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Chaetomium Globosum: a Potential Biocontrol Agent and Its Mechanism of Action

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Chaetomium Globosum: a Potential Biocontrol Agent and Its Mechanism of Action Indian Phytopath. 68 (1) : 8-24 (2015) AWARDS AND HONOURS K.C. MEHTA AND MANORANJAN MITRA AWARD - 2013 Chaetomium globosum: A potential biocontrol agent and its mechanism of action RASHMI AGGARWAL Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India Introduction as compared to diseases of aerial parts of the plants. It is India with diverse soil and climate comprising several due to the reason that more agro-ecological regions provides ample opportunity to emphasis has been given to control foliar diseases by grow a variety of crops and these crops form a significant fungicides. But fungicides and other toxicants have part of total agricultural production in the country. More negative side effects on ecosystem (Dickson and than 70% of all major crop diseases are caused by fungi. Skidmore, 1976). These pathogens perpetuate through seed, crop residue and soil. Considering the nature of the disease, control Recently, there are reports on the antagonistic measures are directed towards host resistance and behaviour of fungi against foliar pathogens. Butler (1953) fungicidal control. Breeding for disease resistance has observed inhibitory effect of Trichoderma spp. on the also been not successful in many cases due to non- growth of Cochliobolus sativus. The T. viride has also availability of sources of resistance. Chemical control been found to be antagonistic to Bipolaris sorokiniana, measures have shown promise but are not considered which infects wheat (Prasad et al., 1978). Mostafa (1993) economical and eco-friendly. Since their large-scale use succeeded in controlling the seed-borne infections of has been responsible for the undesirable effects such Drechslera teres on coleoptiles by treating barley seed as persistence, bioaccumulation, biomagnification, with inoculums of T. viride. In this context, Trichoderma, toxicity, pathogen resistance, secondary pest outbreak Gliocladium and Chaetomium spp. have been explored and destruction of the non-target organisms, these have for the control of B. sorokiniana (Butler 1953; Prasad et necessitated looking for alternative approaches, such as al., 1978; Mostafa, 1993; Srivastava et al., 2000). In vitro biological control. and in vivo studies have shown that cell free culture filterate of Trichoderma reesei and Chaetomium Biological control of fungal plant pathogens appears globosum inhibited the growth of spot blotch pathogen, as an attractive and realistic approach. A number of B. sorokiniana (Mandal, 1995; Mandal et al., 1999). numerous microorganisms have been identified as biocontrol agents. The aim of biological control is the Foliar spray of purified culture filterate of C. globosum reduction of disease by: (i) reduction of inoculum of the on B. sorokiniana infected wheat leaves revealed pathogen through disease survival between crops, (ii) distortion of conidial wall and non germination of conidia reduction of infection of the host by the pathogen and of the pathogen resulting in the reduced blotching (iii) reduction of severity of attack by the pathogen. (Biswas et al., 2000). Biological control is a principal eco-friendly cultural The C. elatum strain ChE01, C. lucknowense strain method for controlling the plant diseases, and pests. In CLT01 and Emericella rugulosa strain ER01, which were recent years, biological control strategy has received isolated from soil in Thailand, effectively controlled the tremendous attention in controlling plant diseases due most virulent isolate of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. to hazardous effects of pesticides and agro-chemicals lycopersici NKSC02, causing wilt of tomato on ecosystem (Lockwood, 1988). As an alternate strategy (Lycopersicon esculentum var Sida (Sibounnavong et al., to agro-chemicals, there are about 35 genera of fungi 2011). Present article reviews in details the biology, and bacteria, which have been used as biocontrol agents bioefficacy and mechanism of action of Chaetomium against various plant pathogens (Cook and Baker, 1983). globosum. Chaetomium spp., Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium spp., Aspergillus spp., Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Biology of Chaetomium globosum Actinomycetes represent the major antagonistic microorganisms against several plant pathogens. Most The Chaetomium is one of the extremely familiar genus of the work on biological control is on root-borne diseases of Pyrenomycetes (Ascomycotina) encountered on various agricultural commodities. The genus contains *Corresponding author: [email protected] more than 200 species, all characterised by dark Indian Phytopathology 68 (1) : 8-24 (2015) 9 Later, Tviet and Wood (1955) suggested control of Fusarium