2017-09-13

WATER SAVING CHALLENGE

Field Study 5:

Figure 1. The with Vis in the middle. Photo courtesy of Samantha Cristoforetti/NASA

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WATER SAVING CHALLENGE Christian Pleijel

[email protected] Tel +358-457-342 88 25

FIELD STUDY: VIS

Content 1 Summary 2 2 Introduction 3 The assignment The client Study objects The three levels of an island Methodology 3 The water of the island 6 Location Geology Hydrology and climate Vegetation 4 The water of the islanders 8 Human pressure Virtual distance Water consumption 5 The water of the community 14 Governance Water procurement Wastewater Water quality Cost and taxes Future plans 6 Water saving 22 Benchmark #1 Benchmark #2 Benchmark #3 7 References 23

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FIELD STUDY: VIS

1 Summary Vis is a Croatian island in the Adriatic Sea, 55 kilometers from the mainland, with an area of 90 km2. 3,460 persons live in the island’s two municipalities. Ten times the population comes to visit every year = 36,750 tourists, spending some 200,000 days on the island. The pressure on the islands' freshwater system (as well as energy distribution, sewage and waste recuperation and treatment, roads, ports, telephones, internet, transports, postal services, healthcare and fire brigade) from is not so high. The water supply system of the island uses its own sources of drinking water from two lo- cations: Korita (drilled wells) and Pizdica (fresh water spring). The pumping station Korita is located in the interior of the island above five drilled wells containing water at depth of approximately 160 meter. Water is pressured into a pumping pool from where it is distrib- uted to consumers (20 l/s). The amount of water needed for the island can be estimated to 139,000 m3 (139 million liters). To manage the water scheme, Vis has a company owned by the two municipalities to- gether, which uses an impressive IT system to guard, calibrate and manage water supply on the island. To save water, there was a household water saving campaign by SUNCE (needs to be de- scribed), there are public announcements and there are limitations in water use for tour- ists (yachts). The island would like to get through this summer season without having to turn off the water supply. There is an interesting idea of engaging school kids in water sav- ing.

Vis, May 2017 Christian Pleijel

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2 Introduction 2.1 The assignment The Vis study is part of an assignment to search for, find, describe and share good exam- ples of water saving practices on eight European islands, islands who do not solve water scarcity just by bringing more water through pipelines, desalination plants and tankers, but are making efforts to save water. The project is looking for best practices within four areas of water saving actions: 1 Training: Information, good examples, schooling, campaigns, understanding that water has different qualities which can be used for different purposes. 2 Engineering: Technologies for reducing water consumption in households (water taps, showerheads, toilet sinks etc), for reducing leakages in mains and pipes, for more effi- cient desalination/reverse osmosis processes, treatment of wastewater etc. 3 Billing: Differentiated pricing of (municipal) water that lead to water saving. 4 Cutting: Switching off the (municipal) water: mostly for shorter periods of time. Obstacles to save water can be found in governance (water saving is not a political issue), regulations, cost, taxes and financial obstacles (the water company does not earn money by saving water), no ‘sense of urgency’, sustainability indicators are underdeveloped or inexistent, management (saving is not an objective), human behaviour, business threats (water saving might ruin the visitors’ experiences and damage the island’s brand), tech- nology and over-capacity (the island has a system which procures more water than the is- land needs, even in peaks). 2.2 The client The assignment has been given to the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm by MEP Tonino Picula from , the Hellenic Small Islands Network, l'Association des îles du Ponant, the Irish Islands Federation/Comhdháil Oileáin na hÉireann and ESIN – the European Small Islands Federation.

2.3 Study objects Eight islands are included in the project: Tilos and Ithaka in Greece, and Vis in Croatia, Sein and Houat in France, Inisheer and Cape Clear in Ireland. They have been cho- sen because they (a) all have a scarcity of freshwater, (b) represent different sizes, seas, hydrogeology, climate, size of population and remoteness, (c) have what seems to be inter- esting solutions for saving water, and (d) have been in previous contact with us which makes it easy to obtain true data within a limited time and budget.

