 4th c. BC), because it is believed that his guide is based on the text of Skylax of Carianda from the 6th c. BC. The other is a travelogue of Pseudo-Skymnos (Periegesis, 413-428, late 2nd c. BC). The original was attributed to Skymnos from Chios of the early 2nd c. BC. The earliest maps are from the Roman times. The oldest is Tabula Peutingeriana (Segments IV-VI, A-C), a medieval edition of a 3rd- 4th c. AD map, probably based on still earlier maps. Descriptions of the Eastern Adriatic have been made in 6th century by Ravennatis Anonymi in his Cosmographia. The later maps are Venetian maps from the 16th and 17th century: the map of Giacomo Gastaldi from 1546 in the Vatican library, and the map of Simon Pinargenti from 1573. Pinargenti’s topographic V. Begovic & I Schrunk: Cultural Heritage Between the Mountains and the Sea in the Eastern Adriatic descriptions are contained in his book „Isole che sono da Venetia sulla Dalmatia e per tutto l'Arcipelago fino a Costantinopoli“, and the map of the Dalmatian coast from 1689 Cantelli da Vignola. We notice that the coastline in ancient sources can be slightly different from the present one. Is this a mistake or have there been changes in the coastline? Can we believe ancient geographers and maps or are their de- scriptions of the Adriatic regions the fruit of their imagination? Is it possible that the configuration of the coast has changed since antiquity? What did they really want to say about their experiences or about the shared knowledge of the ancient seafarers? Which of the data can we consider truthful and which are mere indicators of the importance of certain regions?

Figure 1. The Peutinger map (Tabula Peutingeriana) from the 4th century The fact is that the configuration of the eastern Adriatic coast is undergoing millennia-long changes. Since the beginning of our era and until the present time the coast has sunk for about 2 m and the proc- ess is continuing with increasing speed. The measurements that were taken within the last 100 years at the measuring point at Trieste have amounted to a 20 cm increase. This means that the estimated annual increase of 1 mm since antiquity has doubled in the past 100 years. We wonder how soon we should correct our geographic maps. How soon should we make plans for emergency protection of the coastal regions and structures – quays, moles, harbours, breakwaters, and built shoreline? On the eastern Adriatic coast is located some of the most valuable cultural heritage of Croatia. Seven of those sites are World Heritage Sites and six of them are on the Adriatic coast - Poreč (Episco- pal complex of the Euphrasian Basilica), Šibenik (The Catedral of St. James), Split (Diocletian’s palace), Trogir (historic city), Dubrovnik (old city), Starigradsko polje on the island of Hvar (system of Greek land division). Beside these six major sites there are many ancient urban centres: Pola, Tarsatica, Vol- cera, Senia, Iader, Salona, Pharos, Narona, Epidaurum. Others are maritime Roman villas: Katoro near Umag; Sorna and Loron by Poreč; Barbariga, Brijuni, Val Bandon, Banjole and Vižula in the area of Pula; Diklo and Petrčani near Zadar; Sreser Bay on the peninsula of Pelješac; Polače on the island of Mljet; Tiha Bay by Cavtat, and many others. Many of the coastal cities are also valuable medieval cen- tres: Poreč, Pula, Rijeka, Senj, Zadar, Biograd, Split, and Dubrovnik. The coastal heritage structures are threatened by the rising sea level, but also by unpredictable torrential rains and flash floods, and by high winds and sea floods of large areas. We shall soon see what happened on the eastern Adriatic coast in the short period from the time of the submission of 20 V. Begovic & I Schrunk: Cultural Heritage Between the Mountains and the Sea in the Eastern Adriatic this paper in the fall of 2009 until this spring of 2010. But first, we should provide a short geo- graphic overview of the region.

