DOCSLIB.ORG

Communication to the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Communication to the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court Communication to the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court The Responsibility of Officials of the United Kingdom for War Crimes Involving Systematic Detainee Abuse in Iraq from 2003-2008 Submitted on 10 January 2014 by the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR) and Public Interest Lawyers (PIL) I) INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 5 II) CONTENTS OF SUBMISSION ................................................................................................ 10 III) BACKGROUND: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE UK APPROACH TO INTERROGATION ..... 12 IV) FACTS: SYSTEMATIC ABUSE PERPETRATED BY UK SERVICES PERSONNEL IN IRAQ FROM 2003 TO 2008 ..................................................................................................................................... 19 A) The Baha Mousa Public Inquiry – a Preliminary Note .............................................................. 20 B) UK Detention and Interrogation Policy ..................................................................................... 22 C) Analysis of a Sample of the Abuse of Detainees by UK Services Personnel (2003-2008) ......... 32 1) UK Military Facilities in Iraq .................................................................................................. 33 2) Presentation and Reading of Six Tables on 85 Cases of Abuse ............................................. 34 3) Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 40 D) Analysis of Individual Accounts of Abuse of Detainees by UK Services Personnel (2003-2008) 41 1) Initial Arrest by UK Services Personnel ................................................................................. 45 2) Abuses in Transit to Detention Centres ................................................................................ 53 3) TQ at Temporary Detention Facilities ................................................................................... 57 4) JFIT Interrogation at Long-Term Internment and Detention Centres................................... 67 5) Other Killings of Civilians in Custody ................................................................................... 101 E) Other Available Evidence Indicating the Commission of War Crimes .................................... 109 1) Video and Photographic Evidence ...................................................................................... 109 2) Documentation Disclosed by the UK Government ............................................................. 112 3) Third-party Observers’ Reports .......................................................................................... 119 F) Overall Factual Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 120 V) LEGAL ANALYSIS OF ALLEGED WAR CRIMES ........................................................................ 123 A) Legal Requirements for War Crimes under Article 8 of the ICC Statute ................................. 124 1) Existence of an Armed Conflict, its Character and Nexus to the Acts ................................ 125 2) Threshold Requirement - Article 8(1) ICC Statute .............................................................. 126 3) Acts of Crimes - Article 8(2) of the ICC Statute ................................................................... 127 B) Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 134 1) Existence of an Armed Conflict, its Character and Nexus to the Acts ................................ 134 2) Threshold Requirement - Article 8 (1) ICC Statute.............................................................. 138 3) Elements of Crimes – Status of the Detainees, Conduct (“Five Techniques” and Other Techniques), Mental Requirements ............................................................................................ 139 a) Status of the Detainees ................................................................................................... 139 2 b) Conduct ........................................................................................................................... 140 c) Mental Requirements ..................................................................................................... 153 d) Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 154 VI) CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY OF UK OFFICIALS ...................................................................... 155 A) Legal Requirements ................................................................................................................ 156 1) The Persons Involved, If Identified, or a Description of the Persons or Groups Involved (Regulation 49(2)(c)) ................................................................................................................... 157 2) Article 25 of the ICC Statute – Individual Criminal Responsibility ....................................... 158 3) Article 28 of the ICC Statute - Responsibility of Commanders and Other Superiors ........... 161 B) Chains of Command ................................................................................................................ 164 C) Criminal Responsibility of Members of the Military ............................................................... 169 1) Arrest and Transit ............................................................................................................... 169 2) Detention and Interrogation ............................................................................................... 171 D) Criminal Responsibility of Civilian Superiors - the SSD and the Minister for the Service Personnel ........................................................................................................................................ 186 VII) JURISDICTION .................................................................................................................... 202 VIII) ADMISSIBILITY ................................................................................................................... 203 A) Gravity (Article 17(1)(d) of the ICC Statute) ............................................................................ 203 1) Legal Requirements ............................................................................................................. 203 2) Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 208 3) Conclusion with Respect to Gravity ..................................................................................... 214 B) Complementarity (Article 17(2) and (3) of the ICC Statute) ................................................... 214 1) Legal Requirements ............................................................................................................. 214 2) Ongoing Investigations and Prosecutions or Investigations Carried Out and a Decision Made not to Prosecute .......................................................................................................................... 217 a) Investigation and Prosecution Procedures Available in the UK for War Srimes ................. 