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Figure 2. The eight islands in the study 2.4 The three levels of an island The freshwater system of an island can be described as three interlinked levels: a The water of the island This is the basic geophysical system level which encompasses the physical geographical conditions on the islands no matter if people live there or not: geology, oceans, skies, hy- drology, meteorology, flora and fauna. This is the physical landscape. b The water of the islanders At the next level, humans move in and make their human footprints: they build houses and villages, till the soil and water, eat, drink, walk, arrange their social life with children, schools, elderly care, health care and security. This is the cultural landscape. c The water of the community At the top level, the humans build a common infrastructure of roads, water, sewer, tele- phone, broadband, fossil and renewable energy sources, ports and ships. Water is pro- duced, distributed, managed, financed and administrated; This is the technical landscape.

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2.5 Methodology Data about the islands has been collected through desktop research and field studies, dur- ing which we made make semi-structured interviews with politicians, technicians and citi- zens, investigated technical installations, took part of documents, plans, studies, maps and earlier research. This field study on Vis was undertaken by Christian Pleijel and Ivan Matic on the 28th, 29th and 30th of May, 2017, under supervision of professor Anders Nordström from the Univer- ity of Stockholm and professor Sara Borgström at KTH. We are most thankful to the water manager Slaven Kevo and the mayor of Komiza Tonka Ivcevic for their time and efforts to answer our questions and guide us around the island.

Figure 3. Ivan Matic Figure 4. Slaven Kevo Figure 5. Tonka Ivčević

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3 The water of the island 3.1 Location Vis is a Croatian island located in the Adriatic Sea 55 km from the mainland. The surface of the island is 90 km2. It is surrounded by numerous smaller islands: Biševo, Budikovac, , Jabuka, Ravnik and .

Figure 6. Vis and its neighbouring islands

3.2 Geology Three hill chains and two valleys containing several smaller karst fields are well distinguished. The highest point of the island is Hum 587 m abobe sea level. Rock composition: cretaceous limestone and dolomite; Triassic and clastic rocks.

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Figure 7. Schematic hydrogeological map of Vis1

Figure 8. Schematic hydrogeological map of Vis2, section A – B. Note how low the groundwater surface is. Not far above sea level, which means great difficulty in getting fresh water from the wells.

1 Kapelj, Terzij, Kapelj and Dolij: Recent hydrogeologic study of the Vis island (2002) 2 Kapelj, Terzij, Kapelj and Dolij: Recent hydrogeologic study of the Vis island (2002)

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The groundwater formation is estimated at approximately 400 mm and takes place almost completely during the winter. The groundwater flows quickly into the limestone that dom- inates the island's bedrock. Figure 8 clearly shows that the groundwater surface is very close to the sea level, which is not usually normal in, for example, granite bedrock. This indicates big problems in getting freshwater from the island's groundwater.

3.3 Hydrology and climate Vis has a Mediterranean climate with long and hot summers. The yearly sunny hours are above 2,600 hours, the average summer humidity is 64% and the average yearly tempera- ture is 160C. Very high medium air temperature in August (260C) and droughts during sev- eral months. Years without rain for 3-4 months are not rare. The winters are soft (medium air temperature in January is 100C). The average yearly rainfall of 800 mm (not confirmed). There are no surface waterflows except after heavy rainfall (typical for Adriatic islands).

3.4 Vegetation Mediterranean evergreen vegetation of low bush type is dominant. Olives, lemon, manda- rin and vines are cultivated.

Figure 9. View of Komiza

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4 The water of the islanders There are two villages on Vis: Vis and Komiza, located on each end of the island. The dis- tance between the villages by the old road which passes south of the island is 20 km over the pass Sveti Mihovil. During Austro-Hungary times, the island had three times more inhabitants than today. There are numerous causes of such demographic decline: the first disease of the vines, the First World War (which led numerous Komižaans to emigrate to America), the Second World War, the harsh military isolation of the island, coupled with the associated eco- nomic downturn, led to a large outflow of young people who went looking for a job. In the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century there were well developed fisheries and a fish processing industry mostly in Komiza (seven factories), while Vis and the vil- lages in the interior of the island were more oriented to viticulture.