1. Short description of the Eastern Adriatic coast of Croatia

The eastern Adriatic coast, which is for the most part within Croatia, extends in the northwester to southeastern direction. It covers 510 nautical miles of the sea, 1,777.7 km of the coast and 4,012.4 km of the islands’ coast. The entire country of Croatia extends over 56,538 sq. km of land and 33,200 sq. km of internal and territorial sea. The total length of the Adriatic seaboard is 5,790.1 km. The number of islands and islets in the eastern Adriatic is 1246. Starting in the north, at the Bay of Savudrija on the border with , the coastal lowlands of the Istrian peninsula extend north-to-south to the southernmost promontory of Premantura. The sea depth in the northern Adriatic is less than 50 m. The western coast of Istria is low and flat. Two sig- nificant ancient cities, Parentium and Pola (today Poreč and Pula) and the medieval cities of Umag, Rovinj and Vrsar are located here. The rivers , and Raša flow from the central moun- tain ranges into the Adriatic. The southeastern coast of Istria is mountainous and the coastal settle- ments are situated on the steep slopes: Rasa, Labin, Mošćenice, Lovran and Opatija. The highest top is Učka at 1,394 m above sea level. The river Raša was the Roman border between the land of the Histri and that of the Liburni. Sometime between the year 18 and 12 BC, Augustus extended the terri- tory of Italy proper to this border. The mostly mountainous coast continues from the city of Rijeka (ancient Tarsatica) southward. Cit- ies and villages are located on steep slopes or at the base of the mountain ranges of Velika and Mala Kapela. Others are on hilly peninsulas: Bakar (ancient Volcera), Crikvenica (ancient Ad Turres), Novi Vinodolski near Senj (ancient Senia). The highest peak is Risnjak at 1,528 m. From Senj to Starigrad (ancient Argyruntum), the coast is very steep under the mountain of Velebit, whose peaks of Mali Ranjac and Vaganski Vrh are at 1,699 m and 1,757 m respectively. The coastal plain called Ravni Kotari, starts at the town of Obrovac. The most significant ancient city of this region was Iader (today Zadar, still the regional centre). The coast is hilly and steeper again from the city of Šibenik southward to the ancient city of Salona (Solin today) and the nearby medieval city of Split, built inside and around Diocletian’s palace. The highest peak is Klis at 1339 m. From Omiš (anticient Oneum) to Ploče, the coastal area narrows along the steep slopes of the Biokovo mountain range with the peak of Sv. Jure (St. George) at 1762 m.

Figure 2. The Biokovo mountain and the town of Podgora In the coastal region between Obroavac and Omiš three major rivers flow into the Adriatic: Krka, and . Further south, the Dinaric mountain range with the high peaks of Čvrsnica 2222 m, Zelena glava 2103 m i Velež 1967 m, is cut by the valley of the river Neretva. 21 V. Begovic & I Schrunk: Cultural Heritage Between the Mountains and the Sea in the Eastern Adriatic

The river forms a broad and marshy delta as it empties into the Adriatic at the peninsula of Pelješac. The ancient regional centre Narona (today a village of Vid near Metković) was located in the delta. Continuing southward from Ploče to Cavtat, the coast is partially steep up to the plain of Konavle, which extends to the border of Croatia and Montenegro. Above Cavtat (ancient Epidaurum) the highest peak is Stražišće at 701 m, while above the medieval city of Dubrovnik, the mountain of Srđ reaches only 403 m. The mountain range of Snježnica with the peak of Ilijin Vrh at 1234 m rises above the Konavle plain. The southern border of Croatia ends at the deep fiord of Boka Kotor- ska, which lies within Montenegro.

