DOCSLIB.ORG

A Case Study of Cahokia's Mound 72 Kathryn Koziol University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Case Study of Cahokia's Mound 72 Kathryn Koziol University of Arkansas, Fayetteville University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 12-2010 Violence, Symbols, and the Archaeological Record: A Case Study of Cahokia's Mound 72 Kathryn Koziol University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Native American Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Koziol, Kathryn, "Violence, Symbols, and the Archaeological Record: A Case Study of Cahokia's Mound 72" (2010). Theses and Dissertations. 63. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/63 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VIOLENCE, SYMBOLS, AND THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD: A CASE STUDY OF CAHOKIA'S MOUND 72 VIOLENCE, SYMBOLS, AND THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD: A CASE STUDY OF CAHOKIA'S MOUND 72 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology By Kathryn M. Koziol University of Albany, SUNY Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology Honors, 2002 University of Albany, SUNY Master of Arts in Anthropology-Archaeology, 2004 December 2010 University of Arkansas ABSTRACT Acts of violence are not always easily distinguished in their form. Given the additional difficulties caused by the obscure nature of the archaeological record, it is no wonder that interpretations of these behaviors are so skewed both between and within fields of research. There is little consistency in this academic dialogue, which prevents researchers from grappling with the larger perspectives that should be approached. For instance, just how far back in our human history have events such as genocide occurred? Are these modern in origin? The scale of ancient events and our anthropological scopes need more adjustment to the unique conditions of the archaeological context if we seek to gain the deep-time perspective. In this dissertation, I am opening that dialogue between the fields of anthropology by comparing modern cases of violence to some events in the distant past by using Mound 72, Cahokia as the case study. Ultimately, I conclude that our current definitions of populations that are protected by international laws do not reflect current anthropological thinking, across all fields, about the flexibility in notions of population identity and identification. The rigid interpretations that have been employed to date in these laws are too restrictive and do little to enhance the protection for many targeted populations. ©2010 by Kathryn M. Koziol All Rights Reserved This dissertation is approved for Recommendation to the Graduate Council Dissertation Director: _______________________________________ Dr. Jerome C. Rose Thesis Committee: _______________________________________ Dr. George Sabo III _______________________________________ Dr. JoAnn D'Alisera DISSERTATION DUPLICATION RELEASE I hereby authorize the University of Arkansas Libraries to duplicate this dissertation when needed for research and/or scholarship. Agreed __________________________________________ Kathryn M. Koziol Refused __________________________________________ Kathryn M. Koziol ACKNOWLEDGMENTS All projects that grow to the size of a dissertation are filled with a cast of people who contribute largely without having been specifically acknowledged and thanked during the initial stages. Upon looking back, we can see just how crucial their roles were to the completion of this project. At times we can recognize and isolate specific influences from faculty committee members, while other important influences remain shy of the center stage. I would like to call to light just a few of those people who helped shape this project; some more aware of their contributions than others. I am truly grateful for all the inspiration, encouragement, and feedback I have received throughout this endeavor from so many individuals. I would also like to express my heartfelt thanks to my dissertation chair, Jerome Rose for opening the curtain to this project, and sharing his extensive data and knowledge. He and my other committee members, JoAnn D'Alisera and George Sabo have all been there to challenge, encourage, and help me tweak this project into a dissertation. Thank you all for having open doors, and welcoming me in these spaces as I made my tracks through Old Main. I will miss poking my head into each of your offices. You have each significantly shaped my research and psyche. I am humbled by each of you and your accomplishments. Your respective expertise have been an ongoing inspiration. Sincerely, I thank you. To my incredible sister Christine Frechette, thank you for taking the time out of your busy schedule to help with the editing process. I am truly grateful for your assistance and cannot begin to express the full extent of my