Figure 10. Komiža’s fish processing factory closed down in 2012 after years of struggle In socialist Yugoslavia, for the sake of its strategic position, Vis was closed to foreigners (the ban on the arrival of aliens was abolished only in 1989) and it was completely con- verted into a great military fort. More than 30 military facilities were located here, includ- ing an underground military hospital and a naval shelter tunnel. The consequence of the half-century isolation was an economic downturn and inability of tourism development, associated with a massive emigration of the population. After the independence of Croatia and the departure of the army from the island (on 30 May 1992, almost six months after Croatia's international recognition), migration stopped and tourism development began. In the 1990’s, the municipalities of Vis and Komiza were rebuilt and received the status of cities in 1997. Today the economy of the island is directed towards forestry and fisheries (22%), services for accommodation and food service (20%), wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor ve- hicles and motorcycles, manufacturing (5%) and administrative services (2%).

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FIELD STUDY: VIS

4.1 Human pressure Today, Vis has a lucrative nautical tourism sustained by two large anchorages in Komiža and Vis. There are 4 hotels, several thousand beds in private accommodation and one un- declared camp. Vis and Komiza have 3,460 permanent residents together (2011), 36,750 tourist arrivals and 213,894 overnight stays (2015), most from June to October. The human pressure on the islands' infrastructure including freshwater, energy distribu- tion, sewage and waste recuperation and treatment, roads, ports, telephones, internet, transports, postal services, healthcare and fire brigade, can be calculated as follows:

Residents 365 days 3,460 1,262,900 man-days Visitors 5-6 days 36,750 213,894 man-days Sum of man-days 1,476,794 man-days Table 1: Human pressure on Vis The human pressure on the island is thus about 1,5 million man-days. If divided by 365 days, it is equivalent to a resident population of 4,046 inhabitants. The pressure from humans is very uneven, peaking in the four summer months when wa- ter is most scarce, the population rises approximately 2.8 times. A hot day in August, 6,000 visitors plus 3,500 residents are on the island = 9,500 p/90 km2 = 108 p/km2. 4.2 Remoteness Vis is situated 55 kilometres from the mainland. It is connected by ferry line Split-Vis-Split. In addition to the ferry line there is also a fast-shipping line that connects the island of Vis once a week with Split and . Through the town of Komiža passes the state road DC 117 Komiža-Podhumlje-Vis. State Road D117 is a total of 19.9 kilometers long. It connects Komiža with Podhumlje, Podšpilje, Dračevo, Plisko Polje and Vis. The city passes along the county road ŽC 6212 Komiža-Vis overall length of 9.9 kilometers. From the local roads in the city area there is LC 67216 Women Head linking to state road D117. There is a bus line Vis-Komiža-Vis. The town of Komiza is also connected to the island Biševo, which is 5 nautical miles from Komiža. The air traffic is directed at the Split airport, and the railway to the Split railway station.

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4.3 Water requirement

CONSUMER’S PERSPECTIVE In , the average daily water consump- tion rate per capita varies between 40 and 150 litres per day. In Croatia, it is 120 liters / person and day according to Eurostat3, whereof 8 litres for food and drinking, 48 li- tres for bath and shower, 20 litres for dishes, 12 litres for washing, 8 litres for other pur- poses and 26 litres for flushing the toilet.

The darker the colour of the water in the diagram, the less purified does it need to be. It is perfectly sound to flush your toilets with rainwater (dark blue) but many people buy bot- tled water to drink (light blue). From earlier studies of small island water consumption4, it is reasonable to assume that resident islanders use 75% of the national average 120 litres/day = 90 l/d and tourists the Croatian average = 120 l/d. Based on the calculation in table 1, the yearly water consumption on Vis can be estimated to 51 million litres:

Category Man-days Consumption Total litres/day consumption Residents (365 days) 3,460 90 133,661 m3 Visitors 36,750 120 25,667 m3 Total water consumption 139,328 m3 Table 2: Calculated yearly water use on Vis Given the average water consumption of Croatian people (120 litres according to Euro- stat5), the island would need 139 million litres (139,238 m3) of freshwater per year. Of this, 10 million litres are used for drinking and cooking, 56 million litres for showering and bathing, and 28 million litres for flushing toilets.

