VOL.28 I997 PAGE NOTESFROM THE EDITOR 2 MEMORIALS Robert Nicholl 6 ,i-2!%! 'Tusau Padan 15 Bo~ufacrJarraw &~akSerir I9 RESEARCH NOTES Sara\vakCeramics Project, 1997:Chris Dolierry, Paul 2 l Reavin, and Kurui Edrnund Cornt~lenlon Early Rice inBorneo, Willlam(; Solhei~n,11 26 Ilav~ngYour Medicmeand Eating It Too: a Prcli~n~l~on 28 Look at Med~cineand Meals 111Kayan-Mmttlrang, 1Kallnlal~b~~, hidonesia, Lisa X Gollin I A Co~~lilsio~iof Crooksliatdis (sic). Pcrsonalitlcs and Power 42 111111c 1.ives oftlie Earl). Brookes:.l FI. Walker 7 The laves of I-lugli I.ow, Bob Reece 55 Inrroduc~ion,Spenser St Johll's The Lifeof Sir 12inic.s 60 Brooke, Rajah of Sanwak,R l1.W Recce The H~storyoTResc.arcli on Tradirio~iulLand 'Te~~urrand 82 1 ree Oi~~~ersli~pIn Bonieo, C;.N Appell Vnria~ionand Chang~ngTradit~on 111 lhan landTenure, Red 08 L. Wadlcy Archlval Sour~esfor Colon~alI-iis~ory, I-Ian K~lapen 109 Co~ltinuityand Change m Sonic Freclue~itly-lJsed Brutlei 117 Mulay PolitenessFonns, Lintla Ails Klrnhall FOURTHBIENNIAL MEETLNG BRIEFCOMMUNICATIONS 154 . ANNOUNCEMENTS 166 h BORNEONEWS 172 I

The Borneo Rrsec~rchBulletin is ~)ublishedby the Borneo Research Council. Please adtlressall inquiries and contributionsfor publication to Clifford Sather, Editor, Borneo Resectrch Bulletin, Department of Anthropology, I Reed College, Portland, Oregon97202-8199, USA. Single Lw mw 11 issues are availableat US $20.00. . I 1 BORNEO RESEARCHB ULLETIN

CliffordSather, Ph.D., Editor

Department of Anthropology Reed College Portland, OR 97202-8199 U.S.A.

Borneo Research Council P. 0. Box A Phillips, ME 04966 U.S.A. ~)lr:Pi;& Bicnmial T,;?: IZO~$~I.~!~CC 'Thc Fifh R~crunialConCerence ofrhc Romeo I?.escarch Cou~lc~l~vill be held. as a~ulounccdlast !-car. in !'alangka Ra!.a. I;al~mantan Tengah. Indones~a.Jul!. 13-17. 1998 (sce the announcement beloiv). Fu~.thcrinibrmat~on. as ii is recclved it does. research notes. brief conl~nunica.tions,and nr:~\ls items in archaeolog\. by the editor. will be mailed to BRCmembers or posted on the BRC \vcbsite (see I belo\\). Our Indonesian hosts havc establisheda conl'crencc com111itteca~ld those \~isl1111gto present papers, organize confet-encesessions. or desir~ngi~lforniai~on was held last year at the Un~versitiRnrnei Damssalarn on travel ant1 accommodation arrangements are encouraged to write directly to Since the appearance of the last volumc of the BIW. a number of events .the Conurnitice Secretariat. Fifih Eienn~alConferzncc of the Sol-neo P.esearch have occurred tllai dcsc~venoting. Alcter 23 !ears of sciv~cc.Dr. Peter !Cecl~r Co~~ncil.Jalan Damang Salilah C-1-1.Palanglca Rap73 1 12. I-.1-Ie is \veil Furrure hicedsand Policy Implicaiio~~s known to inany of our I-eaders for his challel~gingbook. based on his Uni~/crsicy of Malaya MA thesis, Malnj2 Politics iir .Brnl~ciic,iP46-IY(i(i, published in 1985 b!. Oxford Universitl. Press The new director 1s also a trained archivist. hawng Palangkii Rayn.I(aliuniliutan Tengall. 1ndo11es1;i earned a post-graduate Diploma in Informailon Manage~nentlArcI~rvcs Prr:sldcnt~alS!'~nposium. Susta~nab~litj~. Post-l\ioclr:n~ization Adnlin~strationfrom the University of New South Wales. Ai'ter receiv~ne,his and rlobalizat~onof Culrure Colnminee Secret;lr~at Sarahalc Museum's archives as a histol.~nn,eminently qualifies 11imto undei-rake Fifth Bie~l~ualCo~tere~~ce the vital task. w111ch he and his staff have now begun, of reorganizing thc Borneo Rescarcl~Co~i~~cil museurn's resources, its collections. and arch~ves.Hlstor~cally, tlie Jln. Da~nnngSalilah C-1-1 Museum has stood oul. in Lcrnls of' research and the advance~llentof knowledge. Pnlnngka Rayn 73 112 I<;;li~nnntanTengah as the premier institution of its I

The tirn~ngof the FiICth Bic-:nnial Conference allo\vs 111oscwho wish to axtenc!

study and local scholars enhanccd facilities foi- I-esearchanc! publiation. and IS the Th~rdititemat~onal :Ccnference on Great Apes of tlie World, to be held JLII>. reflected in the BRC's o\vn bienn~almeetings. the last two of wh~chhave been 3-6, 1998, in , Sniawak (see Soimeo News). to talte part iii both held on university campuses. at theUn~versitas Tanjungpura in I'ontiandc and the conferences. The Orangutan Foundation lntcrnational (OFI) and the fai-a\x~ak Universiti Blunel Danlssalam in Randar Seri Rcgawan. This growth bodes well Development Institute (SDI). the principal organizers of the Great Apes for the future of Borneo studies, and In this light, we are happy to note, too. the conference, have arranged \\lit11 local tour operators for a series of pre- and posr- establishment of a new research center on the campus of the Universiti conference tours, including a tour of orangutan rehabilitation stations in Tanlung Sarawak (UNILWAS). the Institute of East Asia~Stud~es, intendcd to promote Put~ngNat~onal Park, I or hta Armstrong au>. On behalf of the Councll. I wish to thank James and Pamela for making A large of people assisted me in putting this volume together. these valuable computer services availableto us. Again. I [hank Dr. kck Fidler (Rhode Island College) for his invaluable editorial MemberSupport llelp. Sander Adelaar. Dee Baer. Don Brown, James Chin. Jayl Langub, Bob Over the last year, our annual fund cai~lpaig~lwas a success. Here we wish Reece. Vlnson Sutl~ve,and John Walker all prov~dedvaluable review support, to acknowledge the follow~ngpersons for their gifts in support of the work of the advice, and critical comments during the year. Dr George Appell, President of Council: Jenn~ferAlexander, Matthew Arnster, G. N. Appell, Laura P. Appell- the has undertaken the daunting task of keeping our membership list ...- RRC Warren. Ralph Arbus. Adele Baer. Martin Baier: Donald E. Brown, Chew Lun current. and anyone w~tha change of address to report should write directly to Chan, R G. P. Claydon. Jay Crain. Otto Doering 111, Amity Doolittle, Michael R. Dr. AppeII, at P.O. Box A. Phillips. ME 04966. USA. as indicated at the back of Dove, Dr. and Mrs. Allen Drake, kchard Fidler, Jud~thHeirnann, Virginia this issue Finally. Dr. Phillip Thomas (National L~braryof Medicine), once Matheson Hooker, Victor T King, Cra~gLockard. Alan MacLachlan, Wolfgang again. ably carried out the computer work necessary for processing the textual Marschall, Clive Marsh, Peter Martin, James McLellan, Peter Metcalf, Awang materials and photographs. Hasmadi Awang Mols, Alastair R. 1. Morrison, Rodney Needham. Carsten The BRB On-Line Niemitz, Harry Arlo Nimmo, Kazunori Oshima.John Pearson, Robert Pringle. The Borneo Research Counc~lhas now entered the electronic age. Dur~ng Ronald Provencher, Robert Reece. Rolf Schlonier, Bernard Sellato. P.G this last year, Dr. James Chili at M~ddlesexUn~versity, London, established a Sercombe. Andrew Smith, Antonia Soriente, OttoSte~~unayer. Jack Stuster, Anna Counc~l~ebsite. On this slte can now be found general ~nformat~onregarding the Tsing. Reed L. Wadley. Peter Weldon, Jim Welsh, W. D. Wilder, Robert objectives of the BRC. The site also reproduces the table of contents of the Winzeler. and Leigh Wright. If 1 have left any contributor's name off this list, current Borneo Reseorch B1dletin and posts announcements of various Council- please let me kno~f. related events and act~v~ties.The website, originally established by Dr. Ch~nat Middlesex University. has now been moved to a pennaneiit Sarawak locat~on The website address 1s http:Nftp.sarawak.com.~nyiorg/brci.Those with news items they would like to post are invited to contact either Dr. Chin at <~ianies.chin(r~>niailcitycorn> or myself at Ccl~ffordsatker~<$directory.reed.edu> The site has proved popular and James tells me that, so far this year, our pages have rece~vedover 6,000 "hits" or visitors. The site was also recently noted by Gerry van Kl~nkenin a br~efarticle, "Indonesia on the Net" in Inride Indonesia (April-June 1997). The Borneo Research Council Electronic Mailing List was also created last year at the ~nitiativeof Pamela Szeto Llndell, at the University of Nevada, Reno. as a means of fi~rtherfostering communicat~onbetween ~nd~vidualsw~th scholarly interest in Borneo. The list now contains approsinlately 150 subscribers from sixteen countries. Using the list. messages can be ~nstantlyposted regarding conferences. new publications, calls for papers. topicaldiscussions, inquiries, or anything else relevant to the interests of members Official menlbership in the BRC IS not necessary to become a 1st member In order to subscribe, those interested need s~niplysend a request, includ~ngtheir name and email address, to .Through both the webs~teand the mailing list, as well as by direct correspondence, the Council, as noted in my last -'Notes from the Editor." continues to work on produc~nga directory of interested Borneo scholars and research institut~ons Drs. James Chin and Rta Anustrong are in charge of Vol 28 UOL~ICO- - - Researcli - - -Eullelni - - - 7

1948-9 he studied ai the Institute of Education, University oi London, which awarded him a Diploma of Education. During hls years of retlrernent In England after 1987, Robert N~chollreturned to his first love. mediaeval lnonastlclsm Thequality of his research In UIISfield won the ROBERTNICHOLL plaudits even of acknowledged experts.From late 1992, however, lus activit~eswere 19 10-1996 severely curtailed as a result of a suolte. A reconcil~ar~onw~th the Roman Catholic The death of Farher Robert Nlcholl in March 1996, a week or two shy of the eighty- Chorch followed, Including the resumption of his pnesthood In 1994. In London in sisth anniversary of h~sbirth, marks the end of a Bornean connection encompassinghalf October 1995 Fatherhlicholl was presented by Professor V~ctorT IGng of the University a centllry. including more than fortyyears (1916-87)of residence in the ~sland~tself. first of Hull with a hefty, 600-page Festschrff entitled Front Bzrclcfast to Borneo, comprising in Sarawak and then in Brunei. some fifty contributions from scholars all around the world, from Auclcland to Santa Robert I'Jicholl made at least two major contributions to Bornean life. First. as an Barbara, from Bandar Seri Begawan to Albstadt-Truchtelfingen (see BRB, vol. 27). Education Officer in Sarawak from 1946 lo 1969 he spared no effort towards the Father Nichollcould have beenleft in no doubtof the lugh esteem in which hewas held. advance~neniof his students. manyof whom went on to enjoy distinguishedcareers and Besides his work as a historian, Robert Micholl's literar). output included a host of to retain a strong sense ofgratitnde for the assistance affordedthem by their former shor~stories and other essays. some written for the Surauluk Gazette under the headmaster. "He was one of the first outside officers to come to Sanwak after the pselldonym "H Pornfret St. Auben." He also took a keen interest in equestrianism, Japanese occupation." Tom Hamssonrelated in 1957. "Withont fuss or circumstance he languages (especially French),mvel, and jazz. His knowledge of ecclesiastical has devoted nearly all of (us generous mind and energetic heart to furthering the architecture was breathtaking; and,indeed, at Buckfast in the 1930she became involved enlightenn~en~,by education and his own wit,of the people - especially the upriver in the rnaking of stained-glass windows.His reliab~l~tyas a correspondent was legendary. people - ever since " a reply by return post being guaranteed.He conld be a generousbook-reviewer but was Secondly. wh~lstworking as a teacher and lustoria~In Brunei (1970-87), during unsparing of the meretric~ous.He was scathing about the tlme-sewer. theyes-man: those most of wl~ichtme he gave unstinting servlceas an honorary curator at the national he labelled "c~phers" His asceticism. courtesy and Integrity all attracted favourable museum, he shed a flood of new I~ghton the pre-Islamic ljstory of the country. His best comment work appearedIn the Bruner Afztse~rtn.Jo~rrtiul (1 972-1991) andthe Joztnlcrl of.Sbz~thecrst Father N~choll'sfinal months were spent at a pnory ~nSusses. It IS believed that an Asian Sfzlclies (1983. 19S9). There were also two important monographs-Ezrropeci~i autobiography,Monk Oztr of I.l/rrter,was in preparation. Should this, along with the .S'ources for the kIr.~/orvof the Sullnriote of Brunei in Ikr .S~xteentllCent~trv (Brunei .blrrce.~.jorthe Hi.slo

The cope: Medieval ecclesiastical vesture; 3. Buck)z.st Abbey Chronicle Dec. 1956 1935. letter. Sarawak Gazerre 1176: 36-37, 1180: 141-142. 1181: 178-179. 1182: 209- 210, 1186: 31 1. 1936 Review of Nineteenth centurv Borneo people by Rt. Hon. Malcolm Macdonald Monastic choir dress: Medieval ecclesiastical vesture, 4. Buckfa.st Abbey (Xronicle March 1936. [sic]. Sarmvak II/hrseum Journal 8(10): 192- 199. The man of law's tale: [a review of The fest~vol of hungr?, gho.rrs by Hugh Canonical choir dress: Medieval ecclesiastical vesture; 5. Bllckfusl Abbey Chronicle Sept. 1936. Hickling]. Sarmvok Gazette 1195: 197. Miri letter. Sarawak Gazette 1189: 57-58, 1191- 106-107, 1192- 137-138. 1949 Quis curabit ipsos curatores? Sarawak Il/r/se~tn~.Jo~trnal 8 (10)- 1-7 Awakening [on the ban]. Sarawak Gazette 1101- 336-337 Cats for ano ow it*:[letter]. Sarawak Gazelle 1100- 304-305 1958 Borneo for beginners: [a review of Heat/ hrr171ers oJ'Bor~7eoby P~erreIvanoff]. Pllgrlrnage [to Conjeeveram, India]. Sarawak Gazette 1099 260-262. Saruwak Gazette 1202: 78. 1950 Borneo seen from a U.S.A. university. Surawuk hflrsert17i Jo~rr17alS(11): 426- The ~lmanac':[letter]. Sarawak Gazette 1103 49-50 428 Anonymous contributions': [letter]. Sarawak (;azette 1103: 49 In the footsteps of Tamerlane. .~aruwak (;azelte 1199- 2-4. 120 16-18. 1201: The art of refusal'. ,Surawak Gozette 1103 36-38 26-28 Kuching letter. Sorawuk Gazette 1202: 56-57. 1203:87-88, 1205: 124- 125, 195 1 1206: 144- 145, 1208: 191, 1209: 208-209. 1210: 25 1. The amateur's race". Saru~vakGazerte 1 12 1: 158-160. Review of various shepherds: The country clergy in Elizabethan and Stuart The elexir [sic] of Grandmother Lo Huan Chai*. Sarawak Gazette 1122: 184- 185. times by Rev. A. Tindal Hart. Sarawak Gazene 1209: 227-229. A question of audit.* Surmuk Gazelte 1125: 240-242. 1959 scandalore*: [on horse racing in Kuchng]. Sarmak Guzerle 1124: 223-225. Author withn: [a review of bvorltl within by Tom Harrisson]. Surawak Gazette The turtle seccession*. Sczrawuk Gazette 1123: 196-198. 1215: 97. Pilot literary scheme in the Ulu Paku. Salawak, in Overseas Education. Voli~me The forgotten division: [the Fifih Division]. S(~rcrwakGazette 1214: 68-69. XXII (Julp 1951): 141-152. Kuching letter. Srrmvc~kGazette 121 1: 20-21. 1213: 55-56. 1952 Let the urchins sing [on a school song book by Toynbee]. Sorwnk C;uzetre 12 15: Br~ghtshlnes the moon lerung htrlan* SurawaX Gazerte 1127 21-25 104 Magna est veritas et praevalebit: [the new information office In Kuching]. The cliansmata of Father Ellas* Sarawak Gazqte 113 1 121-125 .Saruwak G~zetle1217: 154-155. Ob~tuary Cameron Alesander Per~tneyEsq [short story] Surawak Gazette 1128 42-43 Notes and comments. .Surawak Gazette 1216: 123. The phonograph of Mr Tan Ah Cheng* ,9 ~ra>vuk Gczzerfe 1126 1-6 The parrot Aiew Slalesn~at?58: 620-622. Reprinted as Bedtime story The parrot 1962 In Sarmvak Gazelle 1249: 62-663 and I995 in Fro,,) B~rckfnsrto 1953 Borneo 36-38. The dream esclse ,Sbrarvak Gazette 1139: 8-1 1 The scholars' war [the first Anglo-Chinese War]. ,Sarci)vak Gnzeue 12 13 56. MI~Iletter. Sarawak Gazette 1149: 207-208. W~ngedpeer. [a demonstration flight on a Malaya11 Alnvays Viscount]. Sara,vak 1954 (jazetfe 122 1: 269-270. Miri letter. Sarawuk (jazette 1154: 81-82, 1159: 185-186, 1161: 237. 1960 Blizzard excursion: [Europe in February]. Sar(~wuk(;azelte 1226: 72. 3955 Devotional interlude: [the senrah at Pulau Talang]. aTaru~vakGazette 1226: 71- Letters on currency and passports. Sarmak Guzette 1172: 268-269. Miri letter. Sarawak Gazerre 1163: 14, 1172: 264-264. 72. Notes and comments. Sornnwrk Gazelle 1227: 107-108. 1229: 152-153. Three wise men: [a revtew of The Three White Rajahs by Sir Steven Runciman]. Saruwmk Guze~te1233: 240-241.

*Items marked * were written under the pseudonym H. Pomfret St. Auben I~OITICORcs~~~cII BUIICII~I -- \iol 28 Val 21: Hon~eoRzsearcii I3ulle1111 i 1 !/ 1, 1967 Corite~;rpororyRevietv Sporting view of the higher learning. Ti~ilesEduccrrio~ial S~~pple~ireril 51 : 1090. Our nuzzled watcl~dogs. 210: 225-226. I Reprinted as Bethifire .norv: Thehoarcler in 1962 in S(~run~oI;Gazerre I 1970 1250 79-80 and 1995 in Fro111B~tc,kfcrst lo Bortieo : 39-40 Mr. Robe11 Nicholl Sen Eeruna~.annual magazlne of the Sulnn O~narAli Bi-tttri~lI-ei~isiretl S(rroil'clk Dark and satanlc: [a review of by Tom Hamsson] Saifudd~nCollege. I' G(/:r~re 121.2: 14.4. 1 The pol~ce~nan'slot: [a review oi tile Saia\\~nltconstabuli~n alrn~~al report for 1972 The mssion of Father Antonino Ventinligl~ato Boilleo. Brrr~ieiA/~t.~elr,ir .Jn~tr17nl 19601 .S[~rtn~'~kGlrzelte 124-!.: 197. ,I Tile story: [a review of Tlie ston, of Sirrtn~~ukby Vernon Mullen] Surawak 2(1): 183-205. Gazette 1235: 5-6. 1973 W. Binlulu. S(1rrrircr1;G(itrzefte 1213: 162. Odoric of Pordenone. Brloiei~\./~rseu~ir .Jour~ial 3(1): 6245. 1975 Bedtime story The boarder. IS(~~.(~i~~~~liG~zerIe125-. 27-80 (cf Sporl117g11ie11, of Europcan Sources for the IHistory of the Sultal~ateof Bnlnei in the S~\?eentll /he htgherIear~iitig 1961 above) Centui>l. edited by R.N Muzium Biunei Penei-bitan IUlas bil.9. Bedtl~nestory The parrot. ,S~ru~~'rrkG~zette 1249: 62-63 (cf The purr01 1959 Shariffudi. P.M and N~choll.R. A possible example of ancient Brunei scrlpi above) Rr~ctwiAf~r.c.elo11 Jolrrncrl 3(3): 116-122 I Bedtimz stoq The spouse. tSr~rar~ic~kC;crzefle 1254: 181 - I82 (cf Tlie .spoll.se Notes on the early toponymy of Brune~.Brrr~ier ~\f~(.selott .Jour~ial 3(3): 123-130. 1959 above). Bedtime story: The wonder-worlter. Sarawak G(rzerte 1253: 153-154. Reprinted 1976 1995 111 Frorir BuckJ~sr10 Bo~,ieo:40-12. Bishop Galvin: a personal memoir fobituary]. Brrrnei A~LIS~LU?~.Journul 3(4). Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate Higher School Certificate 1961. 199-20 1 Sar~i~~nX-Gazette 1219: 63 Letter to the Edltor [in reply to T.H. I-Ial-iisson's review of R.N 's 1975 Cambridge School Certificate and G C.E. exaltination pass list Scrralr'ak monograph] Jortr~ialof the h/ulnv.rtc~~iBrtr17ch or tlie Roy01 .-l.rtcrrtc G~rzetfe1249: 61-65. S'ociey49(2) 196 Farmers boy: [Iban education].Suru\~~(rli Guzertc 1258: 269. The sideenth centuql cartography of Borneo BI.LIII~IAfltse~oit .Jotrrnal 3(4) 96- Forgotten klngdom: [travel in Czechoslovakia]. .6ruivnl~Guzerre 1256. 226- 126. 228 1977 Fellow travelers: [travel in IIalyj.Surntvuk Guzeiie 3258: 27 1-272. Cordier. H. in China; translated by R.N. Br~mei~\,f~r.elr~ir Jourtic~l 1(1): 97- 111. Boolts and mortar. Suru~~~al;Gazetie 1267: 2 19-220. Relations between Brunei and Manila, A.D. 1682-1690; edited by R.N.Brtmei Cano~calia.Saruu-uk Ciuzelle 1270: 3 11-3 13. A4trse~11;r.Journal 4(1): 126-176. Pioneers Sarawak Gazette 1266:170- 171 1978 Revival [a revlew of] Tlie ,Secl Dc~-vultsu~itl nrlier r(1ce.v of .Surawc~fied~ted by Ibn Batuta and Borneo. Brr!r7eiA~LIS~LIIII Jotcn~al1-(2) 34-45, A.J I\I kchards..5'ura1i~uk C;uzet/e 1268: 253. 1979 Brunei and camphor. Brline~Af~cserrrn Jor1r1ial-?(3) 52-74 The other St. Thomas [Becltet]. .Scrra\vali Gt~zerte1272: 23-34 Sltull and cross-bones: [a revietv of selected lustorical articles inthe Sarcnvnk 1980 A/LI.W~III.lourric~l, vol. 11: nos. 21-22]. Sr~ru~vc~kGnzerte 1276: 140142. Brunei rediscovered: a survey of early times. 111: International Association of Taipingdom: [a review of] Clunese sources for the TaipingRebellion by J.C. Historians of Asia. 8th Conference, Icuala Lumpur, 1980. 15p. Cheng. Saralvak Gazette 1271: 5-6. Reprinted in 1980 in Br~eieiIl/~tse~r~n Jour~ial 4(4): 219-237 and 1983 The italue of V S 0.: A review .Surai~~trX-A1ztse~r1~1 Jo~rrriul 1l(23-24)- 567-569. in .Jortr17alofSolrthetrsl Asia17 ,Stwtlie.r14(1) 32.45. The medieval cartography of Borneo. Br~riieiAf~t.~e~t~it .loltn7al4.(4): 1 SO-2 18 Motes on some controvers~alissues in Brune~lustory Ai-cliipel 19: 25-41 Homeland The Baram: 3. Baram Telnng Usan. 12 Borneo Research Bullet~n Vol 28 Vol. 28 Borneo ResearchBulletin 13

:I 1982 1989 The Sribuza of CaptainBuzurg. Brrtnei Afz1serr171.loro.nul 5(2) 1-1 1. An age of vicissitude:Brunei 1225-1425 Brrr~ieihlrrserrttr .Jorrr17al7(1) 71 Some problems of Brunei chronology. Jourriolof tbtrtheasrAsia17 Studes 20(2): 1983 175-195. I Brunei rediscovered(as above. 1980, slightly revised). Jorrr17alof' Sozrlheclsf I .4sian Strr~lies14(1): 32-45. 1990 Dijk, L.C. van. Dutch relations with Borneoin the seventeenth century: A study in theorigins of Brunei.Brtrr?ei~Lftr.rerrt?r Jorrrnol 7(2):20-3 1 translated by Re\#.1 Heuschen and editedby R N Bnr~ie~~\/rc.c.eutn I Jorrr17al5(3): 5 1-60 1991 Raja Bo~ix.s.nrof .SL~/LI..4 Brrr17ei hero 117 his lir7les Malaysian Branch. Royal Rev~ewof The name of Brooke: the endof white rajah rule in Sarawakby Asiatic Sociery Monograph.no. 19. R.H.W. Reece, Brunei MuseumJournal j(3): 235-237. j 1984 1995 Four short stories by Roben Nicholl,selected and ~ntroducedby Joan Rawlins DIJ~,L.C. van Relations of the East India Companyw~tl~ Borneo (Brunei), tl~e Bedt~mestory: The parrot (cf. The Parrot 1959 above); Bedtime st or)^. I Sulu Arclnpelago. Mmdaneo:etc . translated by Rev. J. Heuschen and The boarder (cf Sporting view of the higher learning 1961 above): I edited by R.N. BruneiAllrseto?~ Jozrr17d 5(4): 46-52. Bedtime story: The wonder worker (cf. 1962 above); Bedtime story: A note on P'o-n~and its location. Brunei I\~~I.~~ZII?IJorrninl 5(1): 4-5. The spouse (cf The spouse 1959 above) Froit! Bzrckfust ro Borneo- Rev~ewof The hook of !he Il/ontler.r of 11~ltt1,edited and translated by G S.P Es.ru,vs preserrtetl to Futker Roberl Nicl7oll 017 the R5rh u11t7rl~rrsarvo/ Freeman- Grenville Bnriiei Alrrse.nr171.Jorrr17oI 5(4) 2 15-2 16, I his hirth 177 hf(~rch1995; edited by Victor T Kmg and AV.M. Horton The tomb of Maharaja Karna of Brunei at Nanking. Bruneihlrrsezoiz Jotrrnul 1 (Hull: Universityof Hull. 1995) 36-46. j(4): 35-45.

1985 UnpublishedWorks i Manguin. P.Y. The introduct~onof Islam Into Champa, translated by R.N. n.d. Jozrnicrlofthe h1trlc~v.nu11Brrrrich o/lhe Royal A.riu/rcSocie1.y j8(1): 1- Notes on the early history of Brunei. Unpublished typescript. Clted ~nA hi.rforv 28. of Brutiei by Graham Saunders (KualaLumpur: Oxford University Myth and legend in Bruneih~story. Br~rnei ~\.ft~sero?t Jorrr17ul6(1): 32-41 Press. 1994, p. 198). Review of ll/ea K~~lit?~~~~7~~~~i.N brbliogrupliyby Jan Ave. Victor King and Joke de Wit. Brrrnei A4~r.reu1ti.Jorrr17al 6(1) 189. 1947 ;I A brief survey of educat~onin Sarawak Rev~ewof Cracks ~n the Parclunent Curtam andother essays in Philippine I History by W.H. Scott. BruneiMuseum Journal 6(1): 190-191. 194819 ! 1986 The necessity for militanr atheism.[?] Dissenation (Diploma of Educadon) - Inst~tuteof Educat~on.University of London A note on the Brune~mosque Brunei Ad~rsero7r.Jozcr17rrl6(2) 4-1-46. A note on the Velarde map.Bru17er A4rrrrse~r1~1 .Jo~tr17al6(2) 72-76. 1950~7 the quest for Iabadiou. Brzr~ieiAfuseuttr Journal 6(2): 3633. The asylum for truants: [shon story] I Review of Historia Arrgus~ianoby R.P. Isacio R Rodngues, O.S.A.Brtnlei Confrontationat Embankment Place I A4rtserrtt1Jotrrriol6(2). 21 1 The escrito~reof Aunt Euphrasia 1987 The false prophel Revlew of 9rlu zone, 1768-1898 by James Warren. Brrrnei h1useut11Jorrrnal The horseless carriageof Res~denlTamb~ I 6(3): 213- 216. The infant Samuel at Much Suckling Miracles at Cranchesrer 1988 "Pendlehayes" I Advocate anonymous: [reviewof] Reporr oil Brro7er 117 I904 by M.S.H. Prayer at Much Suckling McArthur: edited by A.V.M. Horton. Bnrnei iLlrr.serun Joun7uI 6(4): The problem of fallen gentlewomen I 133-137. The problem of Waki-tilu I St. Oswald and St. Wulscan:Their shrines and miracles. [Priv. print.]. Travel

I I-! Rirrnco I?cscarcl~Uullct~t~ Vol. 2s Vol. 28 Botneo Researcl~Bulletin I5

1960s-1970s [Summary of English history]. TUSAU PADAN 1962 1933-1996 Refiections from Sarawak, tom cats scnpt of a talk received from Radio Tusau Padan, a11 artist. painter, c~~tsman.mus~cian, and dancer passed away on Sara\vd

Literarp SocietyI between work.or at night. His reputation as an artist and carverslowly spread to different parts of Sarawak. Someti~nein January 1963. Baram was lit by the worst flood in memov. A lot of manpower was needed to help in evacuation Tusau and lus group were recruitedto help the Distnct Officer. Due to his friendly nature. Tusau became a good friend of the Distr~ctOfficer. Datuk Wan Hashi~n.Ths friendsh~pwas important because it was Borneo-- ResearchBullet~n Vol 28 Vol 28 Romeo Research-- Bullet~n 17

11 tluough Datuk Wan Haslumthat Tusau's talent as an anlst became known to the Saraalak was not to be, for ~nthe sameyear. Datuk Ny~paBato'. then a Stale M~rusterfor Welfare. il I while visitlng some Penan in irk. met Tusau and conveyed to him the Museum Sarawak Museum's invitation to work with the museum. His attachment with the museum looked more permanent.He was well liked by the museum staff, especiallyby Datuk Lucas Chin who had succeeded Benedict Sandin as the Museum Director. However, a friend of some standingin the Orang Ulu community persuaded Tusauto leave the museum and establish abusiness with Ium. With great reluctance Tusau left [o join the busmesswhich later failed. Tusau was unemployed for qulte some time. W~ththe help of Datuk Lucas Clun, Datuk Nyipa Bato' and Datuk Hapsah Harun. then a State Minister for Cultureand youth. Tusau was employed as a musician, dancer.and craftsman withthe Miniswy of Culture andYouth. which later becamethe Ministry of Social Development.It was at the Ministry of Social Development that Tusau's other talents as a ~nus~cianand dancer became known world wide. When the Smte Government waspromoting Sarawakas a tourist destinat~on.the sentices of Tusau as a mus~cianand dancer were greatly in demand. His music and dance tookh~m around the world, to the United States, Engl'md. Germany, Australia. Japan and South Korea.An accomplished sape ' player. Tusau charmed millions around the worldwith his music and dance. Among Tusau's most treasured memories was his performance beforeQueen Elizabeth I1 on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of her reign, at Lancaster House. London in 1992.Tusau had earlier performedbefore the Queen in Kuchingwhen she was on an official v~s~tto Sarawak in 1972.Despite his contact and exposure to the modern Tusau Padan (Photoby Jayl Langub) world, Tusau rema~nedtraditional. He wore his hair in thetraditional fringe and practiced After the flood Tusau and his gronp worked in aquany at Batu Gading,below the what "the old people taught him"--their art, craft, music. and dance. He was the standard small town of Long Lama. It was while working at Batu Gading that Tunu was invited bearer of Orang Ulu culture and tradition. His works of artand crafi now adorn public by Tom Harrisson to do im work and carving for theSmwak Museum. Afrer working in and private buildings. hotels, and private homes, not only in Sarawak but overseas. He tl~eSanwak Museum. Harrisson took Tusau to Brunei to do more art work aid carving was doing all that "the old people taught him,"not to seek fame but to preserve a for the Brunei Museum Tusauwas w~ththe Brunei Museum for about a year Tusauwas beautiful tradition called back to the Baram by Datuk Wan Hashitn at the request of Temanggong Oyong Tusau was ordinaly, yet spec~alIt was not lus talent as a traditional artist, musician. or dancer that made special, forthere were tradit~onalartists. musicians.and dancers Lawal Jau and BishopA.D. Calvin whowanted to com~nissionTusau to do some carving hrn and painting for the Catholic Church atLong San. Tusauspent six months painting the who were as talented as he. What made him special was a combination of talent and altar wall of the Church. carving the crucifix and the altar in Kenyah design. While at personality. charm and zest for life. Tusau was at ease in any company. whether in the Long San. he painted a mural on the longhouse apartmentwall of TemanggongOyong longhouse with longhouse folks, in thecity with dignitaries at official functions. orwith Lnwa~Jau. fore~gnersin foreign lands He was a delightful person who easily sm~ledHe easily By this time Tusau's reputation as an artist had become widely knoivu On responded to requestsfor his canllngs and paintings and was not bothered by how much co~npletionof lis work at Long San. Tusau was invited by Penghulu BalanLelau to paint he was paid fora plece of work. He needed nopersuasion to perform the rnuslc anddance a mural on his longhouse apartment wall at Long Sobeng. Tinjar. Wlule staying with of his people to any audience. For Tusau, carving and painting,or perform~ngthe music or dance of his people. was a way to promote theirculture to the world. Unlike other l Penghulu Balan Lejau.Te~nanggong Oyong Lawai Jau was hospitalized at Miri and Tusau was asked to visit him in the hospital. The year was 1968. and the Temanggong traditional artists, musicians anddancers. Tusau was ableto blend traditional an. music I informed Tusau that Datuk Lucas Chin ofthe Sarawak Museumwanted hm to do some and dance with the rapid change of modem Sarawak. He was what the Penan call a keh~m~ruektnvr ', a person who knew how to live life to the fullest. It was his love for life Inore work for the museum Tusauworked at the museum until 1972when Tan Sn Datuk Ong Kee Hui commissioned him to do some painting and carvlngat Tan Sn's res~dence that made Tusau special. Brought up ina society where shanngwas a norm, Tusau kept that value tluougl~out 111 Kuala Lumpur. In 1973 he wentback to Banmonly to be invlted to Brunei to work on a huge coffinfor the Brunei Museum. lus life. When Tusau first came to Sarawak in 1959, he and mernbers of his group In 1971 Tusau was back in Baram. His intention was to live there permanentlv to contributed their wages to buy items for the others to take ho~neto Long Nawang. I Another occasion was when Tusau andlus group helped the District Officer evacuate farm as he had married a Kenya11woman from Long Selatong and had children.But tlus

I I \lo! 2s 18 --- Borneo Research Bulletin Vol 2R ! vlctlms dunng the 1961 floods Each worker was glvena sack of nce and tlnned food In appreclauonfor lus help As each of the Indonesian Kenyah \vas a slngle person, the food BONIFACEJARRAW ANAT< SENT glven was too much for one person to eat Rather than sell these food items to local 1941-1996 people Tusau and lus group dlv~dcdthe e\tra food arnollg the local people Irrespective of tllelr elhcbackground They gave somc of these Items to tlwr Clnnese Mala)# and On Fr~daythe 21st of Julie 1996, Bon~Cace Jarraw anak Ser~tpassed away at Orang Ulu fr~endsTh~s nas much apprec~atedby the local people espec~allythose \vltlr Sarnulak General Hospltal Kuchlng He was burled on the lnormng ofthc 24th of Junc I I b~gfaln~l~es 1996 In tllc Ron~anCathol~c Cemetery 7thM~le Kuclr~ngiPe~wssen Road, In senjlces AS an OrangUlu. and despite 111smeagre lncorneIn an urban settlng. Tusau never w~tnessedby over a hundred people lncludlng comlnurutyleaders and localdlgn~tanes

fa~ledto share whatever he had. such as food or dnnk. with lus \.is~tors.Tusauwas not Bon~faceJarraw's death IS Iteenly fclt not only by h~sfam~ly and fnends but also 1 only generous\v1t11 whatever mater~alwealth he had. Ile was also generous in shanng tus by the Majlls Adat Istladat the agencydt whrclr Ile served for 15 years just sl~ortby two kl~owledgeand talent Unfortunately hewas not able to find anyone. especially Orang months of 111sfull term of servlce wltlr the government He d~edat the age of 5-! Ulu, who tolearn what he was willnlgto teach If there 1s any consolation to such The late Bomface Ia~awwas born on 3 September 1941 at Ranan Kanow~tHe a talented person who wanted to share with others "what the oldpeople taught h~m"~t IS attended schoolat St Xav~erRC School In Kanow~tand later Kano\v~tSecondaq School In the fact that he left 111s work In vanous museums. publlcand pnvate bu~ld~ngs.and In where Ile completed lus Sarawak JumorSchool Celllficate He wds among tl~cfew young pnvate llomes not only In ~abut overseas. for people to appreciate and to learn Iban In the Kanow~tDlstrlct at the tllne to obtaln secondaq education HISa~nbluon to I Irom. (Jayl Langub. Mallis Adat Isuadat. Level 4. Wlslna Satok. 93400 Kucluug. contlnue scl~ool~ngwas tliw~rtedbv a lack of financ~almeans Therefore afier I Sarawak. Malaysia) conlple[lng lus Sanwak Jumor Sclrool Cert~ficateIle left school In 1960 and first worlted as a tcmporaly teacher atNanga Kamal~hPn~nary School In July 1961. Bon~facc [Editor's note: As reported In the Sarawak News sectlon.a retrospective ezlr~bit~on.The jolned the IbanService of Rad~oSarawak as a Progralrunc Asslstmt HISjob made 11nn Art of Tusau Padan was held In the Dcwan Tun Razak. I

Inter-Church B~ble~ransiailon Prognlnme Wlule wltl~the B~bleSoc~cty hewas sent for tralnlng to the Translator lnstltuteIn Banglalnung In Tlia~landHe had also anended I

translated tl~c\vl~ole B~ble (the Old Teslamcnt andthe Ncw Testament)~nto ban In 1977 Bon~faceJam\\ was sent lo I

securely dated evidence.as yet. for the presenceof rice anywhere 111 Insular Southeast Asia In the orevious volume of Lhe BRB. Beavitt et al(1996) reportedconf~rmational

~auiBeavitt and lus colleagues (1996:33).thk British AcademyCo~n~nittee for South East As~anStudies. whichiunded tl\ls research,agreed to support further workin 1997 I

early nce varieties. bothin Borneoand elsewl~erein Asia ]

The alm of our 1997 fieldwork was to identifythe presenceof rlce inclus~ons111 pottery from a series ofkey sltes across Sarawak.It was hoped that these find~ngscould I contribuledirectly to the study of thepattern of early rice cultivation across thisregion. The fieldwork involved theexam~nation of excavated sherds and the collectionof clap samplesin orderto verify thatthe pottery is of local origin andthat it has 1101 been traded in from elsewhere. I 1. Findingsof the 1997 fieldwork Following the examinationof a total of 10,315 sherds. nine new sites were identified whlcl~had rlce inclusionsIn pottely. Niah. WestMooth. Neolitluccemetery. N~all.Ka~n Hitarn. --7 7 porneo Rescar~l~~BB~lletrn Vol 2S Vol 28 Borneo Rcsearcl~Br~llctin 23

N~ah.Lobang 'i't~lang. In conmst. the IMJO~IQof those West Moutllsherds whicll do show evidenceof Nlal~.Lobang Angus. ,.ice inclusio~ls('and the frequency of such sherds here is relatively low) suggest Illat only Gedong. sl,lall amounts of rice were originally present.Carbonised grains are rare and Bongk~s;l~n. observations are usually restricted to fine ilnpresslons of the rlce lluslcs agalnst the Ta~yo~lgKubor. enclosing clay. The imtral inferpretat~onhere is that rlce was present in insufficient Sungal Buah ollantit~esto act as a temper but was either added for cultural reasonsor was lncluded Tebing Tingg~.Icabong accidentally- However, these same fabrics are observed to be very permeable due to the Evidence for rice was found in 375 sherds representing a find rate of 36 sheids per occurrence of large elongate voids formed as the clay shrank on dyng andlor fir~ng. 1000 exam~necl.These sites cover theperlod from 1000-3000 BP to 400 BP. Colnpared lo the Kain Hitam and LubangTulalg fabncs. any carbon~sedorganic matter Analysts ofthe forms. fabrics(fired clay and ~nclusion.bod), and paste) andsurpace in these sl~erdswould be readily burnt out as the higher penncab~l~tywould lead to decorations suggestthat these are all local wares During this study it became apparent efficient gaseouseschange (i.e. combustion) during firing. Moreover.the presence of that rice was present in potten.at two densities,i.e.. In relatively large amounts. in \\~hich coarse inclusionsin these West Mouth sherds means that they are less able to record the case it could function as temper. and in minor amounts. cvluch could indicate that its cllanctensti~but delicate impress~onsmade by the outer surface ofthe rice husks. The i~lclus~onwas Cor cultunl reasons or was ;~cc~dentalAt Niah the occurrence of rlce in colnblnat~onof I~ighpermeability and coarseinclusions therefore resultsin a relat~vely potter). was observed to be different at the different sites within the cave complex. e.g, 101~presen:atlon potentla1 for any included rice(or other organic) gralnsin these fabr~cs. West Mouth (rareinclusions) and Ka~nHitam (present as temper) Different claysappear Clearly this makes it difficult to establish whetherrice was originally present in to have been employedhere and local clay samples were talra~in order to determine sufficient quantitiesto act as a functional temper. However. of more concern is the fact which raw lnarerials I~ndbeen used. the evidence for rice grams. at any density. in sherds is being missed in some of these In addition lo r~ce-tempered\vare. a range of other. distinct~veceramics are seen to more problematic fabrics. be presenr at these sites and may be \vorthj~of further ~nvestigat~on.e g, double-spouted The rum of the 1997 fieldworlc was to screen as large a number of sherds from as vessels. tluee-colour ware. and brittle wares. wide a range of suitable sites as possible. Accordingly.a rap~dsystem of processing was 2. Findingsof 1abnl:atory analysisof shercls devised in which a low-power ~icroscopeesamination was made on a single (usually) A large number of these rice-tempered sherds were taken to the Research freshly made random fracture.The 10.000 plus sherds esamined were done so at the Laboratoy for Arcl~aeologyal Oxford. In order to verify tllc field obsenlations The average rate of 2 per minute follow~ngpolnts arise However. althoughth~s approach was clearly successful inident~fy~ng rice in sherds from several newsites. the nature of this rapid screening meantthat (1) the number of 1) All but tluee of the rice identificationsmade in the field wereverified by positive observalions must be considered as an absolute minimum.and (2) evidence for subsequent exa~iunationusing a higher resolutionmicroscope The three sherds the presence of rice is probably being missed in some of the sherds with the coarserand rejected were found to contain moulds or carbonised remainsof plant mater~al more permeable fabrics other than rice The laner point was made clear when some West Mouth sherds fro~nthe 1996 2) As a result of the detailed re-esamination of these375 sherds it beca~nc season. which had been screened at Oxford, were re-examinedin more detail (i.e.by apparenl that the scarcily of rice in some of these fabrics is largely due to a esalnining a series of closely spaced fractures thereby increasing the surface area lower presenration potential of organic material in some of these fil-ed clays. available for observation). All previous conclusions were verifiedescepl for the case of Certain fabrics. therefore.w~ll nol read~lypreserve carbonised rice grams or two veq permeable and coarsefabr~cs. originally thought to bebarren. This more readily talce lmpresslons of the rice husk. In these cases. I-rcewill be d~fficultto eshaust~veesaminat~on now sl~owsthat these do have evidence ofrlce g~ainsIn botl~ locate and. where present. its apparently low density would suggestthat it was cases this evidence1s l~mltedto a s~ngle.but definite. observation of aweak i~npress~on not ~ntendedto act as a fi~nctionaltemper. made in the clay by a rice husk. Of great significancein this case is that botl~of these new (i.e. revised) occurrenceswere in pottery associated with burials (i.e. burials 190 and57) A good esalnple of this is seen at Nial~.Many ol the sl~erdsat Lubang Tulang and and one of these has a 14C date (i.e, burial 57:dated at 2520 B.P.) ICain M~ta~nhave abundanrrice huslts preserved largelyas carbon~sedrelnains. Here the 3. Suggestio~isfor further worlc clays contained little in the way of coarser particles or voids resulting in a relatively From a consideration of the above findings there~vould seem to be two main impermeable body. a condition wluch favourstile preservation of organic material in possibilities forfi~rtlicr work on the rice-tempered ceramics: these low fired ceramics Asrice is observed in abundance.it is possible to suggest that a) To re-examine aselecfed series of the Sarawak material viewedduring the 1997 rice here was being added as a functional tempering material. fieldwork Recognit~onof a lower preservation potentla1 in some key fabrics meansthat these can be targeted for more detailed esaninat~onOf particular Interest here are the 24 R-cv\eo liesearch Bulletun Vol. 28 Vol 28 Borneo Researcln~B~~llet~n 2 5

sltes of the N~ahco~nplex where pottery is associated with dated or datable burials. and for the type of firing used, although the Sanwak clays are capable of withstanding these the upland Kelabit sites. temperatures without failure of the ceramic. Whilst tlus observation of mullire might be a Niah is clearly a key site as esisting 1IC dates of Neolirhic burials can be used to one-off. if it can be found in other double-spouted vessels. it may point to a more date associated pottery. Screening of sherds found with these burials initially proved specialised firing neth hodfor these ( ritualistic?) vessels. negative but re-examinat~onin the laboratory of a limited set of these coarse fabrics is C) Hard West Mouth fabricea small number of ceramics from the West Mouth now finding positive results. Funher. analysis of clay samples collected during 1997 is were observed to be mechanically very hard. This suggests a much higher degree of currently being undertaken to determine the sourceof the clays used at the Niah sites in vitrification, in which a significant amountof glass has been produced in the body.If this order to demonstrate that the rice-tempered ware is local (or orhemvise). Data from this high temperature has been achieved,then these pieces. like the double-spouted examples, study. combined with re-examination of selected material.may allow the original may also contain rnullite. However, in this case it may be possible that the abundant abundance of rice to be more accurately assessed in the low presenration fabrics. This pllosphate (as guano) at the West Mouth is acting as a flux. thereby lowering the will con~nbuteto the understanding of whether rice husks were be~ngused as a functional temperature at whch vitrification becomes significant Guano would probably be a temper. were being added for cultural reasons. or was ~ncludedaccidentally. natural contaminant of the clay in this cave environment. but from a techmcal point of R~cewas looked for but not found in a small number of sherds from Kelabit sites. view it would be of interest to see (by sa~npling.analys~s and test-finng) whether its The negative result was initially surprising given that wet rlce cultivation is long presence can account for the advanced vitrification seen in some of these West Moutl~ established In Kelab~tareas. However the fabrics obsented were also permeable and sherds coarse. and nce grams wo~~ldtherefore probably have a low preservation potential. References Ideally th~s~natenal should be re-esalnined moreclosely S~ncerlce cult~vat~onis being pract~sedby the I

Other SarawalcCeramics During Ihe 1997 fieldwork several other interest~ngceralnlcs other than rice tempered wares were euamined. Mainly these are from rhe Nlah sltes and pose a number of Interesting questions which could be worth h~rtherstudy as subs~dlatyprojects. Briefly these are as follo\\,s a) Tluee-color ware~haracterizationof the plgments and sl~pmaterials used. wh~clnmay be both 1n111eral(e.g, oclue) or organic (e g vegetable extract/resin etc.). Interestingly. rlce has not been found in tluee-color ware. The clay used to make these large vessels does not therefore appear to need tempering. This is Interesting because

I many of the rnore penneable and coarser fabrics of the West Montl~are identical to these three-colour ware fabrics. This would suggest that where rice is present in non-three- color ware. it would not have been needed to temper tlis clay. b) Double-sponted vessels - these clearly specialist vesselsare present at Niah West I Mouth and Niah Kain Hitam. as well as at non-Niah sites such as Lubang Angin. Mulu. It has been suggested that they were produced locally, as unbaked pieces are also present I (e.g. at II050 degrees Centigrade). This is r~nusuallyhigh ZC, Elornco Rcsc:?rcI-! i3ullci111 \'ni-2: -Vol 2C Eornco tcscn~ljI311llctr11 -.>;I

i\doreover, research In the new field or genetlcs has also re;,ealed traces of the spread of nce northtvard from d~esouth According to studies of COMMENTGN EARLY RICEm1 BORl\JEO geneilc character~sticsin rlce by men irke Satoh Youlch~of the Nar~onalGenetics Research Institute. there are two d~fferlngfam~l~es of W~lhelmG. Solhelm I1 nce ~n Japan One type 1s the Tciilpeiate Zone Japancse variciy WIIICII 1703 Icearney Si has the Hwc-2 gene. It accounts for 93% of all rlce in Japan The o~l~er Lctrntv~e,V?'Y 82070 USA 1s the Tioplcal Japanese vaiiety whlcl~has the hwc-2 gene It accounts for the iernalnlng 7 '%) of Japanese nce. I was pleased to see the note oil the co~lfirmatlonof Ole early date foi rice at Gua S~reh~n Sarawak (Beav~ir.ICurul and Tl~ornpson 1996) This ncc 1s probably closel~~ Sasak~thus suggests a rnovernent of nce from the south northward though the related to the ea-Il-ly.bur undated. nce 01 Ball. inounta~nrice in Luzon and Taiwan. (he byus us to Japan \iVlule the temperate zone variery of Japanese rice spread from the R)wkyus. and Japan It would appear tllat it did not come south though the Plnlipp~nes. ~an@zeRlver reglon of Clina to the Icorean peri~nsulaand nuflhern Mq.ushu. ths as Bellwood (198?-65 115) earllei- on proposed, but rather came from lndia and moved Trop~calZone vanety spread from the south. entenng southern I

