First Nations Food, Nutrition & Environment Study
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FIRST NATIONS FOOD, NUTRITION & ENVIRONMENT STUDY Results from Ontario 2011| 2012 University of Ottawa | Université de Montréal | Assembly of First Nations 2014 “Healthy Environment and Healthy Foods for Healthy First Nations” Funding for this study was provided by Health Canada. The information and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors/researchers and do not necessarily reflect the official views of Health Canada. Results from OntarioResults 2011-2012 Results from Ontario (2011/2012) by University of Ottawa Université de Montréal and Assembly of First Nations is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. This report can be cited as: Laurie Chan, Olivier Receveur, Malek Batal, William David, Harold Schwartz, Amy Ing, Karen Fediuk, Andrew Black and Constantine Tikhonov. First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (FNFNES): Results from Ontario (2011/2012). Ottawa: University of Ottawa, 2014. Print. i PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS CO-INVESTIGATORS Laurie Chan, Ph.D. Harold Schwartz, Ph.D. Professor and Canada Research Chair in Toxicology and Environmental Health Manager, Chemical Safety of Traditional Foods Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics Surveillance and Risk Analysis Section University of Ottawa Environmental Public Health Division Interprofessional Advisory and Program Support Directorate Olivier Receveur, Ph.D., M.P.H., Dt. P. First Nations and Inuit Health Branch Professor, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Health Canada Université de Montréal Malek Batal, Ph.D. Constantine Tikhonov MD, MHA Associate Professor, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Chief, Surveillance and Risk Analysis Section Université de Montréal Environmental Public Health Division Interprofessional Advisory and Program Support Directorate William David, SB, LLB First Nations and Inuit Health Branch Director, Implementing Rights Health Canada Assembly of First Nations ii Results from Ontario 2011-2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors of this report would like to thank the Chief and Council of the following First Nations partners in Ontario whose support made this work possible: Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek Batchewana First Nation of Ojibways Attawapiskat First Nation Wauzhushk Onigum Nation Sagamok Anishnawbek First Nation Moose Cree First Nation Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug First Nation Atikameksheng Anishnawbek Aamjiwnaang First Nation Kingfisher Lake First Nation Garden River First Nation Munsee-Delaware Nation Webequie First Nation Marten Falls First Nation Six Nations of the Grand River Fort William First Nation Fort Albany First Nation Akwesasne We would also like to recognize the hard work of the following community members who worked as community coordinators, research assistants, or helped with the water sampling: Brendan Abitong Rita Fenton Linda Lazore Sandra Nootchtai-Nadjiwon Cindy Suganaqueb Gordon Albany Veronica Fobister Steve Lickers Esther Okitchquo Mary Sutherland Jodi Albany Leonard Fobister Ada Lockridge Jody Ozawagosh-Roy Brenda Sutherland Denielle Annette Cecelia Francis Mary Lou Winters Sarah Pelletier Phoebe Sutherland Karen Bannon Angela Franklin Pauline Loutit Shawn Petahtegoose Katrine Sutherland Josie Baxter Laurie Goulais Glenna MacAulay Scott Peters Lisa Sutherland Judy Binda Lester Green Elsie Macdonald Sara Plain Jordana Sutherland Steven Chapman Shannon Hall Luanne Maki Peggy Pyke-Thompson Margaret Thomas Tammy Cheechoo Mary Helen Metatawabin James Mamakwa Miranda Quoquat Kelly Thompson Sue Anne Chiblow Sharla Hill Laurie Mark Katrina Rickard Allen Toulouse Deborah Cook Tammy Hookimaw Darrin Migwans Colette Robinson Chastity Toulouse Waylon Cook Clarissa Jacobs Tara Miller Paul Rodarte Julie Toulouse Linda Copenance Helen Joan Kataquapit Linda Moonias Ron Simon Arthur Trudeau Victoria Day Michael Johnson Bill Morris Sr. Sean Skead Crissy Wells Shelia Demerah Jordana Johnstone Robyn Nahmiwan Cindy Sloan Marjorie Wheesk Debbie Dolson Cindy Jones Patricia Nahwegahbow Eileen Smith Virginia Wheesk Jessica Dolson Darlene Joseph Evelyn Nanokeesic Karen Smith Jeffrey Whitehead Lindsey Doolittle Harland Joseph Pamela Naponse-Corbiere Kara Snake Stephanie Winter Chanda Doxtator Helen Kataquapit Robin Neveau Jessie Sofea Edna Winter Leslie Edwards Brigid King Donna Noah Kelly Solomon Mildred Young Monique Edwards Dennis Koostachin Donna Nolan Lilian Spence Ann Ziegler Rose Edwards Crystal Land Pam Nolan Leigh Staats Ruby Edwards-Wheesk Will Landon Barbara Nolan Delta Sturgeon iii We are grateful to the following Environmental Health Officers for their assistance with the surface water sampling: Ray Alatalo