217 b) Overview of Investigations and Prosecutions Carried out by the UK in Respect of the Alleged Crimes ........................................................................................................................ 221 c) Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 235 3) Unwillingness and Inability ................................................................................................. 236 4) Conclusion on Complementarity ........................................................................................ 247 C) Conclusion on Admissibility .................................................................................................... 248 IX) CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 250 3 European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR), Berlin, Germany The ECCHR1 is an independent, non-profit legal and educational organization based in Berlin, Germany. Lawyers at ECCHR have been litigating against American military and civilian officials for the elaboration, authorization, and implementation of illegal interrogation policies, on behalf of Iraqi and Guantanamo detainees who suffered torture and other crimes while in U.S. detention since the start of the so-called ―War on Terror.‖ These efforts have included the filing of criminal complaints under the principle of universal jurisdiction in Germany and France. In addition, ECCHR is a party to the criminal investigations currently on-going against American officials in Spanish courts.2 In its work related to the International Criminal Court, the ECCHR filed a communication on the situation in the Republic of Colombia in October 2012.3 Public Interest Lawyers (PIL), Birmingham, United Kingdom PIL4 is an international and domestic public law firm based in the UK, currently acting for over 1069 former detainees and surviving relatives
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Table of Contents
    TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 Amnesty International's Concerns ..................................................................................... 3 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 5 Arrests and detentions ........................................................................................................ 7 ISRAEL AND THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES ................................................................ 9 Regulations governing detention ........................................................................................ 9 The Landau Commission and the failure of judicial safeguards ................................. 11 Extending the guidelines or exceptional dispensations? ................................................ 14 Methods of torture ............................................................................................................ 15 Torture and ill-treatment: the practice ............................................................................. 17 THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY .................................................................................... 22 Regulations governing detention ...................................................................................... 22 Arbitrary political detentions in the Gaza Strip ..............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • THE DEATH of BAHA MOUSA the Death of Baha Mousa GERRY SIMPSON*
    THE DEATH OF BAHA MOUSA The Death of Baha Mousa GERRY SIMPSON* [Between March 2003 and September 2004, 100 000 Iraqis are believed to have died as a consequence of the invasion of Iraq on 20 March 2003. Baha Mousa, an Iraqi hotel clerk was one of them. Mr Mousa died in Basra on or around 15 September 2003, after sustaining 93 separate injuries while in the custody of British soldiers belonging to the Duke of Lancaster’s Regiment. This think piece is about the law produced and invoked by his death.] CONTENTS I Introduction II Unlawful Conditioning III Common Law Crime IV War Crime V Human Rights Violation VI Baha Mousa How violent Schultz had sounded over the telephone. ‘I want justice,’ he had said. I wonder how many murders have been committed, and how many wars have been fought with that as a slogan … Justice is a thing that is better to give than to receive, but I am sick of giving it … I think it should be a prerogative of the gods.1 I INTRODUCTION On 14 September 2003, in Basra, southern Iraq, a hotel receptionist named Baha Mousa2 was detained by soldiers of the British Army’s Duke of Lancaster’s Regiment. Mousa and several other Iraqis were brought to a detention facility operated by the United Kingdom Armed Forces, and formerly run by Saddam Hussein’s cousin, Ali Hassann al-Majid, better known as ‘Chemical Ali’. Thirty-six hours later, Mr Mousa’s family were informed that Mr Mousa had died during detention. A subsequent post-mortem revealed that he had received 93 separate injuries, including a broken nose and fractured ribs — other prisoners suffered serious kidney damage.3 The reaction (on the part of the military, the legal profession, the media and the British establishment) to this incident tells us a little about the way * Gerry Simpson is a Professor of International Law at the London School of Economics.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article
    tHe ABU oMAr CAse And “eXtrAordinAry rendition” Caterina Mazza Abstract: In 2003 Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr (known as Abu Omar), an Egyptian national with a recognised refugee status in Italy, was been illegally arrested by CIA agents operating on Italian territory. After the abduction he was been transferred to Egypt where he was in- terrogated and tortured for more than one year. The story of the Milan Imam is one of the several cases of “extraordinary renditions” imple- mented by the CIA in cooperation with both European and Middle- Eastern states in order to overwhelm the al-Qaeda organisation. This article analyses the particular vicissitude of Abu Omar, considered as a case study, and to face different issues linked to the more general phe- nomenon of extra-legal renditions thought as a fundamental element of US counter-terrorism strategies. Keywords: extra-legal detention, covert action, torture, counter- terrorism, CIA Introduction The story of Abu Omar is one of many cases which the Com- mission of Inquiry – headed by Dick Marty (a senator within the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe) – has investi- gated in relation to the “extraordinary rendition” programme im- plemented by the CIA as a counter-measure against the al-Qaeda organisation. The programme consists of secret and illegal arrests made by the police or by intelligence agents of both European and Middle-Eastern countries that cooperate with the US handing over individuals suspected of being involved in terrorist activities to the CIA. After their “arrest,” suspects are sent to states in which the use of torture is common such as Egypt, Morocco, Syria, Jor- dan, Uzbekistan, Somalia, Ethiopia.1 The practice of rendition, in- tensified over the course of just a few years, is one of the decisive and determining elements of the counter-terrorism strategy planned 134 and approved by the Bush Administration in the aftermath of the 11 September 2001 attacks.