C 0 Bolneo Rescaicl~i311llet1n Vol B~orncoResearch Rn~llztin 3 1 i 1/01 28 -

IS a U.S based ~ntemat~onalfirm that d~scoversand develops cornmerc~altl~erapeut~c colnpla~nt Pat~entswere asked ~f they had tried any local remedies for the~rcond~t~on. agents by collaborat~ngw~tll tradit~onal l~ealers In lrop~calcountries The author glese consultat~onshelped to expald our laowledge of the public health concenns as fi~nct~onedas project research. development and field consultant Tl~eteam was as the botan~calprevenuves and curat~vesthat 11e outside of the disease g~oups colnpr~sedof a physlcian/botarust. Tllo~nasCarlso~n. M D (Shaman Pharmaceut~cals):a targetedby the study team forest ecolog~st.Henvasono Soedj~to.Pli D . (Lernbaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia Vouclier specimens of all medlclnal plants collected for analys~sby SIlaman [L I P I 1 1 Indonesian Inst~tuteof the Sc~ences):an etlunobotanist. SI~ISusiartl. M S pllarInaceut~calswere ~dentlfieda1 the Botal~calGardens of the Univers~~yof Leidell (L I P.I.). and the author (graduate student in lned~calantluopology. Univers~tyof Voucllers were deposited at the Icayan-Menlarang field stat~on(World W~deFund for Clawall) Shalnan's program In Indonesia was coordinated by Steven R Klng. P1n.D Nature). the Bogor Herbariuln. and Shaman Pliannaceuticals.Dupl~cate bulk collect~ons Because of l~rrutedtllne 111 the field (1weeks ~n July and August, 1991).rap~d assessment are at the Le~nbagaIlmu Pengetalluan Indones~a(Indones~an Institute of the Sc~ences) teclm~queswere elnployed for the colleclionof dak? on botanical treatlnents Stn~ctured ,uld Sl~am'anPphmaceuticals laboratories. u4nere they are currently bang analyzed for Inten~lews\yere conducted In Indonesian and In local languages with focus groups of possible drug development. Because someof the plants ldent~fiedIn this paper have healers (rang~ngfroin 2 to 15 partic~pants)or with other ind~v~dualsknowledgeable about cornmerc~alpotential. Latin names w~llnot always be ~nentionedIn fill1 plant ined~c~nes(for example. rn~dw~ves.hunters) Dunng stnlcrured inten~~ews collaborators were presented w~thhypothet~cal patlent cases of d~seasessuch as hepatitis, Results: Kenyah Follc Taxonomy slunglcs. d~abetes.measles, r~ngxvor~n,etc These presentations focused on describingthe As 1s common across culturcs. the I

I 36 Bornco Research Bulletin Vol28 -Vol. 2s BomeoResearcllBulletin 3 7 relieve itchingor otller common skin complaints(Gollin 1991- 11).The Javanese health cases the same plan1 part. such as unripe papaya fruit; is used bothas food arid as restorative cahe pl!vang. taken to relieve fatigue and muscle pain. containsJava pepper. medicine ginger (Z117piherLI~OI?IU~~CLI)?I and of,cinule). turmeric. greater galangal. cardamom. Though Kenyah cuisine is not as piquant orelaborate as other cuisines of Indonesia. clove. cinnamon. tamarind.and sugar made from the sapof sugar palm flowers (Tilaaret it is marked by manyof the same "irritant" flavor agents (i.e.. garlic, ginger. turmeric, al 1991) Tlus mi?;ture represents the same sweepof taste sensations-contrasting sweet. onion, pepper).The aromatic fruit of hclenglrr. mentionedearlier as a Kenyah cure-all.is bitter, sour. salty, spicy.and astringent flavors-and contents typ~calof Javanesecurries. cmslled. soaked in water. and added in small amountsto food as seasoning.A shgle meal Face packs and plastersalso contaln many of these same ingredients. Irritants.such as !nay s~~btlycontrast the liglltly sweet flavor of fried unripe papaya with the bitterness of ginger. garlic. red onions. tamarind. turmeric. and chiliare the "flavor markers" (Rozin ,,,anioc leaves. the soapy. astringent. andvaguely perfumed flavor of boiled torch ginger 1982) tl~atunderlie the structure of Indonesian cuisine (Van Esterik 1988). As noted blossom.and the saltiness of bearded pig meat above, "initant"plants contain pharmacologicallyactive s~~bstances.Indeed, many spices Kenyah medicines and rneals are packed w~thwell-known constituents of (for example. Laos and Java pepper) are described in Javanesecookbooks as having henpeutlcvalue. For example. papam. an erwyme found m the latex of unripe papaya. IS "med~cinal"flavor (Van Estenk 1988) and special recipes for "health and healing"draw known to ad ln the d~gestionof protein. Curcumin, which is present In turmeric. heavily on pungent elements Researchers are increasingly paying attention to [he possesses ant~bjoticproperlles. But lrnle is known about thephytocl~em~cals present in physiological Imponof this simultaneousculinary. cosmetic,as well as medicinal dosing file ~najorityof edible and medicinalspecies ut~lizedIn Kayan-Menurang. (see Etkin and Ross 1982, 1991: and Etkin 1994). Repeated exposure to plant CONCLUSION constituents in both diet and healing therapies may reveal possible synergistic or The data collected to date in tlus reglon suggest considerable overlapin the antagonistic effects of pharmacological significance. categories of food and medicine. a seldom inveaigated-but significant-aspect of This categorical overlap. and the resultant repeated esposure to cl~ernical etl~no~nedicineand etllnopl~anllacologlv.A logical toplc for further research would be constituents. alsoesists in Kayan-Mentarang. As do the Javanese; the peoples of East how the Kenyah classifyfoods and rnedlcines accord~ngto sensory cues. the curative Kalimantan also apply face and body plasters to their skin for cosmetrc and curative effects attributed to certain propenies of a plant. and tlre d~etaryprescriptions and prnposes Topical applicationsare made from many of the same plants used for foods and proscriptions used in the treatment of disease w~thregard to these chemosensoy medicines (compare Sangat-Roemantyo 1994).Of the lned~cinalspecies recorded by qualities. For instance, for the Javanese, biner-tast~ngplants have a purifyi~lgeffect. Shaman Pharmaceut~caisIn Long Alango and Apau P~ng,more than a third were also "strengtheningand refreshing"the body (Van Esterik 1988).In Sibcnlt. med~c~nalplants featured in the diet. The same is uue of the 152 plants surveyed by Sus~art~(1994). If tlre are classifiedaccording to four kinds ofsmells and five flavors. "Mamiang." for example. 83 fully ident~fiedLong Alango food plantspecies (Setyowall 1994)are cross-referenced refers to plants with a fishlikesmell that are sometimes water plants (for example. w~ththe inventones compiledby Sus~artr(1994) and Shaman Pharmaceuticals, closeto ~blonochoria~~agi~inlis ) (Ave and Suluto 1990) They are considered cooling. and are half are alsomedicinal. used to treat influenza. cough and headaches (Ave and Sunito 1990).The Malays of Kenyah meals providestronger evidenceof the prevalence of therape~~ricplants in Brunei idem19three food classifications !rnpomntin medicine. "harmful.""itchy." and the daily diet. Consider the following meal consumed in Long Alango. Rice was "cold" (Kilnball 1979).For u-istance. the classificatio~l"itcl~p" encompasses foods sr~cll accompanied by fiddleheads from the fern paktr hai, bitter manioc leaves. thesoft stems as. shnmp paste. prawns and mangoes. and is often a factor in diemry restrictions of the grass rrhlrr .\.e17gga.and fried fish. To provide a therapeuticgloss on this menu. the (Kimball 1979). Finally. more estenslve investigation ofthe pharmacological propenies Kenyah boll the aerial pans of the fern paktc hai to make a decoctionfor the childhood of plants and the sigruficanceof repeated esposure to constituents foundin foods and ailment a~nhlol.The shoot of ~rbrc! sengga. a sweet-tasting grass,is used to treat oral med~cineswill contribute toa greater urtderstru~dingof the Impact of botan~calson humru~ hushin children. Manioc sap is applied topicallyto treat venom infected wounds, wlule health. the leaves are used for a hot poultice to aid expulsion ofthe placenta afterchildbin11 As inhabitants of one of the largest remaining preservesof ram Corest world w~de. Other nonmeat side dishes regularly featured in Kayan-Mentarang cuisines are the Kenya11draw from a diverse flora unmatchedby many n;~turalareas at Ihe closeof il~e boiled water spinach leaves (Ipomoeaaquatics). fried unripe papaya fruit. and boiled 20th century. On n smaller scale. we might ask: How w~llKenya11 Dayak medicines and blossom of the torch ginger plant. Water spinach. thoughnot a documented Dayak food compare lo the larger culture of Indones~a?Cosmopolitan. pan-Indoneslal medicament. is used to treat food poison~ng.bladder problems. snake bite, and a host of medicinal practices.eselnplified by the popularity of Javanesejtr~nrt, have their roots in other health complruntsIn other reglons of Indonesia (Wijayakusumaet al. 1992). In traditional.n~ral medicine: yet these traditional practicesl~ave not been fully documented, Kayan-Mentarang it is reputed to be a sopor~fic.Latex from the inunature fruit of the panicr~larlyamong the Kenyah Preliminary research has yieldedvaluable baseline data papaya IS mised with a little sugar to makea decoct~onfor stomach upset (Susiarti 1994) on tiis unique ecolog~caland cultural area Tlus article is an initial attempt to describe and to purge worrns (Leaman etal. 1991).In the Upper Bahau,decoct~ons made from the Kenyah classificatron of plants and diseases. botanicaltreatments and thechemosenso~~ pounded seeds of nyanding or torch ginger is used to treat cough. In Apo Kayan. and symboliccharacterist~cs of plants selected formed~cinal and dietary utilization. nyanding fruitpulp is used to treat dog mange. wounds. and stings. andas an aromatic toe nail cleanser and shampoo (Lcamanel a]. 1991) One should also note lhat in many -31: Borne~Rc~ca~chBullet~n Val 28 Vol 2s Bomeo Resc?rch BulIet!n ??

ACJCNOWLEDGMENTS 1994 Consuming a Therapeutic Landscape: AMulticontestual Framework Th~slnvestigat~on \vould not have been poss~blewitl1011t the gu~danceand For Assessing The Health Sigruficance OfHuman-Plant Interacuons. collaborat~onof Henvasono Soedjito and SiLi Susiart~,both of whom had conducted pnor Copublished simultaneouslyIn the Jorlr17~1of Ho~ne8. Cor~sz/~?~er ethnobotanical researchin East I

Leaman, D.J., Arnason, J.T.. Yusuf R.. S'angat-Roemanyo, H.. Soedjito, H.. Angerhofer. soeparto. S. C.K.. and Pezzuto. J.M. 1980 Aferocik,jan~lr.Paper presented at the Consulalivemeeting Pemanfaatan 1995 Malaria remedies of the Kenyah ofthe Apo Kayan. East Kalimantan. Tanaman Obat. Direktorat Jendral Pengawasan Obat atan Makanan lndor~e~sanBorneo: a quantitative assessementof local consensus as an Dept. KesehatanR.I. Jakarta, Indonesia. ~ndicatorof b~ologicalefficacy Jo~tnial E1h17opliarrtrncol~v.49: l- 16. Tilaar, M.. Sangat-Roemantyo.H.. and Riswan. S. 1991 Tzrr~?rerizthe Qrreen of JUIIILI.Paper presented at the Regional Moerman. D.E. Conference on the Medicinal Plant Products from the Tropical Rain 1979 Sy~nbolsand selectivity: A statistical analysis of Native American Forest Kuala Lumpur.Malaysia. rned~calethnobotany. .Jolcnitrl ofErlinophort~rc~cologv.1 (2) 11 1- 19. 1989 Poisoned apples and honeysuckles.The ~nedic~nalplaits of native Van Esterlk. P America. hiedical.rlnrhropo10~Qlrurrarly 3:52-6 1 1988 To Strengthen and Refresh Herbal Therapv in Southeast Asia. Social 1994 North American food'and drug plants. InEtrting on the 1Yilcl Side: The Science jiletlicine. Vol. 27, No.8:751-759. Pl7crrt~rucolo,oict~/,Ecologicrrl, rmd Social Inrplicc~tionsof Usirip Wijayakusuma.H.M.H., Dalimartha. S.. Winan. A.S.:Yaputra. T.: Wibowo. B. :Vo~iculrige~is.N L. Etkin, ed Pp 166-84. Un~vers~tyof Ar~zonaPress. 1992 Tanaman Berkl~asiatObat di Indones~a.Pustaka Kart~ni.Jakarta.A Tuscon.

Perry. L.M. and Metzger. J. I980 Medicinal Plants of East and Southeast Asia. MIT: Cambridge. Massachusetls. Pun, R K. In preparation untitled P11.D. dissenation. Department of Anthropology. University of Hawai'i, Manoa. Rozin, E 1982 The Structure of Cuisine. In The Ps,vchohiolog~vof Hu1?ra17 Foot1 ,SeIec/io~iL.M. Barker, ed.AVI Publishng. Westport. CT. Sangat-Roemanyo.H. 1994 Ett~ohotunt "Pupur" .Ytrktr K~tairIi ~Mahakunr Tengali. Kalbnanran Ti~?r~rr.Paper presented atthe Borneo Research Council Symposiumin Pont~anak.Indonesia. 10-14 July 1994. Setyowati. F.M. 1991 Pet~rarlfnutanTurizhuhan Patigun Dalor?r Kehiclupa~iA.ia~vara~yar Dt~vnkKert~vrrl7. Kuli~~runran Timzrr. Paper presented at the Borneo Research Councll Symposiumin Pontianak. Indonesia. 10-14 July 1994. Susiarti. S 1991 Daftar Tu~nbuhanObat dan Racun dari Masyrakyat DayakKenya11 di Kecamatan Pujunga~,Kalimantan Ti~nur Unpublished inventor)'. Balt~bangBotaru. PuslitbangB~ologi-LIP1. Bogor. Indonesia. Soedibpo. M. 1990 .Jtrvcmese rruditiotitrl nreclicine. Paper presented at the International Congress on Traditional Medicineand Medicinal Plants.Denpasar. Bali. Indonesia. I I!

42 Borneo Rescarc11Bullctul \Lo13 --Vol 2s Borneo liesearcll Rullettn 4;

Jalnes were well established by the tune the C'a.rfle ~ILF~II~,Jreached Chlna. When Janles fell111, Jacob observed that "Mr Cm~ltshankcared for lum witl~a spec~alcare" 4 A CONFUSIONOF CROOKSHANKS (SIC) PERSONALITIES AND One particular letter fi-om Jarnes to Cru~lcsha~lk,wrltten on 4 December 1831, ~er POWER n\l THELIVES OF THEEARLY BROOKES Jalnes had returned from staying with Cnliltshank in Scotland. IS worthy of scrutiny In 11. James IS clearly concerned with more than friendslup. however Intense Jalnes J H Walker specificallyaddressed the poss~bility of a relationship with Cru~ltsl~anl;~vhlcll Unrverv/yCollege uansgressed, or had transgressed. the platoruc "i never could be othenv~sethan your I/nivers~/yOJNCW Soztth Wnles. Aztsirnl~n friend," he wrote. "and what servlce I could do you. you should be as ~velcolneto as a glass of water: but beyond my esteem and goodwill I have nothlng to offer. and so you Edrtors do not Idce confus~onThelr class~ficatoryurge lnslsts on the clanficatlon of must accept these for want of better. and give me yours In return" j amblgultles and the resolution of lnconslstencles Thus I am tasked by our cd~torw~th ~ILi~ougl~tlus could be read as declining Inclrnate overtures from Cruiltshank, thus d~sentangllngthe corhslon of Crookshanlts In mncteenth century Sarawak supportlrlg Nlcholas Tarling's vlew (hat James should be regarded as a latent Flrst, the spell~ng There are two Both are correct Arthur and Bertha were ~lon~osesual.6it seems to me, rather; to mark the termlnatlon of an ,affa~r.Th~s laite? Crookshanks unllke James Brooke and both Johns, who were Crulltshanks Whereas reading is supported by two factors When i"mlkshald< seemed offended or hurl by James Brooke Crulkshank was not related to James Brooke. Arthur was 111s sister's James's letter, falling silent. James was reduced to ~rnportuningletters from him "I will nephew And F~tzwas James Brooke, perhaps because Saralvak was only b~genough for not allow your nonsensical plea of Ilavlng notlung to say. you think and you feel. and that one Is that clear? Then let us take them one at a tune 1s good enough for a thousand letters" ' James's effort to retain Cin~~ksha~dt'sfriendship. lncludlng the gentleness wltll alhicll 11e treats 111sfnend. IS not consistent wiUl lus just Cnrikshanks ... dccli~ngunwelcome overtures James Brooke first met the Scott~shdoctor John Cnukshank, In 1830, when he Secondly. James's reverle. when. a year later. Cnliltshank sa~ledagain for the east. embarked on the Castle Hu17tIevto return to lndla atier a long convalescence In England ~nvokedthe Illtlmacy they shared James agalrl espiessed 111sregret at the inadequacy of Crulkshank was the shlp's surgeon He and James Brooke forged an Intense relat~onslup lus own feelings and reln~ndedCrulltshank of therr tlme together wluch desenles close cons~deratlonbecause their correspondence suggests. more clearly than scholars have allo\ved, thc Rajah of Saratvak's homose\ual~ty' James was requ~red I shall tlunk of you very often sailing away in the dear old H~r17tlev,and by the n~lesof the East Ind~aCompany to rejoln h~sreglment by 20th July 1810 He revlsltlng so Inany of those l~vel)~scenes which we gre;~tlyenjoyed arrlved In Madras on 18th July and, glvlng out that he would not be able to resume duty together. Mlnd you go to the waterfall at Penang. and tile clear pool Just in time. reslgned h~scoln~nisslon. proceeding instead on the Castle H~in11e.vto China.2 below it. where we bathed, and where I left Iny slurt Ilang~nglike a Gertrude Jacob. who had access to letters slnce lost, noticed the strength of James's banner on the prostrate tree wll~cl~lag across the stream You will take a nde, perhaps, to the Devil's pool. and through the glades and glens feeling for Cnnltshank clalrmng that James "kept 111sheart of hearts" for hlm Although \vl~erewe wenl shooting, and a row among the islands at Singapore. detalls of the development of tlie~raffect1011 have not survived, Cru~kshank'sfeelings for and other scenes. all wl~icl~are lndellbly llnpressed on Iny memory . . If I do not pos~tlvelyregret your golng. I shall greatly rejolce at your 'I shall explore James's sesuallty In detail in my article, "'Tlus Peculiar Acuteness coming back I feel proud of your good op~nion.and should be more of Feellng' The Ephebophilla of Rajah Brooke". which will be publrshed In the nest proud st111 if I deserved 11 better. but such as I am and such as are my volulne of the Ror~ieoResearel7 B~illeti~iFor tlie theoret~caland ernpincal challenges inherent In attempting to locate and espllcate sexual des~reIn lustory see Carole S Vance. "Soclal Constn~ctlonTheory Problelns in the History of Sesualrty", In 4~bid..p. 27 Hoi~rosexrralr~v,Ct/llich 11'01~1osexunl~tv~Ecra.y.r froni the i17/er17utio11alscieiiliJc 5J Brooke to Cru~kshank. December 183 1. quoted tb~d.p. 35 ~o1?fere17ce017 leshiai? alitl gay sl~tcl~e.~London GMP Publ~shers.1989 pp. 13-34. and 1 Robert I<. Martin. "Krughts-Errant and Gothlc Seducers. The Representat~onof Male '~lcholasTarllng. The B~irrhe17,the Ri.vl;, (117rlf17e (;Io~vII Biop1p17v of.Sir J(II?I~.Y Friendshp in Mid-Nineteenth Century Alnerica". in Mart~nDubennan. Martha Vlcinus Brooke Kuala Lumpur- Osford Universlw Press. I982 p 7 Tarllng's vlew 1s supponed. and George Chauncey, Jr. (eds),Hi/rtlclen ,froln I-li.rtor,v Reclar1?1117gthe G(1.v !v~niclLeshia~? though not without equ~vocation. by R H W Reece. "European-lndlgenous Past. London Penguin. 1991 (1989) pp 169-182. Miscegenat~onand Soclal Status In Nineteenth Century Borneo". In Vlnson H Sutl~ve. 2Spenser St John. The Lije of .Sir ./at71es Brooke, Rajah of ,%rmvak (ed ). Fei~raletn~tl /\/trle 117 Bor17eo C'o11trih~tfiol7vai7tl C'htrllenges io Ge17tler.Yt~i~lies Wllliamsb~r~.VA. Borneo Research Councll Monograph Senes, Vol I.pp. 455-488 at Edinburgh and London William Blackwood & Sons. 1879 p 6 p 457 3Gerlrude L Jacob. The Raja ofSar-u,vak. A17 Accoui?~of Sir .Jai71e.sBrooke, KC'B. LLD, Gil~eliC'hieflv Thro~ighLelIer.~ ~~~id.lo~iriiuIs London- Macrmllan. 1876 I. p 42. 'J Brooke to Cru~kshank.1832. quoted by Gertnlde L Jacob, op clt . I. p. 39. 3?-____ Bomeo_Researcl~Bulletin '414 Borneo Research Bullet~n 45 *I *I 28

poor regards you may ever rest assured they n,lll rcmaln 11re same as at of whom descr~bedadequately his contribiltion to Cre development of Brooke present In Borneo Crookshank,lurnself. published neither d~anesnor memoirs whch ,,.auld llave attested to lus role. While Cn~ikshankmanied. James continuedto be ~nfatuatedw~th youths, relating A ,dented ad~nimstrator.Crooltsliank was, ~lntilthe amval of Emma Brooke's son, hls uncertalnrles about themto lus old friend. James had become fond of a boy called ~~~~keJol!nson Brooke. in 1848, the senior European In James Brooke's goiiermnent Stonhouse. wllo~nhe had net also during theCasrle Hli17tlev'cvoyage Alt110ugl1 11 ,\,as ~ik~hjs cousin. Brooke, but unlike most of the European officerswho Jolned James probably Stonhouse whohad d~splacedCruikshanlt in James's affccl~oirs.James confided ~~~okein Sarawak. Arthur Crookshank was neverposted to other livers.spend~ng lus his feelingsto rhe doctor. entire career based In Kuclung. AS Police Magistrate, he was responsible for the I cannot help having some hope that Stonhousc may value my adrninigrationof justice in the Sarawak hver basin. a complextask which required him acquaintancea little more than I give him credit for: but the real truth conslantly to judge the Government's capacity successfullyto confront and punjsh is, I have ever been too complying wit11 IUS slightest wish. and have proscribedbeha\riour. shown him too Inany \vealtnessesin Iny character forhim to respect me Crookshank was no less 'adventurous' than other members of the Brooke regime, being dispatched to hostile or contested areas on several occasionsto expand the Rajah's much. Now. you will say. I write as if I were sore. and it IS true; but tile same fee!ings that make me so ~vouldalso make Ine very ready to power. In 1845. the Rajah sent Crookshank. together with the interpreter, Williamson,to acquit S. of all ~ntenlionto hurt me. for you know how well I llked the build support among the Malays and Dyaks of the Sadong and Samamhan R1vers.'3 boy I expect nothingfrom Inen. however: butif they will give me their crookshank joinedboth the attack on Saribas inMarc11 1849,14and heexpedition inJuly afiect~onor shew lne kindness Iam doubly pleased of the same year \vhicll cul~ni~iatedin the battle at Beting Maru.15In the months that followed that secondengagement he was dispatclled alone to Skrang to supenjlse the When Stonhousecame lo stay at the end of tlrc year. Jamesevpla~ned to Cru~ltsllank constructionof the fort there by theRajahlsSkrang supporters.In 1851, 11e part~c~patedin that the boy's fa~lureto answer letters was "tl~ehabit of the creature. rather tharl beattack which droveRentap from Sungei Lang to Sadok.l6 forgelrulncssof old or past c~ines".~~ That the Raja11 retamed Crookshankin ICucl~ingthroughout his rule is testimony to Altl~ougl~their fr~endsh~plost its romance, it remained strong James's adventuresin lis reliance on Iris administrative sk~lls.So too was tlie faith w~thwh1c11 he leh Sarawak seemedto have excited Cmiltsl~ank'simagination. eilcouraglnglriin to seek to Crookshank incharge of the country whilst hereturned to England In 1847.17and agaln join 111sfonunes to [hose of I~isold friend. In 1843. James \\,rote to Cruikshank 10 in 1856. when he seems to have even preferred hm over his you~rge;nephew, Charles persuade huir agalnst coming out to Sarawak. "Had you been unmamed and poor. and Johnson. who remained at SkrangIR witliout any prospects". Jamesivrote, "Iwould have received you ~vitlropen anns. on tlie Rajah James's confidenceIn Crookshank's abilities was well placed Crookshank's principle that you might be better off and could not be worse: but as it 1s. you must not political sensitivity alertedhim to the mobilisation of the Bau Chinese for warin 1856. think. you must not even dream. of giving up a si~fficientand respectableincome for the Acting with decision. Crookshank summoned CharlesJolmson to bring a haln from search of an El Dorado"' I. Sknng to reinforce Kuching'sdefences, posled a gun boat on the river above the town and advised the Governor of Singaporeof the presumed threat to British lives and And Crookshanlis ...... property.lg Crookshank's preemptive deploymentsthwarted the Bau kor7g.ri:s initial plans Arthur Chichester Crooksllankwas tl~eson of Colonel ChichesterCrooltsI1a111< and CharlotteJolu~son, whose brother. Charles. hadmarried James Brooke's sister. Emma. III 1843. mlmr resigned from the East India Compaly's Nay to jo~nlus Aunt Emma's 13J. Brooke to H. Wise, 4 December 1845.F012/I/L. brother in Sarawak as Secretary to the Government and Policc Maglstnte.I2 Anl~rlr I4See his account. A. C. [Arthur Crookshmk]. "Sir James Brooke's Expedition Crookshank has been ill-sen1ed by the writings of both James and CharlesBrooke. Against the Sarebas Pirates". .Jolrr17c11of the 11itlia11Archipelago. S(5). May 1819. pp. 276-277. 15SpenserSt Jolur, op. c~t. p 177. 'J Brooke to Cruikshank. early 1833. quoted ibid., I. pp 11-45 I6S. Baring-Gould andC. A Bampfylde, op, cit.. pp. 139 and 169. ". Brooke to Cruikshank. 16 June 1831. quoted ib~d. I, p 33 I7Spenser St Jolm. Rajah Brooke: Tlie E17glish1~~a11(I.\. Ruler of (117 Ea.rrern Siole l"uo~ed ibrd.. I. p 35. His tolerallce of Stonhouse'sneglect probably ind~caled11,s London: T Fisl~erUn\vln. IS97 p 83. own decl~n~ng slnce the)' are not recorded as meeting interest. again I8S. Banng-Gouldand C A. Bampfylde, op. cit.. p. 190. ' ]Quoted~b~d. I. pp 235-236. IgF.T. McDougall to W T Bullock. 12 December 1856.USPG Arch~ves,Book 1. I2S Bar~ng-Gouldand C. A. Balnpfylde.A lfi.vrorv o/.Y(~rml~okrlncler 11s Two Il'/,i~e 1850-1859. f 99 (typescript). Mrs McDougall's Diary. USPG, X. 1086, Orfeur RN/~II~.s.1839-19OX London:Henw Sotheran. 1909. p. 120TJI. See also "Roll Book No I. Cavenagll, Re,?1117isco7ce.sof r117 I~irliaiiOjlicic7l. London: W. H. Allen and Co.. 1884.p. European Officers on Pennanent Service". CIEId4.2. 259. Vol.28 B~rneo-ResearchBulletin 47 to attack I

21E~nilyHalm. Ja~lresBrooke of Suvtrw(,k: A 5iogrcrpli.v of Sir Jar,ie.s Brooke. London: Arthur Barker. 1953.p. 207. 27B. Brooke to F. C. and E. Johnson, 20 March 1858. Basil Brooke Papers.MSS 22Daniel Chew.Cl~inese Pioneers on the S~rrmvrrliFrontier: 1841-1941. Singapore: Pac s. 90. vol. 6, f. 34. Their stance \rras confirmed by McDougall. See F. T. McDougall Oxford University Press. 1990.p. 35: fn 60. As Loclcardhas de~nonslrated.however. the to C. J. Bunyon. 20 March 1858. McDougall Papers, MSS Pac. s. 104 (I), f. 89 Bau-I

Allen & Co.. 1882 )OA.Crookshank to B. Brooke, 9 March 1863. BasilBrooke Papers, MSSPac s. 90. 25HarrietteMcDougall. Skerc11e.s of otrr lije a/ Saralvak. London. Soc~etyfor vol 9, f 274. Promoting Chnst~anKnowledge, nd p 135. 31~.Crookshank to B. Brooke. 6 March 1863. Basil Brooke Papers. MSS Pacs. 90. 26"RollBook No 1.European Officers on Permanent Service".CIEId4, 2. VOI9, ff. 272-273. 48 Bgme.~Rgearcl~Bulletin Vol. 28 ... VoJ28 Borneo ResearchB~~jlet~n 4 9 would be "a hard morsel to swallow". But Crookshank might already have beenlooking TABLE A: ARTHUR CROOGHANK'SSALARY ANDALLOWANCES~~ to lus own future, slnce he conunued, "jointly w~thhim I would willingly work-but to - Yeads) 1AMU~~ salary I Additional allowance I Total salarv and I be under him-we should clashIn a week".32 Increment per month per month I allowanceper Crooksl~ank'sinterests were not identical to Brooke Brooke's. Hiswill~ng~~ess to month work with Charles Brooke if his own authority andhisequality with Charles wereclearly / acknowledged providedthe basis for his repudiation ofone of his cousins. At the end of 1813-1862 $20 nil March lie reported to Brooke that tlie "Rajah says I am to be nominated 'Resident of - nil $150 ~arawak"'."In May Crooksharkoutl~ned to Brooke how his loyalty and friendship had 1.1.1863 $10 been subverted. 1.5.1863 $50 nil $200 Some few changes have taken place here.The Raja has made me 1.2.1865 $50 nil $250 resident of Sarawak-and has desired me to shiA over to the new Fort. the earth works are fin~shed.and turfed over. but the house has been January 1866 $20 $30 $300 heightened In the upper storey, and a verandahadded back and front December I868 $20 $50 $320 and a Pomco running out from front verandah sothat II makes a decent house.34 December 1869 nil $40 $330 $90 $430 Crookshank's concern not to be under Cllarles Brooke's command sha~edthe May 1870 IF50 governance of Sarawak for the remainder of the first Rajah's rule. As Res~dent. Bishop McDougall bel~evedthat, durlngthe crisis In 1863, the Rajah. with the co- Crooksharkwas "to have charge of Sanwak",whcli, asCharles Brooke,putting the besl gloss on the arrangement that he could. noted "will leave me free to work along the operation of the Postmaster in Kuching. Oliver St. John, monitored privatemail In Coast".35 When the Rajah decided that,to preclude Brooke Brooke's returnfollowing his ~arawak.~~If tlus were true, the Rajah would have been well placed to discover the own departure for England. Charles oughtto remain in Kncliing fora time, the private loyalties of his officersand enforce their repudiation of Brooke'scause. The tlueat of surveillance made it nnpossible for Crookshank to malntain both contact with his Crookshanksdec~ded lo travel to Chlnafor the wlnter36 Wien they returned to Kuching. cousin and his new arrangementwitll the Rajah. Crookshank wrote to Brooke that he had Charles Brooke resumed hisres~dence at Skrang handed Brooke's letters to lmn to Charles. Increases to Crookshank's salary record the hgh price he demanded for supporting the Rajah's resumption of power.From his amval in Sarawak in 1843 until 1862 as in my present position it would bequiet i~npossibleto conceal what Crookshank's salary had risen in modest increments. In May 1863 his salary was you have written to me. I. with others. have received strict orders from suddenly increased from $150 to $200 per month. It cont~nuedto increase by large the Rqa (on pain of forfeiture of our positions here, andi~nmediate amounts until. by 1870. he was receiving $430 a non nthin salary and allowances,nearly dismissal if disobeyed) to treat every commumcntion from you as three tlmes the amount of his salary only seven years earlier (see Table A). N~cholas qfficitrl. and not prtvure. I must therefore beg of you. dear Brooke, in Tarling is typically generous in noting that Crookshank's conduct "is opento two future not to write to me confidentially.as I cannot in honour or interpretations".37 obedience to the Rajah withholdyour letters from him.4n

32A.Crookshank to B. Brooke, 9 March 1863. BasilBrooke Papers, MSS Pac s. 90. Crookshank seemsto have revenged lu~nselfon Oliver St. John, however. In 1872. vol. 9. f 276. St. John was promoted by the second Rajah. Charles Brooke.to d~eposiuon of Treasurer. St. John belleved that Crookshank had opposedhis appointment andthat he subsequently 33~.Crookshank to B. Brooke, 28 March 1863.Basil BrookePapers, MSS Pac s. 90. vol. 9, f. 277+. plotted against luln with Ranee Margaret. For reasonsthat remain obscure. St. John was disgraced and demoted. Posted to live in humiliating obscurityin the upper San~vak '%. Crookshank to B. Brooke. 28 May 1863 Basil Brooke Papers,MSS Pac s 90, vol 9, f 291. Work in 1863 to convert the fort into a residence cost more Lhan $2700. "Cash Book, 1854-1864":Ll. K 204-216. 38Comp~ledfrom information in "RollBook No I, European Officerson Permanent 35C.Brooke to C. Grant. 27 April 1863.Basil Brooke Papers.MSS Pac s. 90, vol. 8. Service".Cmdl. 2. f 49. 3"F. T McDougall to USPG. 16 May 1863. USPG Archives. Book I1 (1860-1867). 36F. T, McDougall to B. Brooke. 22 September 1863. Basil Brooke Papers,MSS MSS. Pac. s 101 (4).f 76 Pac s 90. vol. 14. f 103. 40~Crookshank to B Brooke [nd]. Brooke Family Papers. MSS Pac s. 83. vol 2. 37NicholasTarling. op. cit , p. 385. f 45 (original elnplinsis). h blamed Crookshank for his n~isfoii~ine.convir~ced hat he was I~ing ,t was said at the iime. felt "as ~f the:[ -Arere &,!~oui10 !mi.,an elder brothef' 4d nroolce esigning 4' ~~oolcewas long slnce dead scrvcd as Rcsident of Sarawalc for thc resnaindcr of his career. Betw~n was responsible only to Rajah James in England for his administration a,. .4nd Cmikshanks Lundu. Samarahan and Sadong fivers. Following Charles Brooke's John Cmikshad< ((he Scottish doctor) and his -wife had callcd one of their sons ah in 18613, Crookshank accepted his authority, surrendering hisown Jalnes Brooke after the man who stood as his godfather. Follouring John Cmi!cshmk's ng in return for still larger subventions from the Sam~vali.Treasury pelnature death. Ja~~lcsBrooke, or Fitz. 2s Rajah Jarnes called him, enrercd tkc Sarawat mke holidayed in England in 1869, he left Croolrshanlc in charge of !he Service in Febnmy IGSG, aged just 15." By 1 DAsu-ch,he had bccn appointed to bc Assistant Resident of the fadong a? $20 a montli. When Charles Johnson attaclced Si Aji s difficulties in deferring to Charlcs Broolte were compounded by Ihe on the §,xibas in !R58.Fitz brougllt reinforcenlcnts fromICucliing. Johnson I~adspent lus tha endured with Raja11 Charles's new wife, Margaret, who arrived in time waiting for the Muching dersch.n>.entin building a .fort on Ihc Saribas. Johnson had !urn ales in 1870. Margaret Brooltc's mother was a first cousin ro both "great confidence in Fitze's management" and left iri charge of it. In May 185RI at rooltshar&. Margaret's account of her carly years in Iluching convey just 17..Fitz was transfirred f~nnail?,~to Saribas, to be Assistant Resident under the vigour of her and Bertha Croollc personal could not escape; in an instant tilore I believe this little creature wor~ld have jumped at lurn. ~orlunatclyhe lifted his plaid in Troni of his face; a natives". which had given substance to his administration. The klala~~s.

44Sorawak Gnzette, No. 64, 16 May 1873. ) C. Grant, 10 J'ilne 1874. Basil Brooke Papers. MSS Pac S. 90. vol. "S. Baring-Gould and C. A. Ba~npfylde.op, cir.. p. 176. For the o~lginof his appelation. Fie, see Gertrude Jacob, op. cit.. 11. p. 330. Gould and C. A. Barnpfilde, op. cit.. p. 204. "charles Brooke, Ten Years in Sirruwtlk ... . Singapore: Oxford Uniwrsity Press: argaret of Saranrak. op. cit.. p. 45. For a sophisticated re-reading of 1990 (1866). I, pp. 279-285. 5 2 Borneo ResearchR~lgti11 VO~ Vol 28 Borneo ResearchBullet~n 53

while I se~zeda Dyak's drawn sword lying atmy hand. wluc11 I dropped -..-,,hen. and agreed he was in the Their chilly reception of Charles increased hs on the snake. cuttingit in eagenlessto see Fitz. "\v~oI hope w~llnot be quite so cool as eveqloneelse to me .."56 ~ltzand Ius brother were more susceptible to the Rajah's ~nducementsthan Robert Fitz 14~1salso Cliarles's companion on a gruelling journeyin Decernber 1861. when H~~.w~l~eventually resigned from Sarawak rather than acccptBrooke's d~s~lace~nent.~~ the two Inen. acco~npa~uedby Cl~arles's younger brother. Stuart.and 30 medfollowers. Liked1e Crookshanks. the Cruikshankscut a deal. Bishop McDougall reportedthat Dr ascended the Skrangriver, and trekked overlandto descend the Rajang."No European.or cruikshank Ind told him bat hc considered himselfobliged to James Brooke for making even Malay. has ever used tlus path.and our going overit may be the rrieans of opening a it^ Resident of the Rajang and increasing hissalary to $100 per 1nont11.~~The Role large track of prl~nitivelaid Iluough wluchco~nlnunicauon ma); afterwards be kept. and ~~~k In the Sarawak Archivescorfinns the price of Fitz's political friendsl~ip.In ~pril an increase In trade be promoted In the ~nterior".Charles wrote. Although Charles 1863 Ile was pro~noted.as McDougall had forecast.to be Resident of the Rajang. lis intended the expeditionto prove that no pan of %rau;ak was beyond lis reach, he and s,-,lar)l increased by $30 to $1 10 per month. an increment of more than 30 per cent. As Fitz were also keen just "to see the c~untn".~~The trek lasted twoand lnlf weeks and Rajah James boasted to his friends. he "increased some salaries. bestowed rewardCs9 saw the three Europeans emergeat emaciated andeshausted. Stuart Jolmson ~ltllough.as Sarawak's only two Residents.Fitz and Arthur shared a nominal rank. Fiu was delirious. sufferingfrom excn~ciatingIieadaclles. wllilst Charles was "only a linle !lever really shared Crooksl~adi'sfinancial bonanza. At $1 10 per month In 1863, better".50 increased to $135 in 1865. Fitz's salary \\,aslittle more tha~~half Crooksliank's. Fitz's brother. John. was a doctor likethe~r father. In 1860 Ile arrived In Kuclling to Afier Crookshank's departure In 1873. Fitz was the most experienced of Ra~all be appointed Go\~emmentMedical Offi~er.~'He is little mentioned in contemporary Charles'sofficers. He remained Resident of the Rajang until his own retirement in 1875. records. It is not even clear whether lie was addicted to alcohol before his anival in 0" a pension of 140 pounds.6"When thedeath of Claudede Crespigny in 1881 left.tl~e Sarawak, or whether life in Krlcliing drove him into dipsomania. By 1863. however. Raja11 short of esperienced men. he invited his old friend. Cn~ikshank.to take chargeof B~shopMcDougall couldreport matter of factly that the Doctor was "horsde combat Illat new frontier. the Bararn.Altl~ough Fitz retl~niedIn January 1885.lus health collapsed with drink" 52 and he left again in April. He died in Scotland in 1894. tluee yearsafter ArtI~ur.~~ When Brooke Brookewas preparing to ovenluow the Rajah's power. he sought When. in 1863.John and Fitz Cruikshank persuaded Rajah James that they were Fitz's support for his claims. Like Crookshank. Fitz encouraged Brooke.He. too. "heartilyashamed of having givencountenance to Mr Brooke's pretensions". they only considered that.in installing Brookeas Rajali Muda. James had presented Brooketo the secured Fitz's elevation Nobody needed the Doctor. so he left Sarawak. The Rajah people "as Rajah of Sanwak" Although Fltz acknowledged that James had forecast h~s espla~nedthat it was "on account ofhis return to Sarawak. "thei~npress~on of everyone present was that ingiving you his sword he had tendered his formal abd~cationof the Govern~nentof ~arawak".'~ On his amval in Kuching to prepare for the Rajah's resumption ofthe govenlment. Charles Brooke was surprised and confrontedby the extent of Brooke's support.He wrote to Charles Grant that it was "the universal opinion here-that the country hasarrived at 11s quiet & prosperous state thro Brooke'ssole wisdom & work". Cl~arlesobserved that 55W Watson to B Brooke. 29 March 1863. BasilBrooke Papers. MSS Pac s. 90. Brooke retained "t11e sympathy of most of the Sarawak people-both European & vol. 15 [-1671. f. 94. native".54 Neither Charles's am\,al.nor that of the Rajah. i~tiallyaffected the opinions of 56C. Brooketo C. Grant, 7 March 1863. Basil Brooke Papers.MSS Pac s. 90. vol. 8. Crookshank and the othersenior officers. RobertHay and Walter Watson. who had f. 47+. converged on Kuching. Watsonreported to Brooke ihat the tluee talked the situation over 57~.Brooke to A Burdett Coutts and H. Brown. 7 August 1863 Owen Rutter (ed.). Rojoh Brooke ant1 Baro~~rssBztrrle!~ Cozrtis: CO/~S/.S!~II~qJ'II7eLe1ier.r fiot,~Sir Ja17re.r Brooke, Jrs! White Rujuli of Sarun~ak,!o MissA17gela (ujienvarrlsBarot~e.v.v) Burrleri 48CharlesBrooke, op. cit.. 11, pp. 151-152. Coutts.London: Hutch~nson,1935. p. 208. (The Rajah has misdatedthe lener July.) 4"bid.. 11. pp. 158-159. 58~.T, McDougall to B. Brooke, 8 March1863. Basil Brooke Papers. MSS Pac s. %bid.. 11. p. 199. 90. vol. 14. f. 97. 51"RollBook No 1, European Officers on PermanentSen~ice". CEId4, 2. "J Brooke to A Burden Coutts and H. Brown. 19 April 1S63. Owen Runer (ed.). 52F.T McDougall to Bullock. 21 July 1863: USPG Archives.Book I1 (1860-1867). op. cit , p 183. MSS. Pac. s. 101 (4). f. 82. 60"~ollBook No 1, European Officers on Permanent Service".CIEId4, 2. 53~.B Cruiksl~ankto B. Brooke, 21 Februq 1863. Basil Brooke Papers,MSS Pac 61.Suruwak Gazette, No. 346. 1 November 1894; S. Baring-Gould and C. A. s. 90. vol. 13.f 134. Bampfylde,op. cir.. p. 129. 54C.Brooke to C. Grant, 7 March 1863 Basil BrookePapers, MSS Pacs 90, vol 8. "J Brooke to A Burdett Coutts,22 August 1863 Baroness Burdett-CounsPapers. f 42. vol. V, Add 45278. f 33 vol 28 Borneo Researc_hBullet~n 32- *

Ascotkniino,ior Croolasknnks(sic) Account~llgfor the Crookshardts andtlle Cruikshanl

57 56 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol 28 28 Borneo Research Bulletrn

Low had not been long in Sarawak before he began to appreciate thelocal women. her! threw one of our Malay sarongs over my old Chef. His Malays although, as his journal indicates. the process of aesthetic (and perhaps emotional) will like to hear that he went so to his rest ... adaptation was not without some conflict: Among other things, the account providesus with an interesting example of how the When I first came here I used to look upon the native women with victorians dealt with death.To take Low's body backto his beloved gardens the day after disgust; now I can easily discriminatethe degrees of beauty as one ],js death may seem bizarre to us now. but it would not have been considered at all res~dentIn a European country would there. Instead of saying degrees unusualat the time. of beauty I oughtperhaps to have said plainness or rather ugl~nessfor Una Pope-Hennessy was the sister of Sir John Pope-Hennessy.Governor of Labuan, certainly they are not a comely race,but as I sa~dbefore my ~deasfrom w]lo married Low's stunn~nglybeaut~ful daughter, Kitty. and then proceededto make l~fe constantly seeing them have become so vitiatedthat wha~we call pretty hell for lus father-in-law This all took place in the fever-ridden little Bornean backwater woman [here] we look upon with as much pleasure or nearly so as we where quarrelling seems to have been the principal occupation of the tiny European used to look at the divine formsat home. oo~ulation- - Des~ite hs dislike for his odious son-in-law, Low managedto remaln on irikndlyterms whPope-Hennessy's two sisters. We know noth~ngfurther about 'A.D.'until her lnarrlageto Low In 1885. This was Ann wrote agaln to Una a few weeks later saying that she wished to give pounds just five years before he gave up his position as Resident of , a tune wluch is justly 150 or pounds 200 to "[some] sc~ent~ficobject in his [Low's] name,somehng connected celebrated In the pro-consular history of early British Malaya.Was Ann Douglas married wit11 Botany or Natural History. his only passion besidesme who loved them only for hs and then widowedduring d~eyears between1815 and 1885,or did she remain single in sake (and was half jealous of them sometimes).. . ." the hope that one day they would meetagain? A romantic storyif only there was moreto The first letter helpsto solve anothermystery-the identityof the daughter Low had tell! by Nona Dayang Loya in Labuan. Ann's references to 'hs Lucy' who was apparently There is a barely legible letter in Rhodes House from Ann to Una Pope-Hennessy living with them makes it clear that hswas the samegirl whose existence hadbeen one dated 27 May, 1905\\,lucl~ gives a poignant description of Low's death at Alassio inItaly: of the issues in Pope-Hennessy's campaign againstLow in 1867. On one celebrated occasion, Low had ridden out to Nona Dayang Loya's housewith K~ttywhen he heard (haDear, that Lucy was ill. A European passer-by saw Kitty with her illegitimate half-sisterin the I got your little p.[ost] c.[ard] just after he lefi me. I asked compound with Low and reported this gross misdemeanourto Pope-Hennessy. The fact James Campbell-is it not wonderful that he [illegible] 'chance' to be that the Governor himselfhad two illegitimate daughtersin England did notdeter him with me who can help as no one else could havedone? I asked James from representingLow's action to the Colonial Officeas scandalous. Campbell to write to Prince Kropotkinyour w~shThen ITyou write to Also in the Pope-Hennessy papersat Rhodes House are the notes made by James Prince K he will know and understand. Pope-Hennessy about his grandfather'stime as Governor of Labuan and his energetic efforts to have Low dismissed from his official positions there as Colon~alSecretary. 1 loved to get your letter just now. Some words [illegible] Police Magistrate. etc.HIS principal sourcewas the report made to the Colomal Officeby ~lloughtsto me and him He was always so fond of you-you were the nest governor of Labuan, Heruy Bulwer, on the charges madeby h~sgrandfather always so sweel to him. against Low It IS clear that personal aniniosity wasbehind these. I had been very ill. We had come here to get Hugh to go home. Respondingto Pope-Hennessy's chargethat Dayang Kamariah.who was then living Then qulte suddenly he leftme. A glorious last day we had among the with her slster at the Sagurnau house after St. John's departure.was a common prostitute, flowers he loved-a [illegible] that [illegible] Ire had been [illegible1 Bulwer descr~bedher as a good and virtuous woman. He also went to some trouble to before and had pnlledtluough. I thought he wonld [illegible] leaveme. esplain to the Colonial Officethat ~lor~awas not a derogatoryexpression: Half an hour or less bad suffering borne as HE would bear it. Then he The term 'Nona' it is said by Mr. Low is offensively translatedinto thought I had relieved him but it was a gentle death.He slipt away English as 'concubine'; and Iam assured by those conversantwith the holding my hand. His Lucy and 1 did eveqql~ingfor him and he looked that the term has been abusedin the translation. If it so unspeakably beautiful,and dignified. The Italian Dr who came to were intended to translate the word 'concubine' into Malay the term verify the death exclaimedat his Beauty. I wasproud and pleased. I would have been 'pummpuan'or 'gundik'; whereas the term 'Nona' al\vays lovedto have him admired. while it signifies an unmarried womanis applied by the Malays as a We walked after him. James and hs Lucy and I up a steep term of title (and not disrespect) to women kept as mistresses by little path, nest day. to n quiet little comer among d~eroses. The Europeans gardeners and the gardens he loved carried him along and Lucy. bless Nor d~dBulwer belreve that Low's relat~onsh~pwrth Nona Dayang Loya had I have sent hm wrth one of our boys Jolxn a Malay penglran to prejudiced h~soffic~al rcsponsrb~lltles In any way prevent hlm berng taken away by h~sfnends and made a Mahometan wh~lelus connection w~ththe woman Dayang Loya was well known of May I ask your lnterest on111s behalf-Mr Chambers w~lle\plaln throughout the Island, for 111 tlus small communrtyII IS ~mpossrblethat such a my vlews with regard to h~m connectlon, WIUIwhatever secrecyand precaution rt be ma~ntanedcould be P S The week after Mr Chambers sa~leda letter came for John from othenv~sethan well known I cannot learnthat he ever obtruded II upon the lus Malay relatrveswli~ch I have not opened but have every reason to publ~cobservat~on or allowed 11any tune lo ~nterferew~th the proper d~scharge belreve IS a command for lurn to go there [Labuan] of 111smag~stenal dutles Not surprisingly. the esperiment was a failure and 'John'was sent back froin Bulwer exonerated Low on all of the charges. evidently acceptingIhat the Pope- London to Labuan where Low found aposition for him as turnkey of the colony's gaol. Hennessy's intentionhad also been to implicate lim w~ththe allegedlyillegal actlons of When McDougall learnt oftlus on a subsequent v~s~tto Labuan, he preva~ledon Nona Dayang Loya's fa~n~lywho lived w~thher in the house that he obtained for her at Govenlor CaUaghan(Bulwer's successor)to dismiss h~mSt. John and otl~erswho were Sagumau.The petty detarls of all this are not worth repeatingbut they reveal someth~ng critical of McDougall forother reasons no doubt also cited Jol~n'scase as evidence of of how relationslups between Europeanmen and local women were conducted atthe McDougall's political naivete in attempting to convert Muslims to . John's time. a~poinlmentas turnkey had presented Pope-Hennessy wit11 further ammu~tionto Nona Dayang Loya was almost certainly from Sarawak and her title suggests that discredit Low her family was of Brunei ongin. We know that she was a singer of pantuns and that Low had been on good terms wit11 Pope-Hennessy's predecessor, Governor pantun-singing and story tell~ngwere traditional pastlrnes of the upper-class Malay Edwardes. Indeed. he was his staunchest supporter whenhe prevented the Rajah's elder women in Kuching where Low probably mether some timein 1845 or 1846. She may nephew, John Brooke Brookefrom seizing the sago-producingarea of in 1860. have been descended from one of James Brooke's pet pengiransmurdered in Brunei in This had infuriated the Rajah and his two nephews.On 17 March 1857, Spenser St.John 1845 and whose families were brought backto Kuching by him after the tngedy As (who claimed to be Low's fnend) had written spitefully toBrooke Brooke fromBrunei- already indicated, she was the sister of Dayang Kamariall. tlie woman with whom Spenser St. John had a long relationship and at least tluee children. Indeed. it seems Low is a Governor's man,hoping by his influenceto become the next likely that Low met NonaDayang Loya through St. John. one. he pays his little bills for him, and would do any other little act to After St. John left Brunei in 1863 for his new post as British charge d'affairesin show him how completely subservienthe is. Haiti, he continued to support Dayang Kamariah andtheir survlvlng son Sulong (hvo other children had died dunng a fever ep~demicin Labuan). whomhe sent to Bntarn for St. John, who seems to have been quitecontent for Brunei's Intereststo be sold out training as a civil engineer in 1866and then helped obtain a job somewherein the Malay to the territory-grabbing Brookes. found it difficult to hide his own over-arching States. Kamariahherself went to Singaporeand lived with another Europeanman there ambitions. He was indiscreetenough totell BrookeBrooke in the same letter of his own before dying in Labuan in about 1872. Spenser St. Jolm's brother James. who was a interest in becoming Governor of Sarawakif neither Brooke nor the Rajah wanted that surveyor in Labuan, also had a family by a Malay woman there and one of hs direct appointmentIn the event of Sarawakbecomrng a Brit~shcolony. descendants revealed her or~gi~isto Ine at Murdoch Uruversity not long after I anived Some years later whenLow decllned to contribute a special appendix for St.John's there in 1978. brography of James Brooke, St. John wrote to their mutual friend. Charles Grant. St John never revealed how it was that James Brooke had "forced" him out of describinghim as being too fond of the brandy bottle. With friends and in-laws like these. Sanwak in I855 but it probably had something to do with his open relationsip wih it is no wonderthat by the time Low became Resident of Perak,he preferred the company Dayang Kamarrah and the fierce l~ost~l~tythis aroused from the first Bishop of Labuan of his flowers and his pet wah-\vuli (gibbon) to humans. and Borneo,F T McDougall. andhis w~feHamette. What happened toAnn and Lucy after Low's death is not known They probably There had already beenan embarrass~ngfamily connectionwrth the Borneo Church went back to live at Ann's last address, CranbomeGrange, Micheldever, Hampshire. but Mission. McDougall unwisely attemptedto convert Kamariah'syounger brother'John' to no information is available. Whatbecame of Nona DayangLoya after Low lefi Labuan is Christianity and actually dispatchedhim to London withhis assistant, Walter Chambers. also unknown.Nor is there any indication of thefate of Low's detailed journals, including In 1858to get lurn away from d~einfluence of his Muslin1 relatives In the archives of the hs account of h~sascent of MI Kinabalu, whch had been thebasis of much of St. John's Society for the Propagat~onof the Gospel (SPG) in Rhodes House there is a letter from LVe ii, the forest.^of /heFur Enst of 1861 Only one of these (1844-46) hassurv~ved in McDougall to Ernest Hawltinsinforming him of Chambers' imminent arrivalin London the form.of a typescript madeby James Pope-Hennessybut much of it was used in Low's with the boy: ~k~wukin 1848. Who knows but one day somebody will turn up some more information about a private life wh~chhad such complicatedpublic repercussrons? 1/01 21: voJ3 BorneoResearch Bulletin 61