2. Recent natural disasters

The weather in the fall of 2009 was unusual and unpredictable in the Adriatic regions. In October torrent flood hit the centre of Dubrovnik and the medieval street Stradun in the heart of the city was under water. Torrential rains in early November flooded the streets of Pula and caused great damage to the ancient structures in the city centre. In December storms and waterspouts ravaged coastal cit- ies all along the Adriatic. On December 24th the storm surge (sea flood) covered a large area of the city centre of Rijeka. Within the 24 hours 110 litres of rain fell in one sq. metre. The 30 cm of water covered the Quay of Karolina of Rijeka, part of Zagreb Street and the city market. Also on Decem- ber 24th the waterspout in the channel between the coast and the island of Brač was 700 m long and 10 m wide and travelled all the way to Makarska. The events at the beginning of 2010 played out the most pessimistic predictions of the World Climate conference in Copenhagen, held only one month earlier (7-18 December). The Neretva delta () and the estuary were extensively flooded. This area is only one metre above the sea level, what in the extreme conditions under the storm-causing south wind does not prevent the sea from flooding the shallow delta. The disastrous flood was however caused by torrential rains and melting of snow in the mountains, both abnormal conditions in the winter season. The low-laying parts of the ancient site of Narona were affected, including the church of St. Vid, the ancient port, and the suburban villa with an early Christian basilica at the site of Erešove Bare. An added prob- lem could have been the shrinking of the coastal wetlands in the Neretva delta due to intensive agri- culture and development. When wetlands disappear, storm surge (sea flood) advances, as the disas- ter of New Orleans showed when the hurricane Katrina hit the region. The prediction expressed at the conference in Copenhagen was that the Neretva delta could become a bay, if the sea level would rise significantly. The city of Rijeka was again hit in January by heavy and sustained rains and subsequent torren- tial flood (just like in the same period of January in 2009). The coastal sections of the city, includ- ing the historic market were under the water. The sea level rose more than one metre.

Figure 3. Sea flood in Rijeka in January 2010 22 V. Begovic & I Schrunk: Cultural Heritage Between the Mountains and the Sea in the Eastern Adriatic

On the 10th of January the historic, coastal cities of Omiš and Trogir in central Dalmatia were flooded from torrential rain and storm surge. On the same day, the inland valley of Kosinje (Kosin- jsko polje) near the town of Perušić became a up to 7 m deep. Some buildings in the suburb of Gornji Kosinj were flooded up to 4 m high. The storms in February caused storm surges (sea floods), which affected coastal and island his- torical sites in the northern and central Adriatic. On February 7 the storm surge in Zadar (ancient Ia- der) was over one metre high and flooded the waterfront street and the marina. The storm caused damage on the entire Zadar area. The storm surge of over one metre also flooded the town of Maslinica on the island of Šolta, while the wind speed reached 135 km/hour (10-20 knots). Damaging storms also hit further north in the area of Novi Vinodolski, Karlobag, Žuta Lokva and Senj. On Feb- ruary 14 snow avalanches were reported in the Biokovo mountain range on the slopes of Troglav and Kamešnica. On February 21 the storm surges higher than one metre flooded streets and houses in the towns of Stari Grad (ancient Pharos) on the island of Hvar and of Korčula on the island of Korčula (ancient Korkira). The coastal town of Omiš (ancient Oneum) also experienced a storm surge, as did the town of Biograd near Zadar on February 27th. On March 11th high north wind reached the speed of 120 km/hour in Pula, while in the area of Rijeka, Crikvenica and Novi Vinodolski the wind was up to 120 km/hour. There was a significant damage to buildings and boats were sunk. On March 12 the storms caused land and rock slides on the segments of the main coastal road. Several cars were buried between Omiš and Split. In the northern Adriatic, the local road from Čavli to Rijeka was completely closed because of the land slides in early April, as was the section of the highway Zagreb - Rijeka from Mali Sviben - Oštrovica. Historic urban sites and settlements that were built on the mountain slopes along the coast have regularly been victims of torrential flood caused by heavy rains and snow melting in the mountains. Nobody tries to stop the torrents that run down the city streets of Labin, Kastav, Lovran, Crikvenica, Senj, or Dubrovnik. People hover indoors and only after the storm has passed they repair the dam- age. On May 15th it was another big storm with 50 litres on square metre and very strong wind.