Yongsheng Liang Colin Poirier Mahendren Chinniah Fraaz Mahmood Whitney Roos Peter Hill Dan McMillan Mark Johnston Athar Nadeem We extend our gratitude to the elders for their kind words of wisdom. Finally, we would like to thank all the community members whose participation made this study possible. Miigwech Anushiik Nyaweh Nia:wen The technical and funding support of Health Canada and the First Nations and Inuit Health Branch Laboratory are gratefully acknowledged. iv Results from OntarioResults 2011-2012 CONTRIBUTORS FNFNES Steering Committee: Nutrition Research Coordinators: Health Canada Project Analysts: Laurie Chan Stéphane Decelles Alexis Gagnon Olivier Receveur Cynthia Fallu Jennifer Gale Malek Batal Nancy Faraj Sarah Kettel William David Karen Fediuk Christopher Milan Judy Mitchell Sue Hamilton Lisa Wabegijig Kathleen Lindhorst Statistics Canada Statisticians: Andrew Black Kim McGibbon Jean Dumais Amy Ing Teri Morrow Isabelle Michaud Karen Fediuk Anita Mundt Craig Seko Kathleen Lindhorst Jayne Murdoch Asma Alavi ex-officio Steering Committee members: Data Analysts: UNBC Research Staff: Harold Schwartz Amy Ing Crystal Lynn Copley Constantine Tikhonov Ying Lu Sujata Barnard Brenda McIntyre Leanne DeLong Communications Coordinator, Carol Bob National Project Coordinator: Assembly of First Nations Simran Lehal Judy Mitchell Andrew Black Université de Montréal Research Staff: Regional Coordinator: Health Canada, FNIHB Laboratory: Stéphane Decelles Lisa Wabegijig Head-Yuri Romachine Karim Morou Analyst – André Emond Véronique Bélanger Lead Nutrition Research Coordinators: Hiba Al-Masri Karen Fediuk (2011) Health Canada Regions and Programs Sandra Cohen Kathleen Lindhorst (2012) Bureau – Québec Region Laboratory Manager – Jacques Gagnon Chemist – Geneviève Clement Analyst – Pascal Lapointe v TABLE OF CONTENTS PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS .......................................................... ii PCDD/F (Dioxins and Furans) in Tissue Samples .......................................14 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................... iii PBDE in Tissue Samples ..........................................................................14 CONTRIBUTORS ............................................................................ v Timeline for Data Collection .......................................................... 15 Ethical Considerations .................................................................... 15 TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................... vi Data Analyses ................................................................................. 15 ACRONYMNS AND ABBREVIATIONS .......................................... xii RESULTS ...................................................................................... 17 GLOSSARY ................................................................................ xiii Sample Characteristics ................................................................... 17 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................... xvi Socio-demographic Characteristics ............................................... 18 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 Health and Lifestyle Practices ....................................................... 18 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................... 4 Traditional Food Use and Gardening ........................................... 20 Sampling ........................................................................................... 4 Nutrient Intake ............................................................................... 22 Table A. Description of the three ecozones within the Ontario AFN Region ....4 Food Security .................................................................................. 25 Table B. Summary of collection effort for each stratum in Ontario ..................5 Concerns about Climate Change ................................................... 26 Principle Study Components ........................................................... 7 Tap Water ........................................................................................ 26 Household Interviews ...................................................................... 7 Surface Water Sampling for Pharmaceuticals ............................ 31 Traditional Food Frequency Questionnaire .................................................7 Mercury in Hair Results ................................................................. 36 24-Hour Diet Recall .................................................................................8 Food Contaminant Results ............................................................. 37 Socio/Health/Lifestyle (SHL) Questionnaire ................................................8