.Archipelff~.Another of sons, Horace,produced a hisrob) oftile Indian chipe el ago INTRODUCTION:SpENSER Sf. THE LIFEOF SIR JAMES in 1853 which was unflattering of Brookeand rnay have reflected wlseSsbitter JOHNS antagonis~ntowards lurn after 1843. BROOKE, RAJAH OF SARAWAK' Even beforehe met James Brooke, Spenser read Captan Henry I

openly with native women but d~esredin nattlle cosrunte. Responding in a way that Urbane and articulate, St. John's unorthodox viewson religion and other subjects reflected his extreme sensitivity to accusations of this kind,St. Jolm told Brooke Brooke entertained the Rajah and thebe\? of young inen with whoin he surrounded hmself but alarmed the head of the Anglican nussion,the Revd (and later Bishop of Labuan and Sir Robert sent over to say he was not coming to Brunei, so I started off Borneo) F.T. McDougall. Hamette McDougall, being more intellectually sophisticated, on a fish~ngexcursion. When I was stming In the jungle, during my appreciated St. Jolm's con\lersahonal sk~llsand lus apparently sympathetic support for last espedltion, my men began making vows, and1 joining In heaffair their work. However,she was also to be alienated by h~sactions. said. that ~fwe all got safely home, I promise to glve you a feast and From lus arrival in Kuchi~igin 1848. McDougall foughta losing battle againstthe you rnay invite your families. Well on the day appointed they prevailing custom for young European officers to take natlve"keeps" or mistresses St assembled and about twenty pulled away ina big prahu and I followed John h~mselfestablished a relat~onshipwith a certain Dayang Ka~nariah,a Malay woman by rnyself in my own boat. I met Sir Roben as I shoved off, and d was of aristocratic ancestry. and had three childrenby her. She may well have been properly dressed for a boat: clean wlute silk pyjamas, cleanshrt. and introduced to him by Hugh Low who knew her sister. Apparently encouraginghis clean white s~lkjacket. I know I had that dress becauseit was a Sunday companions to follow his example. St. Johnwas subsequently accusedby the Bishop of when 1 rece~vedno natlve v~sitors.I was about to go down to Muara "corn~pting"Charles Fox. a catechst who had been sent over from the Anglican w~tha bull for the feast and plenty of fishing tackle. Now Sir Robert theological collegein Calcutta. and two government officers.Harry Nicholetts andHenry never saw any native women but I told h~mof the promise I had made. Steele. Letters detailing St.Jolm's '.inunorality" were sentto St. Jolm's women friends in We m~ghtas well have been accused of going away tubaing [using London by one of the B~shop'swomen teacl~ers,Elizabeth Woolley (later Mrs poison to catch fish] as pulling about with native women. Chambers). and when relations between St. Johnand the Bisllop eventually brokedo\vn in 1862. the accusations were made public in the Anglican newspaper,the Gunrtlin~l. Returning to England with the Rajah in late 1860, St.Jolm completed and published Spenser's younger brother, James. whowas employed as Surveyor-General at Labuan. at his own espense the two-volumeL+ m the Foresfso/thc Fur East.... Drawing on his also had a Malay non.va and numerous childrenbut had been persuadedby the colonial time in Sarawak, Brunei and Sulu. St. John alsohad access to his friend Hugh Low's chaplam to marry her. journals of their 1858 expeditionto Mount Kinabalu, which IS one of the features of the In 1855. St. John was appointedas British Consul-Generalto the native statesof book. Although 11 was not a great commercial success,Li&e en the Forestsreceived more Borneo, a position which Brooke himselfhad resigned in 1853. Establishing himself at than tlllrty reviews, most of them very favourable, and went into a second enlarged Brunei, he left Dayang Kamariah and their twochildren at Labuan under the watchful eye edition tn 1863.No doubt it enhanced St. John's reputation, helpinghm to obtain his nest of his fnend Hugh Low. who had by then installed Dayang Kamariah's sisteras his posting as British churge d;Iflairesfor the new black republic of Haiti rn January 1863. non.va He quickly attuned himselfto life in the tiny. run-down sultanate which James where he was later promoted to resident minister. Brooke had once pledged lumselfto restore to its former glory. As there was little ofticia1 St. John used the book to exact revenge on McDougall and some of the other business to negotiate, St. John had plenty of time to visit Labuan and to make extensive m~ss~onaries.His final chapter on Ule Borneo Mission was highly critical of the Bishop explorations of the hnterland of Bmnei. Apart frorn early expeditions up the Brunei. and his methods, accusing him of high-handed treatment of his subordinates and and Baram nvers. he also accompanied HughLow on the latter's second ascent rnaladlninislration.He was also critrcal of the Bishop's actionsduring the rebellion by the of Mount finabalu in April 1858. Possibly outof deference to James Brooke. hefailed to Chinese goldminersof Bau in February 1857,although the Rajah's desperateescape at acknowledge the first exploration of the Kayan counLry in 1847 by Roben Bums, a that time had left the resourcehl and courageous McDougallas the hero of the hour Singapore-based trader whom the Rajah mthlessly excluded fromany co~nmercia! When the official Anglican newspaper. the G~rarcliar?,published a letter from involvement in north-west Borneo. In lus biography of the Ra~ah.he was contenl to McDougall's princ~palassistant, Walter Chambers accusing St.John of keeping a native dismiss Bums as '.a d~sreputableScottish adventurer." woman, the Rajah himself wrote a savage anack on McDougall.This was published as a ~twas on a visit to Kuchlng with Dayang Kamariah and their youngest childin lare pamphlet, The R~shopof Borneo,under St. John's name. 1858 (the two older childrenhad died of fever at Labuan while he wasaway with Low) Wnting to James Brooke's brother-in-law,the Revd Ed~nundEvelyn. in March 1863 that St. John alienated Hamette McDougall. By presenting his jlonva to the missionary's afterthe publ~cationof the pamphlet. McDougaIl described what he regardedas St. John's wife, he was in her view publiclyflaunting a relationslup w111cl1she regarded as shameful malign Influence: and wicked. Conveying the shockof this uuexpected and~nsulting confrontation. she told The attack upon me in St. John's book was as unexpected as 11 was foul ... not their Inutual friend Brooke Brooke thatshe felt "nothing but disgust for Ium he had and false.... That inan has had a sad and baleful influence in tlus place a particle of shame." not only by prejudicing the Rajah's mind against Brooke [Brooke] and Another allegationof St John's .'immoralitf was made in the followingyear by Sir myself which I am sure he has done (I had words with him about Robefl MacClure,a naval officer who had v~sitedBrune~ 111 H.M.S. Esk. He apparently Brooke as I had also with the Rajah when I was in England) but by a reported to Brooke Bmoke that Her Ma~esty'sConsul-General not ollly went abo1ll Positive active infidel propagandalsm he was ever carrying [on] . 64 Borneo Research-Rmin Borneo Research Bullet~n 65

amongst youngermen whom hethought he could infleunce... . Poor Fos ,dortunate nego~iationswith foreign powers which so hurt and wearied hsfriends.. ." told me last time I saw hirn (he always came to me ashis old friend nlatst. John had assisted the Rajah In these negotiations. evento the point of being when he was here) Illat not only had St Johnesc~ted hjs doubts about describedas his "alter ego." was somethinghe preferred to forger. H.[oly] S.[cnpture]and our Lord's Divinity, which made him leave the In March 1871 St. John made overtures to the Rajah's brother-in-law, the Revd Mission. but that he aftenvards never let lumalone with lus taunts and ~d~~~ndEvelyn, for access to the papers of his nephew, Brooke Brooke,who had died sneers. until he followed hisbad exampleand kept a native woman ... long after the Rajah. "My object in writing the Raja's life," he told Evelyn. "is to

present himn as I believe he deserved to be presented to [lie public. nota panegyric, but a St John told Brooke Brookethat "Fos left because the B~sl~opcalled him a fool and we account."He was also at pains to emphasisethat he would not give a partisan version a presumptious scl~oolboyetc." McDougall's forthright and tactlessmanner ceminly ,,f [hedisastrous quarrel between the Rajah and lus elder nephew whichled to the laner's antagonised people but his absolute honestyand trustworthness could always be relied disinheritanceand public humiliation: upon-wluch ismore than could be said for St. Jolm and tl~eRajah Putting it anotller way, they were politicians andthe Blshopwas not ...it is not my intention to touch In any way on family maners. to avo~d Harr~etteMcDougall was extremely b~tterabout wliat she regarded as St. Jotufs every subject of controversy whichwould tend to bringIn the name of betrayal of the trust which she and the Bishop hadplaced in him duringthe early days of anyone of his family now passed away. With regardto Captain Brooke the Mission when therewere so many problems-no1 the least being the unsuitable himself. you might rely on my treating lus memory tenderly. as he was people sent out to asslst In May 1862 she told Brooke Brooke. once my most intlmate and dearest friend .. you may trust to my fairness and my feelings not to make any useof [Captain Brooke's At the tinie Mr St. John cane in and out of tlis house like a familiar papers], that could In any way annoy those who hold his name In spirit, used to hear all the troubles aid difficulties as they arose, and no respect. I would be silent on the whole subject rather thanto do so.... doubt Frank oftenspoke to him as if he had been speaking aloud of thelr foibles In his disappointment.I don't say Frank was worldlywise For some reason, St. John did not seek access to the hundreds of letters James In doing ttus but you must remember how very lntlmate St. lolu~was Brooke had wnrten to Baroness Angela Burdett-Coutts,which were locatedby Owen with us, and his peculiar way of seeking confidences. How ungenerous Rulter and published by him in 1935. Nor did he make any mention of the Rajah's is the advantage he hastaken of it I can better feel than say. eccentricmillionaire patron inthe biography beyond a passing referenceto "a generous friend" This was remarkable because her financialsuppoi had been cruc12 to the Chambers' responsewas Inore pointed. "The Arab absta~nsfrom the salt of the Inan Rajah's sorvival and at one polnt he named her as his heir. Sir Steven Runcirnanhas he would strke" he old McDougall. "He ate your salt that lus stab ~~gl~tgo deeper. He suggested itwas typical ofthe desire foranonymity by '-A Lady Unknowo," but there is warmed lumself with your confidence [in order] tobetray it." surely more to be said about such an extraordinary omission. PerhapsSt. John wasmiffed Altl~ougl~he did not come out in public support ofSt. Jolm, Charles Brooke's that Baroness Coutts had not supported his grand scheme of establishing anew chartered syrnpath~eswere naturally with hlm In his quarrel with the B~shop.In November I862 he companyfor Uie whole of northern Borneo, w~thhimnself as the managing director wrote lo Brooke Brooke. More importantly, the Baroness played a key part In ensuring that the Rajah d~dnot transfer entire authorityover Sarawak to Brooke Brooke before the disinheritance crisis The mildest part of the business is that he [St. John] on!v kepr o~?e [mistress]-he [Chambers] may bring to light some of my little affairs of 1863. Reflectingon this after the event, the Rajah wroteto her: some of these days-but he [St. Jolu~]made [an] allowance[to his I tried about May or June 1860,to release myself and impose the family] for many years and I believe that was theright tlung to do in a responsibility of Government upon Mr. Brooke, but in vain as the legitimate monogamy.These are the weak points a parson snatches at. Missus always was always opposedto it, and thus saved Sarawak from It can't be helped-for society will excusesuch natural indulgences falling into Ole hands of man who has proved himself to be half rogue. Merall a Harem will be tl~eproper tling to keep when one getsricher. half fool

At some point before his death in England in 1868,possibly when they were "The Mssus," as the Rajah playfully called Britain'smost powerful woman after together there in 1861,James Brooke entrusted hspersonal papersto St. Jolm on the Queen Victoria, had also intervened to prevent a reconcilation between uncle and understanding that he would act as his literary executor and official biographer It was nephew As St John wrote in lus biography, "had mutual friends both in England and these documents wluchSt. John subsequently canied w~thh~m in tin trunks to Ha~tiand Sarawak been more concil~atory.the estrangement between uncle and nephew would Peru, although they proved to beof limited valueto h~senterprise As he told Charles never have gone as far as it did." St. Jolm, too, was one of those mutualfriends. Grant. most of the Rajah's most interesting papers had been burnt during theChines Hearing of St. John's enterprise, CharlesBrooke. who was proclaimedRajah shortly Rebellion of 1857 and those that survived ..principally refer to those interminableand after his uncle'sdeath in June 1868. had givena collection of his papers to Miss Gertrude 7 56 Borneo Rescarch Bulletin VoQ vol. 28 Borneo ResearchBl~lletin 1;7

Jacob with the view of produc~nga nval biogrdphy No doubt Ile feared that St Jol~'~ In July. McDougall wrote againto Graiill after Gladsronehad elaborated on his book would be less than flattering ofthe Rajah and lumself These papersincluded James# cllargesin the columnsof the Co/7te1?1poraryReview: "It seems that St. John has been ~n originaljoun~als and his leners to hisold friend John Te~npler,most of which had already comlnunicati~nw~th Gladstone. Why does he not stick up for lus old Master who )?~orle been published by Keppel. Captan Rodney Mundy and by Te~npler.The lafler had hinrg. spoil/ /?itn?... I cannot help feeling savage with a varnunt whofirst calumniated a refused to co-operate w1tl1St. Jolm, probably because hehoped to write a book about the ,,,,and then makes money out of his lies by defending themin a review which pays him Raja11himself. \veil,"Ironically, ir was the Bishop himselfwho came to theRajah's defencein a letter to ~1,~Tir,res. thus earning Charles Brooke's grat~tude.if St. John preferredto communicate Gertrude Jacob was the niece of Major-General Sir George Le Grand \,itll Gladstoneprivately, as he had done dunng the Cornrnlssion crlsis in 1854. there is Jacob who visited Sarawalcat the Rajah's invitation in 1853 and formed ev~dencefor it. a highly favourable impression oflus acldevements: During my stay in By May 1878. St. John had con~pletedhis manuscript. Writing to Charles Grant.he Bomeo [he wrote later] I observed that the Raja was regarded b)' [the asked him to arrange for itspublication by William Blackwoodand Sons. The advantage Dayalts] as almost a superhulnanbe~ng sent for their deliverancefi-om of using the Edinburgh publ~sllers was that they "would not mind any attack on the oppression of their fellow-men. wlulethe Malays lookedup to him lads stone"and were associatedwith the Consewat~veswhose foreign policy St John as to a great chief fit to rule and guidethem I suppofled atthat point Leaving it to Grant to negotiate thetenns of publishing I the manuscript. he told him: "I am not satisfied with it, but it is the best I can manage It seems that Sir George persuaded his niece to ~omlnelnoratethe Rajah In a underthe circumstances.n .-~l,~d of the ~~j~h~would not be of publication ofsome kind and that her efforts attracted attention ofTem~ler. who had course, but he had uled to hiln as he appeared to H~ would have prefe;red I been unable to fulfil his own ambition of writingthe Rajah's life He was able to revise a re-wr,te.but "another ten yearsmight pass it being completed.7, i the last chapters of her manuscript before hisdead), after wluch his widow gave her On the two main areas of sensitivity-the disinheritanceof Brooke Brooke and the access to his papers controversy over the Borneo Mission-he felt that he had written "in a Christian spirit," I St. John first became aware of this rival erlterprlse whenMiss Jacob's work was even here his reference to ~~~~~~~llwas hardly in that -1 lmve treated published as a series of articles in the l\foj7lh!v Puckel in 1873-74 under thetitle "The file~~~~k~ incident In as delicale a manneras 1 could and I do not that arly one will i English Raja." unperturbed by tlus "very slight cornpiladon,"he told Grant in December be pleased or displeased with it. I could not avoid touchingon it. aher Miss Jacobts When her IS74 that he was not impressed by Miss Jacobk literary was reference to it. in fact complete silence wouldhave do~lemore harln thatgood. You will in 1876 he wrote: "I am glad it is coming out. as It may give me solne not like my reference to the Bishop-but then I lnust have a hit at one of my enemies and informat~onabout the early life [of tlle Ra.iah]. I have no fear of its interferingin way he 1s the fattest and being allve he candefeild hnlself." I w~thmy book. as mine will be a real life of the Rajah ~nBonleo and not a series of Whlle seeking Grant's assistance with 11s publication. the only changes he 1 extracts connectedby intelveni~lgparagraphs... " As it happened. book xvealed veV authorised him to make to the manuscript at this point Ivere the re-arrangement of little of Brooke's early life and this remained a problemfor St. John.On the positiveside2 chapters and the correction of proper nzunes. '.I don't want any statements of mine Miss Jacob's extensive use of quotatiollsfrom Brooke's writings persuaded hm bat altered," he told Grant. "becauseI aln responsible for hem." He hoped that Granr would and loo was something he should avoid. Her book was "too 10% and be able to arrange for the publication of British Consul-General H.T.Usher's official extracts to be readable." repon on Sarawak as an appendis. Some time earlier he had written to their old In May 1877 an event occurred whichlested JOlm's loyalty lhe Rajah In a contemporary.Hugh Low, now Resident ofPerak in Malaya.asking lum to contributea in the House of Commons about the atrocitiesrecently ~~mmlnedin Bulgaria. backgroundchapter but had receivedno reply. Also to be appended was'.H~nts to Young William Gladstone compared them with the"battle" of M-u at the mouth Out-stationOfficers from tile bjall." a brief set of notes by James Brooke which provide Saribas hver ln July 1849. On that occasion Inore thanfive hundred some useful lnslghts into hs phlosophy of native governlnent.Finally. St. John asked Arthur Dayaks werek~lled by a combined Sarawak and Royal force led Grant to locate the portrait of the Rajah as a young man \vhichhad previously been in the Farquharand a staggering£20,700 in pirate "head money" was subsequently paidOut possession ofhis sister, Mrs Savage. and arrange for-an esac, reproduction.' to be ~nade the sailors by the Admiralty Court in Singapore. Writingto Charles Grant after read% a as an illustration. repon of Gladstone's speech,Bishop McDougall complainedof St. John's fa~lureto speak The frontispieceof the book was to be a reproduction of the onginal portrait by UPpublicly for hsformer patron. "1 have been expectingYou to open fire....You know Grant's uncle, Sir Franc~sGrant. R.A.. which was purchasedby St. John in July 1877 and more about the thnce confuted lies against theold Rajah than any man. except St. subsequentlydonated by him to the National Portnit Gallery. ..If T cm bring my book if perhaps. though one can expect no good from him, and I s[holllld not Out." St. John told Grant. ..your uncle's picture would add to its chance of success." Gladstone got hold of him. Thol~ghhe owed every thing tothe Rajah he had not lhe pluck Paintedin late 1817 when Brooke made his uiumplmnt visit to London, it contributed or the honesty to come forward likea rnan and vindicate hsold patron's memory which greatly to lis popular i~nageas a dashing adventurerand palriot in the mariti~nebadtion he c[oul]d do so well if he chose " St. John had been Presentat ovemhellninglyOne- of Raleigh and Drake. h engraving based on theportrait was publishedin the IllLc.ctrared sided "battle" and had given evidenceabout it to the Singapore Commission

I I 68 Borneo ResearchBulleun v01a 41pl 28 B~rngJ~earchBullet~rl 69

Lonrloii Newsand was d~splayedin shop windows as pop star photographs are today alld confidant andthe enigmatic referencemay suggest that their relationship wasat least Indeed. it remains one of the icons of British imperialism in its romantic mid-~neteenth latentlyhomosexual. AlthoughJames proposed marriage to a young woman at Bath and century phase subsequentlyclaimed an illegitimateson, lus real affinity was for the young menwith That Sir Francis Granteserc~sed his artistic llcenceto a considerable extentcan be u,llom he surrounded himselfin Sarawak.This is not a subject which a n~neteenthcentury gathered from the remarks of one disinterested contemporary.J.H. Williamson, who met \\,"ter could have been expectedto broach. but it is curious that James Brooke's most hm at Mivart's Hotel in Ianuay 1848 On the fly leaf of his copy of Mundy's book recent biographer. Professor NicholasTarling. has not seriously addressed it What Ile (which also used the engraving). hewrote: "The portrait in thls bookIS not at all like him, describesas the "strangeness" of the Rajalfsrelat~onship with BaronessCoutts (we have He appeared about Fifty Years of Age, rather sligh[t] figure withmost intelligent already noticed thathe liked lo call her"Missus") has been attributed by a more sceptical espression of countenance." Strangely.Brooke never acknowledgedhis debt to Gnnt,the historian to their sharedinterest inyoung men. It seems more plausible.however, that she lead~ngportrait artist of lus day. who had made h~ma present of the painting. was borh a wife and a mother figure for him Charles Grant duly wrote to Will~a~nBlackwood submitting the manuscript and In mid-March 1879. Grant told St.John that after a delay of almost a year telling him that there weresome passages "whichwould requireto be modified. 1 mean ~l~ckwood'shad agreed to publish the revised manuscriptand that he would now haveto some which are rather too penned [i.e. barbed]." Writ~ngto St John to request h~s consult their conespondence and his cr~t~calnotes "as I feel in having undertakenthe permiss~onto make Lhe necessary changes. he told him: "I think (wit11 the reservations revision a sense of considerable responsibility and difficulty. Anyhow you must not hold which follow)the b~ographyis excellent, at any rate it interested me as a witness of the me responsible or ever name me, for if I use the pruning hook in the manner you have Rajah's work from 1845 t~llhis death. I cannot judge so well whetherit will Interest the authorized,I shall be careful not to introduceanything. All that will be necessaryin tlus general public. though I tl7iiil; it will. But notw~thstandingthe omission of several respect I fancy will be some slight alterations whereconnecting links are necessary paragraphs at the suggestion of a judicious friend. thereare still several [referencesto] between espunged passagesand modifications here and there."Grant went about his personallties wluchwould requlre to be deleted or modified before I could undertake work In a careful andjudicious way. sendlng St.John many pagesof detailed noteson the what you requlre. These might not I7urtn the persons reflected upon. but they wouldglve latter's responses tolus original commentsand on the way he had dealt withthese in his needless offenceand assuredly mar an othenvise good biography." editing. John Te~nplerought not to be referred to as a "clever, fussy little man," nor thefirst An example of how Grant toned downSt. Jolm's treatmentof McDougall can be managlng directorof he Borneo Company Ltd as an "irredeemable blockhead, the seen in a comparisonof the two followingpassages: Revd Chambers' wife ought not to be ridiculed. However, "the one almost The poor Bishop who though asplendid surgeon and physicianhad insurmountabledifficulty" for Grant in preparing the manuscript for publicationwas its little useful knowledge of anything else.thought himself In another treatment of B~shopMcDougall whohad sided w~thBrooke Brooke duringhis dispute world and was speedily lost when he attempted to give us, for example. with the Rajah: .'It is in fact not part of the Biography [he toldSt. John] but ralher a a popular idea offree will and predestination and tried to reconcile the defence of ~lechapter on missions in your formerwork and as it stands is an illustralion two. Finding Uiat we were not silenced by h~sauthority hegro>slecl. so of the truth that those who cast the first stone are the most aggrieved whenpaid back In that we had to suspend our talks when he was there. their own coin." St John agreed to most of Grant's suggestions wi~good grace but there were Bisl~opMcD (of whom I havealready spoken) when he joined in the problems inaccepting those relating to McDougall. "If you redover your observat~ons discussions did not by h~sarguments or h~stone give encouragementto calmly. I think you will acknowledgethat you have lreated me with scant courtesy. I do the enquirers. not panicularly care to revive old scores,but I have reasons for being dissatisfiedwith !he Bishopof wh~chyou know notlung." Grant and St Johnalso had some correspondenceabout references to the second There was also the problem of Mrs Chambers: "If you saw [James] Brooke's letters Rajah, Charles Brooke, with wllo~nSt. John had once been on friendly terms. Describ~ng about Mrs. Chambers you will find he calls her the impersonalion of 'envy,hatred and him as "but a poor stick. and incapableof developing anything."St John had earl~er malice andall uncharitableness' and she did nothing but m~schief."Nevertheless, he gave written that due to Charles' "insufferableconduct and stup~dity,"he l~imselfwould not Grant permiss~onto make the suggested changes:.'I always looked upon you as a man of : mind taking over the government of Sarawak.He was also critical of Charles' shabby the strictest honour, and Icould not give a greater proof than trusting you with the I weatment of Brooke Brooke's only survivingchild. Hope Brooke.whom he had refused revision of vlew of the Ra,jah's life. In striking out anylhlng you may th~nkoffensive 10 support In response to Grant's urgings,he allowed him to modify h~sremarks about to your friends, be careful not to weaken the impressronI w~sllto convey-that the Ra~ah the second Rajah. while continuing todamn hrn with faint praise: -K[nox] very justly was one of the noblest Englishmenthat ever lived." remarked in a note he wrote to me-that the Rajah would not have been pleased at my St. John also ind~catedthat "one judicious fr~endhad advised me to say notlung running down the present Rajah In any way. and as ~twould do no good. and rnight do disagreeable aboutTempler and the young Rajah. I would caqlout that wlsh as far as harm. I wish you would take the stingout of any thnlst atthat gentleman. There can beno possible..' Templer,who sailed with Brooketo China in 1830. and been his closest friend I doubt, but that Sanwakis a success. and that it owes somethingto him." Borneo ResearchB11llet111 Vol. 28 Vol. 28 Borneo Research Bulletin 70. -- 7 1 when lIe subsequently wrote.-.AS we are all in a Cluistlanhame of mind, soften Or since. it was a Pnrty until lnany years laterwhen the demon of discordentered anyrllingdisagreeable in1ny referencesto the present Rajah, or om11 it as 11 would render dlere." To do hiln Justice, St. John saw the humour of (his. He was also properly I futurenegollations more dlfilcult." Grant notedthat it was "about the most difficult job appreciativeof Grant's edltonal efforls.After receiving thelast proofs. lie wrote l1im: "1 cannot [hat a mall in south America couldgive to another at the antipodes" Grant hadhimself repeating how obliged I aln at the great trouble you have taken the cut offallcomrnullication with Charles Brooke in 1869over thelatter's refusalto support book-it must have been a labourof love. Your alterationsllajse been \,cry judicious, and Hope Brooke. no one will I tlunk be offended.at least not much offended." oneof ~~~~t~~excisions had more todo with the proprieties goverrungrelationships betweell mell during the late Vlctonanera than other sensitivities. In his description of Writing Grant from in November 1879 when the book had already llis pa*ng witll Rajah at Torquay in April 1867. St. John had winen:"...as 1 bent appeared, Hugh Low conl~lainedthat "nearly all thoughtsabout Borneo [have been) and kissed him 1 felt that it was for the last time. As I reached the door hecalled me driven outof my ]lead by the very hard workand responsibilities and [illeg,1 have back. kissed me again and I saw the tears falling. andI could See that he also felt that It fallen Won me." ConsecluentLyhe had been unableto contribute thebackground was our last adieu " St. John had requested. a response whichhardly warranted thekanerqs sharp commenton hi^ ,night have been acceptable behaviour inthe earls Vlctonan erabut an the forwarded letterthat it was "what mightbe expectedfroln so selfish a man '. censorious attitudeto men's expression ofemotions meant that by the late In January 188O William Blackwoodreported to Grant [hatthe book was sell,ng it I 1870's was inka (/ig. .'I fear yourcritics will show it to be contrarylo British usle," he "st*di1y but not in large numbers" He thought thatthere was a possibilityof a second I told st, john. Scoring out the references to kissmg as "too sensatlonalNelsonlc." and edition and St. John subsequently welcomed thisas an oppofiuruty to show off his ..best lefi out.- Grant was refemngto an incident (familiarto every Englishschool child) kd1th0od I a new title page. He had also prepared a prefacesome time earlier when the moml~y-woundedhero of Trafalgar calledon the captainof the c7ctol?, to "kiss against such a contingency.However. the secondedition never e\,enluated. me. ~~~d~,~He was also removing evidenceof a genulneaffection between St. John and Predictablyenougll, the book was the subject ofa long and generally favourable I the Raja11which was surely significant. review article AlexanderKnos in Blaclnoood'~h/agc,zi,le, A former leader writeron B~ 29 March 1878Grant had completed histask. Writing to St. John ~lthdetails of The Tinles, Knos had been an lntimate fnendand suppofier of james ksfinal revisions he concluded: his finera1 at Sheepstor in Devon in June 1868 Needless to say. he took a hg1dy penon* in the way file Rajah's life was portrayed He &senled that N~~ I have done Without having concededyour views regardingYour st, You may be John possibly knew him better thananyone else,this resulted In a solnewhat over- many enelnles.[ have endeavouredto m~dlf~them critical assessment ofhis achievement: saved the imtation of reviewers whowould be quick enougll 10 detect aGmosity-to the prejudice of biograpl~yand Author-and He was deeply attachedto the Raja11-nobod~ was better acquainted you no1 abuse me if in doing my best, 1 have elther failed inhe with his hsto~.public and private-and no doubt it would have been task I undenook, orhave used too plain hnguagein expressing. Ialn in to find amongst Ids followers rnore a qualified man, we some hope however thatmy effons will merit your approval.In the notice. as a characteristic ofthe book. and as showingllow llonestly M~ sheets 1 have sent you the alterations may at first sigllt appear St. John hasendeavoured I0 perform hlstask, that whilstfir11 and ample but in realitycompared with the size ofthe task they are justice is done10 his noble qualifies,the srnallesl foibleof [he~~,~h Is not so ,..I have just read all your leners over again andSee that no one registered.The Poor man was not clever at keepingaccounts and man couldhave given another greatercane blanche than You have double enw-he IS not excused an error in vulgar fractions, H~ was done-to alter. amend or omit-and I only hope 1 have not abusedthe Over-indu1gentto the rniddies and youngsters about Ilim:one would co~lfidence. ahnost imagineat t1meS in these pages thatwe werereading thelife of I the great Mr MidshprnanEasy, rile one tinge of regret d~atGrant felt was about 111s treatment of St. Jaws When the chief and the secretary differon more importantmatters, the references to CllarlesBrooke. He hadsince learnt d~atthe Rajah,who had been staying chief 1s in the wrong.After layingthe book down we are really notsure for some tjme widl his wife and two sons at his newly acquired Property in Wiltshire.had seen '.lrnle or nouljngn of his relalives..'Had I known sooner1 might have beeninduced could givethe other checkmate at chess.In a word. the~~j~h less.,. ~~t confessed, '.~utno harmis ever done in that direction." was theRajah. but Mr St John Was the "guide, philosopherand friend," to We are glad to notice these l~ttlepoints. for they afford a fair whell the first proofsof the book becameavailable In early July,Grant sent cop1es time for thelaner to make corrections.One amusing Presumption thatMr St John has i~onestlyendeavoured lo give us a to st,jot,,, but ttlere was truepicture of the man-weaknesses, errors andall. He has, in a on this was thetypesetter's mis-readingof ..Mrs" as "Mi' so that painted theRa~all as Oliver Cromwellwished tobe painled, but he has of Hamietle McDougall was lavished insteadOn the Bishop:"lvlr ~~h~'~warm description Paid great anentionto the wart ~~~~~~~llexercisedmore influenceover the European Inhabitantsthan any one before

I 72 Borneo Research Bullet~n Vol 28 Vol 28 Borneo ResearchBullet~n 73

Accord~ngto Kno\ theleast rellable sectlonof the book dealt w~thBrooke's tlme In He was Inore serlsitlve to critlc~smof h~sability as a writer, telling Grant In January Sarawak before 1848,notably h~srole In tl~eSarawak Malays' rebell~onagalnst Brunei 1880 that the notice in the Snl~ir(lavRevtew "would comfort me under twenty such and hs operations against plrac)' D~sm~ss~ngSt John's account of the rebell~onwas nollces as that in the Scols~nan" The .kora7ra11thought that the bookwas readlng "l~kethe story of a Chr~stmaspantomime," Kno\ also rejected h~scnticlsm U~at undoubtedly the most complete and authontatlve record ofthe the Rajah should have supportedthe rebels agarnst Brune~rather than asslsbng Brune~ Rajah's publlc careerdlat has yet been glven to Lhe world From agalnst them Glosslr~gover the d~sputesw~th Brooke Brooke andB~shop McDougall and actual personal evperlence and observatlon and from documentary dlsm~sslngJoseph Hume Richard Cobden and otherparllamentq crltlcs as 'two or ev~dencehe has been able lo cornplle a narrative of the Rajah's publ~c three of the most persevering bawlers In the country " Kno\ was yet another vlctlmof the career whlch may be accepted as accurate It deserves, also to be called Rajah's powerful chann 'There was In the man to thc last a something so graciousand ~mpart~alfor though Mr St John IS a warm ddm~rerof Brooke's 'winning ' that In the old Roman phrase he seemed to 'play around your heart ' You character andwork and though he enters Into an elaborate vlnd~cat~on could have no harsh or unkrndly thoughts In the presence of one who appeared not to of those phases of hs pohcy whlch aroused hostile cntlclsm In ths know the mearungof the word " country he neverattempts to d~stonor colour facts and moreoverhe Although he was In a much better posit~onto be aware of them. St. John fadedto never pretends that the Rajah was faultless acknowledge theguileful and manipulauvequalities of the Rajah and his capaciry for cold vindlct~venessJolu~ Grant, la~rdof K~lgrastonand Brooke Brooke's father-~n-law. The stlng In the revlew was 11s reference to111s lack of I~terar)~art~stry waz-- understandably loyalto Brooke Brooke but hls description of the Rajah as "an unscrupulous Irar' was not w~thoutsome foundat~on It m~ghthave been thought a d~fficultfeat to make the story of Rajah The 3alurdavRevrew l~kedthe book, obsen~lngthat St John had only attempted to Brooke-a story as full of strange adventure suddenturns of fortune "g~vea general Ideaof Brooke's life a task rendered suffic~entlyarduous by many of and thnlllng inc~dentsas any ever conce~vedby the most lmaglnatlveof the topics w~thwhch he had to deal " Altogether he had related w~thadmlnble fict~onists-dry prosalc, and urunterestlng In the telling but tlus feat s~mpllclty.clearness, and vlgour the story of a l~feon whlch Engl~sh~nenof future Mr St Jotm has successfullyaccompl~shed The art of word panting 1s generations w~lldwell w~thunalloyed sat~sfactlonand j~Stlfiab\epnde" Pred~ctably not hs HISbook reads l~kea long Foreign Office despatch He seldom however, thetopic whlch dominatedthe revlew was Brooke's acqulsltlonof power and attempts descr~ptlon,and when he does, though the reader may be sure his campalgn agalnstthe Borneo plrates It was ths that he was remembered for Therest 11131there 1s accuracy of deta~lthere IS noth~ngmore Consequently 11IS of 111s career, after all was of progress~velyd~mln~shng Interest after tlus early hero~c not at dl I~kelythat ths will be a popular or w~dely-readbook, but phase As a freelance ~mperlal~sthls explo~tshad glven nse to the use of the term people who are wishful to be thoroughly Informedrespecting the early 'Sarawhack~ng'to descr~bes~rmlarly unorthodox acqu~sit~onof terntory by EuropeansIn lustor)! and present circumstancesof Sarawak u(1l1hold rt In deserved Asla Africa and the Pac~ficThey insp~redRudyard K~pllng'sparable of ~mpenal~smIn respect hs story 'The Man Who Would Be K~ng"and later novelsby Owen Rutter, Nicholas Monsarrat andGeorge MacDonald FraserIn lus Flashnan senes The TII~~J.too. was less than enthus~aslic. St John discounted the suggesuon by lus old enemy the Guardtar1that Gladstone We can hardly say that Mr Spencer [SIC]St Johl has made the most of m~ghtbe upset bv 111scntlclsms a romance of modem adventure. but unquest~onably.from the ample The Gr~urtltur~1s angry at my attacking Gladstone, buthe is not angry materials at hs d~sposalhe has wnnen an lnterestlng l~feof a most as he has wnnen to me by ths packet about the book He remarks that remarkable man. and thougl~he was the protege and lntlmate fnend of 'I have myself wr~ttenwords about Sir James Brooke whlchmay serve the Rajah.he has wrltten it with very creditable ~mpanlal~ty to show that the d~fferencebetween us IS not so w~deas mght be supposed, andI freely adm~tthat what I have quest~onedIn hls acts has Both newspapers took the opporturuty to reflect on the blner debate of the early been accepted by h~sleg~t~mate supenors-the Government and the 1850'sabout Brooke's pollcies andto cor~cludethat right had generally been on Ins s~de. Parliament' He prormses toe\amne the work w~thcare, ~f he does so, For Tlie Ttnles,he was a Robert Cllve born&er h~stllne I fancy that Ile will not beover pleased w~tllsome of the remarks A llttle surpnslngly. thebook was Ignored by other leadlng journals such as the Etlr~ih~rrgl?Re~aiew and the QuurlerlvRe~~iew. wh~ch mght He was also dlsrrusslve of the personal reactions reportedto him by Grant. including have been expected to take an interest, and St Jolu~must have been those of the second Rajah who was said to have observed that "it was written for the pnvately dlsappo~ntedIn h~sletter lo Grant of January 1880 he glorihcat~onof Mr St. John and made the hero of the Memo~rcontemptible." "AS 1 did rejected the suggestion made In two or three revlelvs thatthe book had not wnte my book to please Charles Brooke.I do not care for his oplnion You knew tha' been des~gnedfor Ills own self-enhancement .The revletversare no he refused me all help, andpushed MISSJacob to bring out her book before mine." 74 Borneo Research-Bullet~n Vol 28 Vol 28 Borneo Research-BulJet~n 75

doubt r~gtnwhen tlley say that the style IS cold. but that I ever intended ~lthoughThe Lik of SITJot??es Brooke was not a com~nerc~alsuccess, it no doubt to place myself on a higher pedestal than the Rajah is absurd. I look added a certain gloss to St. Jolm's successfill diplomatic career.In Marc11 1881 he was upon him as the bravest, best and most noble man 1 have everknown knigllted for his intervention in the war between Peruand Chile and in May1883 the familiarly. and certainlyI do not place myself above the first footstep Foreign Office sent him to Mexico to negotiate the re-establisl~rnentof diplomatic around his pedestal." relations with Britain. In the follou~ingyear he was appointed Envoy Estraordinar~,and Minister Plenipotentiary to Mexico, serving there until 1893 and subsequently In Perhaps the relative dearth of reviews reflected the disappointment of an ~~~~kholmuntil his retirement to Camberley,Sumey, in 1896.In 1891he had been made expectation that St. John ought to have glorified the Rajah. However,he thought it was G.CM.G. Linle is known about the last fourreen yearsof his life but it seems likely hat more a matter of Sarawak having dropped outof the news: "It must be confessed thatmy poor health prevented lu~nfrom travelling. He d~dnot, for exanlple, become an active book was rather a failure. Infact after the death of the Rajah all interest in Sarawak lneInberof the Royal GeographicalSociety which he had first joined in 1862.Instead, he occupied himself ineditlng some essays on Shakespeareproduced by a relative and In ceased. as Charles Johnsonis not a man to exclte any sympathy. However,it was a duty done." wntlng two books of loosely fict~onalisedBorneo adventures underthe 170Vl de pllutre of As the .G~/r~rclavReview pointed out. St. John's Life o/Sir J(117iesBrooke is uniquely Captain CharlesHunter, R.N. He never could get Sarawak out of hisblood In Apnl 1899 St. Jolln married Mary, the daughter of an Indan army officer. author~tativebecause it IS the only b~ographywritten by someone who knew Ium and shared in lus work. For the most pan it is a judicious and dispassionate account ofhis Lieutenant-ColonelFrederick MacnaghtenArmstrong. C.B.. who survived him when he official career and achievements As a protege and friend, however.St John drew a veil died on 2 January 1910. There wereonly brief obituariesin Tlie Times and the h.forlir,~,u over the least creditable pans of the story-the Rajah's actions during the Chinese posr and even the.Sbra~vak (jazeffe. whch should have made an effoort, was content to reprint the latter of these. Not eventhe Journul of the Royal Geograpl~icalSociety noted Rebellion of 1857, his disinheritance of Brooke Brooke and Ius negotiations with a number of European governmentsfor the sale of Sarawak. There aretimes. too. when St. his passing Altogetller.for reasons which may by now be apparent, St John seems to John is at least disingenuous about hisown crucial role, as in lus reference to the have had very few fnends, memorandum he wrote to the Governor of Singapore, Colonel OliverCavenagl~ about Like Hugh Low, however, whosepersonal life paralleled his own in many ways,he the Rajah's efforts to sell Sarawak. Tluswas shown to Brooke Brooke by Cavenagh and maintained links with his earlier family Met retuming to England In late IS60 he apparentlysent money to Labuan for their suppon. DayangKamariah subsequentlywent precipitated hsbreak with the Rajah. When St. Jolm subsequently accused Cavenaghof .'treachery." he was only attemptingto obscurehis own duplicity. to Singapore to live with another Europeanbut returned to Labuan where she was the victim of a disgraceful persecutionby the odious Governor JohnPope-Hemessy in h~s No other reason IS glven by St. Jolm to explain the failed relationship betweenuncle and nephew. although he and Grant were both awareof events as early as 1858 which led vendetta against Hugh Low. According to Pope-Hennessy's successor. Governor Henry Bulwer, Kamariah "was not a virt~louswoman. but certainlynot a bad woman.'' Possibly Brooke Brooke to distrust the Rajah. While giving Brooke's father-in-law, JohnGrant, a written assurancethat Brooke was his heir. he at the same timeemployed Brooke to trace as a result of Pope-Hennessy's efforts.she went back toSingapore and died therenot long aherwards. The~rone surviving child, Sulong, was born in Kuchjng during the Cldnese the man he claimed to be lus illegitimateson and subsequently spoke oftaking him out to Rebellion and attended the missionaryW D. Comes' school at Lundu. In 1866 St. John Sarawak. Charles Grant himself put LIUSdown to the mental imbalance wh~chthe Rajah ; had first demonstrated during the Chinese Rebellion. Another example of St.John's arranged for him to go to England for training as a civil engineer and then persuaded Hugh Low to find him a governmentjob in Perak. Whathappened to hirn subsequently1s economy with the truth is his account of the Mukah affair of July 1860 when Governor not known. G W. Edwardes of Labuan failed to prevent the Brookes from se~zingthe prosperous St. John was an intelligent and determined man whose powerful ambition was sago-producing areafrom Brunei. One of dle people best qualified to criticise the book was Paul F Tidman,a Bon~eo tempered by an awareness of what he lirnself called his .'defic~enciesin educat~onand manner." Keeping lus emotlonsunder tight rein for the most pan. his odd demeanour led Company employee whohad served in Sarawak from early 1857. Together with Ids many people to regardhim as a "cold fish." although this would have been a much more superior. LudwigHelms. he was one of the few independently employed and~~nded accurate description of his former bend Charles Brooke. Censoriousand humourless to a Europeans in Sarawak who could wrlte about theRajah "w~thoutfear or favour" Ina fault. St. John could never suffer fools gladly. Charles Grant, with typical generosity. told letter to Charles Grant In February 1883, he described St.John's book as "untruthful as his sister Lucy in December 1860 before the disinheritance crisis thatSt. John had "a regards the [Clunese] Insurrection and the quarrelwith Brooke [Brooke]."However. In very bad marulerand is not what we may call 'one of our set' but he is a true colleagueof spite of encouragement to do so, he could not see the point of "dispos~ngof these ; falsehoods'' in any easily-forgotten journal article.He hoped to write lus own book about mine. a (rue friend with a goodheart, kind in sickness and readyin need...." Notlung Sarawak ..from the abdication of JamesBrooke." butnothing more appeared in print than i demonstratedthis better than St. John's devoted nursing of theRaja11 and other colleagues ' In 1848 dur~nga fever epldemic and again in 1853 when the Rajah almost died of hsaccount of the Chinese Rebellion m Helms' Pioneeri~qg111 the Far Ea,ccpublished In the previous year. On the other hand. Grant described St. John as having a meagreknowledge of 76 BomeoR~scarc~Ru~et~~i- VoI-~ VoJ 28 Borneo Researcli Bullet~n 77

what IS what in good society-i.e.. lieexpects to be run &er when he has taken the James Brookeamved in '39 trouble to pay his respects." Chaos and bloodshedall around It was probably St. John's reserved style which endearedlum to the Malays ptoigertri7~rmisrule In country and town altl~ougl~his fluency in the Malay language must have helpeda great deal. He was candld In Brooke a saviour was found enough tosay later that "the good treatmentI received in most parts of Borneo arosefroln With diplomacyand skillful tact the Raja11 ha\-~ngcalled Ine his adopted son. and not because I was Consul-General." Restored order with peace intact From all accounts he was highly regarded in Brune~,where he was on close terms with Brooke made ani~npressive impact both the Te~nenggong(later Sultan Haslum) and James Brooke's old adversary. Indera Sultan madelum Saralvak'sPrefect Mahkota Sliahbandar Mohammed Salleh~bn Pengiran Shannayuda ("the Mahkota"), Brooke faced troubled tlmes ahead whom 11e described as "the most talented man I met in Borneo." Nevertheless.in his book Piracy and rebellion besieged Iusstate he cast Malkota as arch-villain in the drama wluchresulted in Brookebecoming Rajah in Took i~tiative'fore it was too late 1811. On his side stood God and Fate St, John had a profound admiration for Jarnes Brooke. who seems to have been tl~e L(I~ILIIIroamed the Borneon seas one person ever to inspire lus loyalty arid love. He also acluiowledged the Rajah's Plundering. raping and killingperslst enormous influence overhim when he admitted in 1863: "1 am \lev deterrmned and Disrupting trade and many livesamiss confirmed in my opinions whenalone, but when the Rajah is present I have linle will of Shaking Ole young statewith such 'disease' Iny own." Despite all tlus. lie wrote his biography in the measured style of a diplomatic The Royal Na~yassisted in the fight acquaintance ratherthan a personal friend St. John was aware of tlus coolness. tell~ng Pirahcal activities weresoon put to flight Charles Grant In Januaql 1880that l~isoflic~al work had left its Inark on him: "'l'lle 11ab1t But back in Parl~amenttrouble was In sight of despatch writingis not conducive to ornamental literary work, as areexpected to Brooke was accused ofusing enormous might explain a subject inthe fewest words possible. I wrote last year between 300 and 400 Clunese rebelsfrom Ball added to trouble despatches. besides keepingup a corresporidence withne~ghbouring Legations and my Kuclung town was sacked andreduced to rubble nine Vice Consuls No wonder my hand refusesto write no re." Brooke's Sarawak staggered andnearly crumbled From 111sletters. Iiowever.it is clear tliat St. John was capable of expressing lii~nself Timely rescueby brave lban and Charles the able with some warmth when powerful negative elnotions were dominant, as with lus A Malay plot tlueatened to overtluow the Raj vindictive referencesto the Bishop and Mrs Cha~nbers.He also wrote waspisl~lyof the Lack of popular support did nof achieve such Brooke family whoprobably resented lus lntimacy with James: "The Rajah has an unfair In splte of coup trusted Malayjust as much share of great and good qualities. as lie appears to Iiave deprived all 111s family of tlle~r Through Malay counsel Rajahand the people In close toucll pofllons. and left them ill-mamlered. ignorant. selfish:graspnlg andungrateful " Solvency problems beset Brooke tluougl~outhis reign From the viewpoint of patriotic andpoliticnlly conservative conte~nporaries.St. Assistance from home camein trickles withappeals in vain John was not well cast in the role of biographerto the romantic hero of early Victorian True friend in ~e Baronessalleviated this recurring 'pain' Rr~ta~n.Sonletlung more Carlylean purplewas wanted. For later generations, luscareful Sheltered the young Sarawak from the financial 'rain' and measured opulions have proved more useful tl~anthe liagiograpllysome of llis crit~cs Shattered spirit.t~red and old would no doubt have preferred.It was in response to flus expectatio~tthat 11e produced an Health and ageincreasingly tooktheir toll abbreviated versionof the book for Fisher and Unwin's "Builders of Greater Britain" The Rajah left for Englandbade farewellto all series in 1899. Nevertheless. his Lifi of Jn171e.vBrooke nius~itself be recognised as Sadnessbefell Sarawak when the Rajah breathed no more belonging to the genre of "court history." enhancing as it does the h~storicalreputation of the first White Rajah. Whether it is possible to write a biography ofJames Brookewhich is anything orller REFERENCES than an account of his official careerseems doubtful. St. Jol~nknew him better than Baring-Gould. S.. and C.A. Bampfylde. .4 H~storyof Saruw~ukzmcler its Two M'hire anyone else andyet was unable to penetrate his deeper persolla1 motives. And even after Rnjulis 1839-1908,London, Henry Sotheran. 1909;reprinted Singapore, Oxford hls own prodiglous work on the original sourcesover many years. ProfessorTarl~ng felt Univers~tyPress. 1989, with an introduction by N Tarling. obl~gedto adrmt that '.hundreds, perhaps~liousands of letters later. I find Sir James still elusive, still baffling. and thereare many parts of his life which remain obscure." [Brooke, J]. The Bishop of Labuan. A V~ndicationof the Statements respectingthe Regardless of historians' efforts,the popular legend ofJames Brookewhich St John Bornean Mission, contained inthe last chapter of Lifein /lie Forestsof /he FNTEast. helped to foster liveson. notably in Sarawak wheretlus poem was recentlypenned London, Rldgeway. 1862. 78 Borneo Research Bullet~n vol. Bameo Research Bulletin 79 28 vol. 28