Figure 4. Roman maritime villa on the Vižula peninsula near Medulin – concrete flood - wall The accelerated rising of the sea level and the recent active period in which the average intensity of storms has increased, have also increased the threats to archaeological and cultural sites. The Roman maritime villa at Diklo near Zadar and the built waterfront were flooded in the winters of 2008 and 2009. The site of the maritime villa on the peninsula of Vižula by Medulin, near the ancient city of Pula, is flooded every winter. In order to protect the remains of the seaside porticoes with valuable mosaics and marble floors in opus scutulatum (mosaics combined with marble slabs), a long wall of stone was built. Climatologists are predicting that this active period with the rising ocean temperatures and increas- ingly powerful storms may last for another 10-20 years. Many kilometres of such concrete flood-walls

23 V. Begovic & I Schrunk: Cultural Heritage Between the Mountains and the Sea in the Eastern Adriatic would have to be built to flood-proof the most threatened and the most valuable parts of historic cities and archaeological sites of Roman maritime villas.

3. Tectonic movements

According to recent studies of American and Croatian scientists (Bennett 2008), the reason for the changes in the sea level on the eastern Adriatic coast is in the movement of the Eurasian plate and the Adria microplate. The eastern part of the Adriatic coast is on the Eurasian plate, while the west- ern part of the Adriatic coast is on the Adria microplate (in the past it was a part of the African plate). Tectonic split is sited in the middle of the , spread from Dubrovnik in the north- west direction and 200 km in length. On this line the Eurasian plate is situated over the Adria mi- croplate and pushes it upward. This can be the reason of sinking of the eastern Adriatic coast.

Figure 5. The mouth of Cetina river

Figure 6. The peninsula and the historic city of Primošten The tectonic movements in the eastern Adriatic region during the last 2000 years can be observed through architectural studies of the Roman urban centres and Roman maritime villas. The structures built at the shoreline in the first century are today partially submerged and provide some indication of the extent to which the sea level has risen since antiquity. The changes in the sea level are most visible in the remains of harbour installations and waterfront structures, such as jetties, piers, stone-built em- bankment, fishponds (piscinae vivariae), and porticoes built at the shoreline. Precise measurements of the coastal sinking at the villa sites (Begović, Schrunk 2008, 289-290) provide evidence for the sinking rate of about 1 mm per year. The measurements that were taken within the last 100 years at the measur-

24 V. Begovic & I Schrunk: Cultural Heritage Between the Mountains and the Sea in the Eastern Adriatic ing point at Trieste have amounted to a 20 cm increase. This would indicate that the estimated annual increase of 1 mm since antiquity has doubled in the past 100 years. The measurements of the existing levels of embankments, floors of the waterfront porticoes and of the piers at several major sites have shown different values between the sites in Istria and Dalmatia. This would indicate not only sinking but also bending of the Eurasian plate on the position of the eastern Adriatic coast. Since the beginning of 2010 there have been numerous earthquakes and tectonic movements in various parts of the world: January 3rd Solomon Islands 7.1 on the Richter scale; January 10 Eureka, USA, 6.5; January 12 Haiti 7.0; February 27 and March 4 Chile 8.9 and 6.0; the same day Salta, Ar- gentina 6.3 and the islands of Ryukyu, Japan 7.0; March 4 the earthquake in the Mediterranean sea by the Spanish and Franch coast caused a wave of 8 m; March 5 Kaohsiung, Taiwan 6.4 on the Richter scale; March 8 Basyurt, Turkey 5.9; April 5 in Mexico 176 km southeast of Tijuana 7.2; April 15 Jieg, China 6.9. In Croatia an earthquake was recorded on the island of Cres on April 4th with the epicentre in the village of Lubenice, measuring 3-4 on the MGS scale, 2 on the Richter scale. Another earth- quake was recorded in March in Hercegovina, close to the coastal region. Earthquakes of minor inten- sity have been occurring for a year in the area of Imotski on the border between Croatia and Bosnia and Hercegovina. A number of small islands of volcanic origin are situated along the line of the tectonic split sited in the middle of the Adriatic. They testify of the past volcanic activities in this part of the Adriatic. One such island is Brusnik in the vicinity of the island of . Adriatic islands change their shapes, what is visible on aerial photographs. Some peninsulas be- come islands. In some cases, like that of Primošten, only exceptional efforts of building supporting walls and causeways maintain their connection with the mainland. A sea channel has now completely separated the islands of Veli and Mali Brijun in the Brijuni (Brioni) archipelago, which use to be connected in antiquity.