3 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File: Total_freshwater_abstraction_by_public_water_supply,_2013_(m³_per_inhabitant)_YB16.png 4 http://www.stromstad.se/byggaboochmiljo/vattenochavlopp/vakosteroarna.4.fc6ae6c153c5fdf8ad127e2.html 5 Geology of the Ionian Islands, Higgins & Higgins (1996)

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PRODUCER’S PERSPECTIVE

Figure 11: Water production 2016 Figure 11 shows the islands total water production in 2016, peaking early August and dis- tinct low water consumption July 14-19 when it was raining with no people bathing, no showering at beaches and hotels. The consumption of water per capita for household purposes in the previous year was 67 m3, for industry purposes 26 m3.

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5 The water of the community 5.1 Governance Croatia has 452 municipalities (they were 200 in former Yugoslavia) with Vis island and its two self-governed municipalities Vis and Komiža belonging to the Split-Dalma- tia County. Taxation is solely managed by the state and partly reversed to the munici- palities. The two municipalities have a joint owned water management company based in Korita on the municipality border. In Croatia, water management is entirely under municipal jurisdiction while building permits are issued by the County.

Figure 12: Municipalities in Split- county. Observe the size of Vis and Komiza, when the sea is included

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FIELD STUDY: VIS

Both Vis and Komiza have recently passed Strategic Develop- ment Plans for the period 2015-2020. It is the opinion of Komiza mayor Tonka Ivčević that the island shuld have a joint strategic plan with a common structure6. The two municipalities do not want to merge for identity rea- sons, although it is said to give huge savings. Well-functioning cooperation such as water management could be extended to other areas. In 2009, the municipalities service/infrastructure company was restructured and water management was made into a separate company “Vodovod Otoka Visa-Komiza”. Leak- ages were 70%, constant interruptions, no one knew how many water meters were in- stalled, bad billing system, the clients were not paying – big challenges! Water investments have been 280 million kuna (~38 million euro) from 2011 to 2017, funded by Croatian Water by 80 percent, and by 10 percent from the two municipalities respectively. 5.2 Energy In winter time the water system is only pumping at night, when electricity is cheap. Water reservoirs are run on photovoltaic and wind energy.

Figure 13: Water reservoir with solar panels and wind turbine

6 Interview with Tonka Ivčević May 30, 2017

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Figure 14: The water scheme of Vis 5.3 Water procurement WATER SUPPLY The water supply system of the island uses its own sources of drinking water from two lo- cations: “Korita" (drilled wells) and “Pizdica” (fresh water spring). The pumping station “Korita" is located in the interior of the island above five drilled wells containing water at depth of approx. 160m. Water is pressured into a pumping pool from where it is distributed to consumers (20 l/s). This is from where the water system is monitored by means of a very sophisticated IT sys- tem, making is possible to see the state of each pump and every reservoir in real-time.

Figure 13: Monitoring the water system of Vis

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The “Pizdica” spring is located in the gallery drilled in a solid rock close to shore in the bay of Komiža, deep inside the 587 meter high mountain Hum.

Figure 14: The bay of Komiža with the entrance to the well to the left

Figure 15 A and B: The half-moon shaped gallery entrance

Figure 16: The pumping room Figure 17: Pizdica monitored in Korita

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Figure 18: The tunnel Figure 19: The source To visit the source, you leave the road at a height of about 250 meters and descend on a pathway which becomes a serpentine trail down the mountainside. Getting more rugged, with simple stairs, plateaus, risk to slip and dope. There are wild , blackberries, hedge flowers, rosemary and St. John's wort. Through many turns, bends and staggering dumps, you eventually land on a beach with decayed buildings. Vis was a floating fortress with bunkers and caves for torpedo boats during Yugoslav time. No visits were allowed. The Pizdica source was the only known natural water resource of the island and therefore carefully guarded by the military, who had a posting here and carefully guarded it from attacks of all kinds. Two iron 50 meters apart close the double entrance to the spring, connected by a half-moon-shaped gallery, built to bear the pressure of a 500 kiloton bomb. A heavy steel leads into today's pumping room, where a small side door leads through a long narrow tunnel deep into the mountain, with the water pipe from the source on the floor. It is dark with simple lamps every ten meters. The passage turns once more. The pipe has taps into the mountain. You hear the water gurgle, and, after another bend, you are at the source. It is a small basin, 2 x 2 meter, one meter deep, giving 4 litres per second during summer, 3-4 times more winter time. The water is cold and clear and tastes a little salty. It is spectacular. First the steep descent, then the jealous, oversized steel and concrete de- fense of the source, then today's impressive engineering solution to extract the water of the source, finally at the bottom of the mountain the ancient, mysterious source, the holy origin of life. The Croatian word Pizdica literally means "small vagina” and the spring is refered to as “Pussy fountain”. PRIVATE WELLS Private wells attached to private homes are common throughout the island.