Cranbrook, Lord,"A Note on tl~eAppedrance of Rajah James Brooke at the Age of 14," , ed., Rajah Brooke R. Baroness Bzrrrletr Cozrrt$ Consistiiig of Letters ,fro)?r Sarm~~aXil(use~rr?r Jortrn~l, vol. XXIX.no 50 (December 1981).pp 143-5 -mj?les Brooke first IVhite Rr~oAof Sarmvak, to Afi.7~Angela (afienvartls Boro~iess)B~rrOett Corttts, London, Hutchinson & Co., 1935. Dictiontry of Narioncrl Biograp\~.v. SupplementJanuary 1901 - December 1911. Oxford University Press. 1969. pp. 249-50. Saint. M.,A Flourish for the Bishop a17d Brooke's Friend Grunt: Two Studies in Sarurvak History 1848- 1868. Braunton (Devon,U.K.), Merlin Books, 1985. Harrisson. TH , "Robert Burns: The first Etllnologist and Esplorer of Interior Sarawak." .Sarcr,~,uk~\/rrsero?r Jo~~r~ltrl, vol. V. pt 3 (November 1951). pp. -163-494. st,~ohn. H.. The liitlim7 Archipel(~go,i1.r Histow u17rl Present S~trre.2 vols., Longman. London, 1853. Helms. L.. Pioneering in the Far East, oncl Journe.vs to Cal~forniain 1819, anrl to Ule l17hite Sea in 1878, London. W.H. Allen. 1882. st,~ohn, J.A., I.'iewz in the Indian Archipelago: Borneo. Sarawak. Labuan &C &C from dnwings made on the spot by Captain Drinkwater BethuneR.N.C.B.. Commander Hpam. R.. Britol~i's11?1per1al C'e~irrly 1815-1914: .1 Sl~rclvof Bnpire and Expcrnsio~l~ L.G Heath, R.N, and others, London.Thomas McLean. 1847. London. Batsford.1976 Saunders. G., Bi.7hop.r ant1 Brookes: The Angltcan kfission and the Brooke Rqj in Irwin, G..~Vinereentli C'enlur?, Borneo: A .S~UL]Vin Diplon~artc Rivalrv. Singapore. Donald Sarcrwak 18-18- 1941, Singapore.O.xford University Press, 1992. Moore. 1965. Tarling. N , Britain, the Bro0ke.c ~tntlBrunei, Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur. Jacob. G.L., The Rrija qf.Saru~~,uk.An Acco~riirqf .S/r Ju~?re.sBrooke, K.C.B, LL.D.,gil~e~l 1971 cli~eflvIhro~rgli 1etter.i a17d,jo~rr~ial.i.2 vols., London,Macrnillan, 1876. , "Spenser St. Jolm and 1Us 'Life in the Forests of the Far East,"' .Suru,vok Keppel. H.. The Expeclilion to Borneo of lf~\%.S.Dido for the Sirppression of Piru~v:witl~ A.fuseto?zJournal. vol. XXIII. no.41 (July-December 1975),pp. 19?3 -305). exfrmt.7 /Po171 the jozrrnals of .lati?es Brooke Esq. qf.Sarowak .... 2 vols., London, Chapman & Hall, 1846, reprintedS~ngapore, Oxford Univers~tyPress, 1991, wit11 . "Sir James Brooke: anew biography Some comments,"Sararvok bJ~rserr~?z an introductionby R H W.Reece Jor~r~~al,Vol. XXIX. no.50 (December 1981).pp 137-141 McDougall, H., Skelches of Our Lge uf Sarawnk, London, S.P.C.K., 1882: reprinted . The Burthen. The Risk-, atirl /lie Glor?,: A Biogruph.~of Sir .Ja~?~esBrooke. Singapore, 0.xford University Press. 1992, withan inlroduction by R.H.W. Reece Kuala Lumpur, OxfordUniversity Press.1982. I and A J M Saint.. . "St John's B~ographyof Sir James Brooke." Surc~~~~akilf~rserrnl .Jo~rrnal. Monsarrat. N . The M'liite Rujuh. London. Cassell&. CO. 1961. vol ,YLl, no 62 (December 1990). pp 255-270 Mundy. R.. Narrative of E1~ent.7in Borneo anrl C-elehes, tlo~~nto the Occzrpation of Templer, J.C.. ed., The Private Letters ojSir Ja171e.sBrooke, K C.B...., 3 vols., London, Lah~tan:front the Journals ofJan1es Brooke Esq.. 2 vols. London, John Murray, &chard Bentley. 1853. 1848 Obituaries I Ooi Keat Gin. "Sir JamesBrooke The F~rstWhite Rajah of Sanwak." .Sarawnk Gazette. I The Tintex, 4 January 1910 December I99I, p. 42. Adorning Post. 1 January 1910 Pope-Hennessy. I.. Gkroncluh: Sor?re Episo(1e.s in the Crorvn Colonies 1867.1889, London,Allen 6rUnwln. 1964. Works by SpenserSt John Reece. B.. "Two Accountsof the Chnese Rebellion," .Surtr,~uk~'vf~tseu~?~ .Jozrr17rrl, vol. I Published Works XLIII. no. 64 (December 1992),pp. 265-289. / 1847. '*TomHunter's First Cruize,'.Afirror Afonth/vAfug~~zine.no. 16 (November 1847). Reece, R.HW , "European-Indigenous Miscegenation and SocialStatus in Nineteendl I 1849."P~racy in the lndian Arclupelago." .Jorrri7ol ofrhe 11idi(rnilrcl~ipelago ant1 Eustern Century Borneo." In V Sutlive, ed Fe~nalenntlAhle in Borneo. Contribrr[tonsand . 1 Asia, vol Ill. no. 3. pp 25 1-260 Challenges 10 Gender Stutiies. Borneo Research Council MonographSenes, vol. 1. Williamsburg(Va.), 1990.pp. 455-488. i 1819. '.The Population of the Indian Arch~pelago."Jorrr~iul oftlie It?cli~mArcliipelugo ant1 EasrernAsiu. vol. 111. pp. 379-384. Runcirnan, S.. The White Rajahs. A Histor?, of Surawakfro~~r18-ll to 19-16. Cambridge I 1849. .'P~racyand Slave Trade of the lndian hrch~pelago.".Jortrnal of the 111~lito1 Univers~tyPress. 1960 / ,4rch1~elugountl Euster~~A.~ia. vol. 111, pp, 58 1-8s. Rutter, O., The Wliire Rajah, London, Hutchinson& Co., 1931 I 80 Borneo ResearchBullet~n VO& Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 28

1849 "Piracy and Slave Trade of the Indian Arch~pelago,".Jo~rrnal of Ihe illt/,nl, NationalLlbraq of Scotland, Edinburgh. Archipelago un(1Eusteni Asia. vol 111. pp. 629-36 pllblicRecord Ofice. London. Fore~gnOffice official despatches 1850. "The Piracy and Slave Trade of the Indian Archipelago." Journul of fhe Inr/iall Royal~~~~~a~hical Society, London, correspondence. Archipelago uncl Eu.~/ernAsla. vol. IV. pp. 45-52. 1850. "The Piracy and Slave Trade of tlre Indian Arch~pelago,"Jo~rrnul oj the /II~[,~,, ilrckipela,oo and Easter11Asiu. vol. IV. pp. 144-162 1850. "The Piracy and Slave Trade of the Indian Archipelago." .Journal of the Indirrn Archipelago uncl Eastern ,lsiu, vol. IV. pp. 400-410. 1850 "The Piracy and Slave Trade of the lndian Arch~pelago,"Jo~trnal of the lntl~~j~ Archipelugo untl Easler~iil.~icl. vol. IV. pp. 6 17-28 1850. "The Piracy and Slave Trade of the lndian Archipelago." Journal oj!he Inclian Arcl7ipelupo and Eustern Asiu. vol. IV. pp. 734-46. 1851. "The Piracyand Slave Trade of the lndian Archipelago," .Jour~ic~lof the 111tlia1~ Archipelago uiirl Elfitern .lsic~,vol. V: pp 374-82 I 1854-5 "Reports of Brooke Inqui~i."Parlia~nenta~y paper.^. vol. XXIX. 1862. "Observations on the Physical and Political Geography of theN.W. Coast of Borneo." .Jour/7nlojthe Rcv~rlCieographrcul Sooep. vol. 32. pp 217-33. I 1862. Life iii the Foresls ofriie Fur Eusl, 2 vols.. London, Smith. Elder & Co; repnnred I Singapore, Oxford University Press.1986. with an introductionby T.H. Harrisson.

I 1879. The LiJe of Jur?ies Brool;e, Rujai? of Sarowuk, fro171 his per.vonal papers ari(1 correspo17tle1ice.Edinburgh, William Blackwood& Sons. 1884. Hnvti; or !he Black Republic. London, Smith Elder& Co. 1899. Rajah Brooke. T/7e E~iglishnlnn as Ruler of cm EusIern Stcr~e.London. Fisher

I Unwin

1908. E.crqvs 011 .S/iuke.rpecrreUII~ His 1~L'ork.s.London. i Under the pseudonym of Captain Charles Hunter,RN. 1905. Adventrrres of u Ncn~alOfliccr. edited by Sir Spenser St. John. London. Digby. Long & Co

1906. Earlier A tl1~e17rro-as(I/ a IV~IJUIOfficer. London. Digby. Long & Co Reviewsof The Life of Sir JamesBroolte BlucLwood'.~Gliiih~crgh hifuguzine, vol. 127 (February 1580).pp. 193-210 .Su~~rr~IqvRevien). 22 November 1879. pp 633-4. Scofs~nun.9 October 1879The Times, 28 October 1879.

I (ii)Manuscript letters and despatches: I Brooke Papers,Rlrodes House L~brary,0.iford. MSS. Pac,s 00. s:! Borneo Research-Bullet 1n vol. 28 vol. 28 Borneo Research Bulletln 83

his territory each year. In these fields were planted maize, rice. vegetables. and manioc [Editor's Note: The two papers that follow form a unit. The first by George Appell ,,cassava. Once the last of these crops were removed. the field area reverted back to the represents a relatively brief distillation of arguments that the author has developed over a control of the village and could be used again by anyone in the village. number of years and whch he intends to bring together in lhe near future in a full-length I eventually termed this system of land tenure "circulating usufruct" (Appell 1983a). monograph. The purpose of its publication here is to invite debate and a furtl~er I also discovered that the village was a ritual entity in that it could corporately marshalling of evidence, pro and con, lustorical and conte~nporary:bearing on the issues a state of goodwill between itself and various gods And ttus state of goodwill of land-tenure variability In Borneo The second paper by Reed Wadley is meant to was backed up by jural sanctions so that violators of 11 were sued for restitution (Appell Inltcate th~sdebate.] 1976). Another Importan1 result of this research was the find~ngthat. as should be espected. the jural personal~tyof the village had developed over ume as land had become THE HISTORY OF RESEARCH ON TRADITIONAL LAND TENURE AND scarcer (see Appell 1971a) Tlus eventually led to the develop~ne~ltof my theoretical TREE OWNERSHIP IN BORNEO* position that I have termed "emergent structuralism", wluch corrects the theoretical errors of the post-structural~stson the origin of social forms (Appell 1971. 1980. 1981. 1984b. G. N. Appell 1988).' In hsI argue hat the inlersectio~~sof behavior in the social structure, the Department ofAnthropology opportunity structure. and the antistructure lad to the emergence of new forms. Brrrndeis University, Wrrlton.MA. USA. The Village Reserve and the Residual Rights of the Village Preface The Du~chadat law scholars referred to the village land as the "area of disposal". I am going to review the hstory of land tenure research in Borneo as best I know it. n~issuggests that the village has an active hand in the allocation of land for swiddens. In This is part of a monograph I have been working on for a number of years. If I omit any some cases this is more methan in others, but certainly among the Rungus, ban. and information or data, if I misstate anytlung, I would take it as a particular favor, if Ulose of Land Dayak the village is relatively silent on tlus unless there IS a dispute or you who know would inform me there are intrus~onsfrom nomnembers of the village. Consequently. 1 suggested that the territory of the vlllage be termed the "village reserve". Introduction There has also been some discussion over the ternnology of these village rights Research on land tenure In Borneo began with the Dutch in the early decades of th~s (see Ter Haar 1962.81-82.Holleman I981:XXXIV, 278). Van Vollenhoven refers to the century. In the Netherlands and the Netherlands East Indies there developeda field of rights over the v~llagereserve as be.rchikkir7gsrecl7/,14~hich hterally translates as the "right Inquiry on adat law that included the study of v~llageland rights and ind~v~dualtenure of disposal". Holleman (1981). following recent developments In adat law studies now While this field of inquiry arose In response to the needs of the colonial translates this as "right of avail". In my opinion flus leads into the intellectual cul de sac administration, it nevertheless spawned a very active scholarly discipline dealing wilh of concepts from western jurisprudence. Consequently.I have preferred to use the term. adat law worldwide that has made major contributions to our understanding of following Goodenough (1951:31) "residual rights". to refer to these village rights. iuris~rudence.But the results of this school were largely unknown to the rest of the academic world until the publication in 1947 of the translation of Ter Haar's summary of The Nature of Jural Entities the extensive inquiries of many scholars on adat law in Indonesia. The work of the Dutch adat law scholars never fully addressed the problem of the criteria by which jural entities can be distinguished. There hasbeen some discussion over Rungus Land Tenure possible tem~nologies(see Holleman 1981:XLll. 43) However, as a result of trying to I took this summary to the field In 1959 when I began my study of Rungus social understand the nature of tree ownership among the Rungus I was forced to develop what structure and economic organization It gave me a list of possible cultural tralts that I 1 hope are more precise concepts for delineating the nature of jural entities and their m~ghtfind, and I used it as a bas~sfor quest~o~ngheadmen on the Rungus adat. social counterparts, which are critical for understanding the locus oi land rights (see The important aspect of the work of the Dutch adat law scholars 1s that 11 clearly outl~ned the fact that villages in Borneo were jural entities and that the~rjural personalities varied in interesting ways he post-structuralists argue that social forms are generated by the sum total of After intensive questioning and study. I found that the Rungus had a system of land decisions and transactions. But these do not generate forms in the social structure. that is tenure previously unreported for Borneo. Each village held rights as a corporate entity. as the jural order. They only generate forms in the opportunity structure. To bring new a jural person. over its territory, as might have been expected from the Dutch work. The social forms from the opportu~tystructure into the realm of the social structure requires Rungus village had clear boundaries and only members of it could cut their swiddens in a second level order of event, a reflexive event by the members of the society scanning their own opportuluty structure and deciding that social structural change is in order. 'Paper presented at the Second Biennial Conference of the Borneo Research 'l3es.e new forms are then encoded into the social structure by a legitimizing act or Council. held July, 1992, Kota Kinabalu, , Malaysia. relegated to the antistructure as deviance by a representative body of members. 84 Bonig-Research Bulletln Vol 28 Vol 28 Borneo ResearchBulletin 85

Appell 1971a, L983b. 1981a). In olller words 11 is important to distinguish whether rights Although much of the land belonging to Dayak villages inthe Sadong lie with a corporation, or with a corporategroup. or with individuals, who may in some has many people sharingin its ownership, the system of land tenureis cases be able to join together to take jural action as a jural collectivity Th~sis rather m no sense a communal one, for each of these persons has hs or her complex, and perhaps outside thescope of tlus paper. so Iwill not discuss Lh~smatter particular rights definedIn such a way that there shouldbe no conflict further. with the rights of the others. Research on the Land Tenureof the Iban and the Bidayuh Land Dayak A decade later when Ibegan my field work in Sabah I was surprisedby the concern In Ule late 1960s I began a comparative study of land tenure andtree ownership expressed by some government oficers over the idea of "communahsm". Among the among Borneo socieries. At that timethe only available data from in-depth studies of Bntish at that time there was a beliefthat hswas pernicious and even mightbe on the specific groups camefrom the work of Derek Freeman (1955a; 1970,ong. 1955) in his edge of cormnunism. To resolve this apparent anomalybetween their data and their study of Iban swidden agriculture andIban social organizationand the research of Bill conclus~onsI suggested in the manuscript I c~rculatedto Geddes and Freeman (Appell Geddes (1954a. 195%) on Bidayuh Land Dayak soc~alorganization, in which he 1971a) that the stress put on the lack of communally-o\vned propertyin both their reports Included impomntinformallon on land tenure. These systemsdiffered markedly from the to the Sarawak government was infact a reaction to concerns prevalent in government Rungus c~rclesover the mistaken belief in the "communal" natureof nonl~teratesocieties. For 11 is Tlus research resulted In a manuscript entitledOh.~en~atioi?al Proced~tres for Lalit1 entirely clear that the village in both the ban and the Bidayuh cases did have residual Terilrre and Kin Groupings in the C'ogi?alicSocieties ofBorneo that I fi~shedin 1971 rights over its land, that it could and did control accessto its village reserve m various and en circulated over the succeeding years to anyone who was planning on doing matters 2 research in Bomeo andwho m~ghtbe Interested in tlus subject. In this 1 reanalyzed the very detailed research ofGeddes and Freeman andreached Jural Personalityof the Village some conclus~onson the bas~sof their data that enlargedon their analysis Consequently, It is interesting that the jural personalityof the Borneo village has been largely I sent my analysis to them for a critical review.They did not disagree with my overlook by scholars following World War 11, with the notable exception ofMoms conclusions. (1976), who had legal ualning. in his study of Melanau land ten~re.~Rousseau (1977, The Ibanand Bidayuh Village as Jural Entities 1978, 1987) has also added to our understandmg ofthe jural personahty among the Neither Freeman nor Geddes espllcitly dealtwith the jural personalit). of the Kayan. But Ter Haar's summary of the studies of adat laus makesit amply clear that village They were also in ignoranceof the concept of the village "right of disposal". vlllages do have jural personalities At a minimum they hold nghts over accessto then which had intrigued the Dutch scholarsin their study of Indonesianland tenure sincethe land access to their forest reserves, and who may or may not become a member of he early 1900s. But being extremely thorough field workers.Uley did provide the data village. And Ter Haar's work providesa fine detailed Notes and Quer~esfor the study of whereby we can look at this aspectof the ban and the B~dayuhv~llage and reach some jural entibesand their property ngh~s.~ useful conclusionson their traditional landtenure systems. The interesting point, however, 1s that while both Freeman and Geddesprovided 2~ather(1980, 1990, personal wmmunicaion)stares that among the Saribas ban the empir~caldata on the function of the village 111 the property systemsof the Iban and Land longhouse village aum ("moot') managed rights over land distribution and disputes and Dayak, they also at the analytical level seem to have denied the village's place in d~e could establish reserves forjoint use. He also writes that odnamuives suggest that awn property system in unusual terms. Thus.Freeman writes(1970: 104, orig. 1955): initiated by regional leaderscould also at times projectthese rights to a wider intra-river To what extent then is the long-house community as a whole, a area, particularlyin situations of migration andinter-longhouse conflict. corporate group? Th~sis a d~fficultquestion to answer in general terms, 3~essupand Peluso (1986:517)are misinformed when theystate that Weinstock but it may be observed. from the outset, that the degree of (1979) found village temtorialit). to be a common feature of Bornean systems.The corporateness islow, and that inasmuch as it does exist it stems from scholars of the Dutch adotrechl school pointed ht out early in the 20th century I ritual concepts, rather than f~orncollecr~ve ownership of land or brought hsaspect of the juml system of Borneansocieties and its entailments for property. development to the anention of the current generationof scholars in a series of articles And also (Freeman1955a 9): based on my own research (see Appell 197la; 1971b 1983b; 1986) and in dscussion with Weinstock.Unfortunately Weinstock doesnot quote the source ofthis information It is important to realize ... a longhouse community holdsvirtually no or how he reached dus conclusion. although he uses my terminolo~. property in communal ownership. nor is there collective ownership of 4Jessup and Peluso's (1986:518)generalizat~on that in Borneo property nghts are farm land. forfeited by a person who permanently leavesthe village needs elaborationas to what is meant by "permanen~ly".The degree to which leavinga village in\.ol\:es lossof rights Geddes (1954a:59)in a similar vein alsowrote with regard to the Land Dayak- dependson the ethnic goup involved. their jural organization.he &pe of property, and 7

T,6 Bo~-!~eoResearch Rulletjn Vela Vol 2s Borneo Research Bulletln 87

He distinguishes villages whose membership basedis on lunship ties fromthose in However, among the Bidayuh, rightsto land are obtained throughdevisal to all the which memberslup isnot dependanton establishinga kinshplink. The Rungus villageis bilateral descendants from the original cultivatorof that forest. Hence, I havetermed this of this latter type.To become accepted intoa village all theapplicant hasto do is get the asdevisableusufn~ct". Unlike the traditional Iban system where a person marrying outof headman's approval, andthis is based largely on past behavior and character. Criticalto the bilek loses his rights to land, among the Bidaph all descendants getrights to land delineating tlus jural aspect ofthe Bomeovillage IS the dlstlnction betweende jure and %,hereverthey reside Thus. nghts do not appear to be owned corporatelyby a domestic de fact0 ktnslup units. Forexample, in some villages the memberslupmay form an family overlapping kln network. But 11 is not necessary to establish a kinship connectionto In systems of devolvable usufruct, thenght to use these so-called permanent use achieve membership. However, among theBidayuh Land Dayak,the village IS neither de nght~over a tract of land are contingent on a number of factors, suchas residence in the jure nor de facto a kinshp unit (see Appell 1971a). The extent to which thisholds for village, leas1 use, etc. And these contingencies vary with the particular society.As these other groupsin Borneo is not clear.' contingencies are complicated andvary widely. I shall not go into them here. The term "permanent use rights"is hardly satisfactory particularlysince Drake has Devotvable Usufruct:Partitionable and Devisable pointed out that among the Mualang Dayak these permanent rights onlyexist until the While the village is a jural entity in Rungus. 1ba11, and Bidaj-h society, with land has had four consecutive uses by the holders of these rights.The land then reverts to somewhat d~fferentpersonalltles In each. the traditional system of land tenure within tl~e village 1s markedly different The Rungus have c~rculatlngusufruct. Both theIban and the village reserve (Drake 1982:lOl-102).Therefore. it would be more appropriate to the B~dayuhcan establish permanentuse rights over an areas by cutting pnrnary forest. refer to these rights that may be created In devolvable systemsas "durable use rights" The village as a jural enntythus holds what m~ghtbe called "reverslonary rights". And these rightsare devol~able.~That is, they may be passed on to a successor jural entity The Kenyah System There aretwo major typesof devolvableusufruct. Among the Iban, if a hilekfamily The Kenyah of Sarawak and Kalimantanhave an interesting variation ofdevolvable subdivides,there is a partition of property,ill~l~d~ng land rights. Therefore.I have termed usufruct, according to Whittier (1973).Traditionally rights oversecondary forest wereof this particular form. "partitlonable usufruct". Rrghtsare held by the bilek family as a three types: primary, secondary, andtertiary. Wlittier (1973:62)writes corporate entq7 The man who first cuts primary jungle gains rights to that parcel of land. Children remainingin the household inherit primaryr~ghts to the land. Those who move to other households in the village retain the type of rights. For example. among theBulusu' of East Kalimantan andthe Rungusof secondary rights. i.e.: they may use the land if no primary right holder Sabah, Malaysia. rightsto enjoy the profits from fruit trees is not forfeited on leaving a wants it. Children movingto other villages. retain a tertiary right to the village. With regardto rights to cultivate. Whittier writes thatamong the Kenyah: land, but with land pressure in the area today, it is unlikely that such "Children moving to othervillages. retain a tertiary rightto the land, but with land rights can be activated. pressure in Ihe area today. it is unlikely that such rights can beactivated" (1973:62). Among the Bidayuh LandDayak, rights to cultivate ancestrallands are not forfeited on leaving a villagebnt only the right to activate those nghts without perm~ssionof the It would thus appear that the pnmary rlghts are panit~onableusufruct and the village headman or withoutretunung to the village to res~de(see Appell 1971a). secondary and tertlary rlghts are devisable.* However, theseconclus~o~~s of Whittier may j~essupand Peluso (1986:SlS) in their discuss~onof Borneo village structure be revised as the result of the detailed research by Dr. Francis J. L~anInto Kenyah land tenure. ~nislakenlyclaim that the Borneo village is a kinship unit. But they do not distinguish whetherit is a dejure kinshipunit or only a de facto one. (For a discussionof this issue in The Kayan System another contestsee Appell 1973.) There has been some disputeover the system of Kayan land tenure. Rousseau 6~nAppell (1983a) 1 referredto land tenure systems with devolvable use rightsas (1977) claimed that the Icayan had the same type of land tenure systemas the Rungus "contingent land tenure systems". This proved awkward. wlich led to the new However, in 1980 when we were tnvellng in Smwak and doing research in East tennlnology in Appell (1986) Kalimantan, whenever 1ran into a Kayan I would enquire about their system of land 7Cn~nb(1989) reports that In one relatively new village the ban have chosen to tenure, and both in Sarawak andin Kalimantan 1was told that they d~dhave a systemthat inst~tutea system of landtenure which might be termed limitedcirculating usofruct. He was essentially devolvable usufruct. Ratherthan roil the waters, I did not publish on ths reports that when the community comes back to the same farmingarea in a later year each household will farm in roughly the same place as before. In a sample from the change of the colonial and post-coloni@period. It is too bad that he did not recog~~izeI Rungus in 196 1 only 9% did (Appell 1965). Cramb unfortunately omits a discussion of was tallung about traditional patternsof land tenure before these societieswere closely the soc~ologicalorganization of this new community. For example,it would be articulated with the worldsystem. interesting to know if th~scommunity had a densernetwork of kin tles than other lban 8~udson(1967. 1972) reports asomewl~at s~rnilar system among the Ma'anyan (see commu~ties.It appears that this is a new variation ansing from the Impact of social also King 1975) 88 Borneo Research Bulletin VOI 28 Vol. 28 BorneoResearch Bulletin 82 until I was in Sarawak agajnin 1986 and learnedthat a researcl~proposal included rhe variation in Land Tenure Rules Over Time andSpace: Emergent Structuralism claim that the Kayan had circulating usufruct. I Illerefore tllougl~tit was Important 10 andProblems of IntraculturalVariation present my evidence (seeAppell 1986). In (1965, 1971a) I showed how the jural personality of the Rungusvillage with Rousseau (1987) replied to tlus anicle. He mainlained d~atin lus study of actnal regard to its rights over land enlarged as a result of growing scarcity. I haveattempted to usage of land for swiddensin the village of Urna Bawang rn the middle Baluy he had develop a theoretical framework that deals w~thsocial processes such as these. which I found that they indeed had circulating usufruct.But then he went on to say that the have called emergent structuralism(Appell 1988). In this. social forms or changes-in situation was different among theKayan of the Mahakam'Rverin Kalimantan. They did social fonns come into beingas a result of intersecting behaviorsin tluee domains: the have devolvable usufruct He added he finds it perfectly reasonable that In the Baram jural order. or social structure of a soclety, the opportun~tystructure. and in the w~thh~gher dens~ties of population the Kayan would also have devolvable usufruct,as 1s antistructure. the realm of antisocial activity.Dove's (1985) very detailed work on the also the case in the lower Baluy.But then he states that one of his informantsmaintained changes in Kantu' Dayak land tenure provides a nice case of emergent structuralis~nin that the clearing of a tract of land produces rightsover it in the future which Lhe rules were revised as changes in the opportunity structure occurred as a result But Rousseau is conuadictory on lhis maner wilhin Ius own writings. While he of the prohbition of warfare and tl~eincreased scarcltyof land. The Kantu' land tenure excoriates me for assuming that the Kayan had a single form ofland tenure, in 1978 he system evolved from (1) circulating usufruct to durable tenure by households, without wrote that "Th~sstudy IS based on fieldwork undertaken in the Baluy area. .. and panitio~lor limitation of time; then (2) to durable tenure mixed with areas reserved for particularly the v~llageof Urna Bawang .. . However. despite regional variattons.most of circulating usufruct; and(3) finally to a growing shift to partit~onableusufruct. the following description applies to other Kayan groups" (1978:78). He continues. This evolution of change in land tenure requires a revisionof my original "among the Kayan thereis no individual ownershp of arable land . they establish the classificat~onof types of land tenure found in Borneo See Table One. li~nitsof their own farms withor~tregard to the identity of the previous occupant .. " (197833). TABLE ONE Rousseau's conclus~onsare. furthermore, disputedby Chan (1991).by Mering Ngo TYPES OF LANDTENURE SYSTEMS FOUND IN BORNEO (1991). by Anton10 Guerreiro (personal commu~cation)and by Makoto Tsugami (personal communication). 1.0 Circulating usufruct. 2.0 Devolvable usufruct But there IS some d~scussionas to whether they have devisableusufruct (Ngo 1991) or devolvable (Chan1991). It rmght be that they-couldhave aspects of both systems, as 2.1 Partitionablerights to usufruct have the Kenyah. Thus. Chan (1991) argues that land rights are forfeited when a 2.2 Devisablerights to usufruct. ~ndividualmarries into anotherhouseI~o1d and becomes affil~atedwith that household. He But to what degree do land tenure rules and property rightsvary between sectionsof does not state. however, howthis affiliation IS dec~dedand then jurally recognized. This an ethmc unit? Rousseau (1987), Cmnb (1989). and Jessup (1992) have all raised this is particularly interesting sincethere is a long period of postnuptial residenceof five issue. msis an interesting point,but certainly an unexceptionalone. For we all know years in the bride's household.As a l~ouseholdgrows from the binh of grandchildren.it cultures vary. and some domainsvary more than others For example, clolhingstyle and may partition. And land r~ghtsat that time are d~vtdedbetween the primary household hair style are perhaps morevariable than otl~ersunder certain conditions. And11 is the job and the partitioning household. with the latter getting less rights to land. At a later date, of anthropologicalinquiry to specify these variations andtl~e conditions that lead to them accord~ngto Chan. when the headof the household nearsdeath or dies, land rights are Here I think the theoretical framework of emergent structuralism will be of use. again div~dedamong those who have rernalned affiliated w~ththe household. withthe Certainly: we would expect land tenure, being more fundamentalto the economy of a larger amount going tothat child who has cared for the agingparent. society, to be less variable, or at leas! variable within limited parameters. As long as an However, if Rousseau is right this vanation deserves some formof explanation and ethruc group shares thesame language, certanly they must share the same terms forand raises interesting questionsfor hnherresearch. concepts about prope*. And if not, then that is interesting! Jessup (1992) arguesthat an assumption of a uniform landtenure system withinone ethmc g~oupliving in scattered conditionsIS dubious This IS of course an empirical issue. The boundaries of cultural contoursmust alwavs be drawn. To illustrate his ~oint Jessup describes the problem of land tenure briefly in a pioneering Kenyah village in IS interesting that Rousseau (1977) also statesthat for the village in which he w111ch rights to secondary forest are not recognized because there is an abundance of worked, an individual has clear rightsto cultivate any first and second year growthof lus land. There is nothlng exceptional in tlus since property rights are one indication of swidden.Thus, the model of devolvablerights lies there. which may provideone answer scarcity and value. And he raises the interesting questionof how does a new community to Jessup's (1992) question of on what basis are property rightsover forest recreated in a establish rules or make tnod~ficationto rules under new circumstances Againthis is an s~tuationwhere there was once low population densitiesbut they are now feeling land empirical question. but we know from anthropological research that tradition has the pressures. Historiesand the logic of thinking about property have to be investigated to capacity to reassert itself even afier years of abeyance Would we expect the Kenyah in discern the mental modelson wh~chnew dec~sionsmay be based. Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 28 Vol. 28 Borneo ResearchBullet~n 9 1

; settlements with growing scarcity to develop a completely newland Dove (1985), in the most recent analysis ofthis hypothesis, concludes on the basis f circulating usufructlike the Rungus? Or would they be more likely to of his analysis of detailed data on the Kantu' Dayak that this hypothesisis valid, but that in their traditional adaf devolvable usufruct?This is again an empirical it is also modifiableby historical and socioeconomic factors. e processes by whch the new structure emerges are of great scientific In 1980-81 we worked among the Bulusu' in East Kalimantan (Appell 1985a).The ~~lusu'live in one of the hghest rainfall areasof Borneo, yet they have a system of land m with the view of Jessup. Rousseau, and Cramb is that they make the tenure remarkably similar to that of the Rungus. The only difference is that the jural ising the system of rules, that is the social structure, with howthese are personality of the village is lesswell developed than that of the Rungus. Thus, contraryto the opportunity structure. Furthermore, it is one thing to proclaim the hypothsis I had advanced ( Appell 1971b). the Bulusu' had circulating usufruct. should in fact expect this. But it is another tlung to establishths with The Bulusu' have consequently cast into doubt the strength of ecological factors in pported by numerical evidence and material from case studies. And the development of land tenure systems. It is thus still unclearas to how to explain the Jessup, Rousseau, nor Cramb situate their study villages along an origins of these two different land tenure systems. Butit would seem to indicate that if te line. in other words, the degreeto which socialchange has taken place there are ecological constraints operating there are also historical factors and as yet a1 adat changed. undetermined socioeconomicfactors that appear to be more potent.Finally, post-marital residence may be a factor inhibiting the development of durable rights. Among the :cological Factors Might Have Ledto the Development of These Two Rungus residence traditionally was uxorilocal, so that a man if he married into another village would have norights to land if they had followed the practice of recognizing : explain the two different systems, circulating and devolvableusufruct'? durable rights. With the development of titles to land underthe government system of igins of these differences? In Appell (1971b) I put forth the tentative tenure, residencehas changed to virilocal residence. :cological factors might play a part. At that point, all we knew was that uct occurred in areas of high rainfall andcirculating usufn~ct occurred in Research That Needs to Be Done dry season. So I hypothesized thatthe increased rainfall in Sarawakin We have no data on the traditional system of land tenure among wet rice h more productive soils tended to encourage the regeneration of tree agriculturalists. This is a major lacuna in our knowledge. for in Borneo there are vast ourage the growth of weeds in to the Rungus area. Thus, I areas of wet rice cultivation. This question hasbeen posed about wet rice societies all of fewer weeds invading the swidden after the first year's harvest, and over the world. But Borneoseems to be among the missing in terms of scholarly inquiry orest has a better chance for a morecomplete bum in wet areas than in on ths subject. However. hsis a fascinating subject. Who owns head dams? Who owns here is greater economicvalue in secondaxy forest which resultsin the rights downstream? How is joint work on the system managed? How are water rights these devolvableuse rights. apportioned? How are intervillagedisputes over water resolved? a series of articles in the Borneo Research Bulletin, that argued thisback Conclusion: Possible Applicabilityof This Research have been reviewedskillfilly by Henry Chan (1991).1° Under situat~onsof social change and the growth of wealth in cities, there is an erosion of the village land base as the cash-rich city dwellers buy land from the cash-poor L989) attacks my work. It is amusingly dehumanizing to be treated as a farmers. This results in the creation of a landless peasantry., and the flood to the cities of more to the point, what has happened to scholarship? Cramb (1989) those without the skills, training, or education to move into regular urbanemployment. ,as an environmental deterministjust because I raised the "tentative And this creates social problems. lpell 1971b:17) that "the dflerences in these systems [of land tenure] Does the traditional system of land tenure in Borneo suggest to planners an lable in large part by differences in ecologicalfactors." Cramb ignores approach., a means whereby these social dislocationscan be minimized and social m my Bulusu' research referred to above. Cramb in his critique also stability achieved in the rural areas'?Can a system be devised whereby the strengths of a ater work 1 moved away from my environmental determinismto an stable rural populationcan be maintained? factory socio-cultural determinism,with land tenure viewed as given for ~p"(Crarnb 1989:fn.2). I was ?ware that I thought environmentswere her than constraining; that ethnographc research on a system of land socio-cultural determinism,whatever that means in this context; and that ;umed cultural homogeneity. The degree of homogeneity is an empirical eds to be addressed in all research. Cramb (1989) claims that there are individual choice, etc.,that lead to the social constructionof a particular forget the sources and constraints of alternative cultural models. Where did those Iban gnores the fact that I have argued just that since 1965 (see Appell 1965, that Cramb studied get the idea for circulat~ngusufruct'? How did they implement it? And - 92 BonlgQResearch Bulletill Borneo Research Bulletin 93 7 28Vol "u

2.2 APPENDIX[ Cl=Q

I OBSERVATIONALPROCEDURES FOR DIST~,~GU~SH~G PART~i-rONABLEUSUFRUCT FROM DEVISABLE USUFRC~CT* z Key: - Male 0 - Female f - Divorce There are crucial tests (0 be appl~edlo dlfiingl1ish pa~i~ioIlablefroln and Coiporalel~held devisable usufnlc~froln indl,,,duall,, lleld In the case of 1.0, ~fX relinquishes rights to secondary forest of his natal housel~old usuf~ctThese tests have 10 do with Ule smcsreof [lie domesticfamily lnanyingout. it can be eithera case of panitionable usufruct or corporate devisable Iime of cutting Pnmaq forest (seeFigure One). usurnladepending both on the jural locus of the rights created and whether or not the lhe Of "' if rlgllts 10 secondary forest felled by A are deI,lsed on hs death domesticfamily unit 1s a perpetual corporateunit or onlyone of limited life lo 'Ir of children. X. Y and Z irrespective of tile ~~~il~stluslure wlleli the 11 is parlitionable usufruct,if X has no rights in primaryforest cut by A before (or "hts were crated it is ole11 individuallyheld deviuble usl*,,,ct ~1,~ jlas mamed out. X on mvrrjlng 0111 gets rights from luswife's domesticfamily nghs origin,l, x by domesticfarnily umts east in perpetuity with the locus of the rights lying with thein primary forest were heldby A until his dwlli or lie gaI,e ~l~~ lo his children. md not by the domesticfamily as a corporareunit, ascorporate entities. n~en,when Y eventually leaves his natal domestic family with lus wifeand children to establish his own,as part of the partitioning of his natal doniestic FIGUREONE: DOMESTIC FWILY STRUCTURE camlIy.rights to secondary forestcreated by hisnatal domesuc family are devolved on 10 ~'snew household. Corporate devisable usufructis found in instances where the domesticfamily as a Jurally corporate entity holds the rights to the secondary forest.but II has l~mitedI~fe. Tllerefore. its rights have to be devisedat some point. In such an instancethe feller cuts he forest as a representative ofhis dornestic family. In the situation of dornestic famlly structure illus~ratedin 1.0,. X would receive on the dissolution ofthe domestic fafn~ly only those nghts created beforehe married. Rights created der his marriage while Y and Z were still workingin the householdwould be devised onlyon them with thedissolution 0 of the domestic family. x Y z Another testfor tlus is in the situation of domestic family structure illustrated in 2.0. kghts to secondary forest felledby A before his divorce (2.1) are not devised on Z and 2.0 rights to forest felled by A in hssecond mamage (2.2) are not devised on his death to X 2.1 and Y. A funher test for this can be used when A dies and X and Y. still not married. are # 0 maintaining the economy of the~rnatal domestic family. If X cuts primaly forest. then A I manies. do the rights to the secondaq forest still remainwith ole natal domestic family and are not devised to bothX and Y until that natal family is dissolved? A more complexsituation of devisableusufruct r~ghtsarises when X and Y are I considered to have created preferent~alnghts because they helped their father clear the I 1 forest. Referring back to 1.0,Y and 2, as opposed to X,may have a preferential claimto 0 the riglus on the basis that they were helping their father duringthe agnculhlral yearsthat X Y the primaq forest was cut t\n esample of this type of preferential claim occurs among the Rungus w~thregard to moveable property purchasedwhile a cluld was actively farming ~~ithhis parents (see Appell 1971). Intlus case the domestic fa~nilyhas only limited life as a corporate unit. R~ghts11e with the domestic familyas a corporate ent~ty of l~~nitedI~fe. but those who helped create these rights havea prefere~itialright to receive these once the original domesticfamily dissolves. This is a revised version of Appell (1987). el~nunatin~.1 1lope. some errors of reasoning foundin the original.

- 95 Romeo Resggch Bulletin iJol 38- /1/01. 28 - Bon~oResearch Bulletin

1937 Social Determinants of Rungus and Bulusu' Settlement Patterns. Borneo Research Bulletin 19: 16 1-69, The Nature of Social Groupings Axnorig the Rungus Dusun of Sabah. 1988 Emergent Structuralisin:The Design of an rnquiry System to Delineate Malaysia. Ph.D. dissertation.The Australian National University. the Production and Reduction of Social Forms. In Choice and hforali? Observational Procedures for Land Tenure and ICln Groupings in the in Anthropologicul perspective: Essa.ys in Honor of Professor Derek Cognatic Societies of Borneo. Working Paper I. Phillips. Social Freet?iun, edited by .G. N. AppeI1 and T. N. Madan. Buffalo: State Transformation and Adaptat~onResearch Institute. University of New York Press.

1 Systems of Land Tenure in Borneo: A Proble~n in Ecological 1991 Resource Management Regimes Among the Swidden Agriculturalists Detemnism. Bor17eo Research Bulletii7 3: 17-20. of Borneo: Does the Concept of Common Property Adequately Map The Distinction Between Ethno~aphyand Etlmology and Other issues Indigenous Systems of Ownershipa?Paper presented at the Pariel in Cognitive Structuralism. Bijdrage17 tot de Taul-, Lar7cl- e,7 Session: Property in Common Property. Roben C. Hunt. Chair, at the i'olkenkzmde 129:1-56. International Association for the Study of Common Property (IASCP) The Analysis of Property Systems: The Creation and Devolution of Common Property Conference, September 26-29,199 1. University of Propei-ty Interests Among the Rungus of Bomeo. Worlcing Paper 3. Manitoba. Winnipeg. Canada. Phillips. ME: Social Transformation and Adaptation Research Institute. Chan Chok Khuang, Henry The Rungus: Social Structurein a Cognatic Society and Its Symbolism. 1991 Historical Development of the Belaga Kayans and Their Land Tenure In The Societies of Borneo: Explorutior7s it7 the Theorv of Cognutic System: A Case Study of a Kayan Community in Sarawak. Master of Soclul Strzrcture, edited by G. N. Appell. Special Publication 6, Philosophy d~ssertation?Institute for Advance Studies, University of Washngton. American Anthropological Association. Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Epistemological Issues in Anthropological Inquiry: Social Cramb, R. A. Structuralism, Cognitive Structuralism. Synthetic Structuralismand 1989 Explaining Vatiations in Bornean Land Tenure: The Iban Case. Opportunism. Part 1. Canberra Anthropolop 3,2:1-27. Ethnologv 28:277-300. Epistemological lssues in Anthropological Inquiry: Social Dove, Michael R. Structuralism, Cognitive Structuralism. Synthetic Structuralismand 1980 Development of Tribal Land-hghts m Bomeo: The Role of Ecological Opportutusm. Part 2. Canberra Ant/7ropologv 1, 1: 1-22. Factors. Borneo Reseurch Bulletin 12.3-19 Ethruc Groups in the Northeast Region of Indonesian Borneo and Their 1982 Epistemological Problemsin the Analysis of Land Tenure in Borneo: A Social Orgatuzations.Borneo Research Bulleti17 13:3835. Reply to Weinstock. Borneo Research Bulletin 14:27-34. Methodological Problems with the Concept of Corporation, Corporate 1985 The Kantu' System of Land Tenure: The Evolution of Tribal Rights in Social Grouping, and Cognatic Descent Group. Anzerican Ethi7oIogist Bomeo. In A4odernization and the Enlergence ofa Landless Peasantry: 10:302-11. Essa-ys on the Integration of Peripheries to Socioecononzic Centers. 1 Methodological Issuesin the Corporation Redus. American Ethnologist edited by G. N. Appell. Studies in Third World Societies Publication 11:815-17. No. 33. Williamsburg, Virginia: Studiesin Third World Societies. ) Freeman's Refutation of Mead's Comii7g of Age it7 .Samoa- The Drake, %chard Allen Implicat~onsfor Anthropological Inqulry. The Eu.~tern.1t7thropologi.~t 1982 The Material Provisioning of Mualang Society in Hinterland 37:183-214 Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia. Ph.D. dissertation, Mchgan State 1 Resettlement of the Bulusu' in Indonesian Borneo: Social University. Consequences. In Resettlement of Peoples in Indonesian Borneo: The Freeman, J. D. Social Anthropologyof Administered Peoples, editedby G. N. Appell. 1955a Iharz Agriculture: A Report on the Shifting Cultivatiot? of Hill Rice by Borneo Re.~earchBulletin 17:2 1-3 1. the /ban ofSarawak. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. J Land Tenure and Development Amongthe Rungus of Sabah, Malaysia. 1970 (orig. 1955) Reporf on the /ban. London School of Economics In hifootler17ization and the Einergence of u Lan~/le.ssPeasantry: Essays Monographs on Social Anthropology No.4 1. London: Athlone Press. on the Integration of Peripheries to ,S'ocioec017ot?~icClenter.7, edited by Geddes, W. R. G. N. Appell. Studies in Third World Societies Publication No. 33. 1954a Land Duyuk.c.9 ofStrru~~ak.London: Her Majesty's StationeryOffice. Williamsburg. Virginia: Studiesin Third World Societies. 1954b Land Tenure of Land Dayalts. Sarawak Mziseunz Journal 6:42-51. Kavan Land Tenure and the Distribution of Devolvable Usufruct in 96 Borneo ResearchBulletin Vol 28 vol 28 Bcrneo Research Bullet~n ST!