Figure 7. The disastrous flood in the ancient site of Narona

4. Tide changes

The difference between the high and low tide in the Adriatic is not the same in all its parts. It is the lowest in the central Adriatic (Zadar – Šibenik) – 15-30 cm, and slightly higher toward the south and the north. In Istria it is about 60 cm, exceptionally up to 100 cm; at Venice it could be up to 120 cm. The weather also affects tidal action. During periods of high pressure and the northeast wind (bura) the water level is lower (as much as 40 cm). Low pressure and southern winds (jugo) make it 25 V. Begovic & I Schrunk: Cultural Heritage Between the Mountains and the Sea in the Eastern Adriatic higher (to 70 cm) (Simković 1993, 27). In the case of very high tides, sea floods (storm surges) are caused by specific meteorological factors in combination with specific hydrological factors. Usually floods are not high, but in 2008, 2009 and 2010 there were floods that caused material damage, and even extreme floods that indicated severe danger.

5. Conclusions

The increase in extreme meteorological events, such as torrential rains, high winds and waterspouts in the eastern Adriatic is in line with the general climatic changes in Europe. On March 2, 2010 the cy- clone Xynthia hit the coast of Western Europe and caused a great destruction. Coastal cities were flooded and roads were destroyed in Portugal, Spain, France, Great Britain and Belgium. In the Pyre- nees, the winds reached 228 km/hour, in France 175 km/hour, and in Germany 166 km/hour. The cy- clone which ravaged the Western Europe also caused some extreme meteorological events in the Adriatic. The spin-off storm named Vatroslav in Croatia had the wind speed of 120 to 200 km/hour and brought an unusual amount of snow for early March. Another cyclone that occurred in May in the Mediterranean areas of Spain and France reached the Adriatic two days later. On May 15, 2010 the strong storm brought rains of 50 litres per sq. metre, followed by a high north wind which uprooted trees (in Rijeka). Seismic activity was unusually numerous in many parts of the world at the begin- ning of 2010 and the Adriatic region was not untouched. The tectonic split sited in the middle of the Adriatic is active too, as it has been evident by the minor earthquakes along the coast and on the is- lands. The cultural heritage of the eastern Adriatic coast, which tells us the story of the human past, was conditioned by its location between the mountains and the sea. Torrents now tear down the mountain slopes cutting deep gullies, and destroy roads and flood settlements. The sea has risen up to two metres, just in the time since we can measure its level. Roman maritime villas are today par- tially underwater sites, which we can visit only in scuba gear. Ancient villa and urban structures on the land need protection of kilometres of strong, concrete and steel walls. Reconstructions and ris- ing of quays, harbours and built waterfronts will be necessary. In Split, the reconstruction of the waterfront outside of Diocletian’s palace and the medieval city had to be done in 2006 and 2007 in order to stop the regular flooding of the palace basement in the winter months, caused by both sea floods and heavy rains. These natural events are threatening cultural heritage. Climatologists are predicting that this ac- tive period with the rising ocean temperatures and increasingly powerful storms may last for an- other 10-20 years. Remote sensing techniques, such as aerial and satellite imagery are necessary to keep systematic control and detection of changes and damage in order to protect cultural sites and landscapes. Climate change brings both opportunity and catastrophe to human societies and their landscapes (Fagan 2008). Past migrations within Europe and between Europe and Asia could have been set in motion by climate change. Systems collapses of ancient civilizations, economic changes and oppor- tunities for long-distance travel and exploration could be explained by natural disasters and climate change. With the aid of aerial photography we are able to determine the degree of damage on the his- toric urban cities and Roman villas. The reconstruction of the stone-built embankment in the historic city of Split was done to protect the basement of Diocletian’s palace, which has frequently been damaged by sea flood in winter times. The work of reconstruction (and archaeological investigation) was carried on through 2006 and 2007. Archae- ologists found the five older waterfront structures under the modern embankment of the 20th century (Delonga 2007). The earliest was a stone pier and wooden embankment from the 1st century BC. Above that was a stone-built embankment in front of Diocletian’s palace from the 3rd- 4th century AD. The third 26 V. Begovic & I Schrunk: Cultural Heritage Between the Mountains and the Sea in the Eastern Adriatic and fourth phases of construction belonged to the early Byzantine period and the medieval period respec- tively. At the level above them was a stone-built embankment from the Venetian period in the 15th/16th century. And above all of them was the modern embankment built in the early 20th century.