gratitude without having you read another dissertation. vi To continue, I really need to step back to my beginnings. I would like to thank all of the people who shaped me as a person, notably my parents, siblings, nieces, and nephews. Each of you has greatly impacted my life, and I could not have became who I am today without your love and support. Monica, Dan, April, and of course Duncan— you know that you are all family too, so read the line above! You have all always been there to guide and support me and I am truly grateful. Thank you for lending sympathetic ears and just being your own wonderful selves. I will always appreciate how much you all have given and forgiven. Thank you for always believing in me. Thank you for being patient. I need to make known my great appreciation for those who took on some of the behind-the-scene roles in my academic success. Carl P. Hitt, Sarah Horne, and Vicky Hartwell, thank you for making the administrative aspects run so smoothly throughout my stay at the University of Arkansas. I would be at a loss without each you, and strongly feel that you each deserve my humble thanks. With this, I extend a heartfelt thank you to the Anthropology Department and to Graduate School for your support throughout my tenure at the University of Arkansas. I am additionally grateful to the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee's Anthropology Department for granting their considerate approval to include images of the Mound 72 burials taken during field sessions by Jerome C. Rose and Ann Early under Melvin Fowler's direction. Many thanks. It would be impossible to individually name all the friends and peers who have lent their intellectual and emotional support along the way. Instead, I would like to say more generally, a special thanks to my friends and peers from the Departments of vii Anthropology in Arkansas and Albany. Your kind words, deep thoughts, and hearty livers will not be forgotten. Without you all and the occasional trip to the watering hole, this process would have become entirely overwhelming, and perhaps too high a mountain for me to climb on my own. Andy, I want to extend to you a special thanks. You have been a great friend throughout some rough spots and were instrumental to this endeavor. Thank you for sharing insights and for always being there to throw around the intellectual balls. May we continue to work together in the future. Finally, I must thank the RZ crowd, and my Old Main basement buddies; I love you guys! Many good times were had in those haunts, and I always left our conversations with a smile. Lastly, and certainly not least, thank you to my guildies for all of your patience and for distracting me as needed. viii DEDICATION I wish to dedicate this dissertation to those who touched my heart and soul throughout the years: To Duncan R. Luke for sticking by my side and making each day happier than the last. To my “parental units” for telling me I could. To my siblings for never telling me that I could not. To my dearest friends for sticking by when things became rough and helping me find my way back. To my furballs for loving me no matter what. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Approval sheet iii Copyright page iv Dissertation duplication release v Acknowledgments vi Dedication ix Contents x List of Figures xiii List of Tables xiv Chapters I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. VIOLENCE, PEACEMAKING, AND THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL PAST 27 A. Anthropological Theories of Violent Acts 34 1. Biological Models 36 2. Cultural Models 39 3. Evolutionary Models 40 4. Environmental Models 43 B. Exploring Modern Examples in Archaeological Research 47 C. Mass Violence and the Archaeological Record 51 5. Informing Research with Modern Examples 52 6. Anticipated trends 61 III. PREHISTORIC VIOLENCE IN THE NEW WORLD 64 D. Essentialism as an Interpretive Trap 66 E. Scope and Scaling 70 7. Scope: An Anthropologist's Perspective 72 8. Scale 75 9. Causation 81 F. Evidence of Violence in the New World 83 10. Bioarchaeological 84 11. Archaeological 87 12. Iconographic 89 13. Ethnohistoric and Historical Records 92 14. Oral Traditions 99 G. Bringing the Evidence Together 102 x IV. SOCIALLY INDUCED TRAUMA: AD 900-1350 105 H. Overview of Patterned Violence 108 15. Consolidation, Defense, Locations, Bufferzones 113 16. Cahokia's Mound 72, Illinois 115 17. Aztalan, Wisconsin 124 18. Orendorf Site, Illinois 126 19. East St. Louis, Illinois 127 20. Fortifications and Pathological Evidence 128 21. Dickson Mounds, Illinois 131 22. Larson Village, West-Central Illinois 132 23. Moundville, Alabama 133 24. Fisher Site (11W11), Illinois 135 25. Norris Farms 36, Illinois 138 26. Crow Creek Site (39BF11), South Dakota 140 27. Larson Village and Larson Site, South Dakota 146 I. Summary and Discussion 148 V. CASE STUDY: CAHOKIA'S MIDDLE MISSISSIPPIAN MOUND 72 152 J. Cahokia's Physical and Cultural Background 153 K. Mortuary Setting at Cahokia 160 28.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Burial Mounds in Europe and Japan Comparative and Contextual Perspectives