Goodenough Ward H Rousseau,Jer8me 195I Properly fin and COI?II?IUI?I~017 Trltk Yale Unlverslty Publ~cat~o~~ 1977 Kayan Agr~cultureSara~al, Allrseu~?~ Joirrnnl24, 46 129-56 in AnduopologyNo 46 New Haven YaleUn~verslty Press 1978 The Kayan In Essav~017 Borneo Stutbes ed~tedby Vlctor T Klng Haar, B ter Hull Monographs on South-East Asla7 Oxford Oxford University 1962 4c1al larv 117 Int/onerra Kjakarta, Bhrdrtara Press Holleman J F (ed ) 1987 KayanLand Tenure Borneo Research Bztllet~n19 17-56 1981 Van Vollenhoven on Indones~anLaw Selections from Het Adatrccht Sather Cllfford Van Nederlandscll-lnd~e(Vol 1, 1918, Vol 11, 1931) The Hague 1980 'Lnuoductlon In Ibat7 Aclat ant1 Azrgzrrv, cd~tedby Bened~ctSand~n MartinusN~jhoff Penang Penerblt UluversluSans Malaysla Hudson A B 1990 Trees and Tree Tenure In Paku Iban Soclety The Management of 1967 Padju Epat The Edmography andSocial Structure of a Ma'anjan Dayak Secondary Forest Resources In a Long-Establ~shedIban Community Group in Southeastern Borneo Ph D dlssertat~on,Cornell Un~vers~t) Bor17eoRe~~rew 1 16-10 1972 Ptrdj~tEpar The Ah'ar7ym? o/It7clonestcr1?Borileo New York Halt, Weinstock Joseph Aaron knehart& Winston 1979 Land Tenure Practices of the Sw~ddenCultivators of Borneo M S Jessup Tllnothy Thes~sComell U~verslty 1992 Persistence In Change In the Practlceof Shlftlng Cultlvat~onin the Apo Whlttler Herbert Llncoln Kayan East Kalllnantan Indonesia InThe Her~lageof Tradtro~tal 1973 Soc~al Orgam~abonand Symbols of Soclal Dlfferentiat~on An 4gr1c~ll/ztreAnlong [he Wester17Azrsfrone~rat?~, edlted by James J Fo\ Etlmograpluc Study of the Kenyah Dayak of East Kal~mantan Occas~ondlPaper of the Departmentof A~tthropologyResearch School (Borneo) Ph D dissertat~onMichlgan State Unlverslty of Pac~ficStudies, The Austral~anNat~onal Uruverslty Jessup T~mothyC and Nancy Lee Peluso 1986 Minor Forest Products as Common Property Resources In East Kallmantan,Indonesia In Proceedings of the Conference on Common Property Resource Management 4/21-26/85 Preparedby Panel on Common Property Resource Management, Board on Sc~enceand Technology for Intemat~onalDevelopment, Office of Internabonal Affa~rsNatlonal Resource Councll WaslungtonNat~onal Academy Press Klng, Vlctor 1975 Further ProblemsIn Bornean Land Tenure Systems Commentson an Argument Borneo Research B~tllelr/~7 12-16 Koentjaraningrat 1975 Anthropologu 117 I/~tlo17evuKonlnkl~jk Inst~tuut Voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde B~bl~ograplucalSerles 8 'S-Gravenhage Marclnus Nljlioff Morns H S 1976 A Problem In Land Tenure In The Sooer~e~ofBor17eo Explorulrons 111 the Tl7eorv of Cognalrc Socral Sfrzccture, edlted by G N Appell Speclal Publlcat~on 6 Waslungton Amerlcan ~nthro~ologlcal Assoclatlon Ngo, T H G Merlng 1991 Amb~guityIn Property kghts Lesson from the Kayan of Kallrnanhn Paper presented at the Interdlsclpllnary Conference onthe Interactions of People and ForestsIn ICalilnantan New York Botarucal Garden New York 612 1-21/91 98 Bpmeo Research Bulletin "01 24 u28 Borneo Research Bulletin 99

and 1s located about sis k~lometersfrom Lanjak, Clre distnct administrative center and VARIATIONAND CHANGINGTRADITION IN IBAN LAND TENURE town4 Wong Garai is composed of 11 households (hilik) and had about 98 residents during fieldwork. Within the past 20 years, the longhouse has gTown from seven hilik to its Reed L. Wadley oment number of 14. Four of the new bilik were created through partition from old bilik, Departmenf ofAnthropology and five brlrk moved from other longhouses. In 1994 one old hilik moved to another Arizona Stnte Ilniversity longhouse, and one of the in-migrating hilik moved back to 11s natal longhouse. Tempe, AZ 85287 U.SA. The longhouse founders originally settled the areain the 1850-60s. having migrated Introduction over the preceding years from the upper Batang Lupar (Ulu Ai') in Sanwak They A number of scholars have written about ban land tenure (e.g. Cramb 1986. 1989: acquired thew present terntory of about 24 square km. from the Leboyan Maloh Freeman 1970; McKeown 1983; Padoch 1982; Sather 1980; Sutlive 1978). focusingon (autonymically Banuaka' Labian) who claimed the old grow!h forests there. These ban many of the same Issues and revealing both commonality and vanation. In addillon. had requested and were given the land after making formal peace with the Maloh Over George Appell has for quite some time studied land tenure in Borneo (e.g. 1971a, 1971b. the century and a half of its occupation by Iban, the area claimed by Wong Gara~has 1986, 1988) in part using Iban materials. Most recently (1992). he has outlinedthe been traversed, settled. and farmed by a number of other longhouses that have eventually historical development of his and other approaches to the study of land tenure. moved on to other places Even the foundlng bilik of Wong Garal were absent for about I take up here some of the issues that Appell and others have touched on, with the ten years at the turn of the century to open up lands in the lower Leboyan. matenal I present showing further similarity and further variation I address ban land Social Units tenwe with regard to the important social uruts that hold rights in land, land tenurerules As has been recognized by scholars of ban society. there are two principle social and principles. the application of the rules under certain conditions. and finally the notion uits that are important with regard to land tenure concerns. namely the household or of what is traditional. My primaq focus is on u~hatAppell (1988-44-45) has called the h1li.k and the longhouse (r~tt?ralipanjai). The bilrk is a largely autonomous unit of "opportunity structure" (i.e. the realm of ind~vidualchoices, decisions, and transactions) production and consumption. In many activities, however. it is integrated into the and to a certain extent the "contrastn~cture,"the domain of rule-breaking and longhouse and becomes dependent on other hilik (e.g SuUive 1978-39).In observance of manipulations. This emphasis, of course, does not deny the social stnlcture; that IS, the the nengka17e'balu ntual (feeding the whetstones), for instance, the autonorn31 of the hilik juraJ order which has been Appell's particular focus in land tenure issues (e.g. 197 la). is expressed by each preparing its own offering materials and using its own whetstones Study Site and other items. The hilik are brought together through the common offering that is made in a trough (rlula17g) with each hilik's whetstones and other items collected together for The observations I report here come largely from my fieldwork1 in West Kalimantan, primarily at the ban longhouse of Wong ~arai~in Kecamatan Batang the offering period of three days. Economically this integration and ~nutlialdependence is seen. for example. during the planting of hill rice. when members from every bilik Lupar? Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu. Wong Garai is one of 29 lban longhouses in the dlstrict participate together to plant each bilik's rice. The longhouse is itself a corporate unit (or "jural isolate" in Appell's terminology) in some respects. as Appell (1971-25. 1992:4-5) points out and which Freeman (e.g. 1970:104) downplays. In particular, the longhouse controls access to its territory (nzenocl) 'Field research was conducted between February 1992 and June 1994and was by outsiders (cf. Haar 1948:81-94). Tlus is best symbolized by the omen sticks (kryo' supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (No. BSN-9 114652). Wenner- burong), bundles of which are held by each bilik for itself and by the headman's brltk for Gren Foundat~onfor Anthropological Research, Sigma Xi, and Anzona State University. the entire longhouse as its ntual center (pun rurnah). It was expressed to me this way, "Ke It was Sponsored in Indonesia by Bapak Drs. Musni Umberan. M S. Ed of the Balai empzr kqvo' hztrong, er?rptr r?~etioa"(whoever holds the omen sticks holds the temtory). Kajian Sejarah dan Nilal Tradisional. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. The "whoever" here refers to the longhouse Pontianak and by the Le~nbagaIlmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. Thanks to Oona Paredes for An example will help illustrate this corporate nature: During the 1993-91 farming her commenrs on Uis DaDer year at Wong Garai. a woman (Lidong) from another longhouse requested and received . a 2W~ngGarai is a pseudonym. as are the names of individuals used as examples permission to farm on swamp land owned by an old hilik (her natal household) In dle 3This should not be confused with the Batang Lupar. a principal river in Sarawak. During the Dutch colonial period in West Kalimantan, the border area was referred to as 41ban make up 65% of the kecamatan populauon of about 5,000. There is, however, Batang Loepar Landen, and the Iban living there were called Batang Loepars becauseof an unfortunate lack of reliable information concenung the number of lban l~vingIn West their recent origins in Sarawak. The name has been retained by the present lndonesian Kalimantan. King (1985:55) gives a figure of 7,000, while McKeown (1984:63)~utsit at government. (Some Iban from the area have even commented to me that they should 10,000-15.000. Tills latter estimate agrees with my own recent experience, and I doubt properly be called Batang Lupar Dayaks instead of Iban.) the population is much larger Uian that. I00 Borneo Research Bullet~n Vol 28 Vol 28 Borneo ResearchBullan lo!

longhouse Lidong had manled out of Wong Gan~.and given the close relationslup.it The primary right of use and r~ghtsof control over new lands may be acqu~redby a was not l~kelythat her request to borrow land could have been refused.After farrmng was bjljk in several ways:As In the past when p~oneeringcultivation was more prevalent. the begun by the entire longhouse, the elders realized that the outsider household hadnot plots farmed frompreviously uncut forest are held by the hilik that fira cut the forest. given them penti penrnli.a ritual payment said toguard or enclose the soul(klir~rtlg Tllose rights pass onto the inheritors of thehilik Secondary rightsof use are retained by se~?ret~ga/)after a breach of taboo A penli petrruli was required becausethe outsiders did and descendant but separate hilik w~thnthe longhouse, and tertiary rights are not (and indeed could not) share Wong Garai's ritual omen sticks and were therefore remined by related hilik or individuals that move away from the longhouse. Land lnay intruding on the ritual space of the longhouse. If adeath occurred among the longhouse also be acquired from another.generally related hilik from the same longhousein Lhe members before the payment(of one bushknife, onechicken. one plate, andabout 500 form of a gift: that is, a transfer ofthe primary nght of use and rights of control. A third nlpiah). the outsiders could be fined for the death @(?tit?va~~,cr). Upon being not~fied. \Yay to acquire land is tluough lnovlngto a new longhouse In which the hilik has tertiary L~dongpromptly paidthe pe17ripeil~cili. rights of use through descent: that is. a in-migrating bilik may claim rights in land originally claimed by an ancestorof a hilik member It was tluough this principlethat a Land TenurePrinciples lnan named Meringai.after ~novingto Wong Garai in 1982.claimed primaryr~ght of use As I have come to understand it from my fieldwork. r~ghtsto land among the Ibari over land he sa~dwas orig~nallyfarmed by his father's father, Ake'[long. The land in might be d~videdinto two principle types- (A) rights of control and (B) rights of use. question had not been underrecent cultivation. and given plentiful forest land elsewllere. Rights of control involvethe right to control access to land and the right to dispose of no one challenged hisclaim land. R~ghtsof use ~nvolveprimary, secondary, andtertiary rights (cf Appell 1971a.10- Another Importantpr~nciple of Ibnn land tenure is that primary and secondary rights 39). of use and rights of controlmay be lost upon moving away from a longhouse.Bilik Ulat The longhouse holds theright to control the access of outsiders to land within its move away. however. do retain tertiary rights ofuse. and their claims to bothprimary and territory. Itdoes not, however. hold the right to control the disposal of all land within the secondary rights and rights of control may be reactivated upon moving back to the territory That right is held by the irtd~vidualhilik within the longhouse in land over orig~nallonghouse The "abandoned" land has two fates dependingon the circumstances. which each claims the right of control. Unfarmed land(old growlll forest. for instance) First. a closely relatedhilik may claim primary rights of use and rights of control in the that is not claimed by any hilik may be disposed of (such as sold or given to outsiders) by land; it is generally recognized that suchhilik have first claim to such laid (see Padoch the longhouse (through consensusof the hilik heads). For example. in the 1910-20sIban 1982 49). Second. if it is land farmed by people In another longhousethat moved away I~vingin the upper Leboyan weremoved by the Dutch colonlal authoritiesto locations historically, the land is retained by the longhouse In an open pool. McKeown (1983:250) lower on the watershed to keep them under closerwatch (see e.g. KJ?~1976: 105). One calls this pool duniun lan~a'.but in the Wong Garai area this simply refers to any old set of these people were relocated from Nanga Galau in the Leboyan headwatersto the fallow regardless of ownership. Abandoned land is open to any hilik in the resident territory of Wong Garai. where they were given their ownland by Wong Garai and longhouse to farm and lay claim to in the same way rights in land are acqu~redin remained as they still do a separate and independent colnmunity. (Accessto forests pioneering. At Wong Gara~.there has been a sizeable proportionof such land given that within longhouseterritories forcommercial logging may not apply here because in those several other longhouses have shared its territory over the 150 years of occupation but cases logging companiesmake use of contradictory land lawsto claim unfarmed lands which have since moved away, are technically state lands [see Colfer 1993:75-SO]. agreement from the longhouses Data on the land use patterns over I5 years at Wong Garaireveal distinctions in the affected 1s often nomnal.) farming of plots that are owned by the hilik in question, borrowedfrom another hilik. Rilik hold both rights ofuse and the right of control. Landin which a hilik holds the given by another hilik. and claimed through farming of abandoned land.The contrast is right of control are alsothose landsin which it holds primay right of use. Some of these read~lyapparent between the two prlmary typesof land-h~ll (hukic)and swamp @qvu') are lands acquired by the hilik from farmingold growth forest or through partitionw~th (see Table 1). (The higllly fertile but llmited highfloodplain land [laitahenrperart] is not natal bilik. Other lands might have been given to it by other hilik. A hilik holding prlrnary considered here.) Farming land owned by one's own hilik is more prevalent for swamp right of use in land controls the use of that landby other hilik. It also holds the right of land, while being given or claiming abandonedhill land is more frequentthan for swamp disposal in such land which includesthe power to transfer both primary right ofuse and land. The reasons for ths may be that swamp land is lirmted and thus less l~kelyto the right of control to another hrlrk witlun the longhouseor to outsiders Ahilik can sell change hands. Additionally, hilik tend to have access to thetr own swamp land and are 11s land to other households (no cases of this occurring) or to outsrders (which has able to farm it at a shorter fallow cycle(2-5 years instead of 10 or more years for lull occurred at other longhouses in the area closer to the growing town of Lanjak). : land), meaning less land is needed tosustain an adequate fallow.Borrowing is equally Additionally. hilik have secondary rightsto request the use of land from hilik to whom important and is done in some cases to avoid farming young fallow of one's own land or they are related w~tll~ntl~e longhouse Tertiary rightsof use are those tllat a hilik in order to farm closerto others. This IS Important for ease of labor exchange andfor the possessesin land controlledby related hilik in other longl~ouses.(It is ohen sufficientthat reduction in pest pressures. Fanning abandoned land (i.e. land in the open pool) is one member of a bilik be related to a member of another hilik for such rights to esist. I frequent forhill swiddens becauseit 1s one important way for new hilik to acquire rights am not simply talking hereof hrlik that are related through pan~t~on.) 10 their own land. It is not as important for swamp land largely. I belleve. becausein the -102 Borneo ResearchBullg~n Vol 28 vol 28 Borneo ResearchBulletrn 103

past abandoned swampland was qlllckly cla~medby res~denth111l Indeed the lnctdence categoriesof land of fannrngone's own landIS ~ncreasedover ume for both categories as land that had been The Iban In th~sarea dlst~ngurshthree dfferent categonesof farm land-hll (buk,!) given by other hrlrk or clauned from abandonedfields In one )(ear beg~nsto show up In swamp @aya'), and high floodplain (emperan) As the follow~ngexample shows. subseauent. .years as land that IS owned ---rlrfferent notronsof tenure areappl~ed . . to . . each meof land In 1994 a woman named Empayongmoved away from Wong Garru to a nearby Table 1. Use Patterns of Swidden Land, WongGarai, 1979-93 longhouse with whom the people of WongGarai had increasingly tense relations. There was much hushed discussionin the longhouse over what was to become of her land. Type of Ownershrp Number of Number of divided intohill. swamp. andenlpertlii. It was generally agreed that her clams to h~llland Hrll Sw~ddens Swamu Swlddens would be relinquished uponher move, but thatshe would retain control over her swamp land. Some suggested that upon Empayong's move. her son (living in a different and Owned by bllik 71 (46 2%) 127 (76.5%) ,nore distant longhouse) would have reduced rights tofarm her Wong Gara~lull land. After she had moved to her new longhouse under a cloud. itwas agreed by the Borrowed from parties involved (i.e. the elders of both longhouses. Empayong, and the headof her new other hrlrk h~lik)that her clams to 11111 land were lost. her claims to her swamp land would be Given by other retained,and her en~perar?land would be taken care of (d-ihun)by a man at Wong Garai hilik who had been helpful to her in the past. Upon her death, ~twas assumedthat Iler swamp ]and would be divided by her son and the hilik which had taken herm. The son said later Claimed from in private that he would fight to gain control of all her swampland. abandoned land 39 (244%) This would seem to have settled matters, butEmpayong's new bilik wanted 10 farm some fallowed h~llland that she had once cla~rnedin the Wong Gara territory. Wong Total 160 (100%) 166 (100%) rile Garai elders were adamantly opposed to it, saying that her move had resulted in her claims to lull land being lost. She,of course, still retained the tertiary right to farm her old land or anyone else's upon request and agreement,but given the hard feel~ngsthat held Note: chi2= 50.7; df = 3, p < 0.005 between the two longhouses, andparticularly between Wong Garai and her new bilik. such a request was res~sted.Had the move been made under more amcable Applying theRules circumstances, her request would most likelyhave been met with no opposition,as in tl~e Wh~lethe principles of landtenure are rather neat and orderly in the abstract, they previous case of Lidong. are much less so in practice, where rules andprecedence are negotiated over time. As Add~tionally.there was some dlsagreelnent w~thinWong Gara~over the disposal of people's Interest and concerns vary, they use and manipulate the principlesset by her enlperan land. A man froma hilrk closely related through descent to Empayong's old precedence. create new precedence,and changeand add to the rules. bilik argued fhat his. as the closest related hilik,should retain control over the land. New bilik Rights to land were held by hilik, he argued. not ~ndividuals(referrrng to the man who Bibk that are newly moved into a longhouse have a&sadvantage in not having any had been designated caretaker).An elder latertold me that Empayong'ser?~perur~ land had establishedprimary rights of use or rights of control over land. Meringai. for example, originally been fanned by an ancestor of a hilik which had long made its residence in laid clam to some fallowed lull land that he said had been originally farmedby his Kelawe', a related longhouse. Eventhough Empayong had consistentlyfarmed that land. grandfather, thus converting hissecondary right of use into primary right of useand right her hilik had no rights of co~ltrolover it, and thus its control could not revert to other of control. He could make the claim despite the fanning history of the land prior to his hilik. Thus a caretaker was selected. This is a twist to rights in abandoned landwith move, and given the fairly abundant landin the Wong Garai territory, there were 'no objections to h~sclaim. In contrast, a hrlik that moved to Wong Garai some years later had no such ties to claim thosesame rights in hill land and was left to farming borrowed Although the cultivation of hill rice has been ..the distinctive feature" ofIban land or claiming abandoned land However, thehilik head cla~medto own (en~pu)land culture (Sutlive 1978:62),swamp rice has also been long cultivated. WongGara~ is a she had borrowed from a now absenthilik. The reasoninggiven was tlmt she had farmed typical case. There the farming ofswamp land is not accompanied by any of the rituals it twice, thus demonstratinga continuinginterest in the plot (see Salher 1980:xviii).Her that are practiced for hill swiddens. In fact. no rituals at all are done forswarnp swiddens. claims were funher slrengthenedbecause the lending brlrk had moved away. However. but U~eyhave been farm~ngon swamp land for at least 100 years. In contrast,lban livrng given the outsider statusof her bilik, claims to land newly relinquished by other hilik along the lower Leboyan River haveno lull land. Insteadthe people of Lubok Bandung were tenuous; claims were more secureto long abandoned land wherethe original farm both enrperan andswamp land with the former being the site of their farming rites ownerswere tughly unltkely to return. and sacred rice (ptxli PUI?). Funher down the river at Meliau. people have no access 10 even e~nperanland. and make do ritually on swampland. 104 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol 28 Vol. 28 Borneo Research Bulletin 105 absent brlik retaining at leastnom~nal control over e~nperot?land, in contrast to what is l la we'(who had no good swamp land within their own temtory and whose good hll practiced for tull land. ,,"idden land was now several hours travel from the longhouse) had realized that Wong In June 1996. I was able to return to Wong Garai6 and makefurther inquiries inlo Garai swamp land was highly productive andthey were rushing to get more (sidn'baru this case.E~npayong was still livingat the neighboring longhouse and farming theswarrlp ,,e,?rura~~all nyu' ka' rw?zbohpacli, t7gerebulla iyu). land, but the elders of Wong Garai clarified for me that technically the land should be A meeting at Wong Garai was called after some time and was attended only by controlled by Wong Garai. but out of pity @engusil7)they have let her farm it w~thout represen(ati\fe~of those hthk from Kelawe' that hadno! performed nranggzrl rites. (TIUS opposition. Upon her death, however,that land would revertto Wong Garai control.I ,,as not a formal uclol hearing [pekaru or kuro] as the objective was to avoid a major suspect that the hilik into whch she had moved will make a caseat that time that since dispute rather than air one) Altl~oughthe meeting was ablt tense, confrontation was they had taken care of her during later years, tlley should retain rights in theland. The avoided as is typ~calunder such circumstances. The people from Kelawe' were no/ status of her enrperanland is not settled either. The Wong Garai headman wasunsure forbiddenfrom farming into theswamp forests (whichwas what the Wong Garai elders what they would decide to do as they had not talked aboutthe Issue. This case reveals Lhe had sa~dwas the purpose of the meeting beforehand).Ir1st~3d they were told not to get continuingnegotiations that can occur overyears beforeany sort of settlementis reached. into a huny to open up new land and that it was best if they did it together with people Conflict over Principles from Wong Gara Some days later the tno17ggz11offerings were withdrawnfrom the Late in my fieldwork, a conflict arose between two sets of people from different forest. It is unl~kely,I~owever. to be the end to these problemsgiven the stakeson both longhouses stemmingin pati from the application of two differentland tenure principles: sides. that of claimng forest land adjacentto one's own farm land and that of a longhouse The "Traditional" controlling outsiders' accessto land within itstemtory. This leads us to consider the questlon of what is traditional and how tradition is In the rnid- to late 19705, Wong Garai (then numberingonly eight bilik) were defined. Wlule Appell's model of emergent stn~ctural~srndoes address the importantissue selected by a West German mission group for thedevelopment of a small-scaleirrigated of change (1988:1516, 1992:8-9). there is also a strong focuson what is traditional rice project (sawah)uslng someof their swamp swiddenland Becausethey needed more (1992:IO) and a concern withthe extent to which systelns have become "closely participants to sustrun the project, several relatedhilik from the longllouses of Kelawe' articulated with the world syste~n" (1992:18) or have otherwise experienced and Engkadan were asked to join. These outsiderhilik were given land to farm within the acculturation, tlu~schanging traditional a~la/(1992 10). But the problem is how one Wong Garaitemtoly. They held the primaryright of use and some nghts of control over defines tradit~onal,or indeed who defines it. It IS imperative to place behaviorwithin a the land given to them. There wasan express agreementmade that the land could not be historical framework. "an acculturative timeline" (Appell 1992:lO). to the estent it is sold (althoughtlus is currently being challenged by a brlrk from Kelawe').If a bilik went known. It is also importantto reallze, however, that the people~nvolved may not have the extinct @imas)as happened to one from Engkadanin 1993. its sawuh land would revert same perspectiveand regard as long-standing traditionwhat we see as change. As has to Wong Garai control although relativesof the ex9inct hilik could farm the landupon been shown elsewhere. traditionIS created, reinterpreted,and added to over time(e.g request to the longhouse. Larcom 1982; Hanson 1989).The distinctionof what IS or IS not traditional thereforeIS The sawah project lasted a number of years until funding for seed and fertilizer not. or should not be, made necessarily on people's articulation withthe world econonlic from the mission ran out. The people retainedthe imgat~onditches and dikes. but took to system or degree of acculturation. but rather on what they generally agree to be farming theland as they did other swampswiddens with a short fallow. local varietiesof traditional. no matter how "~iew"it is temporally. nomatter the source. There is a need swamp rice. and no colnmercialferrilizer The hilik from Kelawe' and Engkadanretained for some cautionagainst relyingtoo heavily on a Western idealof what defines tradition control of tlle~r.~rnYah land as well. In Apnl 1994, a Wong Gara~woman (whosehilrk had This parallels Appell's conceni forthe culh~rdcontaminat~on of data (see e.g. 1988:47- moved from Kelawe' in the early 1980s afier the inigationproject ended) reported to the 48) longhouse that several hilik from Kelawe' had performed t?rat?ggttlrites in the lowland old growth forest(kerupa') abutting their swamp swidden land within WongGarai temtoly. Migration and Changesin the Rules These rites are performed before workis begun on new swiddens each year(see e.g. In tlis last section. I cite some examplesof tradition being created or changed; the Sather 1992): and the implication here was that those people from Kelawe' were first two concern l'u~dtenure directly, tl~elast the notionof tradition generally. intending to farm into the old forestnest to their swampswiddens. A century ago. Brooke Low (cited in Roth 1968 [1896]:420) reportedthat land The elders of Wong Gani were alarmed at this, because accordingto the agreement tenure among Sarawak lban for the inigation project. the plots of swamp land given to outsider bilik could be has been modified within late yearsin view of the increasing demand retained, but addit~onalland could not be opened up One leader said the people of for accommodat~on,and it is now generally understood that when the proprietor chooses lo leavethe district and remove into a distant This work was done while on a project with the Center for InternationalForest country he for-feits,by so doing, all title to the ground and can no Research in cooperation with Wetlands Internationaland the Indonesrar~D~rectorate for longer exactrent. Forest Protection and NatureConsenlation (PHPA). -Vol 28 l3omeoResearchBr~lletir~ 107

This was a change in response to m~gratedIban not allowing other peopleto fann Conclusion their abandoned laid (see Roth 1968[1896].420). The Sanwlak governmentmade it a I have dealt wrth a set of interrelatedissues concerning lban landtenure-the soc~al formal order in 1899 (Porter 1967 12-13.c~ted in Cramb 1986:18: see Padoch 1982:49 "ruts that hold nghts In land. the rules and principles and their application nnderd~fferent who also makes note of this important change). and it was reaffirmed in 1981 during an condit~onsand c~rcumstances.and the notion of tradition and 11s lnterpretatlon These aclo~conference In Kap~t(Sutl~ve 1992 302) The Iban of Wong Garai, then already th~ngsreveal the strong beadsthat bind the widespread Ibanpopulation and the sources. settled in the Lanjak area andnot under the Sarawak crown, incorporated thisprinciple both soclal and ecological. that produce thevariation we should not be surprised to find into tlleir own utlut To scholars ~t IS a historical alteration madeunder certain social and econo~niccond~t~ons and might be cons~deredtraditional now because of the longtrine REFERENCES that has elapsed slncethen But to Iban it has existed since the vaguely-definedancestral era (keliu'). Appell. G. N 1971a Labian Floodplainsand Erosion Obsen/ationalProcedures for Land Tenure andKin Groupings In d~e Cognatic Societies of Borneo. Mimeographed The second example ~nvolvesthe Banuaka' Labian, rather than the Iban, but it 1971b Systems of Land Tenure in Bomeo: A Problem In Ecological presents an interesting case of rule change and a feature of land tenure I hope will be explored elsewhere: along the middle courseof the meandering Leboyan river, Labian Determinism.Borneo Rcsetrrcli BzrNefi~i3: 17-20. have been farming the rich floodplai~lsfor centuries. but there is one problematic feature 1986 ICayan Land Tenure and the Distributionof Devolvable Usr~fructin Borneo. Borneo Reseurclt Blilletin 18:1 19-1 30. of the geography regardinglong term land tenure--the continual erosionof nver banks. 1988 Emergent Structuralism: TheDesign of an Inquiry System to Delineate This should present a problem for people who have inhabited the area for as long as the the Production and Reduction of Social Forms.In Cl~oiceoncl Aforoliy Labian. What do yon do when one piece of land on the outerbend of the river is eroded in An~hropologiculPerspecln~e: Essays in Honor of Derek Free17run.G. away, and another pieceof land on the opposite bank increases in size? The answer was N. Appell and T. N. Madan, eds. Pp.43-60. State U~versityof New given to me in the fonn of a storyexplaining the origin of a rule to deal with the problem. York Press. Sometimein the past. peoplewho owned and had been farmingland along the outer 1992 The History of Research on Traditional Land Tenure and Tree bends of the river began complainingthat they were losing their landto the people on the Ownership in Bomeo. Paper presented at the Second Biennial opposite banks.(The man whorelated this story pointed outthat the land really did not International Conferenceof the Borneo Research Council.13-17 July move across the river but rather came fromupriver.) The people who owned land on the 1992, Kota Kinabalu. Sabah.Malaysia. opposite bankclaimed thatthe land they were gainingyearly was their own. The dispute was settled in that classic ordeal. d~edive. whereby champions from each sidetried to Colfer. Carol J. Pierce stay under water longer thanthe other. Here the"land-losing" side won. and since then 1993 Shifiing Cultivators of Indonesia: Marauders or Managers of the owners wholose land to the nver may claim it over time across the river.This case shows Forest? Rce Production and Forest Use among the Uma' Jalan of East the use of a history to espla~nthe orlgln of a rule and the ready incorporation of change Kalimantan. Rome: FAO. into the structureof tradition. Cramb.R A NewRituals 1986 The El~olulionof Ihun La~idTentcre. Working Paper No. 39 Centre of The final example further reflects a readinessto incorporate innovationinto long Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University. standing structuresw~thout tlueaterung the integrity ofthe old forms or the perceived 1989 Expla~ningVariations in Bomean Land Tenure. The lban Case imnutab~lityof tradiuon (cf. To~kmson1991:133-138): During major rituals&II\VR' Efhnolocq28 (4):277-300. (.ii,lur or ga,vu' he.sui)such as gc~rvu'keli~igka~ig her7ih. a solelnr~procession is performed Freeman, Derck at a part~cularpolnt in the nrunl It is called 17ifi ~lurr17(literally. traverse the leaf). and 1970 Report 017 /ha Iha17.New York: Humanities Press according to Richards (1988:236).it was created by TemenggongKoli in obedience to a dream at hsgallmi ijuli pic/?ipo~igIn 1947 and laterused in 1952at his gawni kerivula~~g Haar, B ter Whenever I asked elders aboutits orlgn, they would simplyreply that it was instituted by 1948 Arlat Law ir7 I17tlor7esiu.New York: Instituteof Pac~ficRelations the ancestors of tlme gone by (nri a/iel-ine' keliu') By Western standards,ths r~tual procession was invented and instituted very recently.but of equal significanceis that it is Hanson. Allan 1989 A17lericcm considered traditionaland part of the ntlclt of major rituals by the people who practice it- The Making of the Maori: Culture Invention and its Logic. We should not besurprised to find a similar easeof incorporatingchange intoland tenure Anlhropologisl 9 11890-902. a~lorwhen it is done appropriatelyas the first two examplesshow. 108 Bon~coResearch Bulletln VolS u28 Borneo ResearchBmn 109

K~ng.V~ctor T. Some Aspects of ban-Maloh Contact in West Kalimantan. 11idone.y;~ 1976 ARCHIVAL SOURCESFOR THE COLONIAL HISTORYOF 21:85-114. KALIMANTANIN JAKARTA 1985 The h10loh of JVe'est Koli1?ranIu17.Dordrecht: Foris Publications. Larcom. Joan Han Knapen 1982 The In\lention of Convention.Alu17ki17d 13:330-337 KoninklijkInsfitzcur voor Tool-,Land- en Volkenkltnde McKeown,Francis A. Posrbus9515-2300 RA Leiden 1983 The Menkai lban An Ethnographic Account with Especial Reference Tlie Nether1nnd.s to Dispute Seltlement.Ph D Thesis. Monash University Vety few people havedone arcllival research In Indonesia on the colonial history of Padocll, Cluist~ne Kalimantan. Probably the most important reason for this lack of scholarly interest is the 1982 ~l/;grufiona~itl ih Alrernufives on1017g the Ihu~io/.Saruwuk. The Hague: 1angu;lge in whch most of the documents are written. namely Dutch. At the same time. Maninus Ni.jl~off. few people seem aware of the wealth of data on Kali~nantanthat can be found in the Poner. A. F. Indonesian State Archive,an ignorance whichin itself does not stimulate researches to . 1967 Land Atl~?rini.~rrnI~o~iin Sar(r~vak. Kuching: Sarawak Government master Dutch reading skills. My aim here is to provide a basic overview of the ptimary Printer. -cource - material on Kalimantan availableat the National Archive of Indonesiain Jakam. In vlew of the fact that the documents contaln awealth of important data, they definitely hchards. Anthony deserve more attention from researchers than they have so far received The Residency I988 ,417 lban-E17glishD/cl~oiiarv Petaling Jaya: Fajar Bakti and Oxford Archives on Kalimantan in particular contaln very detailed and complete ~neteenth- University Press. centuty historical ~nformationat a local level. muchbetter than can be found In the State Roth. He~uyL~ng Archives In The Hague wheremost lustonanstend to go 1968 The Nrrth~esqfSara\vak m7d Rrilish North Borneo. Vol. 1. Reprint of The Arsip Nasional Republic Indonesia (ANIU) 1896 edition. KualaLumpur: University of MalayaPress. Working in the Arsip Nasional is not as difficult or frustrating as some tend to Sather, Clifford assume. Once access to the archive for research has been obtained (see below). the 1980 Introduction. In Ihun Arla! ant1 Azrgury. Benedict Sandin. Pp.xi-lv. archve offers a pleasant place to work. There is a small. but never crowded, air- Penang: UniversitiSains Malaysia. conditioned reading room wit11 a friendly staff which is very helpful in hcing 1990 Trees and Tree Tenure in Paku Iban Society: The Management of I documents; (somecommand of the Indonesian languageis preferable) Good inventories Secondaly Forest ResourcesIn a Long- Established Iban Commun~ty. of most arch~vesare available, usually wrltten in Indonesian Borneo Review 1: 16-40. The qual~tyof the hstorical mater~al~tself vanes greatly: some documentsare in 1992 The ktes of Manggol- Work and atual in Paku Iban Agriculture. perfect cond~t~on.while others literally crumble under one's fingers while turningthe Surclu~ukA./u..seu~~iJo~~r~ial Vol XLIII. No. 64 (n.s) 107-134 pages Centunes of neglect and poor storage under humidcondit~ons have lefi their traces on the paper and the handwritingIn ink. Clearly there is an urgent need for conservation Sutllve. Vinson H.. Jr of the remaining material to keep the documents accessiblefor future generation of 1978 Tlie Ibun of Surcrw~uX-:Chronicle of u I/anis/ir~igW'orlcl. Prospect researchers. Althoughone archivist onceremarked that "the onlyway to keep this archive Heights. IL: Waveland Press. from falling apart completelyis to keep it closed (in Blusse et al. 1979:40), 1would 1992 Tzoi Jlrguh of .Y(~rrwal;Colonialis~~r uncl Ihan Response. Kuala insist on using the documents forserious research purposesonly and handling them with Lumpur: SarawakLiterary Societyand Fajar Bakti. extreme care. Notethat the archive staff will not permita1 all the reading of those papers Tonkinson,Robert in extremely badcondition. 1991 Tlie hlarrluAhoriglnrs- LIIJ~I~~ the Dre~o?r in A rulrulra'.rDesert 2nd ed. Arch~veshave been kept in Bataviaat least since the earlysevenleenth century. and Fort Worth, TX: Holt. knellart and Winston. in Kal~mantanat least since the eighteenth century. Before the runeteenth centur)!. however. muchof this material was poorly conservedand consideredto be of l~ttlevalue Wadley, ReedL , and FredrikKuyah for use In the future. Hence. whenstorage capacity wasfound too l~mitedin the small u d. D~stributionof the ban Populat~onin West Kalimantan, IndonesiaMs. Batavia [Jakarta] Castle(Kasleel Buta~~ra) or when the Dutchseltlernents In Banjamasin. In preparation. Pontianak. Sukadana, or Sambas were (temporarily)abandoned. documents used to be shipped to The Hague. or were simply destroyed. After the British Interregnumin ~ol28 Homneo Research Bulletlrl 111

Indonesia (1811-16) moie attention was paid to rile storage of putatively supertluous Residency3 level. They contain a large array of papers, on very diverse matters Most of documents in Batavia: though the most Important n~are~ialon local Inatters was st111 ltept he documents were wrlnen during the nineteenth century by the Resident and lus staff in ICalimantan itself. Only by 1892, was the National Archive of Indonesia established as ~~~fortunately,as explained before, the collections end in 1892. aii institution and more anent~onwas pa~dto he conselvation and cataloguing of fie Given the large size of the island, the two Residency Archives on Kalimantan are remaining documents. Under its first archivist, and sometime during the final decade or not particularly extensive, tl~ougllin shelf length comparable to most other Residencies of the nineteenth century, local adrninistntors In Borneo were Instructed to transfer all ~ndonesia.The Residency Archive on the Western Divis~onof Borneo (M'es~erafcleel~~~g documents older than 50 years to the central archive in Baiavia. This annual flow of 50- 1J~,7Borneo) occupies 7 metres of shelf space (402 volumes). while that on the Southern year old paper towards Batavia ended in 1942 afier the Japanese invasion of Indonesia. and Eastern Division (Zt~itler- en Oos/eraJleeli~~gIJ(III Bor~ieo) extends over which espla~nswhy the princ~palnineteenth-century collect~onson ICalimantan abruptly approsimately 23 metres (622 volumes). From my own esperience I estimate that it end in 1892. Altl~oughthe possibility cannot be ruled out entirely. it seerns very unliltely would take at least several years to study these 30 metres of paper alone. Both archves that any arch~val~natenal Cro~n tlre pie-war period still remains in I Vol 2s of the A./enlor;e.r On lnicrofilm so there is little reason to travel to The Hague for- thhis n,l,ber catleast 1j0 pages ) should be ordered at a time. Making your Own camera purpo~e.~ , photos Of documents or maps is prohibited, but the ANFU has its Own photographer Most of the other archives are still unesplored. The archive of the Department of (p"ces are again substantial). Finance (Depcrrten~entvan Financien) certainly desen~esmore anention from researchers, Because of these lilnitations. most researchers will have to revert to pen and paper For those interested in economic h~stoql,it contains. for instance. imponant statisllcal for most of their notes. Many will find it more convenient to use a portable computer. for data on trade from and to the major harbours of Kalilnantan To ~nydisappo~ntm~~~, [he whichthere are several plug socltets (220 V) available 111 the reading room archives on com~nercialagriculture (~lrchiefCltlt~rrer) and forestry (Arcl~iefBo.r~h,~~~~~~

I Permission hold very little information on Kal~mantan.whereas both collections focus marnly on arch Java. , rnorder to work in the Ars~pNasional, researchers who are Indonesian citizens are

, only 10 show a letter of recom~nendationfrom the head of the educational or The ANR1 a small nineteentll-centu~cartograpllic collection on Borneo , (3 1 items). These maps are part of the collection compiled by F.de Haan (therefore rie,lliec inslia,,jon wl,icll they are connected. Foreigners. on the other hand. an official slrrar izin penelilian (letter of authorization to conduct research) from silnply called Collection De Hocm). They mainly cover the period 1820-1860 and. as a ~~~l (Lel,lbtrg(l~l~~~~~ Pengetahlctn? Ii~rloi~esin,the Indonesian Institute of Sciences). cOrollari lnoS1 of them show ver). limited geogra~~caldetail as far as the more il~te"or regions are concerned. About half of the maps concentrate on ,he aulho~,ationis nomal~y only inconjuiic~ion Irith a researcl, visa. The procedure for obtallllng 11 and the visa 1s la~dout in the brochure Research Procedures for Foreign SambasLandaklSarawak region. reflecting an interest 111, and concern about the border between Dutch and British (Brooke's) territory. , ~~~~~~~llersin Indonesia, ava~lable from LIP1 (Bureau of S&T Co-operation, Sasana I widya Sanvono Building. JlGatot Subroto 10: Jakarta 12710. Tel. 021-522571 1. Fax Practical Information (May 1996) 021-5207226). Foreign researchers shouldbe adv~sedthat although research visa requests : Address: llave seldom been turned down in the last few years. they allnost always take at least six montlls to process, ~f one only wants to see the inventories of the collections that are Jalan Ampera Raya Cilandak Tirnur available in the reading room, no research peelis required. Jakarta Selatan 12560 Tel 021-7805851-3 REFERENCES Fax 021-7805812 , ~1~~~6,Leonard. Yulianu Parani. Mona Lohanda. F G P. Jaquet and P B.R. Carey The ksip Nasional of Jakana. Iti~~erario.vol. 3, no 1, pP 36-63. ' 1979 The archve building can easily be reached by taxi. or bus 19 or 605A leaving from ''Blok M" in Southern Jakarta. There are several restaurants and food stalls I Coolhaas. W.P. Het Landsarchief te Batavia. Historia. VO~.14. no. 1, pp. 1-1 1. walking distance of the archive building. Since the archive is 1101 centrally located, few , 1949 hotels can be found in the viciniv of the AMU. , Henley. David and Freek Colombijn Opening Hours 1995 En\rironlnenlal history research in the Arsip Nasional. Itl~Iollesifln Monday to Ttlursday- 8 00-15.00 I Ei~r~iroi~inei?talfIistor:v Neu'sleller. no. 6. pp. 1-4. Friday: 8-11.30 and 13 00-15 00 Henley. David Saturday: 8.00-13.30 1996 Sources for Indonesian economic history in Jakarta [KITLV. Reproduction of Documents Unpublished paper]. Photocopies are expensive. Academics and PhD students pay 1,500 Rp for a F4 Leirissa. R.Z. copy (about US$0.60). but there are lower rates for other (local) students (350-750 Rp per 1973 Rapporten atall laporan-laporan dari abad XVlII dan awal abad XIX page). Photocopying is carried out by the reading room staff It should be noted that only yang tersimpan di &sip Nasional R.I. Jakarta. Jakarta: Arsip National 10% of any given document bundle can be copied and that mneteentll-century material IS Rupublik Indonesia. often too fragle to be copied at all. Wcrofilrn and microfiche sources (e.g the A//e~,~ories , vcln olergmle)can be printed on paper by a commercial copy service outside the ANN , Leupe, P.A. 'BescIlrljvillg van eenen tog1 naar de bovenlanden van Ban~ermassing Premses. Similarly, these coples cost 1500 Rp per page. but in tlis case a substaltia] 1864 el,z., In he( jaar 1790'. Kro,,yfi voi? he1 1FIistori.~chGenooi~chap. VO~. 20. no. 5 (4th series): pp. 33 1-404. ! 6A./e~~zoriesvan Ot2ergm.e were also written during voc times (for south and East Borneo the oldest one known was written in 1752). These reports can only be found in the Algemeen Rijksarchief in The Hague (VOC collection). I! - - -116 Romeo Research Rr~lletin Vol. 28 -Vol. 28 Borneo Research Bulletin 117

International Council 1989 International Councilon Archives guide to the sources of Asianhistory. Vol. 4: Indonesia Jakarla:National Archives of Indonesia/UNESCO. CONTNUITYAND CHANGE IN SOMEFREQUENTLY-USED BRUNEI MALAYPOLITENESS FORMS Schwaner.C.A.L.M. 18534 Borneo: Beschrijving vanhet stroo~ngebiedvan den Bar~toen reizen Linda Amy Kimball langs eenige voornamerivieren van het zuid-oostelijk gedeelte van dat Deportment ofAnthropology eiland in de jaren 184347.Amslerdmn: P.N. van Kampen. 12 vols 1. Western WoshingtonUniver.~i(ji Sunarti;Syarif Usman Sabaroedin andJ.L. Parani Bellinghnm, WA 98225, USA. 1986 Inventaris arslp Borneo Westerafdeeling( 1609-1890)dan Borneo Zuid en Oosterafdeel~ng(1664-1890). Jakarta: ArsipNational Republik Ex1)liCatio Indonesia. One of the definingcharacteristics of Brunei Malay culture is a carefully nuanced panern of social interactions.The linguistic component ofthese interactions is a complex Surat-sorat perdjandjian set of speec!~patterns, showing levels of politenessor its lack, used throughout all social 3965 Surat-surat perdjandjian anmra kesultananBandjannasin dengan ~nteractionsThe present study began w~ththe ~ntentionof examining continu~tyand pemerintahan2 VO.C., Bataafse Republik. Inggerisdan H~ndia- change in some frequently-used BruneiMalay politeness forms. However, it soon Belanda 1635-1860.Djakarta. ARSlP Nas~onalRepublik Indonesia. became apparent that no such study could be effective until amajor conceptual issue had Kompartimen Perhubungan denganRakjat. been addressed; namely. how to set forth the cornplesities ofBrunei Malay politeness Tobing, Tiurrna usage in a coherent, systematicparadigm. Fortunately, a usehl solution presenteditself: n.d. Dafiar Arsip "Borneo Zuid en Oostkust" hingga 1890.[Unpubl~shed the four typesof politeness behavior,five politeness levels and seven usage-determining typescript. ARNASJakana.] factors wh~chM~zutani and M~zutani(1987 pass~m)have laid out as the framework for ~eaclingEngl~sh-speakers to understand Japanese politeness usages. Modified slightly, this Framework works well for Brunei Malay and should be applicableto other Bomean and Southeast Asian languages.' Introduction One of the most important aspects of any language is the spectrum of 11s pol~teness usages. How these are formed and used in actual speech In a given language depends upon the co~nplesinteraction of many linguistic and socio-cultural factors.Pol~teness usages are a key component of human social interaction, andthus a central featureof language: they involve an intersection of linguistic structures with socio-cultural structures, and need to be studied in a systematic Inamer which can be appliedacross languages and cultures.What follows is one step toward such a cross-lingu~sucstudy. It examines 1sl7117-deskin.the five politeness levels of Japanese and BruneiMalay, the four types of pol~teness. somekey linguistic aspects of politenessformation in Japanese. politeness formation in Brunei Malay. and the seven factorsthat detennine thelevel of politeness used at a given time. The set of linguistic data used for exemplification tluoughout the present paper is that of the Brunei Malay inhab~tantsof,a Temburong v111a~e.I - 'The- author wishes to thank her Brunei Malayfamily for many years of patient language tutelage. andher Arner~canfamily for making it allposs~ble. Thanks alsoto Dr. Peter Manin. Un~versitiBnlne~ Darussala~n. and Professor James T. Collins. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. for organizing the conferenceat wluch the present paper was presented.Also. I wish to thank SharonAshley for her editorial services. I I8 Borneo ResearchBu_ujlet~n Vol 23 Vol. 28 Borneo ResearchBullet~n 1 I9

Ishin-cleshin in Politeness and ritual conte\?s: butit is still read in Jap'mese classical literature. andin works wrinen The fundamental operauvefactor underlying the use of levels of politeness In before World War I1 Today PL4 wordingsare commonly used when referr~ngto the Japanese is rshh-(leleshiii, which is a semi-verbal mode of communication tluougll imperial family (Mizutani andM~zutau 1987.1). There are special variants and gradients " ... verbal fuzziness.contestual clarity. and implication." (Rutherford 1995:8). Although of high, mid, and low within each politeness level; and the boundariesof usage are specific c~~lturaldetails differ. ishin-clerhin also underlies politeness usagesin Bn~nei sometimes gradationalrather than sharp, or a usage may straddle two levels (Mangajin Malay. 1995:81) Both Brune~Malay and Japanese societiesare "high contest" ones. where 11 is expected that people willshare the same views and patternsof behavior, and will not PolitenessLevels-Brunei Malay overtly express feelingsor opinions whichdiffer from the expected culturalnorms (Dver The Brunei Malay language has five politeness levels which correspond rather closely to those in Japanese. and there are Brunei Malayphnses which are sometimes 1996) The United States. by contrast. IS a low contest soclely (Dyer 1996: Waruung 1991 16): and. though i.~hr17-rleshi11sometimes operates weakly w~thina close-knit fam~ly used to describe them.The follow~nglist sets out the five levelsof politeness usage in or between veryclose friends. ~tis usually absent. Brunei Malay. ranging f~omthe lowest to the iughest. Eachlevel is Identified by English name and Brunei Malay descriptive espression. andits nature and usaw-. is specified. Politeness Levels 1. (PLI) Abrupt/rough/very familiar+liakap x-usu~,~."rougldcoarse talk" [hs The Oxford B7glish Dict~o~iar?,(vol. XI 1989:31) defines lingu~stic-cultural phrase also has a 2P second rneallng,"foul language"]. pol~tenessas Th~slevel is rude, bossy. or expletive. It IS used: for rough talk among men: when Of refined manners;esp. showing courteous considerationfor others: gruffly ordering servantsor laborers about, though more so by men than by women: or courteous. mannerly. urbane (Thechief currentuse.) when anger erupts enf;rr?rille(withm d~eimmediate family and noone but that immediate family is present). It is normally avo~dedwhen outsiders are present In Japanese. courteous usagesare Gelgo (mzutani and Mizutani 1987-I),but the fill1 Loading and d~stnbutionact~vities at the co~nmercialfish-dock sometimes provide spectrum of politeness usages includes both polite and non-politeelements (Seward rather choice examplesof chukup kusar in both of its aspects: the rudeness and the 199011968:120). occurrence ofstrong imprecations. Socio-lingu~sticstudies have eluc~datedfive levels of politenessin Japanese. ohen 2. (PL2) Infonnallfamiliar~hakapb~osu "ordinary speech." abbrev~atedas PLI-PLS (Mangajin 19S5 passim), a usagewh~ch will be followed here. ! Th~slevel is very casual and familiar. It IS often used: for easycasual conversation PL1-2 are non-polite. PL3-5 are keigo, "polite forms" (Seward 199011968:120; Mizutani en /u~?~illeor with close acquaintancesor co-task-doers. but only if outsiders are not and Wzotani 1987:passim.). Each ofthe five politeness levelsis distinct. 1 present; to servantsand laborers:to animals: and to link children. 1. (PLI) "Abrupt-used when spealung 'down'to children. animals. or othersocial I Th~spoliteness level occurs ~nconlex~s where all pafiles involvedare enmeshedin ~nler~ors"(Lamplun 1995 7) Ths level is also used In "rough mlk,e.g. between men the same 1.rhr17-tleshrn.and do not need to co~~sc~ouslyconcern themselves aboutit One is Other names for~t are pla~n/rough(Mlzutani and Wzutani). impolitelabrupt (Seward). within the comfort realmof "safe." very familiar (McClain198 1). and familiar(abrupt) (Inamoto1972). 3. (PL3) Normal-polite-hahasahiasu "ordinary language." 2 (PL2) "Tnformal-used when speaking with close friends. family members.or Th~slevel is perhaps the most co~n~nonlyused. It is pollte enough to be "safe" even peers in a casual s~tuation"(Lamplun 1995:7).Th~s level frequently appears in Japanese when talking to, or in the presence of, most outsiders, and will not cause any anger to comlc books (A.lur~,ouji~i1995). Other names forit are familiar (h?lmIam andMizutam arise in the hearers. 1987: Seward 199011968),or informal(McClain 1981: Inamoto 1972). 4. (PL4) Very polit&uhasa (h)alus "refined language." 3. (PL3) "Normal-polit&also calledDosl~-n~asu For171) used when speaking with This level is used: when speakingto someone of superior status.such as a boss or strangers. business associates. and others when courtesyis called for" (Lamplun 1995.7). official; when malung a requestthat might cause anger: or on special occasions.such as Th~slevel is ohen taught to beginning language studentsbecause it "...is pol~teenough to weddings or funerary ceremonies, which are liminal events where great care must be be acceptable in most social situations" (Inamoto 1972:12). It is also known as polite taken in order to keep intact [he delicate fabricof socio-cosmic harmonies. (Mizutani and Mizutani 1987: McClain 1981; Seward199011968) and ordinarylpolile This level of politeness is used in circumstances where i.~hii7-cle.rhinis weakly (Inamoto 1972). operative or even absent.The preva~lingfactor IS a perception of potentla1 imminent risk. 4. (PL4) "Honorific--used invery formal situations or whenspealung to supenors. For example, a boss may fire one from a job, an official mght become angry and thwart clients, etc." (Lampkin 1995:7)This is the highest politenesslevel in common use today. one's endeavors or inflict positive harm. Although a wedding is a time of feasting and It is also known as very polite (Mizutani andmzutani 1987). e\lremely polite(Seward happy interaction, mis-speechor other perceived not-properly-polite behavior might 199011968).formal (McCla~n198 1). and super-pol~te(honorific) (Inamoto 1972). 5. (PL5) Very high-levelextremely polite- "... ~ncludingbut by no means limited to the words onceused only to or about the imperial family..." (Seward 199011968:120). 2~hedigraphs ch and sh are used for clarity. All words are wrinen as spoken. not in Since World War I1 this level has largely ceased to be used, except in certain ceremonial standard onhography. Borneo Research Bulletin Vol 28 Vol. 28 Borneo ResearchBulletin 121

