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Seismic Hazard Assessment for the Protection Of ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS, 60, 4, 2017, S0440, doi: 10.4401/ag-7154 Seismic hazard assessment for the protection of cultural heritage in Greece: methodological approaches for national and local scale assessment (pilot areas of Aighio, Kalamata and Heraklion) Sotiris Sboras1,*, John Andrew Dourakopoulos1, Evaggelos Mouzakiotis1, Pavlos Dafnis1, Theodoros Palantzas1, Vassilios K. Karastathis1, Nikolaos Voulgaris2, Gerasimos-Akis Tselentis1 1 National Observatory of Athens, Institute of Geodynamics, Lofos Nymfon, Athens, Greece 2 University of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geoenviromment, Athens, Greece Article history Received September 15, 2016; accepted June, 16 2017. Subject classification: Historical monuments, SHA, Structural assessment, Geodatabase, Greece. ABSTRACT project, which was recently completed, focuses on his- The rich Greek cultural heritage has been always threatened by the torical monuments protection. intense seismic activity in the broader Aegean region. The objective of One of the primary targets of “ASPIDA” Project the presented project is to develop an integrated tool for the engineers is to create a valuable GIS-based database providing in order to protect the Greek monuments, museums and archaeolog- much of the information required for seismic hazard ical sites against strong earthquakes. In order to achieve this goal a assessment. The development of such a database de- GIS-based database was developed with a bidirectional purpose: to livers multiple benefits: i) it provides a multilevel data collect and combine all necessary data about the monuments and management, ii) the input and output data are fully their regional geological and seismotectonic conditions and to assess updatable and adjustable, iii) analyses and calculations seismic hazard for each and every monument using the most modern between data and/or datasets are significantly facilitat- techniques. In this paper we present the structure and development of ed, iv) results can be presented in multithematic maps our database, we propose a methodological procedure for estimating at the scales of interest, and v) the final structure offers seismic hazard in Greece which will be the basis for the structural ease of use by any end-user. To meet this specific goal, assessment of historical structures. The preliminary results show a fourstep procedure was followed: i) development of that the estimated values of maximum ground acceleration are quite a GIS based geospatial database of sites of cultural high for areas in close proximity with large faults, especially when interest (monuments, museums, archaeological sites, combined with loose ground conditions. Therefore an update of the etc.) summarized by the term ‘monuments’, integrat- protection code would be necessary. Subsequently the estimated values ed with geological and seismotectonic data, ii) applica- of maximum ground acceleration have been applied to three cases of tion of state-of-the-art methodologies for seismic haz- monuments for the determination of the most vulnerable parts of the ard assessment at national scale, i.e. for all monuments structure and the verification of the observed pathology. inside the Greek borders, iii) application of methodol- ogies for seismic hazard and structural assessment of 1. Introduction monuments to three case studies in different localities Greece is the most seismologically active region (Aighio, Kalamata, Heraklion), iv) proposal of a frame in Europe. Earthquakes are not only a threat for hu- of instructions and regulations regarding earthquake man lives and infrastructure, but also for monuments protection for monuments. In this paper the procedure that have survived during the centuries and are spread and the results for both national (steps i and ii) and all over the Greek territory. For this reason, the earth- local (step iii) scale seismic hazard assessment adapt- quake protection policy in Greece should be updated ed for the historic monuments are presented. The by incorporating modern seismic hazard assessment frame of instructions and regulations (step iv) will be techniques. Work package 3 (WP3) of the “ASPIDA” presented in a future publication. The final data and S0440 SBORAS ET AL. results of WP3 are published on a dedicated website (longitude/latitude) projection system and WGS84 da- (http://aspida3.gein.noa.gr/). tum. The main dataset of monuments is updated with For the scope of seismic hazard assessment, a the results of the seismic hazard assessment. Additional stochastic methodology [EXSIM algorithm; Motaze- material, such as topographic-morphological data (e.g. dian and Atkinson 2005] was implemented taking ad- hypsometric contours, triangulation points, drainage vantage of the numerous information