    Comparative and Global Perspectives on Japanese Archaeology Burial Mounds in Europe and Japan Comparative and Contextual Perspectives edited by Access Thomas Knopf, Werner Steinhaus and Shin’ya FUKUNAGAOpen Archaeopress Archaeopress Archaeology © Archaeopress and the authors, 2018. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78969 007 1 ISBN 978 1 78969 008 8 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and the authors 2018 © All image rights are secured by the authors (Figures edited by Werner Steinhaus) Access Cover illustrations: Mori-shōgunzuka mounded tomb located in Chikuma-shi in Nagano prefecture, Japan, by Werner Steinhaus (above) Magdalenenberg burial mound at Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany,Open by Thomas Knopf (below) The printing of this book wasArchaeopress financed by the Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Oxuniprint, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com © Archaeopress and the authors, 2018. Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................................................... iii List of authors .................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Many-Storied Place
    A Many-storied Place Historic Resource Study Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Theodore Catton Principal Investigator Midwest Region National Park Service Omaha, Nebraska 2017 A Many-Storied Place Historic Resource Study Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Theodore Catton Principal Investigator 2017 Recommended: {){ Superintendent, Arkansas Post AihV'j Concurred: Associate Regional Director, Cultural Resources, Midwest Region Date Approved: Date Remove not the ancient landmark which thy fathers have set. Proverbs 22:28 Words spoken by Regional Director Elbert Cox Arkansas Post National Memorial dedication June 23, 1964 Table of Contents List of Figures vii Introduction 1 1 – Geography and the River 4 2 – The Site in Antiquity and Quapaw Ethnogenesis 38 3 – A French and Spanish Outpost in Colonial America 72 4 – Osotouy and the Changing Native World 115 5 – Arkansas Post from the Louisiana Purchase to the Trail of Tears 141 6 – The River Port from Arkansas Statehood to the Civil War 179 7 – The Village and Environs from Reconstruction to Recent Times 209 Conclusion 237 Appendices 241 1 – Cultural Resource Base Map: Eight exhibits from the Memorial Unit CLR (a) Pre-1673 / Pre-Contact Period Contributing Features (b) 1673-1803 / Colonial and Revolutionary Period Contributing Features (c) 1804-1855 / Settlement and Early Statehood Period Contributing Features (d) 1856-1865 / Civil War Period Contributing Features (e) 1866-1928 / Late 19th and Early 20th Century Period Contributing Features (f) 1929-1963 / Early 20th Century Period
    [Show full text]
  • I. a Consideration of Tine and Labor Expenditurein the Constrijction Process at the Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Sun and the Pover
    I. A CONSIDERATION OF TINE AND LABOR EXPENDITURE IN THE CONSTRIJCTION PROCESS AT THE TEOTIHUACAN PYRAMID OF THE SUN AND THE POVERTY POINT MOUND Stephen Aaberg and Jay Bonsignore 40 II. A CONSIDERATION OF TIME AND LABOR EXPENDITURE IN THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS AT THE TEOTIHUACAN PYRAMID OF THE SUN AND THE POVERTY POINT 14)UND Stephen Aaberg and Jay Bonsignore INTRODUCT ION In considering the subject of prehistoric earthmoving and the construction of monuments associated with it, there are many variables for which some sort of control must be achieved before any feasible demographic features related to the labor involved in such construction can be derived. Many of the variables that must be considered can be given support only through certain fundamental assumptions based upon observations of related extant phenomena. Many of these observations are contained in the ethnographic record of aboriginal cultures of the world whose activities and subsistence patterns are more closely related to the prehistoric cultures of a particular area. In other instances, support can be gathered from observations of current manual labor related to earth moving since the prehistoric constructions were accomplished manually by a human labor force. The material herein will present alternative ways of arriving at the represented phenomena. What is inherently important in considering these data is the element of cultural organization involved in such activities. One need only look at sites such as the Valley of the Kings and the great pyramids of Egypt, Teotihuacan, La Venta and Chichen Itza in Mexico, the Cahokia mound group in Illinois, and other such sites to realize that considerable time, effort and organization were required.