,ne to become angry and then or later cause trouble, so there is a risk that the ..%!" and a brief smile showing the appropriate degreeof affability. Talk may then coming together of the two large families might descendinto llannful proceed to the neutral, and acceptable, discussionof the weather. In Japan a brief greeting and bow may initiate an interaction. The conversational I. At funerary feasts sadness at the loss and the powerful sense of how .fe combine to make all aware of the huge cosmic vastnesswithin which one's opening should show"...polite hesitancy and fear of being rude" (Mizutaru and Mizutani but the tiniest mote of being, and any shortcoming in politeness might 1987:15). This hesitancy is crucial. igger a dire event. Expressing one's resewe by sounding hesitant is essential to being polite, 25) Ernordinarily polite--4uhasa rrzja-ruiu. "royal language," h(1husa perhaps even moreso than using polite expressions. Sounding hesitant means I '-honorificlanguage." that the speaker proceeds with hisor her speech while waitingfor the listener's :vel is used: when speakingto/about/in the presence of a royal personage or reactions ratherthan going on without paying any heed to the listener's feelings. powerful figure: and at lughly liminal moments in certain ceremonies when This hesitant tone is very important in polite communication; itis used when r~'between past and future, or between ths world and other worlds, is of the addressing others, making requests,gving one's own opinion, or making a glhty. Ths level of politeness is used in situations where even the slightest negative response or evaluation. Namely, it is used when one should show ;ht bring down dire consequences.It is also used in aclcnowledgement of the consideration forthe listener's feelings.(Mizutani and mzutanj 1987:30) ding and power of royalty. urong villagers learned this extraordinarily polite level from traditional In Brunei Malay a conversation between familyand acquaintances who meet often I the past. and now learn it from radio, television. and Pelitu Brunei; but they commonly begins with an. "upa kab~r?"~"How goes it?" (literally, "What news?"), to I not have occasion to use it. which the response is. "kahur haik, upu kubar? " "Just fine, how goes it?" (literally. oliteness -good news, what's the news?"), the conversation initiator replies "kahur huik" "Just ness is a linguistic-behavioral complex that involves both verbal and non- fine," and then launches into conversation. Quite commonly, a discussionof the weather ects. all of which are culture-specific. One way to analyze this intricate ensues; the weather 1s a safe neutral toplc, of immediate concernto all, and gwes time for In is to look at it in terms of the four main types of behavior which constitute people to settle in to appropriate conversational roles andto "tune in" to the appropriate 2proach is based on Mizutani and Mizutani 1987:13-15, but broadened and ;shin-deshin. ~r cross-cultural applicability).These four types of behavior areas follows: A basic principle of traditional Brunei MaIay verbal interaction is thatone engages sewing core cultural politenessnorms: in much social-connecting conversation,and only later turn to the real purpose of one's nerican English tlusinvolves obsenling a degree of "standoffishness" whlch visit The impossibility of following ths principle in many bureaucratic and commercial ~ectfor the other person's independenceand individualism. whileat the same settings produces a certain sense of unease and alienation.In a village emergency, one esting a degree of overt affability which shows that one is not an enemy. may have to state the matter immediately, aPL2 acceptable because ofcircumstances. lanese one seeks to avoid rudeness, and apologizesfor any rudeness thatmight 3. Using the proper verbal modalities: These are highly language-specific.They also vary with time and circumstance.For ave occurred or been perceived. "To be fully polite [in Japanese] one is example. a Temburong villagermay shout out in PL2 to a close relative who isfishing on o always reflect on one's actions and ask oneself if one has not been rude lally" (Mizutani and Mizutani 1987:14). If one fears that one might have been the nver. and ask him or her how the fishlng is going: but this would not be appropriate if lsed some inconvenience, the expression szri~1hzasei7,or some other expression it were a non-relative who was out in the boat. or having caused inconvenience,is used in apology (Mizutani and Mizutani 4. Using the appropriate hnesics and body language: Japanese speakers use specific bowing patterns for different politeness levels, nnging from scarcely anybow at all to one so low that the bower is nearly doubled over runei Malay one seeks to avoid showing any rudeness, or causing any (Mizutani and Mizutani 1987:33-57:Seward 1990/1968:57-58). Speakers ofAmerican :nce or offense which rnight lead another person to become angry at one. The English use handshakes and hand-waves. BruneiMalay speakers use various head-nods diteness is avoiding the arousalof any anger. Thus, the expression,jangan for PL1-3, and fuller body-bending or inclining for Pi4-5. In all three cultures subtle lo not be angry (please)"3 accompanies any statement that might upset the nuances of facial expression andbody camage are also important. dlowing the proper interactional steps: a conversationis initiated, conducted, and ended in different circumstancesis defined. Many conversations in American English begin with a, "Hello!" Or ki7 --

Linguistic Aspectsof PolitenessForms in Japanese aspects of discourse. Non-verbal pol~tenessincludes detailed bowingbehavior and facial Japanese is generally consideredto be an Altaic language(Watanabi, Masai, and expressions. The Editors 1992:266). Verb morphologyis a main structuralcomponent of all politeness One significant differencebetween Japanese politeness usageand that of Brunei levels. For the keigo. PL3-PL5, someof the main lingu~st~cfactors Malay is uizrrchi Japanese constanrly makeuse of uizuchi, whichare reply words .'...are to be found in personal pronouns, verbs and assorted verbal ...given as a sign to show that the listener is listening attentively and constructions. honorificprefixes. and certain wordsfor relauves, ho~ne, has understoodso far, and to encourage the speakerto go on. (Mizutani employer,and so fortll." (Seward 1990/1968:120) and Ihzutani 1987:18) Two of these, verbendings and lexicon,are wide-ranging features. From the Brunei Malay perspective this would be considered liasar, "coarse/rude, Japanese verbs consistof a stem. base. and end~ngThe stem of a verb "givesthe rough/~mpolite,"an ~nterniption of tl~espeaker's due verbalizing tlmeThe func~onal general action or meamng" (Lampkin 1995:12): this IS followed by a base which has no eq~~~valentof aizrrcl?~ in Brunei Malay IS maintain~nga facial expression of interest anda "intrrns~cmeaning" but functions as a link between the stem andthe end~ng(Lampk~n body position orlented towardthe speaker. On the telephone an occasional sofily- 1995:12): and tl~efinal portion of the construction isthe verb ending which "gives the murmured. "mmm." (with slightly rising intonation) performsthe conversation- specrjcfirnclion of the verb (Lampkin 1995:13).The Masu Form verb endings, so- continuing function whichis done by uizuchi in lapanese. called from the "non-past" ending. occur frequently in normal-polite speech(Lampkin The cultural metaphorwhich underlies uizrrchi is that of two swordsmithswho must 1995.15) For esample. the non-past normal-polite fonn of the verb knkrr, "to write." IS forge in a cooperative manner if the blade is to be completed successfully (Mizutani and kukitvtr.c.zc:ku is the stem. ki is the base. and n1a.w is the normal pol~tenon-past ending M~zutani1987: 18). (Lamplun 1995:14-15). The normal-politeforms of kukrr. "to write." are as follows. By contrast. Bmnel Malay has the cultural metaphor of twopeople poundingnce in turn, without their pestles clashing, and American English hasthe metaphor of two kc~kin~ustr(write/writes/willlwrite)1,resent or future tense ("non-past") people pulling alternately on a cross-cut sawin order to saw a log in two. Both Brunei Malay and American speakerslet each other take unintermptedturns. and considerit rude kukit,iash~~u(wrote* pasttense to intermpt. But from the Japanese perspective. such unhelpfulnesstoward the speaker. kakit?iuse,?(does not writelwill not write)-negat~vepresent or future such falure to do urzuchi, isvery rude (Muzutani andMzutani 1987 14-19). I Both Japanese and Brunei Malay have differen! dialects. Two major dialects in kukinrusendeshitu (did not write-egative past Japan are the standard Japaneseof Toyko, and Kansai-hen. The Kansai-hen is spoken in X-okitiiusho(Let's write+inclusive command: Let's.... (Lampkin 1995:15) Kinki Chiho. the region of southern Honshu whosemain cities are Osaka. Kyoto. Kobe. I and Nara: and it has some politeness formswhich differ significantlyfrom those of the

Normal-politeness endings in Japanese are sometimes referred to as Masu-desu , (Palterand Horiuchi 1995:14-15).Interest~ngly, the Kans~region is closer

Forms. The ausiliar)) verbof designatron. tlesrr. is a frequently occurnng normal-pol~te j to Tokyo, as the crow flies, than 1s Kuala Belait to Bandar Sen Begawan (Tones form. It makes "...the substantive to which is anachedthe predicate of the sentence" ; Infei-nufionulAt1u.s). (Inomoto 1972:28). BecauseJapanese isa SOV language theMasu-desu forms constitute Linguistic Aspectsof Politeness Formsin Brunei Malay a readily distinguishable acoustic patternwhch occurs at the end of normal-polite Bninei Malay is a member of the western branch of the Austronesian language utterances. ' family (Pawley 1994.738).It is a weakly-agglut~nat~vesomewhat ~solatinglanguage by Another major formatof Japanese politeness is special lexical Items. For example. type, and has SVO word order. in speaking to a superior. one may use a humble form of a verb. such as the humble One major socio-linguistic differencebetween the Japanese and Brunei Malay ~,ioosu~instead of the non-humble yrru for "to say" (Mizuta~uand Mizutani 1987:102). languages is that of religion:the religious milieu of Japanese is predominantly Shinto One thus humbles oneself inthe presence ofthe superior. (indigenous Japanese religion) and Buddhist, the religious milieu of Brunei Malay is In speaking of anolller person'sfamily one ]nay use oloosat~,or ll~eeven more Islam, a fact which IS reflected in parts of !he pol~tenesslexicon In Brunei Malay. as in I polite. o!oosanru, ~nsteadof the non-polite, 0100. .'father" (Mizutam and Mizutan~ Japanese. maintaimng ongoing harmonious~nterpersonal relations is of paramount 1987.92).One would use the non-pol~leform in referr~ngto one's own father. importance. Other linguistic features of politeness in Japanese include certain grammatical The main formants of Brunei Malay politeness usages are both verbal and non- particles. tl~euse of passives, particular lexical and syntacticconstructions, and larger ; verbal. The main verbal formantsare certain morphological constructions, phrasemes. and complexsyntas On transitive verbsthe . -X-UII,(focus, 11 indicates the presence of a stated or 5Several diflerent systemsfor Romanizing Japanese are in use. Some authors i unsIated direct object)is used more Erequentlyin polite speech (PL3-5) than in non-polite ind~catelong vowels by a macron over the top. others double the vowel. 00. to ind~cate (PL1-2) speech. The circumfix morpheme nru-kun. which emphas~zesthe fact of an length: voweldoubling will be used here. Vowel lengthis phonemicin Japanese. Vol. 28 Borneo ResearchBulletin- -125 actlon be~ngdone. also occurs more frequentlyIn PL3 declarat~vesentences than In no"- pLjin Brunei Malay For example.rajas sa~irup.other people 11/nkaii."eat," and royal polite speech. which uses more u~unarkedform of the transltlve verb. In imperative hera/igknltrbu. others clura~ig,"arrive " sentences. the opposlte patternoccurs. Here. (trans V)+kuii. '-(trans V)+focus(neutral)." Brunei Malay does not have a pattern of special honorific lesical terms suchas is the politest plain imperativepossible. ~~icl+(transv). "active+(trans V) (bossy)" is less those Japanese uses in referring to the family, possessions. and activities of others. polite. and is PLI-2. The most marked plain imperative. iricr+(trans V)+ktm, with humble lesical itemsfor oneself Brunei Malay speakers produce a "active+(trans V)+focus (rough)" 1s a PLI imperative. Tl~us.",l~?/hilk(~ji h(11cli." 1s nlore silnilar effect phonolog~callyby using a slightly deprecating tonalily when referring to polite than the "/~teiigtrilrhilh(11tli." "~~re~ig(~iirhilkt~i~h~iltli."is a ro~~ghco~ninand. all of olleself. one's own possessions andact~vities. and an animated admiring tonal~tywhen which mean. "fetch the bucket " By contrast. polite. PL3 and 4 impeiatives are not plain referringto others, their family. possessions. and activities.The Brunei Malay pattern is ~mperativesformed by morpl~ologicalconstruction alone: rather. thcy are formed by nuanced, and formswhich are neutral in tone often occur. pluaselnes As in Japanese. the Brunei Malay pattern of pronominal usage is complex. A The most important linguisticformant of pol~tespeech In Brunei Malay is llle cllaractenstlc feature of Brunei Malay speech is the avoidance of "you" and "I." One plmselne Phrase~nesare units analogous to morphemes A ~norplie~neis a [one unit of addresses another person by title or kinship term. e g. cheglr. "teacher." aclek. "younger sound = 1 integral unit of lneaning] linkage:each ~norphemehas its own inl~erellt sibling," and refers to oneself by name or kinship relationship. thus.hahu ~~rinah."aunt meaning. and if two separate meaningsare inextricably linkedin a single morphe~ne.it is Minah," randan. "Ramlan." a portmanteau ~norphe~ne.For example. "book" and "herald." are each a single plain Various discourse constructionsare also used in politeness One such is the frequent ~norplieme."hi~n" is a s~ngle~norphe~ne in wluch are bound up ~ne~tricablytlie ~neanings occurrence of the passlve voice in speaking. Both the agentitive passive,such as piiilrr (li of . male personlanimal. singular number. and direct objectlindirectobject/prepositional (~ltlipkt~~i"the door was closed (because someone or sornethng did it)'' and the case: "him" is tl~usa portmanteau morphemeA phraseme is a larger unit of sound. wl~icll llappenstance passive, such as pintu kana tlrltrp (because that's just the way it happened) may be decomposable into severalmorpliemes. hat has its own inherent meaning: it is a or paszr kana glrgrrr "the vase got knocked offlover (becauseit did)" are used. linkage of [one complex unit of sound = I integral unit of meaning]: most phrasemes Another discourse panern in Bn~neiMalay is the construction of synractically have two or more separate meaningswh~ch are l~nkedtogether ~nextricably.and rl~usare complex sentences. Also, there is an effort to avo~dsharp or harsh-sounding words. and portmanteau structures.For example theliteral translation of the pluaseme. .ctlrlc~ngtnh to use lexemes and phonologicalpatternings that are pleasing to the ear. In PL4 and 5. (V), is. "enough (einphatic)(V)!." butits actual full meaning is. '-stop (V) right now! (and specific situations dictateparticular stereotypical speech patternsto be used, as well as this is not an issue open for discussion or negotiation!):" depending upon tonality and he informational content and itsmode of presentation. These constraints are severe in contest, tlie phraselne is PLI or PL2. For esamplesif guests are already arriving for a politeness level5, estraordinarily exalted speech wedding, and childrenare still batlung like little walruses. a sharp.satltriig ruh inaii(1i. Non-verbal pol~tenessusages in Brunei Malay focus on avoid~ngarousing anger in "enough bathing(stop it tlus very lnlnute andget out of there. r~ghtnow!)" will be heard another In PL3 and 4 body movements shouldbe smooth and graceful,not quick or from an adult ~aregiver.~ abrupt. To be polite. one hands or gives. and receives. something with both hands Some phrase~neshave a politenesslevel indicationas pan of their inheren1 meaning. simultaneoosly. or proffers or receives the object in the right hand while the first and This can be seen from the followingcom~nandfrequest patterns second joints of the index. middle.ring, and linle fingers of the left hand rest with their PLI (trans V)+gcrli "(trans V)+coarse-emphattc (rough)" palmar side touching the medial half of the ins~deof the right elbow fold, the grace. delicacy. and slownessof this gesture~ndicate its degree of pol~teness. PL2 toloiig (trans V)+ktm- "help (trans V)+focus (informal level)" Seated posture can range anywhereon the politeness spectrum.A man acting in a PL3 n~in/crlolong (transV)+ka~i "request help (trans V) +focus (nonnal very rough, lowPLI manner, mightsit with his feet propped up with their soles pointing polite)" at someone. which is greatly insulting A woman whois sitting very politely will have her feet tucked neatly to one side, and will take care to keep them coveredw~th her skirt. PL4 holeli /;ah ~I~II~IUrolo~ig (trans V)+kali "may (query) request help PL5 non-verbal behav~orsare tughly stereotyped. and very context-prescribed. For (trans V)+focus (verypolite)" example, people who are sitti~~gin chairs in the royal audiencehall are wearing precisely Generally speaking.in Bmnei Malay the higher the levelof politeness. the longer prescribed attire and are instructed to sit upright and never cross their legs or ankles. [he formants or pluasemes Tlus parallels the situationin Japanese. where "Verb endings Speakersof Brunei Malay, like speakers of Japanese, are dealingwitli five levels of usually grow inlength with thedegree of politeness." (Takada and Kato1994 1 I). politeness, In some instances the bordersof those pol~tenesslevels are crystal clear.but at In Bn~neiMalay verbal constnrctlonsthe use of the suffix -kaii instatements and of other tlmes two adjacent levels may intergrade lnto one another The questlon is always phrasemes in requests are central features of polite PL3 andPU usages. just as the Masu- how does a speaker determinewhich politeness level to use in any given sirnation. desu forms are central features of PL3 Japanese. Special lesical items are a feature of Mizutani and Mizumi (1987) have identified seven main factors which affect the select~onof politeness usages in Japanese. These same seven factors are also used by speakersof Brunei Malay, and eachof them will now be considered briefly. G~he(V) indicates averb Vol 2:; VolZfi -126 .. Ronlco Research Bullcl~n - Borneo Research Rrrllerln 127

A sirmlar d~st~nct~oneslsts in Brunei Malay It is ~nd~catedby tonal~tyand subtle Thc Seven Factors Determining the Level of Pnliteness Used I The first factor determining level of politeness In Japanese is familiarity. Thus. body language and endures only so long as one is in school or in a particular work one uses a pol~teform when being introduced to another person (Mizulani and M~mtan~ slluatlon. The complexities of shifting social status often override seniority/junion~),, 1987:3) Tlle same holds true for Brunei Malay. Often one does not actively speak. but though large differences In relative cluonological age are also important. For example if makes a polite nod of greeting. When first spealung to a mature or elderly Moslem one ~UJOclassmates, who once were close friends, later in life attain very different statuses, makes the assumption that he is a haji (hajji) or she is a hajlah (hajjiah) who has made the one be~ngin an ordinary job wllile the other anans a very high position. the patrern IS pilgrimage to Mecca. complex The primary social status relation will be that of the job status, but there will be 7l1e importance of falnil~arityIn determining politeness levels manifests itself a latent undercurrent of the old friendslup. clearly ~n telephone answering behavior, when it is not possible to Itnow immediately to 3. The third factor affecting politeness level is professional relations. whom one is tallung (Mizutani and MIZU~~N1987.3). and thus there IS a careful use of ... such relationships as tllose between employers and employees. politeness until the relative status positions have been ascertained. customers and salesmen, and teachen and students. They might also be The same holds true In Brunei. One uses a safe polite form when answering the called "professional relations." telephone. Two common exchanges are: Generally speaking, those who are of higher status, such as e~nployers. a) '..llo! Alo!""Hello! Hello!" customers? and teachers. will use e~tl~erthe pla~nform or the polite b) ".C(~lanrulaik~ci,~." "Peace be with you." Form. while those of lower status use the polite form .[plain form = PL21 (Mizutani and Mizutaru 1987.6-7) "PVn aluil;to,t salnt?r.""And peace be with you." In broad outl~ne,a srrnilar pattern holds true for Brunel Malay. However. PL3 The two panies will then proceed to identify one another, and use the politeness verbal forms are used in most cases. because they are a safe. non-anger-causing form. level appropriate to their degree of fam~liarityand relative status. The professior~al relations distances are man~festedin discor~rsecontent and in subtle It is recognized that ;shin-cleshin is difficult or impossible In telephone tonalities and body-language ind~cations. conversations The l~nguisticconcom~tant of this is that normal politeness phrasemes are 4 The fourth factor determining politeness usage IS relative soc~alstatus. This IS streamlined, but ones used when anger might anse are made more elaborate. Also. a extremely important in Japanese (Mizutan~and Mizuta~1987:8). The major function of repetit~onof ~nformation.whch would be considered impolite if done in face-to-face t~leishi,the business-cards ubiquitously used in Japan, is ro provide a way for strangen to consideration, occurs in order to ensure full comprehension. very commonly, syntactic assess their relative status vis-a-v~sone another (Se\arard1990/1968:59). structures of a politeness level one step below that which would ordinarily be used are Relative social status is also important in Bntnei Malay. But even bustling Bandar employed. and accepted as a necessity of the telephone. Many villagers state that for Seri Begawan is a small-scale society by cornpanson wlth urban Japan. Business people common, ordinary interactions the telephone is very useful, but that if any important have nleishi. but the)' are not automatically preferred as in Japan Rather. when two matter 1s to be discussed one must meet face-to-face. people are introduced the Introducer provides enough cues so that the two people can 2 The second factor in determining choice of politeness level is the relative ages of assess their relative social standing. If two strangers converse they use PL3 speech and the speaker and hearer. are safe in doing so. if tlie~rinteraction will be more than brief. they prov~deltey soclal assessinen1 cues. often by means of oblique references and indirect statements. As a rule. older people talk in a familiar way toward younger people and younger people talk politely to older people. Among peopleof the Within Temburong. people from the same village know each other. and one has some knowledge of inany other Temburongites. If one meets. or is about to meet. a same age familiar conversation is common. (Mizutani and Mizutani stranger, someone will quietly make the relevant social status information known Rather 1987:4) l~kethe Kansal-he11In Japan. who are less formal than Tokyo~tes,Telnburongites have a reputation for being less formal than people in Bandar Seri Begawan The s~tuationis sim~larIn Brunei Malay. However. there is a crucial difference in Older traditional villagers say that one must speak and act very carefully in the that one is reserved and polite with equals who are not close associates because one fears presence of importcant people. In the past. villagers learned PL4 and PL5 terms from ka~ia1,trahi. ..being the recipient of anger" or of being somehow harmed by that od~er hearing them In I~terature.the folktales. slia'er eplcs. and hikayat prose tales (often as party then or in lhe future. long as novels). Older children were old. ..smile. so important people will like you".7 A major age distinction made in Japanese is that between senpa;,those senior to one in school or at work, and koohai. those junior to one in school or at work, and these distinctions are life-long (M~mtauand Mizutani 1987:s). Only those who are in one's 7Smiling is c~~lturallydictated. Tlle smile meant in tlis admonition is a smile of own grade, or who were hired In the same intake at work, are one's ~n-groupof co-equals sweet acquiescence. not of mirth. happiness. or humor. In Japanese, a smile may indicate (Mizutani and Mizutani 1987:5). happiness. pleasure. or amusement But it may also be used when a person is -128 Borneo Research Bullet~n Vol 28 vol. 28 Borneo Research Bu!!etin 129

But the most general adv~cegiven was that, because there is no way to pred~ctwhat will ,illage Muruts, and known. frequently-vis~tingPalustani peddlers. By 1995 the Muruts make important people angry. it is best to avoid interacting with them: and if one could had moved out of that village. the one remaining Chinese shopkeeper was less not avo~dan interaction. II was best lo use an lnter~ned~aryto make the actual contact. and a combination of demographic shifts and factional divisions meant that Here the effect of social status on speech was the creation of s~lenceand avoidance here were separate clusters of local family interaction. These familyclusters are the main Tl~eimpoflance of relative social status motivates and underlies the entirety of -ln-gr~~ps,"though there is a sense of the village as an entity compared with the outside hahasa tlnlat?~(literally "~nnerlanguage") "palace language.'' "It has served for centuries world. as the special register of the sultan's inner cou rt..." (Fatimah 1996:89). "The government Because strangers imply potential danger, one makes polite small-talk to those with is now teaching hahusa clala~?~in civics classes. to civil servants; and the students going whom one must mteract in daily life. This changes the mutual ~nteractioncategory from for overseas studies..." "...as a means of inst~llingpride and respect for the nation's hat of "strangers" to that of "non-strangers." heritage." (Fatimah 1996:90). This formal inculcation of ba/?a.sn clala111, in wluch The Brunei Malay in-group spectrum can be summarizedin terms of six units which ~nferiorsuse PL4 or PLS to superiors. but superiors may use PL4-2 lo inferiors. '.. .is are subsumed in three main categories: expected to strengthen the concept of Brune~ancultural identity. and to hinder liberal influences" (Fatimah 1996-90). Also. "By means of Bahasa Dalam. the social status I. In-group among royalty. nobles. and commoners is carefully defined" (Fatimah 1996.90). A. Close in-grou'p (PL1-PL3)-Close fam~ly,and perhaps a few often-interacted- 5. The fifth factor determining politeness is gender. In Japanese one uses more w~thneighbors. This is the only "safe" range. familiar language with members of one's own ses (Mizutani and Mizutani 1987:9); and B. Non-close in-group (PL2-PL3)-More distant family with whom one does not men may even use quite rough language at times (Mangajin I995:81. 83). Traditionally often associate, fellow villagers or frequent visitors with whom one frequenlly Interacts. Japanese women used politer language than men. including special verb fonns (hhzutani This is a "probably safe" category. and Mizutani 1987:70-72). 11. Out-group The situat~onin Brunei Malay is similar. Men speaking anong themselves may use C. Close out-group (PL3FGood friends and comrades, close co-workers. The rather rough language, at times well-laden will1 coarse espletives. Occasionally all- boundary between tlus group and the nonclose in-group is often fuzzy. This group is female speech is far from refined. But polite forms are used In speech between men and "possibly safe, possibly dangerous " women, except for situat~onsof strident do~nest~cdiscord. Dur~ngconversations between D. Non-close out-group (PL3-PL4)-Co-workers not frequently interacted with. men and women. women often use a sornewl~atI~igher politeness level than do the men. merchants. officials, and many other people with whom one comes into infrequent G The s~xthfactor determining politeness is group me~nbership.Tlus is a very I contact. "Be careful. danger is I~kely." imponant distinction in Japanese, where a fundamental structural factor of life is group memberslup (Mizutani and Mizutani 1987:lO) One has very marked obligations and I 111. Remote ~ntercomectedbehaviors and interact~onsw~th members of one's in-group: one has no E. Remote out-group (PL2-PL4)-People with whom one does not interact. They connection with. and no obligations toward. membersof the out-group. are referred to as, urang; "people," meaning that, yes they are Immans, but they lie beyond one's social sphere. "Dangerous." The average Japanese wants to conserve his fund of courtesy (as ~fhe F. Beyond ken (no d~rectinteracbon occurs)-People in other lands, beyond one's doubts that he has enough to go around) for tl~osewho deserve it. ken. It is a given that they are dangerous. according to his scheme of things. To those on lis "deserving list." he will be extremely poltte. To those not on tlus list, he will give as much 7. The seventh factor determning politeness usage IS the s~tuation. attention as he would give a clod of earth. (Seward 199011968:130) People ..change levels of speech depending on the situation, even when The situation in Brunei Malay is d~fferentThe funda~nentalperception of I he social talking with the same person. (M~zutmand M~zutani1987: 14) world is the knowledge that karani .xemit(I hanrbu Allah. "we are all the slaves of Allah." and therefore ought to act with decency toward one another. Cross-cutting ths, however. The same holds true in Brunei. The situation includes who is actually involved In is the traditional perception that the more remote another person is from one's own active the conversation, who else is present or not present. the social setting and the physico- 1 daily social circle, the greater the potential danger which that other person poses. , geographic-kinesic circumstances. In the Te~nburongvillage of the 1970's. those w~thwl~om one interacted frequently In Japanese, " ...changing to a more pol~telanguage shows that the speaker no included familv members. other Malays. the two Chinese shopkeepers and their families. ! longer has close relations with the listener" (Mizutani and Mizutani 1987:14).This sometimes holds true in Brunei Malay. but a shifi to a higher politeness level may also be an attempt to lessen the danger of the anger of another; or it may be a way to quarrel embarrassed. sad. perplexed. or angry. "It is difficult for an American to smile when he is without totally rupturing the relationship. Avoiding such a rupture is important, because really angry or sad.. It seems ro be natural. I~owever.for the Japanese." (Seward 199011968:132) 130 @on~coRcsea1~11_R11llg~ -- Vol , 2R --Vol. 28 Bomeo Rcsearcl~Bullct~n 13L in Bru~~ei~f two people 11ave a massive falling-out this will mevitablv~nvolve all the througll~~tall the geographic reglons where BruneiMalay is spoken. Many detailed others \vllo will be part of the social group reshufflingthat follou,~. studies of the topic remain to be done. There IS also a larger perspectiveto be considered. For whatever reason, politeness- Change and Contin~litp spectru~nusages have been treated as mere side-~tems111 linguist~cstud~es, but study of In the absence of deta~led d~acluonicdescr~ptions of the Temburong village Brunei Malay suggestshat such aii approach is unwise. reaching back for half a centur). or more. discussion of change and continuity is of One night propose that some futuresoc~o-linguishc stud~es of Brunei Malay should necessity rather Iunited. Somev~llage elders say that people were generally more pollrein lake the politeness spectrum as the central core. to which all other infomation and the past, otl~erssay that people are still just as polite. and that the perceived chmge has ro relational aspects are secondaiy Ths suggests mak~nga hndamental shifi in the do with fall~ngs-outand estrangementsin the village. theoretical perspective: placing the human-intenctive componentat 111e central core, and In tiaditional rimes. children spent their days playing games.many of whicl~ relegating o~herlanguage usages to the non-core. If one beglns from the premise that prepared them for adultact~vities: and they heard trad~tionalliterature wh~chused all the social interactions are the core component of language usage, with all others being gl.eat wealtl~of Brunei Malay Now they spend their days in school and leam ille secondary. many interesting theoretical analytical questions immediatelyxise. expressionsand usages of Standard IvIalay, wh~cl~11as sigruficant les~caland gramnat~cal Fundamental among these is a questioning of the basic assumption underlying virtually differences from BruneiMalay all I~nwsticstudies and analysis: that data-conveyal isihe pri~naryh~nct~on of language. 111traditional tunes elders suiioundedcl11ldie11 with a constant bmgeof 1.mguage. Seen from a politeness-centric perspective,many linguistic paradigms and analyses Sometimes d~eyaddressed the chilcLen d~rectly.often tile language was the interac~~ve need major rethnking. For example, typolog~calclassificat~on of world languages in speaking which occui~edwhen man; people lived and worked close together. In 1995 terms of PL3 might provide new insights- Japanese andEnglish both use verb vi!lage residence wasless estendeclfi;mill and more nuc!cxi fa~nuly.and there were many inorpholog)', Brunei Malay uses phrasemes. IrIistor~callmguistic analyses focuson the febver large inter-cooperating work gi-oup eveiltsillail in the past. Tclcvision. including informational aspectof language contacr and lesical borrowing. b1.11pay ltnle attention to Power Rangers. Japanese cartoons. andMalay dramas. constituted a 1ina.ior I~ngr~~sric the social-interaction component. Forexample. it is a commonplaceto say that the US of milieu. plrnvu as a genitive marker in Bazaar Malay, as in cliu-punvupralc -1~s-(gemt~ve)boat," it would be iacrle to say that the current "lelevis~onand schoolbook diet" will fac~litatedcommu~cation w~th Chnese merchants and other traders: but this ignores the greatly alter BruneiMal~?. politeness usage in the 21st centur);.But events could prove basic fact that the prime motivation of Bazaar Malay was facil~wtinghuman social otheiwise. One possibility IS thzt a tirne-shfting 1.n the leaming pattern may occur. In this interact~on amongst people who spolte multifarious languages. Once that social time-shined learning. adulls learn.as a necessary aspect of then integration into Bnlnei interaction was in place. ~tthen was possible to conduct trade or business relationships: Malay socio-cultur-al life. the politeness foi-ms whichind~viduals mastered earlier in life human interaction was primary: only after such interaction was established could other in previo~sgenerations. Another possibility is politeness term reformulation.in which the thlngs follow politeness levels are maintained. bur the associated rentunology and the mannerof its The study of Brunei Malay politeness usages hasled to both the establishment ofa usage acquires altered linguistic form. Snbcultural varieties within Brunei Malay cullure formal pmdigm and to the suggestion that a ma.jor paradigmalic shlii is needed. 11 also need LO be cons~dered.It iiuy be that politeness forms are inculcated younger and remains for fi~turestudies lo broaden and deepen our understandingof the fill1 spectruln usec! more extensively in the i~~tensesocially-interactive milieu of densely-paclted of verbal and non-verbal politenessusages in Brunei, throughout Bomeo, andelsewhere extended farnily Mampong Aver residences tl~allin the less intensely interactivesoc~ai in the world. environment of largely nuclear farn~lydispersed residencein non-Kampong Ayer locales. Conclusions Tlle stu@ of Bn~neiMalay politeness usages is inn1t1-faceted From a purcly BIBLIOGRAPHY linguistic perspeciive themost crucial step has becn ro define a technique of consistent Dyer, Gwen paradigr~~a~icdesckption that makes possible reasoilablesynchron~c and diaclu-onic 1996 'Millennium', Radio program,Sund~ blorning April la, 1996. 11 am, analysis \vitl"n Brunei Malay. and also make similar consistent analyscs and compaiisons Canadian Broadcasting Company, Vancouver.B.C amongst Bmnel Malay dialectical nsages. and witholl~er langcages and cultures of Awg. Chuchu Borneo altd grearcr Southeast Asia.The paladigln tvl~ichhas been set forth is a ~nodified form of tl~efive politeness levels, four types of politeness behavior. and scvellusage 1996 "The Palace Languageof Brunei," Man~n,Peter W., Conrad Ozog, and factors elucidatedby Mizutir~iand Mizuta~(1 987:passim) for Japanese. Froma cultural- Gloria Poedjosoedarmo. editors.Lo~lg~~age (/.re a17d La~?guage Cllange ma!yttc pel-spective, the factorsof cultural setting and context. bel~efsystem. role and in Rrur~ei Davussalaa~,Ohio Umvers~ty Center for International actor, axid social interactivepatlc~ning also need to be considered Studies. Monographs in International Studies, SoutheastAsla Series Talten over all. it is clear that thepo!iteness spectruln of verbal and non-verbal Number 100,Athens. Ohio. 1996. pp. 89-104. behavior in Brunei Malay has ramificaiions tinoughout all aspects of the culture, and 132 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 28 ' -Vol. 28 Borneo Research Bulletin 133 Inomoto, Naboru 1972 (blloquial Japanese. With I~nponant Construction and Grammar FOURTHBDENNIAL MEETINGS Notes. Charles E. Tunle Company, Rutland, Vermont. Lampkin. Rita L FOURTHBIENNIAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE BORNEO 1995 .Jc~pattese1'erb.s onrl Essenrials ofGrann?lar;(I Practical Grricle to the RESEARCHCOUNCIL Afustery ofJupat~ese.Passport Books, Llncolnwood, Illino~s. Mangajin: Professor Peter Eaton, Chairman of the Conference Organlsing Committee 1995 Japanese Pop Culture and Language Learning, No. 51. Atlanta, UnrversilyBrzinei Dnrussalnm Georg~a. Tlie Fourth Blemial In~temallonalConference of the Borneo Research Council was McClain. Yoko M. lleld on the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam from June 10th to 15111, 1996. 1981 Hunrlhook of A.lo(ler17 Japanese Grm?rtnur.The Hokuseido Press, rile theme of the conference was "Development and Diversity in Borneo: Planning and Tokyo. policies for Cultural and Environmental D~versity",one of particular relevance to Borneo where both biological diversiq and traditional cultures are closely linked, and are also Mizumi, Osamu, and Nobuko Mizutani often under threat. 1987 How to be Polite in Japanese.The Japan Times. Tokyo. There were over 250 participants at the conference who came from a total of Oxford English Dictionary seventeen different countries, with a majoriq from the Borneo states of Malaysia and 1989 Clarendon Press, Osford. Indones~aand from Brune~Damssalam. A total of 170 papers were presented in three concurrent sesslons. The papers were organised under fourteen different headings: Palter. D.C. and Kaoru Horiuchi Borneo History: Language in Borneo. Diaclvonic and Synchronic Perspectives: 1995 Kinki Japanese: The D~alectsant/ Culture of the finsai Region. Environmental Management: Indigenous and Folk Bornean Architecture: Material Charles E.Tunle Company, Rutland. Vermont. Culture and Creat~veArts; Biod~versity; Ethnobotany and Indgenous Knowledge: Pawley, Andrew K. Conservation and National Parks; Traditional Economy. Resources and Society: 1994 Austronesian Languages, Encyclopedia Britannica,vol. 22. 736-745. Formation of Identity among Borneo Societies; Rural Development: Borneo Epics and Chicago. Oral Tradition: Transfrontier Linkages and Contemporary Issues; Collecting and Representing Borneo Cultural Diversity. the Roleof Museums in Borneo and Beyond. Rutherford, Scott The conference was opened by the Vice-Chancellor of the umversity, Pehin Dato 1995 On the MOIJ~in Japa17: U~efirlPhrases and C'otrrn~on Sei7se for the Haji Abu Bakar His opening speech was followed by addresses from the President of Trmeler.Yenbooks, Tokyo BRC, Professor George Appell. and the Executive Director. Professor Vinson Sutlive. All Seward, Jack stressed the importance of research, preserving tradit~onalknowledge and oral tradition. 199011968 Japanese in Action: An Unorlhodox Approach to the Spoken Many of the sessions of the conference featured visual and audio presentations. Language and the People M'ho Speak 1l. Weatherhill, New York. There was also a mini-film festival featuring films on Borneo that had been brought by the participants One of the most amusing and outrageous was provided by Patricia Regis- Takada, Noriko. and Hiroki Kato "Borneo" by Martin and Osa Johnson. a m~d-1930stravelogue featuring their jungle 1994 Jtrst Lisle17 57Leurn Japanese.Passport Books, Lincolnwood, Illinois. camp by the K~nabatanganriver in Sabah. There was also an excellent cultural show Warmingi Esther depicting aspects of the cultural life of Brunei, which was orga~sedand presented by the 1991 Culture Shock! USA. Graphc Arts Center Publ~slung Company, university students. Field excursions and tours were organised to the B~neiMuseums. Portland. the Ulu Temburong national park. the Belait peat swamp forest, Bandar Sen Begawan and Jerudong Park (BN~~I'sverslon of Dnsneyland). Dr. Ph~llipThomas from the United Watanabe, Ailura, Yasu~Masai, and the Editors States Llbrary of Congress provided computer demonstrations. and the university library 1992 Japan The People. Et~c~vclopecliaBritannica, vol. 22: 293-295. presented an exlibition of Brunei books and organised a special tour of its collections. Chicago. Copies of all available conference papers could be bought by participants. and sets were sent to the University of Brunei Damssalam library and to ttie Kalimantan Cultural Centre in Kalimantan. It was agreed selected papers from the d~fferentsesslons should be collected and edited by the cham as BRC publications. I 134 Borneo-- Research Bulletin Isss YVol. 28 Borneo Research Bulletin 135

The conference received financial sponsorshp from the Univers~ty of Bnmei knowledge IS in danger of be~ng lost as soclety changes and new methods of Darussalam, Brunei Shell, Royal Brunei Airways, and the Ford Foundation. It owed colnmunicati~nare developed. It has been said that when an old person with this much of its success to the the enthusiasm of the participants, and also to the university knowledge dies, it is as if a library had been burnt down and all the books destroyed. We students and juruor staff who worked so hard In helping with its organisat~on. must make sure that such information is not lost. but instead IS retained by its recording, documentation, and d~ssemination. An esample of specially valuable indigenous knowledge is associated with OPENING ADDRESS uadilional medicines. Research in Brunei Dmssalam and elsewllere in Bomeo has discoveredand ident~fieda wide range of plants that can be used for healing a variety of From Yang Dimulialcan Pehin Orang Kaya Putera Maharaja Dato Seri Laila Jasa illnesses. Our forests are proving to be the best pharmacy we Ilave. They also have great Haji Abu Bakar Haji Apong, Vice-Chancellor, potential for developing new life-saving medicines. Recently.it has been suggested that a UniversiliBrunei Dnrz~s.rnlnm species of tree, a hrii!m?gor,growing in Sarawak and also In Brunei, might provide a cure Presented in tlie Central Lecture Theatre, June 10th.1996 for the disease of AIDS whicl~is ravaging so many parts of the world. Unfortunately. I llave been told that it is proving difficult to do further research as the patch of forest It gives me great pleasure to welcome you all here today at the start of what should ~vllereit was gro~v~nghas been cut down. With so inany specles and their uses st111 prove to be an interesting. sig~ficantand productive conference. 11 is, I believe, one of unknown to science, there is a great danger of being in a pos~tionof not laowing what we the largest conferences that the university has hosted, with an estimated 250 participants lnve until we have lost it. a strong argument for being cautious in any policy that [nay and 170 papers It is also very appropriate that the Borneo Research Council's Fourth damage or change the natural environment. Bienrual Conference coincides w~ththe tenth anniversaty of the university and adds to its The other major theme of ths conference is cultural d~versity,and indeed it is one celebration. We are indeed pleased to be able to host this conference. which is closely linked to biodiversity. Regions such as Bomeo which have the greatest The theme of the conference is also a very relevant one. Borneo is one of the range of biological species also have the greatest variety of cultures, and the forces world's great centers of biological d~versityFor example, over three thousand different threatening b~odiversityare often closely associated wit11 those that are reducing cultural species of trees have been discovered on the island, and such is the variety in the forest diversity. Cultural diversity and the means by whicl~groups retain their identity and that more than four hundred types can be found in just one hectare. From our own lifestyle can be shown in a number of different ways. These include language, social univers~ty,scientists work~ngat the Kuala Belalong F~eldStud~es Centre have by their organization. artistlc expression. and material culture Agaln, it is pleasi~igto see all these research added to our knowledge of this great diversity of both flora and fauna. features In tl~etop~cs chosen for rJ~epapers in this conference The different peoples of I Biological diversity has been defined as the range of species, ecosystems and Borneo have become increasingly concerned with the need to keep their cultures alive. genetlc resources. It is ~rnportantas the foundation of life on earth. It IS the source of the and this is reflected In the growth of cultural institutes and local museums. These help to food and rnany of the materials that we use. It prov~desthe environmental protection. show that various groups throughout Borneo are not tunung their backs on their his tog^ I stability and life-support systems necessary for existence and human development. Yet and cultural legacy, but are determined to preserve and renew their identity. At a time everywhere we find tlis diversity under pressure. Species are disappearing. rare formsof when global trends are bringing increased uniformity. when television is bringing mass life are in danger of est~nction.the integnty of ecosysterns is threatened. and our genetic culture to every home, and large transnational companies and their advertising are potential is being reduced. The sources of these threats vary. but one is undoubtedly over- bringing us the same brands of food. beverages and clothes. the retention of the exploitation of the natural resources. another is pollution. and the greatest of all is individuality. lifestyles and customs of different cultures has become increasingly ! destnict~onof habitat. The Amencan biologist. Edward Wilson. has warned us of the Important. Just as specles of w~ldlifecan become extinct and disappear. so can cultures latter danger when he wrote: and languages; they must also be preserved. Many of the participants in tlus conference The one process ongoing in the 1990s that will t'ake millions of years to are concerned with the preservation of Borneo cultures. and it is with great interest that ! we will hear of their different projects and research correct 1s the loss of genetic and species diversity by the destruction of One of the great challenges of development today is to bring about improvements In natural habitats. Tlis is the folly that our descendants are least llkely to the quality of life without damaging the environment. We now talk about sustainable forgive us. development. wliich the World Cornrmss~onon ole Environment and Development has Given the present generation's responsibility to attempt to preserve life's richness defined as that wl~icllmeets "the needs of the future without compromising the ability of and protect its habitat: it is appropriate that this conference's stated objective is to discuss future generations to meet their own needs". Tlus concept has become basic to planning plans and policies to support diversity. I note from the program that there will be sessions in Bninei Darussalarn. as it has with our ASEAN neighbors. and it is one further devoted to research into biodivers~ty,conservationi protected areas. ethnobotany and addressed ~n [he conference In the sessions on rural de~~elop~nentarid envil-onmental indigenous knowledge. We are slowly coming to realise tl~eimportance of indgenous management. In Borneo we know that much traditioiial resource-use was in fact kno\vIedge, passed down by word of mouth from one generation to another. This oral sustainable. and had no long-term destructive effects on the environment. The study of

I 136 Borneo Research Bulletin Issue-. 28 -Vol. 28 Borneo Research Bulletin 137 these traditional systems can provide valuable lessons for us today, and wherever hopeftIlly will attract more researchers from abroad to enrich our studyin specific areas. possible, efforts should be madeto integrate these practices intopresent development and We realize the importance of collaborative research, be it between individuals or consenjatlon programs. institutions.With th~svision, we have developed linkages with other institutionsin this In the context of Brunei Darussalam,the importance of research in developmenthas region and outsidethe region. I hope with the present support and facilities,together with long been realised, particularly in for~nulatingpolicies One of the main tasks of the he dedication and commitmen1 of our researchers. we will be able to develop this university since 11s inception in 1985 has been to develop and promote researchrelevant u~versityas a center of excellence in research in Borneo. InsvaAllah to Brunei Darussalam.We are able to witness today the achevementswe have made, not With regard to this conference,we understand that our co-host, the Borneo Research only in encouraging local researchers, but also in attracting researchers from overseas.AS Council, was founded twenty-eightyears ago with the major goalof promoting "research part of a national policy to promote and encourage researcl~,especially in areas which are In the social, biological, and medical sciences in Borneo" andof dissem~natingthe results problem-solving and which can contribute to national development, His Majestyas of such research.One of the most important developments in its evolutionsince then has Govenunent established in 1988 the Bn~neiDarussalam Research Council underthe been the institution of biennial conferences. the firstof which was held in Kuching. ambit of the Pnme Nnister's Ofice. followed by Kota Klnabalu, Pontianak, andnow Brunei Darussalam.The success of these The Brunei Damssalam Research Councilwas established with diese objecti\les. conferences has been associated with the increasein instituions and individuals from among others: Borneo itself who have become involved in research into issues affecting theirown (a) to promote, facilitate, coordinate and regulate the conduct of research countries. 11 also has the advantage that these Issues are discussed in Borneo. rather than activities so as to maximize the use of research studies and funding- for in some remote academic setting inNorth America or Europe, or even Jakarta or Kuala formulating policies for national development planning, admirustration. Lumpur. and implementationand for general reference; The bieruual conferences perform a vital role in enabling us to find out what IS (b) to maximize benefits from research activitiesin the interest of the nation happening across the borders in neighboring Borneo states. Conferences providean and researcher.in terms of quality, cost, and speed: international forum inwhch academics and practitionerscan describe the resultsof their (c) to provide opportunities for local researchers soas to acquire experience research and projects. facilitating the exchange of informatJon? the development of and increase their effectivenessas researchers; networks, and international cooperation. The valueof such conferences lies not only in (d) to encourage joint research by institutions in the public and private the presentation and ptrblication of papers. but also in the informal contacts and sector, and wherever possible. between such~nstitutions and sunilar communications that are made. Conversations and the sharing of Interests during the bodies in foreign counties: ! leisure moments of a conference have an important pan to play. just as much as the (e) to cooperate and collaborate In research matters with otlierresearch formal proceedings. bodles; Ladies and gentlemen, I am very pleased that Universlti Brunei Darussalamhas been invited to host this conference. I hope your time here will be enjoyable, and you can (f) to safeguard and ensure the preservationof the nation's culture, religion and heritage. be assured that our stLaffand students will do their utmost to help in making it so, so that when you return to your homes it will be with happy memories, as well as greater The Brunei Darussala~nResearch Council is also the body responsible for knowledge and understanding.With that note, and with thekalinral Bis111illahirruhn~anir ! processing and decidingon applications for foreign and local researchers for penlussion ruhitn, I now declare this conference open. to conduct researchin Ous country, with Llie university serving as its secretariat. With regard to research activitiesat Uiis university, I am happy to say that the university emphasizes research, especially appliedresearcl~. Neither the size of the univers~tynor its geograplucal location can ever becomean impedllnent forus to develop as a research centre. In fact. it is the university's mission to excel in research, particularly applied research, in areas where it has a comparative advantage.The setting up of Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre six yearsago demonstrates our slncere endeavour.I am encouraged by the determination. hard workand initiative shownby the academic staff in undertalang researchat this university.We are grateful to His Majesty's Govenunentin granting generous support for annual funding, adequate infrastructureand facilities that provide a healthy and conducive environmentfor our staff to conduct research. Our access to information technology. especially through the internet,for example. providesa wider window to our staff to global information.Thus ir facilitates collaborationwith colleagues overseas. Our annual research fellowship awards to foreign researchers