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RESERVOIRS 17 water reservoirs were renovated in 2015. This was the levels on May 30, 2017 (see fig 13): Vis 359 m3 8,6 l/s Komiza 1 1,5 l/s Komiza 2 325 m3 0,7 l/s Vela Glava 0 l/s Podhumlje 853 m3 2,5 l/s VS Kut 88 m3 2,5 l/s PK Komiza 25 m3 Marine Zemlje 46 m3 0,9 l/s Sturiste 0 0 l/s Borovik 213 m3 0,4 l/s Cunkovica 1,060 m3 2,3 l/s Podstrazje 164 m3 0,5 l/s 59 m3 0,7 l/s Rukavac 169 m3 0,5 l/s CS Korita SCECE 2 m3 0 l/s Zena Glava 58 m3 0,1 l/s Smokova 8 m3 0 l/s Table 3: water reservoir data May 30, 2107 DISTRIBUTION The length of the water supply system in the city of Komiža in 2014 amounted to 85 km. There is also a water tank lorry, as a backup.

Figure 20: The water tank lorry

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RAINWATER “In older times, every house had its own water tank. Now, because there are no reductions, no subventions and good water, they don’t do it anymore.”7

Figure 21: Rainwater collector outside Vis village Figure 22: Rainwater collector above Komiza

5.4 Wastewater There are 800 individual sewages that wouldn’t pass a modern examination. Only 5 per- cent are being emptied by the municipality. The drainage system is 11 kilometers long and has a mixed approach to sewerage ac- ceptance and drainage. there is no wastewater treatment plant in the drainage system. Wastewater is released into the sea. Certain days, it is possible to see the grey water re- lease in the middle of Komiza Bay. Solid waste is assembled in a huge landfill situated on Hum above the Pizdica spring. It is very expensive to bring waste to the mainland. The island has very low standards of wastewater treatment. This is a priority in the munic- ipal plan (see 5.7 below).

7 Slaven Kevo, May 30

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5.5 Shortage and quality aspects

For the moment (May 2017) the water leaks in the system are about 25 percent. A study will be undertaken on how this could be optimised.

5.6 Costs and taxes Thanks to its own sources, water on Vis is cheap with a price of 1.06 euro per m3 for households (compared to 1.15 euro in Split and 1.56 euro in Dubrovnik) and 1.42 euro per m3 for businesses (compared to 2.04 eur in Split). 5.7 Future plans In the Komiza Strategic Development plan, one chapter is about environmental protection and infrastructure. It includes this SWOT analysis:

Figure 23: SWOT analysis Slaven Kevo – water manager of Vis – suggests that the school should pay more attention to water. Maybe there ought to be a ”water week” with focus on the water issues in the world, in Europe, in Croatia and on the islands, engaging the kids in water metering (”how much water is your family using per week for different purposes?”), how much water is used by tourists and industries, what is water, how water can be saved, how others do, maybe making a water conservation campaign?