    [Show full text]
  • View / Open Gregory Oregon 0171N 12796.Pdf
    CHUNKEY, CAHOKIA, AND INDIGENOUS CONFLICT RESOLUTION by ANNE GREGORY A THESIS Presented to the Conflict and Dispute Resolution Program and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science June 2020 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Anne Gregory Title: Chunkey, Cahokia, and Indigenous Conflict Resolution This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science degree in the Conflict and Dispute Resolution Program by: Kirby Brown Chair Eric Girvan Member and Kate Mondloch Interim Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2020. ii © 2020 Anne Gregory This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (United States) License. iii THESIS ABSTRACT Anne Gregory Master of Science Conflict and Dispute Resolution June 2020 Title: Chunkey, Cahokia, and Indigenous Conflicts Resolution Chunkey, a traditional Native American sport, was a form of conflict resolution. The popular game was one of several played for millennia throughout Native North America. Indigenous communities played ball games not only for the important culture- making of sport and recreation, but also as an act of peace-building. The densely populated urban center of Cahokia, as well as its agricultural suburbs and distant trade partners, were dedicated to chunkey. Chunkey is associated with the milieu surrounding the Pax Cahokiana (1050 AD-1200 AD), an era of reduced armed conflict during the height of Mississippian civilization (1000-1500 AD). The relational framework utilized in archaeology, combined with dynamics of conflict resolution, provides a basis to explain chunkey’s cultural impact.
    [Show full text]
  • Further Investigations Into the King George
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2010 Further investigations into the King George Island Mounds site (16LV22) Harry Gene Brignac Jr Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Brignac Jr, Harry Gene, "Further investigations into the King George Island Mounds site (16LV22)" (2010). LSU Master's Theses. 2720. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/2720 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE KING GEORGE ISLAND MOUNDS SITE (16LV22) A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The Department of Geography and Anthropology By Harry Gene Brignac Jr. B.A. Louisiana State University, 2003 May, 2010 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to give thanks to God for surrounding me with the people in my life who have guided and supported me in this and all of my endeavors. I have to express my greatest appreciation to Dr. Rebecca Saunders for her professional guidance during this entire process, and for her inspiration and constant motivation for me to become the best archaeologist I can be.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Athens, Georgia
    SOUTHEASTERN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS & ABSTRACTS OF THE 73RD ANNUAL MEETING OCTOBER 26-29, 2016 ATHENS, GEORGIA BULLETIN 59 2016 BULLETIN 59 2016 PROCEEDINGS & ABSTRACTS OF THE 73RD ANNUAL MEETING OCTOBER 26-29, 2016 THE CLASSIC CENTER ATHENS, GEORGIA Meeting Organizer: Edited by: Hosted by: Cover: © Southeastern Archaeological Conference 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS THE CLASSIC CENTER FLOOR PLAN……………………………………………………...……………………..…... PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………………….…..……. LIST OF DONORS……………………………………………………………………………………………….…..……. SPECIAL THANKS………………………………………………………………………………………….….....……….. SEAC AT A GLANCE……………………………………………………………………………………….……….....…. GENERAL INFORMATION & SPECIAL EVENTS SCHEDULE…………………….……………………..…………... PROGRAM WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 26…………………………………………………………………………..……. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 27……………………………………………………………………………...…...13 FRIDAY, OCTOBER 28TH……………………………………………………………….……………....…..21 SATURDAY, OCTOBER 29TH…………………………………………………………….…………....…...28 STUDENT PAPER COMPETITION ENTRIES…………………………………………………………………..………. ABSTRACTS OF SYMPOSIA AND PANELS……………………………………………………………..…………….. ABSTRACTS OF WORKSHOPS…………………………………………………………………………...…………….. ABSTRACTS OF SEAC STUDENT AFFAIRS LUNCHEON……………………………………………..…..……….. SEAC LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARDS FOR 2016…………………….……………….…….…………………. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 59, 2016 ConferenceRooms CLASSIC CENTERFLOOR PLAN 6 73rd Annual Meeting, Athens, Georgia EVENT LOCATIONS Baldwin Hall Baldwin Hall 7 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin
    [Show full text]
  • Gender, Ritual and Social Formation in West Papua
    Gender, ritual Pouwer Jan and social formation Gender, ritual in West Papua and social formation A configurational analysis comparing Kamoro and Asmat Gender,in West Papua ritual and social Gender, ritual and social formation in West Papua in West ritual and social formation Gender, This study, based on a lifelong involvement with New Guinea, compares the formation in West Papua culture of the Kamoro (18,000 people) with that of their eastern neighbours, the Asmat (40,000), both living on the south coast of West Papua, Indonesia. The comparison, showing substantial differences as well as striking similarities, contributes to a deeper understanding of both cultures. Part I looks at Kamoro society and culture through the window of its ritual cycle, framed by gender. Part II widens the view, offering in a comparative fashion a more detailed analysis of the socio-political and cosmo-mythological setting of the Kamoro and the Asmat rituals. These are closely linked with their social formations: matrilineally oriented for the Kamoro, patrilineally for the Asmat. Next is a systematic comparison of the rituals. Kamoro culture revolves around cosmological connections, ritual and play, whereas the Asmat central focus is on warfare and headhunting. Because of this difference in cultural orientation, similar, even identical, ritual acts and myths differ in meaning. The comparison includes a cross-cultural, structural analysis of relevant myths. This publication is of interest to scholars and students in Oceanic studies and those drawn to the comparative study of cultures. Jan Pouwer (1924) started his career as a government anthropologist in West New Guinea in the 1950s and 1960s, with periods of intensive fieldwork, in particular among the Kamoro.