Borneo Research Bulletin BorneoResearch Bulletin IS~I,,-lo --

Joanna K-Kissey

Victor King and Ida N~cholaisen

GeorgeAppell and VinsonSutl~ve Vol. 28 Borneo Research Bulletin 143 --142 Borneo Research Bulleun Issue 28

does mean Lhat the contests of knowledge of Borneo are more extensive. of greater density within the island itself.and of course Borneo has a uniqueness not found WELCOMMGADDRESS FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE BORNEO ,mywhere else In the world. RESEARCHCOUNCIL, Two: We hinder the developtnentof knowledge by working within thetunnel vision of a single dscipline. Theecology of Borneo has been mod~fiedby man since he or she, or rather since he and she, first settled the island. To understand the ecology of Borneo Dr George N Appell, Tothe Participantsof the Fourth Biennial Conferenceof we must understand the cultures of Borneo. andto understand thecultures of Borneo. we the Borneo ResearchCouncil, must understand both its lljstory and its ecosystems. This requires the cooperationof Bandar Seri Begawan. Brunei Darussalam., I~nguists,arcllaeologists, etlmographers,b~olog~sts, and many others. Also. to understand June 10-14, 1996 the health of the populations of Borneo. we must understand their cultures and their exposures to pathogens in the various environments of Borneo. -Ymg D~muliakanPehin Dato OrangIbya Putera Mallqa Ser~Laila Jasa Awang Haj~ Thos, we must hold fast to these two truths:the coherence of Borneo as a region of Abu Bxkar bin Haji Apong. Vice-Chancellor, Universiti BruneiDmssalam, and study and the interrelat~onshipsof the vanous ~ntellectualdisciplines. As a result. we as kind host of this Conference 1 researchers must not develop a possessive view of the area in wluch we do research -Professor Peter Eaton, Chairmanof the University Organizing Committee Rather, we must relate to and be involved with researchers from all geographicalareas -Members of the Uruvers~tyOrganizing Comminee and all disciplines.To stop the process of inrercommr~nicationwill slow down the growth I -Distinguished Membersof Government of knowledge and result In wasted effort of the resource of which we have far too little. -Members of the U~versltyComn~un~ly I scholarly research and inquiry. -Honored Guests Thus, one of the llnportant goals ofthe Council 1s to serve as a 11nk between --Fellows and Membersof the Borneo Research Councll disciplines and also tobring those working in disparate regions together to exchange -Ladies and Gentlemen ideas and knowledge such asat this conference. But of course research findings are of themselves not yet knowledge. They only On behalf if the Fellows and Membersof the Borneo Research Council,I want to become knowledge when they are shared with and accepted by the group of scholars say how honored we are to be inv~tedto hold our Fourth Biennial Intenlational i involved in related research.Ths is another functionof the Borneo Research Council: to r Conference here in Brunei Darussalam.It is a particular honor in that it coincides wit11 encourage those working In Borneo to share and test their findings. the university's tenthanniversay celebrations. It is indeed a great pleasureto be here in a Thus. the Council also wantsto encourage. recognize.and help those who take the country with such rich cultural and historical traditions.We are escited by the time from their other work,and uslng their own hnds, strive to fonvard knowledge. opportunity to exchange ideas and knowledge over thenext five days w~ththose from all I I whether in collecting local oralhstones, doing ethnohistorical research.as Jude Kissey is over the world who are interested in forwarding knowledgeof Borneo. doing and whose research you will hear about at this conference.,or collecting data for I want to especially thank the Vice Chancellor forhs opening address of great 1 establishing cultural centers, studying the distributionof plants. studying the genetics of vision. populations. analyzingthe distribut~onof disease and disability, observing changesin We want to thank all those here in Brunei Damssalalnwho have brought this I local ecosystems. mapping important culturaland natural sites. and so on. For there is conference tofruition and who have given us such a warn1 welcome, and I would like to much to do and too few to do 11. Therefore, one of our important goals isto encourage extend my greetings to all thosepartic~pating in th~sesc~ting conference such research endeavorsby all and help them progress. at times indicating what questions need to be phrased and how to phrase them THE BORNEO RESEARCH COUNCIL LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY,CULTURAL DIVERSITY,KNOWLEDGE, AND PHILOSOPHYAND FUNCTIONS AESTHETICCREATIONS I As you know, the Borneo Research Counc~lwas founded in 1968 to help forward Another one of thekey reasons that the Council was formed was to try to develop a knowledge in the social, biological, and medical sciences in Borneo.I think that it is more systematic approach to scl~olarlyquestions in Borneo For esample, certain l1 important at th~spoint to make esplica the philosophyof the Council. First. there aretwo languages and cultural heritagesare rapidly dying out. It is cri~icallyirnponant to mount an effort to record these. Up r~ntilrecently, what knowledge we have had has been truths we hold to be self-evident. One To forward sound knowledge in the social, medical,and b~ologicalsciences acc~dentalknowledge. the results of accrdents of history. Tlis has led to the greater I we must considerBorneo as a whole. It is much more than the sumof its pans. This does developmentof lulowledgein some regions more than in others. not mean that Borneo ecologically. medically. listorically. geolog~callyand I cannot overemphas~zethe importance of preserving examplesof ecosystelns and anthropologically does not have filiations to other regions both nearby and far. But it I biodiversiy. as is being done in Bnlnei by their five star foreslry program. And I cannot

I ! I 144 Borneo ResearchBulletin Issue 28 ) -.Vol. 28 Borneo ResearchBulletin 145 I

overemphasize the importanceof recording disappearing languages andcultural 1 Henry Gana Ngadi: a Gig~cand untimely lossto scholarshipas he was heritages, each with11s own unique collect~onof knowledgeand wisdom. Such work not in the mdst of the very important workof preserving the oral tradrtions only preserves the c~~lturalw~sdo~n of the peoples of the earth. but it also facilitatesthe 1 of the ban. process of transformation Into the modem state. D. J Prentice. Jack was a linguist whose workamong the Timugon I have estimated that each month of the year a la~~guageand its cultural heritage. , ' Murut of Sabah broke new groundthat has yet to be equalled. He somewhere in the world, disappears w~thout11s being recorded as the world system of unfortunatelyd~d not hve to return to continue hiswork. commercereaches into the furthermostcorners of the pkinet This was brought home to me when I was talking w~lhmy daughter. Amity A. Pastor A J. D~ngNgo. a monumental Kayan of great vision andlove, Doolittle, yesterday. about her research on resource use among a group of Dusunic who understood the importance of preserving the magnificent oral speakers on the slopes of MI Kinabalu. She said that few ~nd~vidualsnow know the , literature and adattrad~tior~s of his culture and so spent many years of specialized languageand the dist~nctionsthat are made with regard to the spiritual. ' his life wnting them down and publ~shngthem. physical. and biological worlds.The old beautiful songs, chants,and epic poems of the Tan Srl Datuk Gerunsln Lembat who set in rnotion the spirit mediums andthe oral history of the reglon are almost unknown now among the ground-brealung workof cod~fylngthe customary laws of various adult generation, and thereis no one recording what remnants remain. Dayak groups. andif I may quote Jay1 Langub, a man of integrity, Consequently, I believewe have toorgaluze amore systematic approachto research whose w~sdomand counselare a great loss to Sarawak and Malaysia. in Borneo, listing what critical research needsto be done before it is too late. I hope that I

our discussions here this week will lead to such anapproacl~. And I would welcome any 1 Father Roben Nichol: formerly honorary curator of the Brunei I ideas that anyone might have to forward tlusproposal. I Museum, an eminent historian wllo workedso tirelessly on the history ! of Brunei Darussalam, mining the early European records. CONFERENCETHEME A hundred yearsfrom now scholars suchas these will be honored as heroes for their This brings us to the important themeof tlus conference: Developme111and vision and their work that will be studied in universitiesaround the world and bring pleasure. understanding, and an appreciation of the hstory and cultures of Borneo to Divenity inBorneo: Planning for Cultural and Environmental Diversity. 1 I am reminded ofone of my favoritequotes: I countless generations. i May I suggest a moment of silence to honor these friends. You must listento the music of the past I so that you can sing in the present I Thank you.If I have omittedmention of anyone, would you please let me know. and dance in the hture. I THEBORNEO RESEARCHCOUNCIL MEDALOF EXCELLENCE I As 1 have shown in my research, in periodsof rapid social change. it is by honoring the past and presen~ingits record that people can move into the future moreconfidently FOR THE ADVANCEMENTOF KNOWLEDGE , IN THESOCIAL, MEDICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES and without hesitation. It is clear tllat In times of change much knowledge is lost, which makes our work From time to time theCouncil hasawarded itsmedal for escellenceto an individual more urgent. more Intense I personally belleve. andit IS my hope that the Council also who has made an extraordinary contributionto the advancement of knowledge in the endorses ths view. that to decrychange IS a false conceit On he other hand. 10 accuse social. med~caland biolog~calsciences in Borneo. This year we have awarded two those who are concerned w~threcord~ng the structure of ecosystems beforethey are gone, , medals. i or recording sociocultural systems,b~ological ~nfonnation, or preserving some of the A medal has beenawarded to P M Dato Sharifhddin,former director of the Brune~ essential genotypes oftlus unlque island. to accuse these researcllers of standi~lgin the Museum. The award reads Your developmentof the Brunei Museum, yourvision and I" way of progressalso m~slnterpretsour concerns Without a11 understanding of ourPast we j effons tlus. are truly unlque, and you have lefta lasting contribution to knowledge and do r~othave Ihe roots to grow So, whether progressives or conservati\les,we must all scholarsl~ip.Your support of scholars both inside and outside of Brunei and your work togetherto do our best to presenle knowledgeof the unique resourcesof Borneo for welcom~ngof them w~llalways be remembered. future generations beforethey disappear. A second medal was awarded to Anthony John Noel kchards, who ur~onunately I was unable to attend this conference He has made major contributionsto the study of Dayak Adat Law and lban culture. and he has prepared the most extensive of Iban- RECENTDEATHS OF COUNCILMEMBERS 1 English d~ct~onanes ! I must now turn to some unhappy news S~nceour last conference in ~ontianak. there have been severalunt~mely deaths of fr~ertdsand membersof the Council. If1 may: I I-', :I

116 BorneoResearch Bulletin Issue 26 Vol. 21: Bonleo ResearchBlillet~n 147

OTHER ACTIVITIES--- AND THE WORKOF THE COUNCIL to contribute to the betterment of allpeoples May this perspective inform allour Tllereis one hrther aspect of the Counc~l'sactivities that I want to mention The exchanges. Council isone of the most pre-eminent volunteer organizations.We all work for the Council in our spare time. so~netirnesputt~ng off demands on our time that woiild advance o11r ow11 interests in favor of the Council. We grow old. We slow down. We BORNEO RESEARCHCOUNCIL, INC. need many lnore volunteersto help keep tl~eBRC running smoothly.We really need EXECUTIVEDIRECTOR'S REPORT volunteers whowill takeon tasks to forward knowledgein Bomeoresponsibly. We of the Council are lucky in those who have stepped fonvardand volunteered. ProfessorVinson Sutlive, Executive Directorthe of BorneoResearch Council, who have de~jotedtheir ume, without compensation.10 fonvard the interests of the , to the FourthBlerulial InternatronalConference Bandar Seri Begawan. June10. 1996 Council as it uies to foster the advancementof knowledgein Borneo I would like to I expressjny grautude to our esecutive d~rector,Professor Vinson Sutl~ve.who has given President andMrs. Appell. members ofthe Board of Directors.distinguished @legs. so much of his time and resourcesto the Council. Vinsonis now president of 1 ladies and gentlemen.I am pleased to have tlus opponunityto add Iny welcolne to the ' UNESCO-sponsored hternalional Union for lhe Anttuo~Ologicaland Fourth Biennial International Conference.W~th th~s conference we shall haveconducted Sciences. whichis anotherburden he has undertaken.Villson is a lnan of rare qllalities of conferences ineach ofthe nlajorunits of~orneo, character. integriry. and vlslon. ~vhoinore frequentlythan not is ~ni~choverworked but Concluding the firstcircu~t In Brunei would seem to illustratethe statementthat 'the who always keepsthe interests of the Council in the forefrollt. owe a debt of undying first shall be last and the last, first1.For Brunei has for centuries been recognizedas bolll a gratitude to him forthe pleasure he has brought to our working togetherto foster the center of learning as well as a spiritual center. Before the discoveryof the New World, goals of the Council. Second,to our new ed~tor.Dr. Cllfford Sather.again a man whose before the Age of Mercantilismthat reversed much in the world order. Brunei already scholarly integrityis unparalleled. one of the best of Bornean etlmographers.whose I was a tluiv~ngcenter extendingnot only polltical influence tothe Bomean littoral. but I devotion to the accumulation of knowledge ofthe peoples of Borneo is unsi~rpassed.I also a vibrantcenter for the ans. philosophy. and science.It is an honour for us to meel want to say, tl~epleasure ofworking with him has been truly somethingI will always be ! here. andto enjoythe I~osp~talityof our hosts I grateful for. I We are grateful to the organizing committee,and especially to Professors Peter I I Eaton and Peter Martin, forthe timely and efficient manner in which they have MlSUSE OF SCIENCE \ d~ssem~natedirdormation about and have structured programthe forths conference. We At this point 1want to mentionone of my special concerns. and thatis the misuseof are grateful tothe UniversitiBrunei Dan~ssalamfor the hospitalityof the administration. science. part~cularlysocial science. Solnet~meshe producl of the soc~alsc~ences to whorn, w~thfaculty and students. we espress ourcongratulations uponthe celebration prepared by those not fully trained resultsin a form of pseudo-scienceIt ends up serving of your loth anniversary. We are grateful to the corporate com~nunity.in particular , narrow ideological ends.The soc~alsciences inust be soundlybased, forhalf-baked social I Bmnel Shell. forYour Supportthat has been~lnportarlt to this conference. sciences, whichare too commona food. causebad indigestion inthe body politic. And it I 1 would be remissif I did not acknowledgethe energy, initiative.and unstinting I is my llope thatthe Councilcan be of help and provide advicein tlis matter. 1 generosity of Professor Appell to the work of the Council. Though he IS incllned 10 I deflect and redirect anypraise and tribute,his contributionshave brought the Council to I CONCLUDINGREMARKS 1 this time and place His giftshave made possible the publicationof both volumes of tile i MonographSeries. And when we have been desperatelyshort of fundsfrom time totime. is indeed a high honor forall of the BomeoResearcll Coullcil foconvene herein I it has been ProfenorAppell who has comebough I Brunei Damssa\amand participate in the unique traditionsof tlus COunt~and the tenth I do not laiow how many more of these meetings he w~llattend-not thatI am anniversary celebrationsof this excellent universify. ' consig~nghim to the other world-so I want to take tlus occasionto espress my I We are most to the Vice-Chancellor ofthe UniversitiBrunei Darussalam personal gratitude and, I arn confident.tile gratitude of allbe~leficianes of tl~eCouncil's for hs lund invitationto hold this conference herein Brunei Darussalam.I want to work to say to George andLaura. 'Thankyou for makingit possible' express ourappreciation to Professor Peter Eaton and hislocal committee for all thework With this tributeto ProfessorAppell, letme hasten to assureyou that your Officers and time they have put into inalungthis an esclting conference. On behalf of the have no such interests or intentionsin extending their tenure beyondour usefulness.AS Inembersof the Borneo Research Council1 want to thank all those who have made this Professor Appell andI and others move along, we intend to pass on tlle privileges and Your conference~ossible for your kindness,Your welcolne:Your interest,and Of 1 responsibilitiesfor the futureof the Councilto otherequally and more capablepersons. our attempts to encourage thegrowh of knowledge At this point, it seems appropriateto recall JeremyBentham, who is best known asa it I wish all of you who have come an esclting andpr~ductl~~e conference. social reformer and developerof the pllilosophyof utililarianisrn.Du.ng his later years, provide fich opportunitiesto eschangeideas and the results of research.We must not lose he became a major contributorto a Londonhospital In Ius will, he bequeathed111s estate slgllt of tile fact that we are here not toforward ourselvesin our search for knowledgebut to the hospitalwit11 the condition that lus corpsebe stripped of its flesh. and that his

1 I -1 - 118 Borneo ResearchBulletrn Issue 28 -vol. 28 Borneo Research Bullet~n 149 skeleton be placed at the head of the table whenever the Boardof Directors met For ~~nenca-tocontribute the amount of $10.000 over a five-year per~od,or $2,000 per decades. Bentham sat.an unsee~ng-but not unseen-presence. influenc~ngthe actions of annun to cover costs for publ~sh~ngand mading the Bulleli~i. the Board. Related to tlus has been the success of our annual fund campaigns.From a modest For those of you who are attending one of our conferences forthe first time, let beginning in 1992,we have moved to a more encouragingcampaign in 1995/1996. When review verybriefly the mission and activities of the Council. [he annual fund solicitation arrives. please do not dismiss 11 or think your gih I The Borneo ResearchCouncil was founded in1968 to promote scient~ficresearcll lnslgnificant Admittedly,our success lastyear was dueto a matclung gifiof $10.000. but In Bon~eo.to serve as a forum for sharing ~nforlnat~onabout current and cont~nuing we did receive responses frommore than 200 donors,to whom we say 'Thank you'. research: to identifyand draw attentionto urgent research problems;and to help facilitate I am pleased to announceon behalf of the Executive Committee of the Board of research by reporting on current conditions wluch makeresearch possible or impede it. Direcfors a campaign to raise an endowment of US$250.000. Interest from the The statelnent of purpose for theCounc~l. publ~shed in each Issue of ihe Bc~lle~i~~. w~llenable the Council to continue ~tsactivities, especially11s publicat~on expresses both appl~cabilityand significance. Research connotes'looking aga~r~'.and program. again, and again. In short. research is never done. Nor is the imporlance of sharing 8. The Council is the only organizationof its lund which attempts to treat all pans knowledge. of Borneo in its coverage, andto relate to researchers in all parts of the island State and 2 The Council is compnsed of about 1125 ind~vidualsand ~nstitutionsIn tlvee prov~ncialmuseums have rnissions set for them by the~rgovernments They are dozen countries on four continentsOur common interest 1s Borneo. 11s peoples and their responsible tomin~stries and departments.to present programs andto arrangeedubitions. cultures. and the worldsin which they live. Difficultas it IN^ be for us to comprehend. accordingto the interests ofthe government. I our organizationis unusual. ifnot unique. ! 3. The most sigruficantaccomplisl~ment of the Council in its 28 years of existence Among our activitiesare- I has been to get people together whoshare common research interests. despite avariety of 1. Annual meetings, usually held as part of the American Anthropological different backgrouds. I Assoc~ation. A century ago.the American aud~orMark Twain wrote: 2. Biennial International Meetings,which provide an opportunity for members of I the Council and persons interested in research in Borneo to convene In one of the Travel is fatal to prejudice. bigotry and narrow-mindedness. Broad. I polit~calunits of the island wholeso~ne.charitable views cannotbe acqu~redby vegetating in one 3. Publication of the BorneoRe.seurck B~rlleri~i,an annual publication,in which we little comer of the earth. attempt to provide information about current and recent research. We urge you to I shall return to tlus point later. for there has been no greater achievement. i consider submitting informationabout your research plans and activities.Some of our 4 Some of the membersof the Council. by virtue of their membership. haveserved : readers find informationabout eachother the most helpful feature In the Bctllerrii. as consultants to both government and non-governmentorganjzat~ons. It is to tlus end I 4 Publicat~onof tl~eBRC Monograph Serieswith two publications: Fetnule u~itl that we sl~allproduce the Directory-first. conceived in Kuching. and now almost I Af(rle in Borneo.and Tlie .%xi? (rnd The Unseen.We anticipate publicationof other titles. complete-and ask that if youhave not completed a form withbasic information for I 5. The creation and award of the Bonieo Research CouncilMedal, Ihe first award I inclusion In the Directory and would like to be included. please obtain acopy and return being to Datuk Amar Dr. LeonardLingg~ Jugah. In Pontianak. Medals were presented117 it to one of us before the end or the conference Pleaselet us have yourtelephone. fas and tih.retiliu to Professor Derek Freeman for Ius work among the Iban. and to the laie email numbers. whatever you have. Professor Stephen Morris who worked among the Melanau, and to the late Professor I William Geddes, forlus work among the Land Dayaks.We are delighted to acknowledge 5. We distinguish two categories of individuals: Fellows,who are persons having I done research in Borneo, and Members. whoare ~nterestedin Borneo but have not this year's recipients. Dato P M. Sharifuddin andAnthony J. N Richards i lncrease and d~versificat~onof act~vities In addition to the ~rutialtask of conducted research here. 6. An producing theBorneo ReseurchBullefm. we now have launchedthe Monograph Ser~es. 6. In the United States of America. we are a legal body, incorporared inthe i Co~nmonwealthof Virginia. We enjoy tax-exempt status granted to us by the Department I are publishing selectedpapers in our Proceedings Series: are scheduling and organizing of the Treasury of the United States Government throughthe Internal Revenue Service. these biennial conferences. and areunderraking an annual fund campaign Incorporat~onprotects the rights and responsib'ilities of Fellows and Members, of Several Fellows have volunteered to share In the work. e.g.. ed~ting'Research Directors and Officers. Notes' and in~tialword-processing. If we are to contlnue all of these activlt~es,we must 7.The Council is a non-profit organization. Through action takenby the Board of have more volunteers and a greater distribution ofthe workload. Borneo Research Directors in Pontianak to ensure the continued publication of the Bonieo Reseurcli Professor Clifford Sather has assumed the Editorship of the Bctlleri~i,and the interest and eagerness with wluch he has taken on the pos~tionaugurs Bulle/iii.our financial situation has improved The plan of action proposed and pursued has been for each geographicunit-Bmnel. Kalimantan. Sabah. Sarawak, Europe-North well for the future of the Bulleli~i.To assist him. Dr. Sather has constituted avolunteer editorial board. including among its i~tialmembers Dr. hchard Fidler. Professor Anne Schiller. Jay1 Langub. Dr. James Clun. Professor K.A. Adelaar. and Patricia Regis.Dr. Borneo- Research Bnlletin Isse -Vol. 28 Borneo Research Bulletin 151 philllpTllolnas hasagreed to provide thetecllnical assistance essentialto publicat~onof smaller than a human brain. With hsalmost microscop~cclump or the BLl[(e(inwe invite applications from othersfor membership on the editoral board,the nerve cellsshe knows how to manage her new legs and wings, talk work of which involvescontributing research notes,bnef comm~rucations,book reviews and to fly, to findher wayby someunknown means ofnavigation over and bibliography. and news andannounce~nenr items thousandsof miles from Massachusettsto Mexico Professor Allen Drake has agreed to become Editorof the Borneo Research How are her behavior patternsprogra~mned first into the genes of the CoullciysMonograph Senes. It IS our intentionto bnngtogether in one volulne the edited caterpillar andthen translatedinto the neuralpathways of the buttefly? essays of professorSather. and alsoto publish selected doctoral dissertations. These are lnysteries that biologists are far from understanding The applications from persons interestedin editing the papers from uus We also monarchis llvlng proofthat nature'simaginat~on is richer&an our own. conhence,as well as selected papers from the Pontianak conference.If You are In participatingrn tlus way, please seeone of the Directors or Officers during In the so-called age ofpostmodemism, with shifting values and the the conference.or write to us. to indicate your interest. fiction that 'anythinggoes', let me insist upona basic fact of life, viz, we live in colnlnuruty,and \v~thoutcomrnuni~-it~ responslbilltje~ as DISCUSSION well as its rights-we cannot exist In my presentationin Pontianak.I raised several questions,~12.: Enlolional Intet/igenc@is a book of major importance publishedjug over a year ago. Its author. DanielGole~nan, presents cornpelling evidencethat human beings esist 1s the BRC still a useful organization?Or, has the Collncil outlived its not only by education, butalso by the developmentof trust One of the principal thesesof time? Should we undertakea restructuring ofthe Council and.if so, ( Goleman's studyIS that 'we are able lo do far more togetherthan wecan as indivlduals4, i how should we rebuild it? A senseof communityhas been one of the strenglhsof Bornean societies BU~this 1s now under assaultfrom a myriad of sources. We find out who we are in 7. consider (he quslionfirst. la me indicate thatwe have commenceda 1 restructuring ofthe Counc~l,or at least aredistr~bution of responsibilitiesWe have added colnmunity-n~t dvoughprivacy or privatization,as popular as botll are-but by new membersof the Board of Directors, and have replacedothers. with our gratifude for interactionwith olller people.With thenaivete that ispopular today in which people want their serv~ceto the Council andto research. to 'find fiemselves',to discover whothey are. the insight providedby Alan Wans isquite TO consider the firstquestion: 11 is my opinion that the Councilhas never been more correct when he writes that 'trying to defineyourself is liketrying to bite yourown teeU1' needed. nor its work rnoreimportant. W~tlun the theme of tlus conference.'Development We do not define ourselves. ordiscover ourselvesalone-we do it houghinterpersonal and Diversitys,file overriding question is: As development Occurs, can we sustain diversl@? Actually. diversityis bound to increase, despite the powerfullyle\'elling and One of the most escitlng developmentsin the Councrl is the inauguration of the homogenizing influencesof Inass media and other institutions Library of Borneo Classics. establishedto publish the 'wisdom literatureu ofBomean In a world that is becomlng~ncreasinglg special~zed untl divided along lines of / ~oc~eties-chantsof sliamans andbards, eplcs. sagas, and allfor~ns of folklore. There specializatioll.it is cmcial that we be able to com~nunicateacross disciplinary and ! probably isno more imponantprogram we have underlaken than the Classics series.for professional lines.In a world in wluch informationis doublingevery lluee mo1lths, it Is it will provide a permanent recordof the culturesof Borneo'sdiverse peoples. Borneo Classicswill be launched withthe publication of an edited volume of lmponant to ma~ntiunperspective on wlio we are A month ago- a friend who formerly j worked "SAID asked. '~0~can we keep upwit11 tl~eincrease ininformation?' To sh~~anlctexts or pelfan, with interlinear~ans~ation and interpretadonby Professor , I replied,..We cannot.We have 10 recognizethat we CaMOt blow everythingOr do Sather.Ths volulne, a~oint pllbllcation of The TunJugah Foundationand the Council,is eveybngbd we have to choose Illose activitiesto whichwe commitourselves..' Over I the firg in what We anticipate lo become a major collection foklon of and itua] ' 200 years ago Samuel Johnsonobserved. "A man may be SO much of eve~llillg.that he performances,with an lnvitat~onfor participationopen to all is nothingof anytlling*'(James Boswell,Lifi ofStnnzrcl johns so^^,1791 : 136). TOannounce theCouncil's publications, and especiallythe Borneo Classicssenes, co/,lnlu/ll@and itkntilvare essenual to our collectivewell-being. 2ndour healthas ule cunenllpare mailing brochuresto approximately 15.000 scholars.libmes, and other individuals,('ot,~nrl,r~in, is detennined by the process of organizingPanems of bellaviours institutions withinterests in Borneo, Southeast Asia,or the subjects ofour publications that are predictable and acceptable, and the selection of values that ~ustif~Ihose On Thursday of thisweek. there will bea full-day session on 'Borneo Epicsand be1laviours.We are programmed forcommunity. andwe fillfillOW human potential Oral Traditions',orgaruzed by Clifford Sather, of the Tun Jugah Foundation and Jay1 with others.Also, identctyalways is establishedwithin ~~nmunity. Langub of the Majls Adat Istiadat. Kuching. It is imposs~bleto exaggerate the FreemanI. Dyson. physic~st.in I11fi11ilein All Directionr,wrote. importance ofthis program. or the materials to which itspapers w~llrefer. With the ' explosion of information. andits ever-increasingavailabiliv throughunprecedented Tile world of biology is full of miracles.but nodling I have seen is as technological changes.oral trad~tionsare at more risk of d~sappearingthan ever before. miraculor~sas the ~netamorpi~os~sof the ~nonarchcaterpillar. Her brain The seductive nature ofprint. to which Neal Post~nanrefers in TechnopoIv,treats wi(h is a speckof lleural tissue a few millimeters long,about a million lilnes disdainall 'folklore' and 'prehistor~c'sources

I 7

152 BorneoRe~h Bulletin Issue28 - Vol28 RomeoResearch Bulletin I53 I

To illustrate,I recently discussedan exhibition ofban fabrics, amongthe finest in consciousl~and deliberatelystaned and engineeredby political leaders inside the world, withthe acting directorof our university's museum. With almost palpable , the countries involved.The single factor that applies to all die is a condescension.the actingdirector Informedme that the museum does not e.\hibit 'folk , willfi~lrejection of thosewl~o are 'differentt, arts'. only 'fine arts'. I proceeded to ask whethershe was aware of the classic study, Ihnn There is an ancient Indian myth that tells how. in the beginning. G~~ Fabrics nntl TheirPurrerris, by Alfred CortHaddon and LauraStart. published in1925 considered howhe mlght give human beings themost valuable glfc, H~ dldn8t Needlessto say, she was not. Such uninformed snobberyis symptomaticof the source of want to give the gift outright,but wanted humans to discover it for themselves. the problern we face. andwill cont~nueto face. I He that he would hide it on the lughest mountain, but realizedsomeone There IS considerable ambivalence apparentin human cultures. On the one hand. we ' scale 11. He tflougllthe would hide it in the deepest sea, but want to distance. indeed. separate ourselves.from ourpasts. Yet on the otherhand. we sO~eonewould dive there. In the densest forest, butsomeone would explore seek to recover thepast. once 11 is gone. Consider the elaborate rituals of separationby { there.Finally. he concluded.'I will hide it with111each hulnanbeing. and I whlch we attempt to have donew~th our predecessors,yet we cannot. nor shouldwe In Iltopitr c~ntlOflier Plc~ce.c (Bloo~nsbury Press). &chard Eyre writes: Iurn humaneyes outward.So, theonly way by which humanscan discover *e most valuablegift-and know themselves-is in other people. , Our parents cast long shadowsover our lives. Whenwe grow up. we I May we learn from our differences.and ~nprocesses ofdevelopment wllich impinge imaginethat we can walk in the sun, freeof them. We don't realize. Yon us. resolve that we shall honour and support thediversity by our lives are until it's too late. thatwe have no choice in the matter, they're always enriched ahead of us. We carry them w~thinus all our lives-in the shape of our face, the way we walk. the soundof our voice. our sk~n,our hair. our hands. our 1 I~eart.We try all our lives to separate ourselves from them. andonly I I when they are gonedo wefind weare indivisible. So are we tied together,by commonbonds of inheritancethat make us oncommonly I homanwhle also co~nmonlynatural. Yet. there is considerable anxiety about whowe are and why we are. We llvein a world that IS divided along numerous lines,most of them cultural or ideological. Thatis. they are not 'natural' or 'inevitable'Ratller, theyoccur because ofhuman decisions, or indecision. In Sho\v,,lg A+ Color, the African-Americanwriter Clare~~cePage quotes several studentsof race andgender wllo suggest that lines of color w~llcontinue to divide human I societies in the 21st century. Perhaps,but a new gap, he information gap. is appearing. I and there seems the ligh probability that the world will be divided along lines of I computer literacy. I CONCLUSION Let me concludethese remarksby referringto three statements onthe importanceof maintamingdiversity amidst development.

Shortly beforehis death. the Americanpoet Carl Sandburg was asked , \vhat he consideredthe most posif~veand the most negat~vewords in ~nglish. Withouthesitation: he replied 'Inclusion'and 'Exclusion'. -In a monumental653-page volume. The l~rternntronulD1i?let7sio11s o? I~~rernal(:o,lJic/, just publisl~edby the Massachusetts Instituteof Technolo~. Michael E. Brown of Harvard'sCenter for Science and International Affairs repons conclusionsbased upon research that he. 14 colleagues. and scoresof 1 researchersundertook over a three-year period.The stanling evidence from34 major interethicconflicts since the end of the Cold War is that23 have been 1 -154 Borneo ResearchRnllct~n .- ~ssue28- YO'28 Bomeo Research Rullet~n 155

/

BRIEFCOMMUNPCATIONS [ILAPDOYO: A STUDY OF BENUAQDAYAK TEXTILES IN EAST KALIMANTAN A MASTERPLAN FOR WILDLIFEn\l SARAWAK Liz Oley Elizabeth L Bennett CRA Ma11 Rootn-30th Floor The W~ldIifeConservntion Socletjj 55 Coll~ns.Sf 7 Jnlnn Ridgewny Melhozme 3000 93200 Kuching. Snrmvctk Azlstrnlia Mnlaysio Fax: +62-21-7994265, In recent years, development has been continuing apacein Sarawak This has its emnil: oley(@ndo.nerid advantages, but also its problems. One of these has been the rapid decline of many My study comprises the 'research project' component of the University of species of wildlife. For esample. Sarawak's state bird, the' rh~noceroshomb~ll or Melbourne's F~neArts Department PostgraduateDiploma in Arls (Art Curatorshpand I~eqvala17gand other hornbills have become rare tluoughoul much of the state; the Museum Management) also known as the Postgraduate Diploma in Art Curatorial number of marine turtles nesting on the Tunle Islands has declined by more than 90%.in Studies the past 50 years; the number of proboscis monkeys hasdecl~ned by more than 50% in Tluough the Fine Arts Department at the University of Melbourne. Australia. Iam some areasin the last ten years: and the range of orang-utan has shrunk greatly, and only cumentlydoing a research project on the fibre textiles (known locallyas ~ilupclew) made one viable populationstill esists in the State. Even Sarawak's national parksare losing by the Dayak Benuaq in East Kali~nantan.Most of the production is centred around the the~rwildl~fe: most specles of b~rdsand mamrnals are ex7re1nelyrare or no longer occur v~llageof Tanjung Isuy, across Lake Jempang, south of the Mahakam Fbver. I am also in Kubah and Gunung Gading. and in Mulu within a day's walk of the park headquarten. interested in the applique work done in the same area and in fact any woven Dayak The maln reasons for such npid declines are over-hunting.especially for the commercial textiles (apart from those of the ban whch are well documented). wild meat market and by sports hunters, andalso loss of hab~tat. The research project is to be presented ina thes~swhich will take the form of a In recognition of tlus. and of the importanceof wildlife to Sarawak's heritage, in catalogue fora hypothetical eshibitionwluch I hope may eventually become a reality In 1994 the State Government requestedthat a -'Master Plan for Wildlife in Sarawak" be planningfor tkus I am trying to ident~fyexcellent, rare and oldesamples of 21laptlq~o. 1 written. This was prepared by the Sanwak Forest Department and the Wildlife know there is one in the Australian National Gallerycollection in Canberra Australia and Conservation Society (formerly known as the New YorkZoological Sociew). Many other lnve located esamples in the USA and the Netherlands and am in the process of relevant people and agenciesin the State were also consulted, onan Individual basis and contactingmuseums whch have Indonesian textile collections.Once I locate examples.I in a series of workshops. The plan provides a comprehensive. cross-sectorialstrategy to y to order copies of slides or photos to use in lectures and testile conferences forwhich conserve wildlife ~n Sarawak, and detailed recommendationson how to implement ~t.It I am preparing papersand also forthe thesis ~tself. covers all aspectsof wildlife conservatlon andmanagement In a way which is compat~ble The catalogue w~llinclude a description of the techniques and processes of ulap with developmentof the State. Thus. topics coveredinclude theimportance of wildlife to rloyo, from preparation ofthe fibre extracted fromthe leaf of the fer?zbaplant (Qtrculigo Sarawak; theprotected area system, w~ldlifeconservatlon in production forests,hunting 1atiJoliu). preparationof the warp ikat motif. dyeing, tluoughto the weaving stage.Motifs for subsistenceand trade, consenlationof species, consenlationeducation. establishment and their meanings willbe described and comparisons made between traditional and of a professional government wildlife service, and economics of wildlife conservation contemporary motifsand testiles within the cultural contel? of the Benuaq Since there is The Master Plan was completedin December 1996 and was approvedby the State so little documentation available.research in hscase has involved meeting with weavers Cabinet in January 1997, so is now official government policy. The process of and observing anddocumenting processes directly. As the arl of weaving almost died out implementation IS about to start. Sarawak IS the first place in the world to have a In the area and was rev~vedw~th government assistance during the 1380s. I an also comprehensive masterplan for w~ldlifeconservation. Its vision in doing so is a model for contacting relevantgovernment bodies about their involvementas I am also interested in many other developingand developedcountries the effects and impact of tourism on the weavers My literature search sofar has revealed very l~ttlewntten about the ulap (lqvo textiles or the Benuaq people.If any readers have information or know of publications which may relate to the Dayak Benuaq. I would very much appreciate hearing about hem. I am aware of two anthropolog~stswho have been doing PhD research in &fferent Dayak Benuaq villages andam also trying to liaise wilh them. For the last five years I T

RomeoResearch Bulletin Issue 28 I Vol. 28 BorneoResearch Bulletin 157 have lived In Bal~kpapan,East Kal~mantan,but have recently moved toJakarta. My i international mailingaddress is abovebut by far the quickest form of communicationis I THE SOUTH KALIMANTANJUKUNG: A STUDY ! Erik Petersen SOCIALSIGNIFICANCE OF MEDIA AMONGTHE IBAN OF SARAWAK Jl. Benun Anyar RT5 no. 35 Bnnjnrmns~n,Knl~rnantan Selnlnn John R. Postill Indonesia Depnrment ofAnrhropologj~ fax: 62-511-254717 Unrversity College London I Introduction In the early 1990s, theeditor of the Bor17eoResearcl? Bulletinand the Pres~dentof The vast catchment areaformed by the Barito hver and the Kapuasand Kahayan the Borneo Research Council calledfor the urgent investigationof social changein / Rivers of South and Central Kalimantan,inhabited by a population of over 2 m~ll~on Borneo. including the influenceof foreign medla On ''the attitudes and behavior ofmen I is sewedby a largefleet of various types ofjlrkun,oor locally-builtvessels. and womenin Borneo" (Sutlive andAppeU 1991) We wish to heed this call, although our focus will be not so much the 'influence' asthe social s~,on$ca~?ceof med~a,both I have begun astudy of these SouthKal~mantan jukung for the followingreasons:

1 foreign and domestic We are aslung how importantthe various media (TV. radio. 1. For many years thisfleet has played a vital part in the socio-economic life ofthe Ix~spapers,magazines. ..) are in people's evevday lives We illlend 10 explore [he I Banto hverBasin, p the vawlsmaking up thisfleet remain little and are only relationship between four kinds of structures (economic, spatial, temporaland I poorly described cornmunicational) andpeople's social practices. andhow ~mbr~cated,~f at all, the media 2. All of the different types of jukung used with~nthe Barito RiverBasin, from are in this relationship. For instance. the TV set lake pride place in ' small %meter long canoesberahu), through 20-25-meter passenger boats(motorboats). longhouse apartments (space)?Do TV programmes structure people'sevenings (time)? to 14-20-meter broad-belliedfreighters Ottktmng tiong andjukung r~k.~a.~a).are built over Do radio dramasfeed people's conversations(communication)7 a dugout and expandedlog (instead of a keelson). Unlike ~nterpretiveanthropologists such asGeertz. we shall consider~nterpre~ing as 3. The last 40 years have witnessed a remarkable changeIn the types of jukung used one social practiceamong many. using an account ofknowledge derived from Bourdieu. locally Sail-driventypes havedisappeared andone might haveimagined that this would We shall treat watchingTV. l~sten~ngto the radio, etc as a set of pract~cesl~nked to other have resulted in a dirnunition of the jukung fleet.But mstead, the jukung has not only sets (e.g. women's houseworkor children's homework) ratherthan as isolated texts survived, buta series of new motor-propelledtypes have been developed andare now await~nga single reading ' being producedin large numbers. We amvedin Sarawak in December 1996 and are hoping tospend 18 months in 4 The production methodfor jukung conslruction,that of expandinga dugout by total. The first 14 monthswe will be workingin longhousesin the Betongarea. Thefinal burningand buildingup the s~deswith boards and frames, using woodendowels. is very four months we intend to work in the Baleh in order to adda comparativeedge to the old, dating backto the stone age This method is also known from other partsof the study Sincethe subject-rnat~erought to appeal to non-specialists.I will stnve to produce world. but. whereasit Ins decreasedor disappeared nearly everywhere else,it is still al~ve a readable accountand get it published. At present. the study forms plut of my social and thrivingin South and CentralKalimantan anthropology PkD at University CollegeLondon. My supervisors are Dr Simon 5. Also the build~ngprocess is remarkable in that itconslsts of three phases, each 1 Strickland and Dr. Chris Tilley. Research is being fi~ndedby the Anthropology performed at a different locationPhase One consists of felling trees, hollowing and Departmentand the Graduate Schoolat Univer~ityCollege London,but 1 am lo 1 formlng [he stem, and is canied out along "vers in undulating ledn 150400 liln receive furtherfunds from othersources. upstream.Phase Two consists offurther hollowing, heating andexpansion and is ~nostly My wife. Kyoko. who has a developmentaleconomics Msc fromLondon SOAS. 1s done In two villages.located 60 km from the sea. Phase Tluee comprises completionof my co-researcher.She hopes to build on this experience in fi~turea PhD project. probably the jukung. fisingboards, frames, extendingthe stem etc.,and is rnostly done on Alalak ~neducation. Island, near Banjamnas~nTown. 20 km from thesea. 6 From thelinguistics literatureit is known thatMalagasy, thelanguage spoken on Madagascar, the big island off the coast of East Africa, "has a close affinity to the Ma'an~anlanguage of Central-South Kalimantan.Tlms the ancestorsof the Malagasy ' Borneo Research Bullet~n Issue 28 -vol. 28 Borneo Research Bullet~n 159

A 25-Meter Motorboatunder Construction (Photosby Erik Petersen)

A Motorboat Carrying Passengers Jukung Tzong under Construct~on,April, 1997, at Alalak Island. I 160 BorneoResearch Bulletin Issue 28 Issue 28 Borneo Research Bulletin

-B YLOTOK BAaUJ

FERRY

Figure 1.(Drawings enhanced by Georgeann Sather) I IT

1 Issue 28 Borneo ResearchBulletin 163 111 Rnmrn Rec~arrh Rt~ll~rin ISSU~ , 10L -" ,L,u" ..-<"-.".. -....-.... 28

! A 1 Zor ,

N i'nm : fp!hLm;:, j 1 "a 1 ...... hnm:~ -_ 1 ...n.77 I p;,:;~. ; I

......

I

I

I ......

I

I

Figure 3a i

5ec 5 a Figure 3 b

1 164 Borneo ResearchBulletin Issue 28 I Vol. 28 Borneo Research Bulletin 165 I - - I , unction: must have migrated from Kalimantan to Madagascar".' Ma'anyan, one of the Day& The motorboat,canying 70-140 passengers,IS used for longer daytrips languages of Kalimantan: is spoken in the Barito River Basin. nearthe places where A number of routes star1 from Banjarmasin: jukung production is still going on. Hence anotller purpose of thls study 1s to seek evidence that the ancestors ofthe Soutll Kalimantan jukungmay have made the 6.400 1. Banjannasin-Kuala Kapuas.40 km. about 2 hours, cost 1.750 km-long voyageto Madagascar. about1,300 yearsago, or around700 AD. Rplperson, with stopsfor passengers wlshing to embark or disembark along the 28 km long chamlel connecting the two branches of the I Objectivesof the Study I Barito River. a Based upon the reasons given above,it is the objective of this study to present 1 systematicdescription of the South Kalimantan jukung, viz: 2. Banjarmas~n-Belawang.30 km. cost 1,500 Rp/person. I The various types. their geographical distribution, function and I 3. Banjams~n-PalangkaRapa. 228 km, about 12 hours. cost 10.500 economicuse. Their form. constructLon:and build~ngrnatenals. 1 Rplperson. The spec~althree-phased bullding process. the actlvltles~nvolved In 4. Banjarmas~n-Tambanand Caror. 30 lun. cost 1 500 Rplperson each, the~rlocat~on and orgaruzatlon Other routes: Building~nethods. What takes place during each phaseof construction; 5. Palangka Raya-Kuala I

Price Firushedboat 8.500,000 Rp. more than 2000 words, with a full curriculum vitae andthe names of two Motor 6,000,000 Rp. nominated referees. Clutch 4.000.000 Rp. Any enquiriesshould alsobe addressed to the Director at the Centre for South- 18.500.000 RP. Total: East Asian Studies,University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, U.K. (tevfax 44 1482 I The n~otorboatwas built over a 10 clehe (17 meter) jukung dugout and expanded , 465758 or e-mail: [email protected]).Applications for 1998 should frorn a hentraswood trunk Thejukung (hull, kerongkong)came from Munusup. reach the Directorby 30 November 1997at the latest Construction:

Boards of ulin are fixed to the tmnk with dowels ofulin wood. Nest, frames and I PANEL: LOGGINGTHE INDONESIAN FORESTS bottom ribs.also of ulin, are fixed to the hull and boards. Deck and coamlngare fised by I dowels. A spec~alfoundation is made for the heavy motor, with two 10 by 20 cm ulin I The Indonesian Studies Association, meeting concurrently withthe Association for Asian in an interdisci~lirlarypanel, March 15, 1997, on stocks on top of the bonom ribs in the stern. Longitude f-es made of 14 by 25 1 1 "Logging the Indonesian Forests:the political, social, and ecological consequences". cm lllin are inside tile frames with bolts in order to strengthen the ,+,hole I papers were presented: construction so long floor boards,20 by 2.5 cm. are fised to the bottom ribs by bolts. A 5 meter long, 10 by 10 cm ulin beam is fixed by bolts under therear end of the hull and (1) William Ascher. Professor of Political Science at Duke U~versity,presented is kept in place by a shorter ulin beambolted from behind to the stern. This construct~on "From Oil to Timber: The Political Economy of Off-Budget Development Financingin is aimed at keeping the screw and rudder in position and is meant to protect the screw Indonesia"; from the bottom of the boat. Frames for easy roof constnlctionare placed over the full (2) Jill Belsky, Associate Professorof Anthropologyat the University of Montana, length of the boat. Finally. inside panels and looseseat-benches and backs arefitted and Lisa Curran, Assistant Professor of Biology at the Umversity of Michigan, presented The engine is mountedin place when the motorboat is floatingin the water. ; "Logging and Livelihood:Dynamic Processes Acrossa Kal~mantanLandscape";

1 (3) Paul Gellert, Assistant Professor of Rural Sociologyat Cornell University, ANNOUNCEMENTS presented "Concentrating Capitalwith a Spatially Diffuse Commodity: The Political Ecology and Economy of theIndonesian Timber Industry"; and (4) Mlchael Ross, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of VISITINGRESEARCH FELLOWSHIP Michigan, presented "The Politicsof TimberPatronage in Indonesia, 1967-1994." The Tun Jugah Foundation and the University of Hull announce:Through the Altllough only the Belsky and Curran paper was exclusivelyconcerned with generosity of the Tun Jugah Foundation in Kuching, a Visiting Research Fellowship B~~~~,oher thee papers drew estenslvely on the role of the timber industry in scheme has been established at the Centre for South-EastAsIan Studies at the Uruvers~~ Kalimantan to analyze the political economy ofthe industry throughout the archipelago. of Hull. One Fellowship is availableeach year commencingin the 1998 academicyear. The panel was well-anende&lose to forty peoplecame-despite poor advenising The Research Fellow must pursue advanced research thein social sciencesor humanities and unfortunate time slot, A lively discussion was spurred by the comments of two on a subject related to the state of Sarawak. or Sarawakin the context of the Federation of discussants. N~~~ Peluso, Assistant Professor of Environmental Science, and Malaysia. The Fellowsh~pis open to scholars of all nationalities who occupy posts In Management at the U~versityof California Berkeley;and Mlchael Leigh,Professor of higher education, research institutes,foundations and governmentresearch departments. Political Science at the University of Sydney. Both Pelusoand Leigh pointed out the It is especially suitable for overseas academicswho wish to spenda period of shldyleave wide gap between the ground-level analysis in the Belsky and Curran paper. and the in the United Kingdom state-level analysis offeredby the other three papers. Peluso also offeredideas on how The Fellowship reasonablemaintenance and travelllllg expenses the conflicts over logg~ngand land rights discussed by the papers could be analytically and the United Kingdom up to a grant of E3000. The Research Inked to the work of NGOs in Jakarta and Kalimantan, andto the recent episodes of Fellow is expected to a minimum period two mOntlls the violence in West Kalimantan. (Michael Ross, Department of Political Science, Haven centre at ~ull,to present a lectureor senior seminaron his or her researchand ~~11.u,~,~~~~,~ of~ichgan.Ann Arbor. MI 48109: USA:fax (3 13) 764 3522) to provide a wr~ttenreport of the work accomplished to be submitted to the Un~versityand the Tun Jugah Foundation.The Centre would hope to be able to publish some of the results of the research in its own publication series. THE THIRDINTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GREAT APESOF THE Library, computing andoffice facilities willbe made available. WORLD There is no standard application form Applicantsare iwited to write to the KUCHING,SARAWAK; JULY 3-6, 1998 D~rectorof the Centre providing a statementof the proposed research In not The Tlurd Inlernational Conference on Great Apes of the World will be held In Kuching, Sarawak, MALAYSIA,from July 3-6, 1998. It is being organized by the - -- 168 Borneo Research Bullet~n Issue 28 Vol. 28 Eon~eoResearch 13ullet1n 169

Orangutan Foundation International (OFI) and will be opento the public. The event will In any style but must be free standing within a 4' (wide) and 6' (tall) (1.2 meter + 2 meter) take place at the hverside Majestic Hotel, overloolting the Sarawak River. size format due to space limitations. Test of the poster should be submitted to OF1 no later than May 1, 1998. Topics All topics pertaining to ch~~npanzees.bonobo. gorilla, and orangutan will be Films and Video Presentations cons~dered:however. the following topic areas are suggested for potential presenters: F~lmsand videos on great apes and other related topics will be considered for Beha\~ioraland/or ecological; rehabilitation and/or wildlife management; language andlor evening presentations durlng the conference. Films and videos brought tothe conference learning and/or cognition; captive and/or inedical management: anatomy and/or ' need to be pre-approved by OF1 and the I\/lalaysian government well in advance. Film or video concepts must be submitted to OF1 by February 1. 1998. and the actual films or physiology. A number of session topics have been suggested including: Captive Great I Ape Management Issues; Recent Trends in Great Ape Research: Wildlife Management videos must be sub~iiihedno later than May 1. 1998. Challenges and Successful Solutions: Great Ape Rehabilitation; Ecotounsm and Great 1 Registmtion Ape Conservation. The following schedule 11ststhe various regisuatlon fees I

Call for Abstracts I On-site full registiat~onUS%350 or RM875 On May 1, 1997. OF1 began accepting absuacts for conference part~cipation. I Abstracts should be no more than 300 words and describe the main points of the I Full regstration (February I tluough July 5, 1998): US$300 or RM 750 proposed papers, sessions. and posters.The abstracts should provide a brief description.of ' and Early bird full registration (tluough January3 1, 1998): US$250 or RM625 the presentation including methodology. general results or anticipated findings. I implications of the research. Because only a limited number of papers can be presented On-s~testudent registration : USS200 or RMjOO dunng the conference, abstracts will be evaluated for selection by OFI's Program I Student registration (Febi-r~aqI through July 5. 1998): US$l50 or RM375 Comminee to insure quality of the program and consistency with the conference theme. 1 Principal author will be not~fiedfollowing select~on Abstracts will be accepted until I Early bird student reg~stratio~i(tluough January 3 1. 1998):US$100 or RM250 April 1. 1998. Papers not selected for formal verbal presentations may be subm~ttedfor the poster session. Students must provide proof they are currently enrolled In an institut~onof higher learning. Registration should be paid separate from other fees(acco~n~nodations. pre- or Papers 1 post-conference tours. etc.). OF1 can accept casher's checks. money orders. personal Papers should be submitted after November 1. 1997 to OF1 or SDI (see below) checlts (USA only). and credit cards (I~isaMastercard).Make payment to the Orangutan Papers should be of a manuscript not previously published and not under consideration Foundation International and specifythat it is for the 1998 Conference. for publication elsewhere. as subm~ssionswill be evaluated for inclusion in the conference proceedings. Papers should be written In Engl~shand follow the style and Pre- and Post-Conference Tours and the BRC Biennial Meetings format outl~nedin the II~~~I-I~u~IOI?~~Jo~m7nlof Pri~,~ufolog-v (available upon request). SDI has contracted w~thBorneo Adventures and other tour operators to offer Papers should be submitted no later than May 1. 1998 in both written and electron~cform conference participants a varlerp of tours and escurs~ons.OF1 will also offer spec~alpre- (disk-Word 3.0 andlor email). Shdes, videotapes. overhead and other graph~csneed to be and post-conference tours of the orangutan rehabihtat~onstations in Tanjung Puling submitted to OF1 no later than May 1. 1998 as requested by the Malaysian government. National Park- 4 days13 nights. Contact OF1 or SDI for infor~nation. Presented papers will be limited to 20 minutes with 5 minutes for questionslanswers. The scheduling of the Tlurd Intenlational Conference on Great Apes of the World and the Fifth Biennial Conference of the Bomeo Research Council have been coordinated Special Sessions I so that they will fall witlun a 2 week period, allowing participants to maximize the Part~cipantswho would like to chair a session on a specific topic are required to academic aspects of their trip to Borneo by participating In both conferences Contact propose the~rconcept to OFI's Program Commirtee no latter than November 1. 1997. OF1 or SDI if you are interested In attending both The BRC meetings w~llbe held in Proposals should include top~cand rationale, list of partic~pants,session cha~r.Due to the Palangka Raya. Kali~nantanTengah. July13-17. 1998 (see the special announcement in lilruted number of concurrent tracts and available time, some session proposalsmay not 1111sIssue of the BRB). be accepted. OF1 reserves the nght to insure that program appropriateness and balance Secretariat and Addresses are maintained. Onngutan Foundation International has contracted with the Sarawak Development Poster Presentations Institute (SDI). a professional. nonprofit research orga~zation.to coordinate the various Pa~ticipantswishing to submit their research as a poster presentation may do so in-country issues. SDI will senle as the secretariat office for Soulheasl Asia and Australia d~ersubmitt~ng an abstract to the Program Cornminee Forty (40) poster presentations ~vhileOF1 will perform that function for the rest of the international commumty OF1 will w~llbe selected and judged during the conference in both student and nonstudent be the central point for progTam development as well as overall organization for hnd categories. Prizes will be given to the top presentation in each category. Posters may be ralsmg, log~stics.and posr conference matters. 1 Borneo ResearchBullctrn issue-38 ! ___vol 2R Borneo-- Research Bulletin 171

OF1 I~asreceived discounted I~otelrates for this event and also a li~nrtedslumber of -- and the mineral wealth of the island are all discussed In the Eariv h4odeni If~slotv discounted rooms for students in attendance. Contact OF1 for accomlnodatiol, . volu~neias is the impoflanceolthe Chinese rnining kongsis.

information.Malaysian Airl~nes(MAS) IS the official air carrier for tlus conference and I Tile Ifzmtui7 E171~iroi7tirenlvolume loolcs at how people have adapted toel~e different OF1 has negotiated preferential fares withMAS forconference participants physical and geographical surroundings. and various Kalimantan societiesfeature fairly For further ~nfonnation.contact Orangutan Foundation Internationalby fax: (301) ! prominentlythroughout the volurne. There IS one complete spread on Icalimantan. 207-1556: email: redape(ij!ns.net: or regular mail: 822 S. Wellesley Avenue,LOS .b,ngeles, I loolting at the landscape. people. economy and development. ICalirnantan societies aiso CA90049. USA-attn . Dr. Gar)' Shapiro The Sarawak DevelopmentIllstimte (SDI)can crop up in the spreads dealing with shitiingcult~vation. the swidden ecosystem. social becontacted by fax: 60-82312799or 60-82-258372; email:sdi(ii,po.jaring.my: or regular aspectsof swidden agriculture, hunter-gatherers, river features,and Indonesian river mall Rumah LaksarnanaMuda. JalanRodway. 93000 1C11ch1ng.Saracvak. Malaysia. : systems. for example.Plni?ls and Il'ilcll!~also cover the flora and fauna of Kalimantul I duoughout their pages. I Nor will Kal~~nantanbe neglected in the forlhcoming volumes A whole spreadhas I Abst~gctscan be sent to OF1 been devoted to the I

July 13-17. 1998 Fiftll_B~emialBRC Conference I EditionsDidier Millet I 593 HaveloclcRoad #02-0 1/02 IsetanOffice Bullding

( Singapore169641 THE INDONESiANHERITAGE SERIES, EDITIONSDIDIER MILLET Fax: 65 735 8981 The Indonesian Heritageseries currently being produced by Editions DidierMiller email: edmfipacific.net.sg in Singapore is an ambitious project that aims to publish a 15-volume encyclopedia I highlighting the natural and cultural heritageof Indonesia. Afirst-of-its-kind. itis being I or

wrltten by Indonesian and international experts. and IS aimed at general, secondary.and , university level markets. So far, five volumes have been published(.4ncient Histoy, The Mr. Renato D. Yanos 1 N~otrunEi?l~irot?t?~enl, Eorlv hloderii History, Plu17l.s, and CI,'ilcilife) with five more Grolier-Indonesia(PT Widyadara) scheduledfor completion tl~isyear. 1 W~smaANAM 3rd Floor For those particularly interestedin Borneo, Kahmantanis well covered. and the I Jin CikDitrio No.12 I Jarkarta 10350 importance of the island comes to the fore in several of the topics discussedthroughout the volurnes. Certainly the planners of the series cannotbe accused of ignoring Indonesia 1 Kalunantan. and although the natureof the senes. not to mention space. precludes tl~e , Fax62213143260 kind of detail that specialistpublications can explore.the volumes neverthelessprovide a broad coverageof the ~sland. ! (Contributed by Dr S~anJay, senlor ed~tor.Edition Didier Millet, Singapore) If we begin with the two history volumes currently available, one ofthe first entries ' discussesthe Kutei inscription. dated to 400AD, which makes it the earhest evidenceof writing being used in Indonesia. Mentionis also madeof the fact that Indic conceptsof I kingshipwere also found in the early kingdoms In Kalnnantan,a fact sometimesignored , by people writing about the ancient history of Indonesia.The importanceof the Dayak as

1 suppliers offorest produceand rare trade goods to the coastal states-- and internationally I

- 172 Borneo Research- Bullet~n Issue 28 Vol. 28 Borneo Research Bulletin 173 publ~shedI~bal findings show that Ihe moss flora of Bn~neiIS diverse and lich in Bomean endemics. totalingmore than 105 species in 55 genera. Essiccata setswill be BORNEONEWS jointly issued in 1996by the herbaria of UBD and GH.