Figure 8. The reconstruction of the stone-built embankment in the historic city of Split In 2007 the new embankment was built on an even higher level than any previous waterfront structures. The embankments have been built higher and higher through centuries. We may wonder for how long in the future will the latest construction be sufficiently high to protect the basement of Diocletian’s palace from the sea flood.

Abbreviations

AAAd Antichità altoadriatiche, Atti delle Settimane di Studi aquilesi, Aquileia-Udine ARR Arheološki radovi i rasprave, Zagreb Bilten HAZU Bilten Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti GZM Glasnik zemaljskog muzeja, Sarajevo Izdanja HAD Izdanja, Hrvatsko arheološko društvo, Zagreb JÖAI Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Instituts, Wien JRA Journal of Roman Archaeology MZK Mittheilungen der Zentralkommission für Erforschung und Erhaltung der Denkmalpflege, Wien OpArch Opuscula Archaeologica, Zagreb Prilozi IARH Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju, Zagreb VAMZ Vjesnik Arheološkog muzeja, Zagreb

References

[1] V. Begović Dvoržak, K. Vondra 1994, Ideal reconstruction of St. Mary Church on Brioni Islands – GIS environment, Informacije i informatyka w administraciji publicznej, tom II, Katowice, 98-99

27 V. Begovic & I Schrunk: Cultural Heritage Between the Mountains and the Sea in the Eastern Adriatic

[2] V. Begović Dvoržak 1997, Rekonstrukcija crkve sv. Marije na Velom Brijunu, GIS u Hrvatskoj, INA-info, Zagreb, 125-139 [3] V. Begović Dvoržak 1997, Utvrđivanje cjelovitog areala ranocarskog rezidencijalnog kompleksa u uvali Verige na Brijunima, Arheološka istraživanja u Istri, Izdanja HAD, Zagreb, 85-96 [4] V. Begović Dvoržak, I. Dvoržak Schrunk 2004, Possibilities of using aerial Photos in Preparations of archaeologi- cal Excavations – Maritime Villas on the eastern Adriatic Coast, Geographical Information Systems in Research & Practice, Zagreb, 441-447 [5] V. Begović, I. Schrunk 2004, Roman Villas in Istria and Dalmatia, Part III: Maritime villas, Prilozi Instituta za ar- heologiju, Zagreb, 2004, 65-90 [6] V. Begović, I. Schrunk 2008, Rising of the sea level on the eastern Adriatic coast, Proceedings of the 1st Interna- tional Conference on Remote Sensing Techniques in Disaster Management and Emergency Response in the Medi- terranean Region, Zagreb, 289-300 [7] V. Begović, D. Kereković, I. Schrunk 2009, The archaeological Topography of Croatia in Classical Antiquity, Roman Villas in Croatia (part of Roman Pannonia, Histria and Dalmatia), Time, GIS & Future, Zagreb, 131-142 [8] R. Bennett et all, 2008, Eocene to present subduction of southern Adria mantle lithosphere beneath the Dinarides, Geology, vol. 36, Issue 1, 3-6 [9] Z. Brusić 1998, Antička u Polačama na otoku Mljetu, Izdanja Hrvatskog arheološkog društva 12, Zagreb, 139-151 [10] N. Cambi, 2000, Antika, Split [11] A. Degrassi, 1962, I Porti romani nell'Istria, scritti vari di antichita, Rome [12] V. Delonga, 2007, Arheološka istraživanja na splitskoj Rivi 2006.