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6 Water saving As mentioned under 2.1, water can be saved through (1) training, (2) engineering, (3) bill- ing and (4) switching off the (municipal) water. Vis uses (2) and (4) while the idea to en- gage school kids in water saving belongs to category (1) and should not be forgotten. 6.1 Benchmark #1: Engineering Tribute must be paid to the impressive information technology with which the water sys- tem of Vis can be supervised, calibrated and developed. Good, accurate, reliable data is the basis for just and efficient saving and conservation efforts. 6.2 Benchmark #2: The EkoPartner program Both Vis and Lastovo have promoted installation of extensions for saving water in house- holds and guest apartments. Vis part of the project was privately initiated and privately paid for, while Lastovo part of the project was funded by public funds. Consequently, Vis has more of extensions installed in private households while Lastovo has more of them in private businesses. Starting in 2008, the Association for Nature, Environment and Sustainable development Sunce developed EkoPartner, an eco-certification program for environmentally-responsi- ble private tourist accommodations (apartments, rural homes and small hotels) in Dalma- tia. The mission of EkoPartner was to protect the environment and nature, to preserve the socio-cultural identity of the local community and to promote sustainable development. EkoPartner certification program included 10 basic eco criteria, such as water saving (wa- ter flow reducers), waste recycling (at least one type of waste), energy efficiency (LED lights), washing & cleaning with eco products, green transport, local community involve- ment, organic and local food, noise & light pollution, traditional architecture, knowledge improvement (workshops & materials). The first three criteria (water, energy and waste) were obligatory, while the rest of them were recommended. To be able to fulfil more easily the water saving criteria, Sunce cooperated with Preval EkoFrend – a company which works in the field of green industry and offers water and en- ergy saving devices. The staff is professional & innovative and consequently the company has good references (such as Hilton Hotels, island Obonjan, etc.). Tourist accommodations were implementing water flow reducers - nozzles which were attached to the water tap to reduce the amount of water from the average 12 to 6 liters per minute or less and to strengthen the water jet. EkoPartner Program provided eco certificate to 30 small tourist accommodations (10 from Split, 10 from and 10 from Lastovo). On Dugi Otok and Lastovo, water flow reducers (and LED lights) were fully funded by the project SEA-Med; Development of eco- nomic activities in Mediterranean Marine Protected areas. In October 2016, EkoPartner

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Program was presented on island Vis (presentations were held in Vis and Komiža) and certified 5 new tourist accommodations. The evaluation of EkoPartner Program shows that the program represented a quality product, but a lack of innovation and marketing activities. This results in the small number of accommodation owners, interested in eco-certification program. There should be pri- marily more emphasis on presentation of calculations for cost reduction, to prove that go- ing ‘green’ really pays off, (instead of just giving focus and promoting environmental pro- tection) and also on education about sustainable tourism (local communities are unfortu- nately not familiar with this term). Taking this into account, Association Sunce has started a new project in July 2017, called Greening’’ Dalmatian Tourism Offer. During this project, a new innovative eco-certification program will be developed, called Dalmatia Green. This program will provide several dis- counts to tourist accommodations from the green industry companies, to enable an easier step into eco-friendly business. Dalmatia Green will differentiate eco-friendly accommoda- tions and list them on Ecobnb.com – an international platform for booking of sustainable accommodations. We continue our cooperation with Preval, so that every Dalmatia Green member can use 20% discount on their products and thus fulfil more easily the water saving criteria. We will also provide materials for the guests - Tips how to be a sustainable tourist, where we’ll encourage them to use the water wisely. 6.3 Benchmark #3: No water for yachts It is forbidden for yachts to wash boats and for their crews to take showers in the port.

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8 References Eurostat: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File: Total_fresh- water_abstraction_by_public_water_supply,_2013_(m³_per_inhabitant)_YB16.png Grada Komiže : STRATEŠKI RAZVOJNI PROGRAM za razdoblje od 2015. do 2020 / City of Komiza: STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM For the period from 2015 to 2020 Interview with Tonka Ivčević, mayor of Komiža, Interview with Slaven Kevo, Water Manager on Komiža, [email protected] Interview with Nastya Logar, SUNCE, [email protected] Kapelj, Terzij, Kapelj and Dolij: Recent hydrogeologic study of the Vis island (2002) Nordström, Anders: Dricksvatten för en hållbar framtid (2005) Spilanis et al, the ESPON 2013 Programme The Development of the Islands – European Is- lands and Cohesion Policy (EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis (2013) Pleijel: How to Read an Island (2015) Pleijel: VA Kosteröarna (2017) http://www.stromstad.se/byggaboochmiljo/vattenochav- lopp/vakosteroarna.4.fc6ae6c153c5fdf8ad127e2.html Wikipedia https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiža

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