regarding the network) and infrastructural-administrative data (e.g. seismic source and the local site conditions. Using this transportation, municipalities) are also available for pro- technique allowed the determination not only of the ducing thematic maps. The structure and data can be ac- distribution of the peak ground acceleration, velocity cessed in the dedicated website hosted in the servers of and displacement, but also the pseudospectral accel- NOA (the included data are in Greek language until the eration, velocity and displacement spectra for each English version is ready): http://aspida3.gein.noa.gr/. monument site. During the presented project, one monument for 2.2 The monuments dataset/layer each one of the three pilot areas were examined: Agi- The ‘master’ dataset of the database is the mon- os Nikolaos in Platani (Aighio pilot area), Agioi The- uments dataset. According to the Greek Legislation odoroi in Kampos of Avia (Kalamata pilot area) and (3028/02), ‘immovable monuments’ are “monuments Agios Minas and Pantanassa in Crete (Heraklion pilot which are attached to and remain on the ground, the sea- area) are churches built more than six hundred years bed or on the bed of lakes and rivers, as well as monuments ago and more specifically in middle byzantine and post which are found on the ground, the seabed or on the bed of byzantine period. Throughout their life, earthquakes, lakes and rivers and cannot be removed without damage to either caused from near or far active faults, constitute their values as testimonies. Immovable monuments also in- one of the major reason for various partial or total clude installations, structures decorative and other elements, collapses and extended damages on the structure and which form an integral part of monuments as well as their therefore, a particular analysis based on seismic haz- surroundings. Ancient immovable monuments are the mon- ard assessment should be elaborated. This analysis uments that are dated up to 1830”. required a detailed site investigation, highlighting the The only officially published geographic data- different approaches when working in such contrast- base of cultural and historic monuments in Greece is ing scales (national and local). hosted in the website of “Odysseus” (http://odysseus. culture.gr/) under the aegis of the Hellenic Ministry 2. Seismic Hazard Assessment at national scale of Culture and Sports (HMCS). The database counts over 2000 entries which are categorized in three main 2.1 The “ASPIDA” geodatabase groups: museums (279 entries), monuments (1573 en- The “ASPIDA” database is designed and devel- tries) and archaeological sites (463 entries). The website oped using ArcGIS software in discrete layers in or- version consists of an interactive map and supporting der to serve two purposes: to form a well-organised general historic information (descriptive and not pa- databank with geographic reference and to comprise rameterized) for every monument. Since the beginning a tool for facilitating SHA calculations. Data can be of WP3, the data of “Odysseus” database were not categorized into two groups: i) the input data, which available due to maintenance. For this reason, “Odys- correspond, but are not constrained, to all available in- seus” data were retrieved manually, directly from the formation needed for the SHA calculations, and ii) the interactive map of the official website, they were cross- output data including all calculated strong motion pa- checked for the accuracy of position and information, rameters (e.g. PGA, PGV, etc.). Within the database, then processed and finally parameterized. Nevertheless, strong ground motion values calculated with proba- further available sources were tracked down and used bilistic methodologies [Papaioannou et al. 2008], as in order to complement the monuments that miss from well as the Greek Seismic Code regulation – EAK 2000 “Odysseus”. These are: i) the database of Voulgaris et [EPPO 2001] seismic hazard values are included only al. [2006], an updated database partially based on “Odys- for reference and for the informative character of the seus”, ii) the “Ongoing Catalogue of the Listed Archae- database. Three are the important datasets (or layers): ological Sites and Monuments of Greece”, published the main dataset of monuments and the datasets of since 1993 by the Directorate of the National Archive of the seismic sources and the geotechnical soil condi- Monuments (HMCS), which contains only immoveable tions. All datasets are referenced to the geographic monuments, archaeological sites and historic places that 2 SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT FOR THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF GREECE require a specific legal act of designation, demarcation patibility towards the parametric information needed and protection, and
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