    [Show full text]
  • Trail Guide Cultures That Lived Here
    Dickson Mounds Trails We hope you will enjoy our nature trail system. Please use the established trails and stay within park boundaries. Please be cautions of terrain. Your visit can be pleasant if you abide by a few simple rules. Trails are managed as part of the natural environment. Be prepared to meet and accept nature on its own terms. Dickson Mounds Museum Explore 12,000 years of human experience in the Please choose the right equipment for your hike. Walking or running shoes are sufficient. Shoes with heavy Illinois River Valley. Discover the world of the lugged soles can increase erosion problems on trails. While on the trail, minimize your impacts. All plants, American Indian through an awe-inspiring journey Dickson Mounds Museum animals and their habitats should be respected. through time. Visitors encounter a panorama of the past as they discover the dramatic change that took place Photography, journaling, birding notes and artwork are excellent activities for the trail. Take only memories, through time in the Illinois River Valley and in the leave only footprints. Please remember that you share the trail with other users and that trail courtesy and Trail Guide cultures that lived here. safety is your responsibility. • Interpretive Exhibits • Events • Unique Artifacts • Discovery Center • Multimedia Presentations • Picnic Grounds Guidelines for Exploration Emergency Contacts and Information • Tours • Wheelchair Accessible In order to minimize potential harm and to preserve Be careful during your hike. While on the trails • Special Programs • Rural Setting the land for wildlife and future visitors, all visitors are please watch out for falling trees, blocked routes, slick Site Grounds Hours: 8:30 a.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Program of the 75Th Anniversary Meeting
    PROGRAM OF THE 75 TH ANNIVERSARY MEETING April 14−April 18, 2010 St. Louis, Missouri THE ANNUAL MEETING of the Society for American Archaeology provides a forum for the dissemination of knowledge and discussion. The views expressed at the sessions are solely those of the speakers and the Society does not endorse, approve, or censor them. Descriptions of events and titles are those of the organizers, not the Society. Program of the 75th Anniversary Meeting Published by the Society for American Archaeology 900 Second Street NE, Suite 12 Washington DC 20002-3560 USA Tel: +1 202/789-8200 Fax: +1 202/789-0284 Email: [email protected] WWW: http://www.saa.org Copyright © 2010 Society for American Archaeology. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted in any form or by any means without prior permission from the publisher. Program of the 75th Anniversary Meeting 3 Contents 4............... Awards Presentation & Annual Business Meeting Agenda 5……….….2010 Award Recipients 10.................Maps of the America’s Center 12 ................Maps of Renaissance Grand St. Louis 14 ................Meeting Organizers, SAA Board of Directors, & SAA Staff 15 .............. General Information 18. ............. Featured Sessions 20 .............. Summary Schedule 25 .............. A Word about the Sessions 27............... Program 161................SAA Awards, Scholarships, & Fellowships 167............... Presidents of SAA . 168............... Annual Meeting Sites 169............... Exhibit Map 170................Exhibitor Directory 180................SAA Committees and Task Forces 184………….Index of participants 4 Program of the 75th Anniversary Meeting Awards Presentation & Annual Business Meeting America’s Center APRIL 16, 2010 5 PM Call to Order Call for Approval of Minutes of the 2009 Annual Business Meeting Remarks President Margaret W.