blight of oat seedlings by introducing antagonistic species of Chaetomium in soil. Chang and Kommendahl (1968) observations revealed that the competition for nutrients and space led to physical exclusion of F. graminearum by coating maize seeds with C. globosum. Seed infestation with Chaetomium spp., has been successful in controlling seedling blight caused by R. solani (Baker, 1968). Antagonastic effect of C. globosum to rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) was reported by Soytong and Quimio (1989). Kommendahl and Mew (1975) observed increased field stands of maize hybrids when seeds were coated with C. globosum. Fig. 1. Perithecia and ascospores of Chaetomium globosum Seed treatment with ascospores of C. globosum reduced damping off of sugarbeet caused by seed-borne coloured perithecia with short neck, which are clothed Phoma betae and soil-borne Pythium ultimum or R. solani with irregularly coiled or tightly spiraled hairs or with stiff, (Walther and Gindrat, 1988). When the sugarbeet seeds simple or branched setae. It is common colonizer of soil were planted after treating with C. globosum ascospores, and cellulose containing substrates. the spores germinated rapidly and covered the seed coat with a dense mat of mycelium and suppressed seed rot Perithecia of C. globosum are ostiolate, variable in (Hubbard et al., 1982). Apple scab disease caused by shape, sub globose, somewhat elongated with a bluntly Venturia inaequalis was significantly reduced with foliar pointed base, when young yellow, transluscent, allowing sprays of C. globosum ascospore suspension (Andrews the cellular structure of the wall to be seen. When mature et al., 1983). Boudraeu and Andrews (1989) also opaque, black 200-320 x 200-280µ. Often producing achieved control of apple scab disease with ascospores short, black cirrhi, attached to the substrate with a thick of C. globosum. Vannacci and Harman (1987) reported mass of dark olives to black rhizoids, colour ranging from increased number of healthy radish plants and decreased gray, green, light brown to olive brown (Fig. 1). Terminal pod infection of Alternaria raphani by C. globosum. Vilich hairs numerous, interwoven, forming a bushy or ompact (1988) reported antagonistic effect of C. globosum on head, in age spreading and drooping, the hairs slender, Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei causing powdery mildew graceful, undulating, seldom septate, minutely roughened of barley. Treating seeds with C. globosum resulted in an with spines throughout, at base about 3.5µ in diameter increase in fresh weight of root and reductions in disease and dark olive-brown, lighter brown through the greater severity ranging from 16-48% as compared to untreated part of length, tapering and paler to hyaline, at tip, wavy, control. The use of spore suspension for inoculation, led undulate or kinked. Lateral hairs numerous, slender, to better colonization of the tissues. Di Pietro et al. (1992) plainly, or obscurely, and remotely septate, finely reported that C. globosum can produce chetomin, which roughened with spines. Quite dark at base, olive-brown, effectively inhibited Pythium ultimum, which caused about 3.5µ in diameter, light olive, yellow to hyaline at damping-off of sugarbeet. tip, straight or only slightly flexed, or more slender and A significant reduction in pseudothecial initials and undulate or even kinked. Asci irregularly club-shaped, production of asci and ascospores of V. inaequalis was 8-spored, 64 x 13µ pars sporif 37µ. Ascospores filled reported when C. globosum activity was enhanced by with several large, refractive globules, when mature dark, spraying of urea @ 5% at leaf abscission on scab affected rich, olive-brown, varying shaped, with the ends apiculate apple leaves (Thakur and Sharma, 1999). Harrison and or sub-umbonate or nearly rounded, varying in size, 9- Stewart (1988) reported C. globosum as the best 13 x 6-9.5µ, when viewed edgewise frequently antagonistic microorganism against onion white rot, compressed, 7µ broad. caused by Sclerotium cepivorum. Kay and Stewart (1994) also achieved successful disease control of onion white Antagonism of Chaetomium globosum rot and confirmed that use of C. globosum is as effective as T. harzianum and T. viride. Mandal et al. (1999) Chaetomium globosum has been reported effective in reported the inhibitory effect of C. globosum, T. roseum, reducing damage caused by seed rot and damping off, T. recesei, T. hamatum and Talaromyces flavus on of several seed- and soil-borne plant pathogens like mycelial growth of B. sorokiniana causing spot blotch of Pythium ultimum, Alternaria raphani, A. brassicola, wheat. Culture filtrate of these fungi inhibited conidial Fusarium spp. and B. sorokiniana (Harman et al., 1978; germination up to 92%. Soil and foliar application of Vannacci and Harman, 1987; Aggarwal et al., 2004). antagonists reduced the spot blotch
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