-2007.godine : isječci z fotografskog dnevnika Zorana Alajbega Muzej hrvatskih arheoloških spomenika, Split [13] K. Džin, 1995, Spomenički nalazi i projekt eko-arheološkog parka Vižula kod Medulina, Histria Antiqua 1, Pula, 73-78 [14] A. Faber, 1966, Prilog topografiji ilirsko-rimskog Epidaura, Opuscula Archaeologica, 6, Zagreb, 25-38 [15] A. Faber, 1998, Antičko naselje na Murteru, Izdanja Hrvatskog arheološkog društva 19, Zagreb, 97-108 [16] B. Fagan, 2008, The Great Warming: Climate Change and the Rise and Fall of Civilizations, New York [17] I. Fisković, 1999, Jesu li Polače na Mljetu bile sijelo vladara Dalmacije, Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju 15-16, Za- greb, 61-82 [18] A. Gnirs, 1908, Beobachtungen űber den Meeres während der letzen zwei Jahrtausende, Geographische mitteilun- gen, Wien [19] S. Glušćević, N. Bolšec Ferri, 2003, Izvješće o podmorskim arheološkim radovima u Katoru kod Umaga, Obavi- jesti Hrvatskog arheološkog društva 1, god XXV, Zagreb, 114-120 [20] G. Hudec, V. Begović 1993 Mogućnosti primjene digitalne obrade aerosnimaka u pripremi arheoloških istraživanja – Possibilities of using aerial photos in preparations of archaeological excavations. Bilten savjeta za daljinska istraživanja i fotointerpretaciju, Croatian Academy of science and art, Zagreb 12 77-83 [21] D. Kereković, K. Buntak, B. Dautović 2004, BIS Machine, Geographical Information Systems in Research & Practice, Zagreb, 434-440 [22] B. Kirigin, E. Marin 1989, Arheološki vodič po srednjoj Dalmaciji, Split [23] N. Kolega 2008, Determination of sea flood areas using lidar data , Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Remote Sensing Techniques in Disaster Management and Emergency Response in the Mediterranean Region, Zagreb, 199-208 [24] R. Matijašić, 1989, Gospodarstvo antičke Istre, Pula [25] G. Novak, 1972, Hvar kroz stoljeća, Zagreb [26] F. Oreb, 1990, Otok Šolta, Split [27] M. Petrić, 2008, Rimska villa maritima od ruine do arheološkog parka, Nautica, August 2008, 166-170 [28] I. Schrunk, V. Begović, 2000, Roman estates on the islands of Brioni, Istria, Journal of Roman Archaeology 13, Ann Arbor, 253-276 [29] H. Schwalb, 1902, Rőmische villa bei Pola, Wien [30] A. Simović et all, 1993, Navigational Guide to the Adriatic – Croatian coast, Leksikografski zavod, Zagreb [31] M. Suić, 1992, Episcopus Cessensis – Iterum, Croatica Christiana, Zagreb, 11-36 [32] M. Suić, 2003, Antički grad, Zagreb [33] F. Tassaux, R. Matijašić, V. Kovačić, 2001, Loron (Croatie), Bordeaux [34] D. Vrsalović, 1974, Istraživanje i zaštita podmorskih arheoloških lokaliteta u Hrvatskoj, Zagreb [35] M. Zaninović,1988, Villae rusticae na području Epidaura, Izdanja Hrvatskog arheološkog društva 13, Zagreb, 89-100 [36] M. Zaninović, 1990, Liberov hram u Polačama na otoku Mljetu, Arheološki Vestnik 41, , 725-732

28