    [Show full text]
  • Small Wars & Insurgencies the Dynamic of Irwin's Forgotten Army
    This article was downloaded by: [King's College London] On: 31 October 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 773576048] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37- 41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Small Wars & Insurgencies Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713636778 The Dynamic of Irwin's Forgotten Army: A Strategic Understanding of the British Army's Role in Northern Ireland after 1998 Christopher Bass; M. L. R. Smith To cite this Article Bass, Christopher and Smith, M. L. R.(2004) 'The Dynamic of Irwin's Forgotten Army: A Strategic Understanding of the British Army's Role in Northern Ireland after 1998', Small Wars & Insurgencies, 15: 3, 1 — 27 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/0959231042000275542 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0959231042000275542 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
    [Show full text]
  • Terrorism, Counter- Terrorism and Torture
    TERRORISM, COUNTER- TERRORISM AND TORTURE INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM JULY 2004 REALISED WITH FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM THE EUROPEAN INITIATIVE FOR DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN RIGHTS The Redress Trust 87 Vauxhall Walk, 3rd Floor London, SE11 5HJ Tel: +44 (0)207 793 1777 Fax: +44(0)207 793 1719 Website: www.redress.org ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was written by Gabriela Echeverria, Legal Advisor (International), and edited by Carla Ferstman, Legal Director. REDRESS would like to express it sincere appreciation to Evelyn Sook May Yuen for her assistance in the research and preparation of this report and to Kevin Laue and Clementine Olivier for their many helpful comments on the draft of this report. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 1 PART 1. THE DISCOURSE................................ ................................ ................................ .. 3 1.1. DEFINITION/NON-DEFINITION OF TERRORISM..................................................................................3 1.1.1. Defining the ‘Crime’ of Terrorism in Domestic Law .......................................................................................................4 1.1.2. Vague and Overbroad Definitions of Terrorism.............................................................................................................5 1.1.3. Defining the Crime of Terrorism: Some Principles and Guidelines of International Law ..............................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Submission to the Baha Mousa Inquiry
    British Irish RIGHTS WATCH SUBMISSION TO THE BAHA MOUSA INQUIRY SEPTEMBER 2010 1 1 Introduction 1.1 British Irish RIGHTS WATCH (BIRW) is an independent non- governmental organisation that has been monitoring the human rights dimension of the conflict, and the peace process, in Northern Ireland since 1990. Our vision is of a Northern Ireland in which respect for human rights is integral to all its institutions and experienced by all who live there. Our mission is to secure respect for human rights in Northern Ireland and to disseminate the human rights lessons learned from the Northern Ireland conflict in order to promote peace, reconciliation and the prevention of conflict. BIRW’s services are available, free of charge, to anyone whose human rights have been violated because of the conflict, regardless of religious, political or community affiliations. BIRW take no position on the eventual constitutional outcome of the conflict. Our charitable ojects include the abolition of torture, extrajudicial execution, arbitrary arrest, detention and exile. 1.2 BIRW are responding to the invitation made by Sir William Gage to make submissions to the Baha Mousa Inquiry, which was instigated, as the Secretary of State for Defence has acknowledged1 not just because a man died in the custody of British soldiers but because an investigation by the Royal Military Police and a subsequent Court Martial highlighted further important questions that needed to be answered. 1.3 We are making submissions to the Baha Mousa Inquiry on the basis of our extensive experience of monitoring the human rights situation in Northern Ireland. We believe that we are in a position to offer valuable insights regarding the circumstances leading to the death of Baha Mousa and the aftermath of this tragedy given our extensive understanding of the historically analogous lessons from the conflict in Northern Ireland.