    [Show full text]
  • The Common Field Mississippian Site(23SG100), As Uncovered by the 1979 Mississippi River Flood Richard E
    The Common Field Mississippian Site(23SG100), as Uncovered by the 1979 Mississippi River Flood Richard E. Martens Two of the pictures I took during an early visit to the he Common Field site occurs near the bluffs in the site are shown in Figure 1. The first shows Mound A, the TMississippi River floodplain 3 km south of St. Gen- largest of the six then-existing mounds. The nose of my evieve and approximately 90 km south of St. Louis. It is brand-new 1980 Volkswagen parked on the farm road is a large Mississippian-period site that once had as many as in the lower right corner of the picture. The second photo eight mounds (Bushnell 1914:666). It was long considered shows the outline of a burned house structure typical of to be an unoccupied civic-ceremonial center because very many evident across the site. Although it has been noted few surface artifacts were found. This all changed due that many people visited the site shortly after the flood, I to a flood in December 1979, when the Mississippi River did not meet anyone during several visits in 1980 and 1981. swept across the Common Field site. The resulting erosion I subsequently learned that Dr. Michael O’Brien led removed up to 40 cm of topsoil, exposing: a group of University of Missouri (MU) personnel in a [a] tremendous quantity of archaeological material limited survey and fieldwork activity in the spring of 1980. including ceramic plates, pots and other vessels, articu- The first phase entailed aerial photography (black-and- lated human burials, well defined structural remains white and false-color infrared) of the site.
    [Show full text]
  • Mississippian Architecture: Temporal, Technological, and Spatial Patterning of Structures at the Toqua Site (40M R6) Richard R
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 12-1985 Mississippian Architecture: Temporal, Technological, and Spatial Patterning of Structures at the Toqua Site (40M R6) Richard R. Polhemus University of Tennessee - Knoxville Recommended Citation Polhemus, Richard R., "Mississippian Architecture: Temporal, Technological, and Spatial Patterning of Structures at the Toqua Site (40M R6). " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1985. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3320 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Richard R. Polhemus entitled "Mississippian Architecture: Temporal, Technological, and Spatial Patterning of Structures at the Toqua Site (40M R6)." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Charles H. Faulkner, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Gerald F. Schroedl, Jefferson Chapman Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Richard R. Polhemus entitled 11Mississippian Architecture: Temporal , Technolog ical, and Spatial Patterning of Structures at the Toqua Site ( 40MR6) •11 I have examined the final copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts , with a major in Anthropology.
    [Show full text]
  • Monks Mound—Center of the Universe? by John Mcclarey
    GUEST ESSAY Monks Mound—Center of the universe? By John McClarey hyperbole or a facsimile? I think the case can be made that Monks Mound and the entire Alayout of this ancient metropolis in the H American Bottom near East St. Louis was a facsimile or model of Cahokia’s place in the cosmos, similar to the Black Hills as a “mirror or heaven” or the heart of all that is.” These are good metaphors to describe Cahokia’s center in the three-layer cake concept of the universe—the Underworld, the Earth, and the Sky. Cahokia by the 12th century B.C.E., was the place for people to connect with the spirits of this sacred sphere. In this article I will identify the sacred elements that made this place special to local and non-local populations and the role of the Birdman chiefs, priests, and shamans to interpret this unique place as a center in a larger world. Additionally, I identify the similarities of Cahokia as a a sacred place to other societies at different times and places. My fascination with Cahokia Mounds developed over a period of time with many visits from the early 1970s to the present. Briefly, Cahokia was the largest America city north of Mexico before the coming of the Europeans in the 15th cen- tury. It is believed that Cahokia was a political, religious, and economic center for perhaps as many as 500,000 Indians in the Mississippi Valley. It was a planned city with everything the world and in all religions, but the focus here is on the laid out on the cardinal points on the compass, Monks Cahokia Mounds in southern Illinois and cross culture Mound, the largest mound at the center, served as the official comparisons, Cahokia’s unique story includes the cruciform residence of the Great Sun god or Birdman deity.
    [Show full text]