    [Show full text]
  • Sec 5.1~Abuse of Prisoners As Torture
    1 5. Substantive Legal Assessment 5.1 Abuse of Prisoners as Torture and War Crimes under Sec. 8 of the CCIL and International Law The crimes described above against detainees at Abu Ghraib and the plaintiffs al Qahtani and Mowsboush constitute torture and war crimes under German and international criminal law. Therefore, sufficient evidence exists of criminality under Sec. 8 I nos. 3 and 9 CCIL. The following will provide a detailed legal analysis of the prohibitions in the CCIL and international law that were violated by the above-described acts. First, it will note the way in which two high-ranking members of the U.S. government dealt with the traditional torture techniques of “water boarding” and “longtime standing,” which is significant from the plaintiff’s perspective. In their publicly documented statements, both of government officials reveal a high degree of cynicism, coupled with ignorance of historical, legal and medical contexts. “Water Boarding” and “Longtime Standing” In the course of an interview on 24 October 2006, the Vice President of the United States, Richard Cheney, asked by radio reporter Scott Hennen whether “a dunk in water is a no- brainer if it can save lives,” gave the following answer: “It's a no-brainer for me, but for a 2 while there, I was criticized as being the ‘Vice President for torture.’ We don't torture. That's not what we're involved in. We live up to our obligations in international treaties that we're party to.” Cheney was the first member of the Bush government to admit that “water boarding” had been used in the case of detainee Khalid Scheikh Mohammed and other high-ranking al Quaeda members.
    [Show full text]
  • Extraordinary Rendition and the Law of War
    NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Volume 33 Number 4 Article 3 Summer 2008 Extraordinary Rendition and the Law of War Ingrid Detter Frankopan Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj Recommended Citation Ingrid D. Frankopan, Extraordinary Rendition and the Law of War, 33 N.C. J. INT'L L. 657 (2007). Available at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol33/iss4/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Extraordinary Rendition and the Law of War Cover Page Footnote International Law; Commercial Law; Law This article is available in North Carolina Journal of International Law: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol33/ iss4/3 Extraordinary Rendition and the Law of War Ingrid Detter Frankopant I. Introduction ....................................................................... 657 II. O rdinary R endition ............................................................ 658 III. Deportation, Extradition and Extraordinary Rendition ..... 659 IV. Essential Features of Extraordinary Rendition .................. 661 V. Extraordinary Rendition and Rfoulement ........................ 666 VI. Relevance of Legal Prohibitions of Torture ...................... 667 VII. Torture Flights, Ghost Detainees and Black Sites ............. 674 VIII. Legality
    [Show full text]
  • Internationale Terrorismusbekämpfung Und
    www.ssoar.info Internationale Terrorismusbekämpfung und Menschenrechte: Entwicklungen 2003/2004 Heinz, Wolfgang S.; Arend, Jan-Michael Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Forschungsbericht / research report Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: Deutsches Institut für Menschenrechte Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Heinz, W. S., & Arend, J.-M. (2005). Internationale Terrorismusbekämpfung und Menschenrechte: Entwicklungen 2003/2004. (2. Aufl.) (Studie / Deutsches Institut für Menschenrechte). Berlin: Deutsches Institut für Menschenrechte. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-329762 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, non- Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, transferable, individual and limited right to using this document. persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses This document is solely intended for your personal, non- Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für commercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. all copyright information and other information regarding legal Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie document in public. dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder conditions of use.
    [Show full text]
  • Torture Flights : North Carolina’S Role in the Cia Rendition and Torture Program the Commission the Commission
    TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 LIST OF COMMISSIONERS 4 FOREWORD Alberto Mora, Former General Counsel, Department of the Navy 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A Summary of the investigation into North Carolina’s involvement in torture and rendition by the North Carolina Commission of Inquiry on Torture (NCCIT) 8 FINDINGS 12 RECOMMENDATIONS CHAPTER ONE 14 CHAPTER SIX 39 The U.S. Government’s Rendition, Detention, Ongoing Challenges for Survivors and Interrogation (RDI) Program CHAPTER SEVEN 44 CHAPTER TWO 21 Costs and Consequences of the North Carolina’s Role in Torture: CIA’s Torture and Rendition Program Hosting Aero Contractors, Ltd. CHAPTER EIGHT 50 CHAPTER THREE 26 North Carolina Public Opposition to Other North Carolina Connections the RDI Program, and Officials’ Responses to Post-9/11 U.S. Torture CHAPTER NINE 57 CHAPTER FOUR 28 North Carolina’s Obligations under Who Were Those Rendered Domestic and International Law, the Basis by Aero Contractors? for Federal and State Investigation, and the Need for Accountability CHAPTER FIVE 34 Rendition as Torture CONCLUSION 64 ENDNOTES 66 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 78 APPENDICES 80 1 WWW.NCTORTUREREPORT.ORG TORTURE FLIGHTS : NORTH CAROLINA’S ROLE IN THE CIA RENDITION AND TORTURE PROGRAM THE COMMISSION THE COMMISSION THE COMMISSION THE COMMISSION FRANK GOLDSMITH (CO-CHAIR) JAMES E. COLEMAN, JR. PATRICIA MCGAFFAGAN DR. ANNIE SPARROW MBBS, MRCP, FRACP, MPH, MD Frank Goldsmith is a mediator, arbitrator and former civil James E. Coleman, Jr. is the John S. Bradway Professor Patricia McGaffagan worked as a psychologist for twenty rights lawyer in the Asheville, NC area. Goldsmith has of the Practice of Law, Director of the Center for five years at the Johnston County, NC Mental Health Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • A Plan to Close Guantánamo and End the Military Commissions Submitted to the Transition Team of President-Elect Obama From
    A Plan to Close Guantánamo and End the Military Commissions submitted to the Transition Team of President-elect Obama from the American Civil Liberties Union Anthony D. Romero Executive Director 125 Broad Street, 18th Floor New York, NY 10004 (212) 549-2500 January 2009 HOW TO CLOSE GUANTÁNAMO: A PLAN Introduction Guantánamo is a scourge on America and the Constitution. It must be closed. This document outlines a five-step plan for closing Guantánamo and restoring the rule of law. Secrecy and fear have distorted the facts about Guantánamo detainees. Our plan is informed by recognition of the following critical facts, largely unknown to the public: • The government has quietly repatriated two-thirds of the 750 detainees, tacitly admitting that many should never have been held at all. • Most of the remaining detainees will not be charged as terrorists, and can be released as soon as their home country or a haven country agrees to accept them. • Trying the remaining detainees in federal court – and thus excluding evidence obtained through torture or coercion – does not endanger the public. The rule of law and the presumption of innocence serve to protect the public. Furthermore, the government has repeatedly stated that there is substantial evidence against the detainees presumed most dangerous – the High Value Detainees – that was not obtained by torture or coercion. They can be brought to trial in federal court. I. Step One: Stay All Proceedings of the Military Commissions and Impose a Deadline for Closure The President should immediately
    [Show full text]
  • Public Bodies 2012
    Public Bodies 2012 ERRATA The figures for the Student Loan Company’s total Government Funding and Total Gross Expenditure should read £98,989,000 and £97,303,000 respectively. Correspondingly, the totals for the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills in Annex E should be £11,051,182,575 and £11,896,765,575 and the Grand Totals in that table should be £25,854,377,728 and £31,297,436,917 respectively. The Infrastructure Planning Commission should be included at Annex I under the heading: Other Changes since Public Bodies 2009. Like National Tent Voice and Young People’s Learning Agency, it was established and abolished as an NDPB. The data contained in this report represents management information that is provided in the interests of improving transparency in the public bodies sector. They are not official statistics. Unless stated otherwise, in Part One of the report a common reporting date of 17 December 2012 is used and in Part Two it is 31 March 2012. More recently updated information may be available, for example data is published by sponsoring departments and the Office for National Statistics. In addition, related information on Public Appointments is published by the Office of the Commissioner for Public Appointments. CONTENTS FOREWORD PART ONE 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 The Case for Reform ..................................................................................... 3 Public Bodies Reform programme ................................................................
    [Show full text]