REGIONALNEWS Brunei Checklist Project The Rrlo7et Clleckl~.riProjecr continued, although the funding from Brunei Shell Petroleumran out in the autumn of 1995. and thus we had to Tree Florl~qf.Cnhoh nt7d Saru~sak MI A. BERHAMAN (SAN)has begun his say goodbye to the two short-term staff (A.P.Davis & P.C. Bygrave). Preparationsfor research on I\/VC~~C~I/OS(Bignoniaceae) for a M.Sc. programat KLU He spent 2 months the printed Checklist are now well advanced (late Feb 1996) and we hope to send at MJG work~ngwit11 Dr. S. REWRon microtecl~iquesand visited Leiden from 20-30 camera-ready copy to Brune~in a matter of weeks rather than~nonths. Identifications June 1995. He is also studymg the Stercr~liaceae.Mr. L. MADANI (SAN)is currently were by specialists both resident and elsewhere, by Davis & Bvgrave. and by L.L. rev~singthe famly Dichapetalaceae. Ms. J.T. PEREIRA (SAN) has completed her Forman. The editorial team is given (inalphabetic order)as M.J.E. Coode. J. Dmsfield. revision of the family Cqrpteroniaceae for Vol.2: tluee new species inBorneo have been L.L. Forman. D.W. Kirkup. and I.M. Said. The test was generated by Kirkup from a recognized in this treatment. She has now begun a study of Pa.vetio (Sapotaceae). Dr.J.J. specimen database ofhis own design. and needs rather less manual intervention than PIPOLY 111 (BRIT) will assist Dr A LATIFF (UKMB) in the treatment of the previous generations of bolanists nught have thought poss~ble.Of course. certain Myrsinaceae He has finished the one for the Philippines. Mr. J.B. SUGAU (SAN) has characteristic featuresor computerese remain embedded. they will be explained in the completed his rev~sionof the family Cliloranthaceaefor Vol. 2. He is now revlsing he Introduction and.as times goes on. we should be able to minimize theirobtrusiveness in family Tetranaerismceae andhas begun a study of Adii?unc/rtr (Theaceae). Together with any subsequent ed~t~onsThe total number of tasa w~llremain uncerla~nuntil the final Dr. K.M. WONG (SAN) he lvas completed therevision of the family Loganiaceaew~th stages (when unnecessary names,which were picked up and given entries from field or 21 new species of F~lgrcretl. early determinations and subsequently changed. have beenchecked and deleted). but 11 institute of East Asian Studies, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak: TheUniversiti looks as if we have c 3500 spp. of floweringplants recorded in the specimen database. Printing w~llbe undertaken by (heBrunei ForestryDepartment. wl~ich has set aside funds Malaysia Sarawak[UNIMAS] has establishedan Institute of East AsianStud~es. This new Institure stands alongside the Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental for the purpose (M J.E. Coode) Conservation and the Institnte of Healthand Commulufy Medicine.further enhancingthe research and postgraduate orientation of the University. EastAsla is one of the most KALIMANTANNEWS economically dynamic regions of the globe, stretching from Indonesia in the south lo Trips were made to G. Palung in January 1995 by Mssrs MF. NEWMAN (E) and China in the nod>.Burma In the west to Japan in the east. This new inst~tute,strategically U. SUTISNA (BZF). and lo Sg. Berau. Wananset. in November 1995 by Mssrs P F located. will focus its research upon socio-political, economic and culturalissues. BURGESS, Newman. Sutisna,and T.C. WHITMORE. Colleciions and photographsof including the study of Sarawak and Borneo, plus the na~ionsof Southeast andNortheast dipterocarps were made Interactive kry to the tree ~ndshrub genera of the Bukit Buku - Bukit Ruyu Professor MICHAEL LEIGH. from the University of Sydney. has been appointed Nntionul Park in Kulimuntcm. Taxonomic productsare necessary in the w~derworld. the inaugural Director.He assumed directorshipin Januav 1997 and can be contacted by This is particularly the case for tasks such as inventorp and monitoring in conservation ernall: or fax: [60-'821 671-903. Institute of East Asian projects. Across Maiesia,vanous National Park and related projects need to be able to Studies, Universiti Malasia Sarawak.91300 , Sarawak Malaysia. ~dent~fywhat they have withn conserved area boundaries It IS important to be able to The lnstltute welcomes attaclunentby scholars carrylng outresearch in the fields of identify critical species under threat. and from there to take appropriate action. Having ethnography. economics, culture. politics. policy studies. regtonal, and international the name of a tree, b~rdor an~maldoes not give a solut~onto any problem concerning it. relations but II provides the fundamental pieceof information, the name, neededto seek out further information. BRUNEINEWS In the case of Borneo, thespecies of small groupssuch as the birds or ~nammalsare known. Species limits. geographical distribution and variation,have already been Funded by a Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank Bursarymade availablethrough the elucidated Good field gu~desare available In English aid Indonesian. Suchguides are Univers~tyof Brunei Darussalam(UBD), Dr. B.C. TAN (GH) vis~tedBrunei between30 used by non-specialists andalso form a basis of popular education thatencourages people November and29 December. 1995, to study the mosses of the lowland rain forests.With to take an interest in the blota around them. much as field guides I~a\iedone for western the help of the Department of Biology,UBD, and the Bmne~Forestry Office at Sungai professional and amateur naturalistsfor generations. Liang. Tan Lraveled around the countryand collected several hundred packets of mosses The situation IS markedly different for plants. Flora Malensiana, for example. is a found in different types of forests,such as karengm or heath forest, peat-swampforest, fine repository for taxonomic information about thereg~on's flora Its format IS less and mixed dlpterocarpforest. He also visted the Kuala BelalongForest Research Station useful to non-specialists.There are no general keys yet to families and genera,and few of to study the canopy and elevational moss diversity. The result of the study will be 17Lt Borneo Research Bulletin Iss~~e26- Vol 28 Bolneo Research Bulletin 175 the keys within Ule flora are made for field biologists or conservation staff who rnay be Arboretum at Sepilok, Sandakan. Th~scentre is a new conservation educational facility working wilh lncolnplete material An attempt was made to address tlis gap in scheduled to open in 1996. It offers a wide array of infonnauon and evkibits on tropical knowledge by developing a DELTA interactive key (Dallwitz. 1980; Dallwitz, et al.. rain forests, their distribution, importance, rate of destruction. and the effects of this 1993) to the tree and shrub genera of the Buk~tBalta - Bultit Raya Nat~onalPark In destruchon. Kalimantan (Jarvie, J.K. & Ermayanti: 1995). The key includes about 230 genera using The centre aims at enhancing awareness among the public of Ule significance of the 115 characters. and is available in English and Indonesian. ram forest and the far-reaching consequences of its destruction, In terms of effect on the Key users initially had difficulty interpreting techcal language. Although terms diversity of plant Life, wildlife, changes to traditional societies, etc. Throughout the are meant to have static mea~ng11 would appear that this is not the case. A good exhibibon, the need for conservation is suessed and various esamples of rain forest example "cymose inflorescence." which is variously interpreted as thyrse, pa~cle.and conservation that esist in Sabah are given. such as permanent forest estates, national and compound inflorescence We have tried to clear up nusunderstandings by avoiding state parks, ex-situ consenfatlon and the practice of susta~nabieforest management. The technical terms where possible and breaking down definitions into their component parts. exhibition and facilities at the centre (which include a botanical nature trail) are aimed For esample, the character wh~chwas "inflorescence type" is now broken down illto largely at an audience of school groups, undergraduates,and local nature clubs. three characters. asking if flowers are on axes or not: whether axes (if present) are branched or not; if the flowers are stalked or not The only techmcal aspect remalning 1s SARAWAK NEWS whether terminal inflorescence units are heads, corymbs. or umbels. Over the nest two years the plan is to enlarge the key to ~ncludeall the tree and In 1993 a canopy obse~ationsystem was bull1 in the lowland rnised chpterocarp shrub genera of Borneo. The key will be continually updated and put on the server at forest of Lambir Hills National Park. Sanwak. It consists of two towers about 50 m tall Harvard (fip /lhuh.haward.edulpubibbbribbbr@)ese) Additionally, any feedback on and at c 33 m has 9 aerlal walkways totaling 300 m The construction is described by characters or character states will be considered for inclusion. Inoue et al.. Selbyana 16 (1995) 24-35. Dallwitz, M.J 1980. A general system for coding taxonomic information.Taxon 29: 41-46. Dallwitz, M.J. T.A Paine, and E J Zurcher. 1993 Users guide to the DELTA system. 4th edition. CSIRO Division of Entomology. Canberra. Jarvie, J K, and Errnayant1 1995. An interactive key to the tree and shrub genera of Bukit Baka - Bukit Raya (electronic version, only).

SABAH NEWS A botanical trip to Mt. Trusrnadi and aronnd the Crocker Range, Tambunan was organized by the Botany Section. Forest Resarch Centre, Sepilok. from 28th Febn~aryto 1lth March, 1995. The group was led by Dr. K.M. WONG (SAN) and jolned by Prof. CHRISTIAN PUFF (University of Vienna, Austria). JOHN SUGAU (SAN), JOAN PEREIRA (SAN), LEOPOLD MADANI (SAN), JOSEPH TANGAH (Conservation Officer, Forest Research Centre, Sepilok). and REUBEN NILUS (Ecologist, Forest Research Centre, Sepilok). Collecting work began around the Rafflesia Forest Resenle which is part of the Crocker Range. at an elevation of about 1200 m. Here. members of the famlly Lauraceae. Ericaceae, Moraceae and Fagacea are significant elements of the lower montane forest. The team also collected specimens along the Sinsuran waterfalls in the Crocker Range. Collect~ngcontinued further up along the Tambunan-Penampang road subsequently proceeding up to Mt. Alab (1750 m). Dunng the last few days. 7th March to 11U1 March, the group collected along tl~e logging trails around Mt. Trusmadi. During the trip. a total of about 350 specimens were collected. mostly Rubiaceae. RainforesfInterprerution C'entre. The German government has donated a building to house a Rainforest InterpretaL~on Centre (RIC) at the Forest Research Centre's -- Borneo Research Bulletin Issue--- 28 Vol. 2s Borneo ResearchBulletin 177

Museum. and the Sarawak Cultural Village An illustrated exhbition catalogue,with an appreciat~onoT Tusau's life and work by Heidi Munan. is available for sale.at RM 20. [luough the SocietyAteher Sarawak andcan be ordered by writing to the Society: Rumall Masra, Jalan Taman Budaya. 93000 Kuching. Sarawak. Malaysia. Society Atelier Sarawak has also established and is administering aTusau Padan Fund forIhe benefit the surviving family andto promote OrangUlu art. Anyone wishing to contribute[nay do so by writing to the Society Atel~erSanwak at the address above (EdricOng. president. Soc~etyAtel~er Saralvak. and Cl~ffordSather) Orang Ulu Music and Dance WorkshopApril 7-8 1997, Kuching: Tlueepapers were presented at a two day Orang Ulu Music and Dance Workshop organized by the Sarawak Museum and MajlisAdat Istiadnt at Dewan Tun Razak. Sanlvak Museum on April 7 and 8. 1997: (1) ".S(~pe'in the Mus~calCulture of the Orang Ulu" by Henry C Belawing of Majlis Adat Isttadat, (2) "Orang Ulu Mus~calTwilight?: Endangered MUSIC and Instruments" by Javl Langub of Majlis Adat Istiadat, and (3) "The dance-songs. children's songs and basic movementsof the Bara~nKenyah andKayan communities" by Chong PekLin. a graduate studentat UNIMAS. Paper 1 was presented withperformances fromvarious commu~t~es.illustrat~ng both development and multiplestyles of .supe'playing in Sarawak. As we are aware. the original use of sape ' was In rituals assoc~atedwith heal~ngceremonies. The sape' then was a two-stringed. three-fretted instrument. Taman Basah and Budau Laing of the Kayan and Ki~jangcommunities in Belaga performed DUX- Tingong (The Hornbill) and Dak 7'egcrX. (Knocking). Thoughplayed on a three-stringed. multiple-fretted.sapc ', these pieces were representative of thisvirtually extinct genre. Partic~pantswere fortunateto see a v~deoof what may be the only example of the original two-stringed. three-frettedsupe ', though not used for ritual purposes. It has been developedby the Penan of Baram hver for recreationalmusic to accompany dances. The video showed Tamen Abo' playing two pieces-Taro lirp (Hen's Waddle) and Tntoa~ Rccl~t(Misslng My Girl) A case of borrowing, the.Pope' .VIIZ~Iis a Penan adaptation of old Kayan-Kenyah sape ' pieces assimilatedto the characteristics of the Penan.vinui (songs). Two pieces by Sudin Guton and Saging Kuitof Long Wat, Belaga, were presentedin tapes as esamples: Me~iawaiTepun (Thinkingof Grandfather) and SinuiPigan (Plate Song). The best known supe ' tradition in the Baran basin is w~delyaccepted to be that of Long Mekaba and LongMoll The participaLion of the group from Long Mekaba in the workshop was todemostrate a d~fferentsupe ' style. Long Mekaba is known for the use of sape ' in combination withjalung lltrang (wood xylophone) and other instruments. The group, comprising lrang Lahang, Jalong Tanyit and Tasa Juk presented two Retrospective Exhibition of the Art of Tusau Patlan, held at the Dewan Tun pieceeDnf~mJul~rl (Longdance) and Suk PU~II(Frying the Ferns+accompanied two Razak, Kucl~ing.Sarawak, July 12111-27th,1997 A retrospective exhibitionof the work dances, a longdanceby a group of young Orang Ulu girls In Kuching anda female solo of the late Kenyah artist Tusau Padan [see Memorial] was organized by the Society dance by U~nisTujok of Belaga Ateher Sarawak and the Sarawak Museumat the Dewan Tun Razak. The exhibition The most vibrant sape' tradition in Belagais probably found among the Kenyah displayed over 50 original works, including paintingson canvas and barkcloth. wood Bading of Long Ging.Their most famous exponent. the late BalanAsang. introduced the carvings, and musical instruments. Also includedwere photographs ofTusau at work. distinctive urarrto Long Gineaform that has been carried throughto the present. Two playing the supeh.ctzncing, and on performance toursin Malaysia and abroad. and of pieceMyu~r Entu~ig (The Princess and the Pauper) and Ilruu Lati comm~ssionedworks created by Tusau for the Telang Usan. Hilton. Hol~dayInn. and (Reminiscences+were presented at the workshop as a sample. One of the pieces hverside Majestlc Hotels, the Pelagus Rapids Resort. Fabr~koGallery. Sarawak accompameda male dance by lrang Lahang of Long Mekaba. 178 Bonleo ResearchBulleun Issue 28 Vol. 28 -. -- ; - Borneo Research -Bulletin 1 Paper 2 dealt wid^ endangered music and mstruments.Four examples \\{ere presented eitherthrough videoor live presentation. Pugung or Irrto~igin Penan is thebamboo tube zither. playedby women, and was a popular accompanimentfor dancing. Now rarelyheard. the instrument is , st111played by a few groups of Penan in Baram District.Two p~eces-Pegell i\Jeh .411le' (Sleep W~thMe) and A,ialasek Diva Tet?~etlrr(The Rh~noceros)- by Ura~Lawai of Long Belok. Apoh. Baram were presentedat the workshop through video. Oreng or ilur in Penan is tl~eJew's or Jaw's harpwlliclt can be played by bo(t1 men and women. Inthe past it was played at pre-dawn or late evening.It was used to banish feelingsof lonelinessor to com~nunicatemessages, of en of love. I An insvumentof simple construction, it is capable of amazing range in tile hands of accomplished players. Two pieces-Bai Ulil (Pretty B~rdDownriver) , and hlunrc ' Bakeh (Malung Friendstby Nyuna~Siang and Usat Karang of Long Wat, Belaga were presented at the workshop through video Kerii~gzitin Penan, the bamboonose-flute, can be played by both men and women on any occasion.However, it seems tohave been particularlyfavoured as an instrumentfor theexpression of feelingsof love or loss. As a sample,hvo ' by left r~ght)Asang Lawa~ Long Ging, Taman piece-Tuwui Patui (In Rememberance ofthe Dead) by Isi Bayo of Long , Snpe presentation (from to of Urun. Belaga andKtvti Retlti(Visiting My Glrl) by Liman Awn of Long Belok. Basah of Uma Apan, LongMejawa, Belaga and Tegit Usat of Long Ging, 1 Apoh. Barawwerepresented through video I Belaga. (Photos by Lim Yu Seng, SarawakMuseum) The kel~ereor kecl~iri'in Penan, the bamboo mouth organ. was oncean I extremely popular instrument: butis seldom played today. From historical ! accounts. this instrument was used to acconlpany dances and processionsto

welcomethe return of a successfulwar expedition.The workshopwas happy to 1 present two different performancestyles from the Penan and Kajang communities:Latlgit Bola (Sunset) andHa ' Bela~ga17g(Voices of Hornbill)by [ Nyaling Jeluanof Batu Bungan. Mulu, Baramfor the Penan comrnurnty and D~ekTegrrut7 (Voices of Hornbill) andDee/< Belaku~c (Longdance) by Budau

Lalng of Uma Ke~alnanLasah. Long Segaham,Belaga for the Kajang 1

community. I Paper 3 was presented withexamples of differenttypes of Kenyahand Kayansongs I Lhroughvideo and cassettetapes. Theseranged from entertainmentsongs suchas Along 1

and Lilitlg, children's lullabies (heliunpelrrro ' unuk) and children's songs (heliun unok I I lutnit).It IS a r~chsource of educat~onalmaterial for schools ~nMalaysia. Tapes of Orar~gUlu muslc collectedduring field uips and those taped at the

workshopare available at the MajlisAdaf Miadat The vanousKenyah andKayan songs 1 are available from Chorlg Pek Lln, Facultyof Applied and Creative Arts, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak(UNIMAS). (Jayl Langub, MajlisAdat Istiadat, Wisma Satok,93100 Kuching, Sarawak. Malaysia)

OrangUlu girls demonstrat~ngthe longdance IS1 180 Borneo Research Bulletin Issue- -- 28 Val. 28 Bo~neoResearch Bullelin- --

Um~sTujuk of Belaga do~ngthe Orang Ulu female solo dance. Irang Lawaiof Long Mekaba,Baram, dolngthe OrangUlu male solo dance. I ir 182 Borneo Research B~llleti~l 1ss11e- 28 ' Vol.28 Borneo Research Bulletin

TanIan Basah playlug a ritual tune while Budau Laing enacts a ritual healing dance.

I Budau Laing of Umah Kejaman Lasah, Long Segaham, Belaga playin the kelure or keled~

Irang Lahang playing thejrrfung lutnng (wood xylophone) Issue 28 I Vol. 28 185 184 Borneo+- - Research Bullet~n Borneo ResearchBullet~n -- - - I

issue of the Saru+vuk~llrrseutn Journal Volume XLV No. 66 (New Series) Special MonographNo. 6, under the title.4rchaeologrcal Ercm~arronsat GuahSirsh (Serian)and LuhangAngin (GununghfuluNational Park), Sarawak.Malaysia. Dr. DANIELCHEW returned toSarawak in November 1996 tojoin the Smwak Development Instituteas a Senior ResearchFellow Before that he was w~ththe Oral HistoyCentre in Singapore and the Austral~anWar Memorial inCanbem, Australia. He is author of Chinese Pioticers onIhe Sarawuk Frontier, 1841-1911.

The Dai1.v Telegraph. Saturday 3 May 1997 (page 23). canied an obituary of MURRAY GRAEME DICKSON(1911-1997). Director ofEducation in Sarawak from 1955 unt~l1966. CMG 1961(AVMHonon). JOHN R. POSTILL. a PhD candidate in the Department of Anthropology. University College. London, is currently dolng research onthe sigruficanceof modern rnedia among the Iban of Sarawak and11s ~mplicationsfor development. Hestarted his research In December 1996and intends to concentrate most ofthe 18 months of fieldwork in Belong, LobokAntu. andKapit Districts (seealso BriefCommunications): LIM KHAYTHIONG, a PhD candtdate in the Faculties of Humanities,Griffith Univers~ty.Brisbane. Australia. is doing a 6 month archival research projectat the Sarawak Museumon the topic of the ethnogenesis ofthe Dayak peopleduring Brooke rule in Sarawak,1811-1941. Limis doing hisresearch in Kuchingfrom March toAugust 1997 FIONA HARRIS. a PhD candidateIn the Department ofSocial Anthropology. University of Edinburghis currently doing research among the Bidayuh on the topic of gender and religious practices.She started her research in August 1996and intends to concentratemost of the 18months of fieldworkin Serian and Bau D~stricts.

SARAWAKDEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE The Sarawak Development Institute (SDI) was established In 1995 in Samwak. Malaysia as a company-. lirmted by guaranteeunder the CompamesAct of Malaysia.SDI is an~autonomousnon-profit research organization concerned with developmenialissues Lake' Abo' of LongBelok, Apoh,Rarain, playing a two-srnnged,three-fretted .Tape '. in Sarawak. It undertakesresearch on policy-relevantand problem-orientedprojects. supported and supplementedby esecutivetalks, conferences,seminars. and workshops Dr PETER M KEDIT ret~redas D~rector of the Sarawak Museum on 8Apnl 1996 The focus of SDl's interest is urban management. landdevelopment, human resource after 23 years of dedicated senilce He joined theSarawak Museum In 1973 as an development. and communityprofiles and social development. ethnolog~stand retlred as ~tsD~rector Upon lus rehrement he set up the PMK 0b.jectives: Bhd provldrng servlcesIn soclal and cultural studles,tourrsrn Consultants Sdn The principle objectiveof SDI is to contributeto and complement thepolicy and e\hib~tion rnatenal culturelanuqu~ties,museology, and vldeo doculnentatJonFrom decision ~nakingprocess in Sarawak.The Institule does this by undertakingindependent December 1996 he was a Vls~tlngResearch Scholar at the Center for SoutheastAsIan and objectiveresearch. and by tapping expertise and ideasthrough channels fromwithin Stud~es,Kyoto Un~vers~ty,Japan. for a penod of six montlls He retumed to Sarawakat arid tluoughlectures, seminars,conferences. talks,the multimediatechnology and other the end of May 1997 contribut~ons.Through its research findrngs,ideas and analyses. SDI provides an IPOI DATAN.Deputy Director of the Sarawak Museum was appointed Acting addit~onalchannel of inforinat~onand opimons for pollcy makers and the public. The Directorof the SarawakMuseum. He tookover fromthe retiring director. PeterM. Kedit. specific objectivesof SDI are to: Ipoi Datan is an archaeologistwhose M.A. thesis waspublished inthe December 1993 186 Borneo Research Bulletin Issue 28 Vol. 28 Borneo Research Bullet~n 187

undertake interdisciplinary research for policy inputs to the govenunent and (3) Seminars other cl~ents; a) the c~vilsoclety and 11s challenges, 19-20 May 1997; . r--nrovide an avenue for professionals and other practitioners to discuss, exchange b) sarawak cities of the future. 28-30 May 1997; views and opinions facing the state and nation through conferences, seminars, c) commercial forest plantations, 9-10 September 1997; \vorkshops. dialogues and lectures; d) multi-national company investments, 4-5 November 1997 disseminate information, knowledge and findulgs to the public Uuough both (4) Conferences formal and informal channels: a) regional congress on mnulticulturism and multi-ethnicit).: challenges beyond network with other institutions with similar interests in and outs~deMalaysia to 2000. 17-18 June 1997: facilitate the flow of information and knowledge. b) human resources development challenges in the information age. 3-6 August 1997. Programmes: The Institute's priority areas of research are. Puhlications SDI publishes a quarterly Bulletin, a bi-annual Journal, Seminar Papers. and (I) Urban Management: town planning, redevelopment, public/private ventures. healthy c~ty.migration. poverty. einployment. hous~ng.quality of life and transportation: Proceedings. and Research Reports. (2) Land Development: overall land development, including the commercial Membership As a conduit in the eschange of views and information on development in Sarawak. development of Native Custo~naryLand, SDI IS open for membership. Non- can become Associate Memebers. Those (3) Human Resource Development: HRD strategies and policies to meet the needs interested in becoming members have to contribute to the Institute in the following ways: of thestate for the future. write papers or articles in the SDI Bulletin or Journal, or present seminar and conference papers. (4) Community Profiles & Social Development: develop~nentprofiles of ~n~nority groups, and social issues and challenges. Inquires For any ~nquiresconcernmg me~nberslupand the Institute please contact: Secretary, Staffing Sarawak Development Institute (SDI), Rumah Laksarnana Muda, Jalan Rodway, 93000 SDI has a small core staff of professtonal officers It IS headed by a Board of Kuching: Sarawak, Malaysia. Fax: (082) 258372. E-mail:sdi(?j!po.jaring.my D~rectors The Board formulates pol~c~esand gu~delinesfor the Inst~tute There are Adv~soryCornm~ttees for each of the four areas of the Ins~tute,Urban Management, Land AND Development, Human Resource Development. and Comnuntty Profiles and Soc~al BOOK REVIEWS, ABSTRACTS BBLIOGRAPHY Development Members of the Commttees compnse e\perts In varlous fields The Comminees assst SDI by evaluat~tlgproject and selrunar proposals. serving as resourcc BOOK REVIEWS persons to the Tnst~tute and tahng part In seminars, co~lferencesand forum d~scusstons James Chin Ung-Ho. Chinese Politics in Saruwak: A Study 4 the Sarriwak United orgamed by the Inst~tute People's Purty, Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1996, ISBN 983 56 0007 4. Activities and Programrnmes This anractively presented volume will not only enhance anyone's book shelf or (1) Research projects coffee table, but, Inore ~mportantly,gives a fascinating insight into the inner workings of a) landowners' perceptio~lsand understand~ngof Native Custo~nar)~Land the political system of Sarawak. For tl~ediscerning reader. the art of politics, in the (NCL.)\, develo~ment in Long Teru, Baram. and in Kanowit: Aristotelian sense of controlling and reconciling the diverse interests in any state. is b) attitudes and responses of landowners to NCL develop~nentin potential mapped out in this study of the Sarawak Un~tedPeople's Party. For the general reader, it land development areas; is possibly over-burdened w~ththe names of political personalit~es.both well known and C) socio-econo~nicprofile studies on the Baketan in Kapit and Tagal in : obscure. and somewhat tedious analysisof voting trends and other esoteric tnaterial. but d) attracting foreign mvestments to Sarawalc a survey of investors' views on this IS offset by provid~nggeneral conclusions at the end of each chapter that place the infrastructures, amenities, resources, environtnental social and ~natenalpresented in perspectrve. Although tlus is an acadetnic work. it should be read by cultural factors: the general voter in Sarawak so that he or she has an understanding of raw politics with e) manpower survey in the tounsln industry. its occasionally Mach~avelliantwists and tunis as it IS practised. For the general reader. (2) Workshops this IS a book to be ptcked up ftom time to time when one feels so ~nclined,read~ng a) youth perceptions of social challenges facingthem today, 8-9 March 1997: perhaps a chapter at n time. savouring what may appear to be the odd 'throw away' b) working together for humnan resource development polit~calleadersh~p and comments wh~chunveil the underpinning foundations of polit~csas generally practised, a Ule civil servlce. 4-5 April 1997. struggle for power and prestige through the art of compromise and patronage. 1ss Borneo Research Bulletin Issue- - 28 Vol. 28 Borneo Research Bulletin 189 I Prior to September 1963, politlcal power was vestedin the Bnt~shgovernment, but Ilarness a strong senseof Sarawak national~sm,11s success as a power broker betwee,, w~tha growing degree of responsib~l~tyfor ~e Council Negn (now the Dewan Undangan Malay/Melanau g~oupand the other indigenous groupsin tl~estate. and fear of ,he Neger~or DUN) and Ule Supre~r~eCouncll (nowcalled the Cabinet) After 16 Septelnber Sarawak Clunese electorateof being forced to the polltlcal peripl~erysilnilarly to ,he 1963. the day that Sarawak became part of the Federation of Malays~a.the State set?re~?nty~o~gMCA and Gerakan parties (page283). There were of course other factors Government retained authority over agriculture. education, forestry. ~~mnigntlon.land, completely outs~dethe controlof the party. such as news filtering tluol~ghfroln china or local government. Muslim andNat~ve law. and local public works and senices. State the disastrous Great Leap Forward withthe loss of twenty million lives in floodsand pol~ticiansalso have a voice in federal matters, that include defence. external&airs. famine in the late 1950s and early 1960s. and the social disn~ptionof the cultural internal security. and health. theirreal power being ineither supporting or opposing an\, revolution of the late 1960s. both of which must have reinforced Chou En Lai's statement changes to the Constitution. wh~chrequire a two thirds majorit)' in borh DUN and the in 1955 that Overseas Chineseshould take up citizenslup in theircountries of residence Federal DewanRakyat to be ratified. (page 45). The massacre in Indonesiain 196516 of between 200.000 and 700.000 Amongst the detail. Chin's bookmaps out the evolution of the SUPP. from the Communisls and their supporters.the majority of whom were Chinese,must also have founder's ideal in 1956 of a socialistparty to the reality of a pragmatic establishlnenl heightened their sense of insecurity. imptnging onlocal Clunese consciousness.Those party in the 1990s. It lraces SUPP's developlnent from a prvty of amateur. left wing. factors alone may well have convincedall but the dedicated and thoroughly indoctrinated unpa~d~deal~sts to a party run by profess~onalswho are supported by pad workers I Colnmunists that the~rfuture lay in Sarawak as a united group witlun theirown politlcal equ~ppedwltl~ all the modern paraphernaliaof computerised me~nbershipl~sts alld party, the SUPP. whlch had proved reasonablycompetent In representing their interests. statistical analysis. Includedas well is SUPP's ideological de\:elopme~~tfrom 11s or~ginal Also, the state of emergency in Malaya had come to an end In 1960. signifyingthe end of intent~onsof multi-ehc parties locked Into adversarial positions tluoughtheir communist aspirat~onsthere: and in Sarawak commu~stelements in the SUPPhad either ~deolog~calvalues of liberalism or soc~al~s~nto a Malaysian pattern of mono-ethuc been interned by the Br~t~shand Federal governments in the 1960s or had crossed the partles operating underone banner. accommodatingtheir conflicting inrerestsgenerally border into Kahmantan in the early 1960s to take up amled struggle in pursuit of the~r by private negotiation behind closed doors.not public debate. In Malaysia and Sarawak dream of a Communist Sarawak.This effectively alteredthe structure of the SUPP. where no single ethnic grouphas an absolute majority. every mono-ethnicparty needs the I leaving the modentes sufficiently in control to join a coalition government in mid1970. support ofother mono-ethnic partiesto form a viable governmentand retain power. finally drawing a curtain over its earlier role as a front party for the Communists. It can be argued this transition is a successful outcomefor. as Horowitz wntes The Party's role as a power broker is well covered in this work, albeit it is politics in (I 985. C;roups "under conditions of democratic elections . [when] Ethnic it? Cotl/ricr). .. the raw-a scene of shifting alli

Borneo Research Rullctin- Issue 28 Vol. 28 Borneo ResearchBullet~n 191 I founders. Tan Sri Datuk Ong Kee Hui and Datuk AmarStephen YongKuet Tze, from l~nportantongoing role, of whichJames Chin Ung-Ho's book will be a lasting reminder leaders of an avowedly socialistpaq. rhowere perilo~~lyclose lo being interned at one (Vernon L Porritt, VisitingResearch Associate. Division of Social Sciences. Humanities time (page 112. note 66), totitled members of the ruling elite accepted and honoured by a i and Education. MurdochUniversiry. Perth.Western Australia 6150, Australla). succession of non-social~stgovernments In 1965 Chan SiawHee sad that 'it is dificull to find better open (the italics are mine) leaders [than] Mr Ong and Mr Yong. 'open' Benedict Sandin Sources of Iban Traditional History, Edited with an introductionby being a fa\,our~teComlnunisr termfor any Communist-controlled organisatlonoperating Clifford Sather. Sarawalc Museum Journal, Special Monograph number 7, not clandestinely but in the public arena. Evidence suggests that both were pragmatic Kuching: SarawakMuseum, 1994. Pp. riv+333. Price RM15.00. politicians ratherthan rabid idealists. andthat both were willing. if on occasion reluctant. In many ways, Benedict Sandin wasto the Iban what Sir Peter Buck was to the 1 to accept the reality of the situat~onat any part~culartime and manoeuvreaccordingly. Maori. His etlu~ographicauthority began with his relat~vesIn the longhouse on the Paku not only to rnain~inthe SWP's role as the political voice ofChinese comrnunibin river where he was born in 1918. He started writing down genealogies andoral histories Sarawak. but also to maintain their own positions as leaders of the SWP. Both are in the nineteen thirties. two decades before Derek Freeman's influenctialstud~es of lban understood to be writing their memoirs which.it is hoped, will be sufficiently revealing social organization. and by his death in 1982. Sandin was the internationally to shed some light both on thstransformation and the inner workingsof the party. acknowledged expert. His knowledge was encyclopedic.but his interests were not There are a few points on whch one could take issue withthe author. History does academic. HIS only formal tralning In anthropology was a year of study with William not record that the third Rajah. Charles VynerBrooke 'escaped' 10 Australia, (page29). 1 Geddes at Aucklandin 1951-5. If it were not for the efforts of Clifford Sather over many but that he was on hsway to Brisbane when Pearl Harbour was attacked, an event that years and severalpubl~cations. much of \vhat Sand~ncollected m~ghtnever have seen the even the Amencanshad not foreseen. Even thougll he made a determined effortto return, light of day by the time he arnved in Surabaya on 25 December 1941, Kuch~ngwas already under The present volume is divided Into four sections.The first two "Myth and H~story: Japanese occupation.The second point is Colon~alOffice 'suppress~on'of political Early Migrations and the Origins of Iban Culture" and "Early ban M~ations" movements in Sarawak until the late 1950s(page 46). As early as April 1952,the Chief supplement Sandin's best known monographThe Sea Dnvuks of Borneo before Whihire Secretaly wroteto the Colonial Office arguing that the tlme had come to pre-empt local Rujah Rule (1967). The lasl two sectlons "The Iban under Brooke Rule"and "Adventures pressure for constitutional reform as the state was consideredto have recovered fromthe Overseas and the Beginning of lban Economic Development"bring the story up to the ravages of war and the cession controversy which llad cost tl~el~fe of the second 1910's. Each of the four main sectionsis further subdiv~dedinto between ten andtwenty governor, Duncan Stewart, on 3 December 1949. Suppressionwas confined to the secret self-contained episodes. This breakdown makes it relat~velyeasy to track down sect of fourteen membersheld responsible for his death. It is generally conceded that information on particular topics, a feature thatwould only have been underminedby any efforts to found the Smwak People's Party in 1956 collapsed because theDayak format built around theoretical abstractions. It would have been helpful.however. ~f National Union thoughtit was premature to form politi cal parties in Sarawak atthat time Sandin had indicated the sources of his data for each episode.Some. such as the and Malay leaders did not support a multi-ethnicparty concept. This differs from tl~e foundation myths of pervasive cultural~nst~tutions. are presu~nablysynthesized from author's viewthat the fa~lureto establish theparty in 1956 was due to the inabil~tyof the many tellings at different tlmes and places. Others sound like famly narratives set out at traditional Chinese elite to gain the support 'of the leftist and communist sympathisen' one setting, but it would be usefulto know for sure. Given the rich detail ofthe migration stories. ~nterestingcompansons could be made of accounts of the same eventsas v~ewed from different communities. if read carefully, pries open the Pandora's box of Sarawak polit~csand glves an Sather contributes a uselulintroduction of e~ghly-oddpages. making Sandin's test occasional glimpse of a world far removedfrom party press statements,party manifestos, more accessible to the non-special~st.He sketches the ethnographic contest, and offers a information releasedby party publicity maclunes, and works pursuing a party line or a spirited defense of oral history.The volr~~neadds to what is already an impressive and party perspective. There is inore possibly unsaid than said in this work and,as it is dlverse corpus on lban culture. certainly the most valuable from Borneo,and among the couched in academic language, thesignificance of the material presented is offen hidden most important from anywhere in Southeast Asia It will provide material for in a wealth ofdetail. But hsmay well be necessary for what may be the first exampleof interpretation and re-analysis for a long time to colne. (Peter Metcalf, Departmentof true ~nvestigat~vetype reponlng on hepolitical scene in Sarawak. Antluopology. University of Virginia. Charlottesville. Virginia22903. USA. elnail Chn's final conclusion.that the current phase of politics ofthe Chinese community pamSr(i1)virginia.edu.Reprinted with permission from Ocecmicr). in Sarawak is driven by 'fear, fear of being excluded. marginalised, forcedto assim~late. and treated as second class citizens'. is disturbing but understandable as these are Theodore Gabriel, Cltristcstcr~n-MuslimRelrtions, u crlse study of Sr~rrrwr~k,Ecrsl possibly the fears of any minority ethnic group in any state. The role of the state and M~Ioysi(~,Aldershot: Averbury,1996 (ISBN 1 85972 325 X) 133pp What drew me tohs book was itstitle. For sometime. there has been great unease among the Chnstian population of Sarawak (and Sabnh) aboutthe increasing Islamisation of the state. Readers whoexpect this sensltlve topic to be explored thoroughly wlll. 192 Borneo ResearchBulletin Issue 28 Vol. 28 Borneo Research Bulletin 193 however, be disappointed by this slim volume. This book simply fails to deliver and The positive aspect of this volume is that it nlses the Issue of Chnstian-Muslim merely scratches the surface ofths pol~t~calproblem. In the first place, the book was relations. an area long neglectedby Sarawak scholars.The author IS correct to assert that almost certainlynot proof-read. For those who think I am uncharitable, let me give you the long-term plan is to make Sarawak a Muslim-majority society. The massive an example. Throughout the maintext, the chief minister of Sarawak is named as "Taib govenunent fundingof Islamic activities suggeststhat this is an unstoppableproject. The Muhammed". This obvious mistake shouldIuve been picked up by the author himself current dr~veto convert more Iban and other Dayak into Islam may and the publishers since Taib Mal~mud'sname is clearly spell out In "Appendix B" where inevitably lead to more ethnic tensions,and in the long run ~t may lead to a similar the ruling BarisanNasional manifesto of 1991was reproduced in full situat~onas rl~atwhch has come to eslstbetween theKadazan and theMuslims in Sabah. This book tells more about Christian-Muslim relations inthe Peninsula thall Such a serious maner deserves a serious study. (James Chin,Centre for the Sh~dyof Sarawak. Most of the examplesof Christian-Muslim interactions citedby the authorare International Affairs, Middlesex University, LondonN17.8HR. England) related to the Peninsula and have little relevanceto Sarawak. He mentions PAS frequently and readers mlght be forgiven for thinking that PAS is actlve in Sarawak. In Vernon L. Porritt: Brifish Coloniul Rule in Saruivuk 19-/6-1963. Kuala Lumpur: reality. PAS'S Sarawak membersand sympatldsersnumber nomore than several hundred. Oxford University Press, South-EastAsian Historicalh'lonograph. 1997. 424 pages One major shortcoming in the book is that there is not enough backg~oundon the Based on his PhD. Thesis, Vernon Porritt has produced valuablea and informative political environmentin which Islam works inSarawak- the author hasnot consulted any account of the processes of government and political change during the brief 17 year of the standard publications on Sarawak politics like M.B. Leigh. The Ri.ring period dunng which Sarawak was governed by the British Coloiual Office Given the Moon(1971). PeterSearle. Poliiics in .S~rrorvuk,19 70-/976(1983), R.S. Milne & K.J. brevity of that rule and despite anInitial period of political unrest which led to the Ratnam. ~blulu~vsia- New Stotes in u New Nalion(1974); M.C. Roff, The Po11tic.yof assasslnatlon of the second British Governor. a great deal was achieved. Th~swas Belonging(1974). Sutlive'sTzm Jugah (1992) also containssome observations of the particularly the case in the field of education which had been lamentably neglected conversion of Iban to Christianity. during the previous Brooke regime.At the time of cession there was not a single non- The author does nor make a distinction betweenthe anihldes of the different non- Chinese Sarawakian with au~~ivers~ty education. Even primary education was lackmg for Muslim etluuc groups towardsIslam~sation in Sarawak He tends to lump the Christians the vast majority of the non-Chinese population.By the end of the colon~alperiod a into a single camp- and tlus simply is notthe case. There areInany shades in the Christian reasonably effective andcomprehens~ve education systemhad been established. and fully communityin Sarawak.The current conversion drive to Islam isconcentrated inthe rural educated men and women were beginning loemerge on the local scene with many more areas, and smaller Dayak groups like the Bidayuh and the Orang Ulu are especially in the pipeline. Educational developmentwas coupled with considerableinfrastructure targeted. Nothing is mentioned about the anempt by Rahman Yakub,the fonner cluef development and growthof local government leadingto the evolutionof polit~calparties. minister and governor. to convert the Bidayuh en-masseIn the early 1970s. Perhaps the The major Britlsh policy dec~s~onto withdraw from the Far Easthastened the search ethnic group that comes under themost pressure now is the Melanau. Unverifiable for a long term and workable political futurefor Sanwak. Tlis was eventually achieved figures suggest that close to 40% of the community are Roman Catholics, despite the when the territory's elected government choseto merge with Malaya. Singapore and general perception that being a Melanau is equivalent to being a Malayh4uslim in ' Sabah in the new Federation of Malavsia.The Federation. despite some major problems. Sarawak. Strongpressure is applied on them to convert quicklyfor political purposes ' has developed into a stable political entity in \vhlch Sarawak isplaying a valuable and The Ctunese Chnstlans. the richest and the most powerful group among the trouble-free part.Britain did not just get up and go when it w~tbdrewin 1963. but also Cluistian populationin Sarawak, are In a particularly ambivalentpos~tion. On the one provided powerful mil~tarysupport when the Infant Federat~onwas threatened by hand. the Chnese Christian has been sparedsome of the rougher edges of lslamisationby Indonesianhostility duringthe years of Confrontation. the fact that they are mostly concentrated inthe urban areas. On the otherhand. there is a Pomn provides a concise.accurate. and very Ihorough!y researched guide to the sense of unease about the their future- thenumber of restrictive nlles have significantly period of British rule. supported by a great wealth of footnotes. One could almost say that mcreased over the past few years. Nohng is mentioned by the author about the for eveqr statement there1s a footnote In support! He reminds me a linle of a inan I Inel traditional spl~tamong the Clunese Christians English and Mandarin speaking in 1939, the very Britlsh British travellerand botanist Cluistopher Sandernan.he autlior congregations. Each approachthe Islamisationissue in a different way. ! of A I~VanrlererB7 Inco Luntl. Speaking on the essentials for a good travel book, The major fail~ngof the Christian community in Sarawak (as in Peninsular Sandeman said "Give us facts, facts. facts-- and dam your emotions"! The volume is Malaysia) is its inability to unite under a single body. Denominational competitionis sfill illustrated with some well chosen photographs. mostlythe work of Raymond Allas and keen. On top of this. the churches have explicitly adopteda non-pol~t~calapproach to the Ho Ah Cho~i.It must be admitted. ho\vever. that Porr~tt'swork. like so many books based Islamisation Issue, instead of acknowledging that this is essentially a political on academ~ctheses. can hardly be cons~dereda wiruier in the readab~lilystakes. It does predicament. Another problemis that the government doesnot separately distinguish the little to pomy the unique social environment of Sarawak which.to their credit, had Christian community; they regard the Christian communityas part of the overall non- evolved nnder the Brookes.or the local and expatriate personalitieswho played important Muslim communi(y, which includes Buddhists, Hindus,S~khs. etc. as well. roles durmg the colon~alperiod. But it IS unquestionably an important contributionto British colon~aland to Malaysian lustor).It provides an essenbal reference work for the 191 Borneo Research Bulletin Issue 28 Vol 28 Borneo Research- Bulletin 195 period of Bnt~shColonial Office rule. (AlastairMonison 30199 Groom Street.Huglles. prevlous books about Nepet71hes. (Dr. Cllarles Clarke. James Cook University. ACT 2605. Australla) Queensland, Australia) Anthea Phillipps and Anthony Lamb. Pitcher-Plrmtsof Borneo. Kota Kinabalu: William Hornaday. The Esperiences of' a Hunter and Naturalist in the Malay Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd.1996. RM 80.00 Peninsula and Borneo. Kuala Lumpur:Oxford University Press, 199 pages.

Prtc17er-Pla~ilso/Bor/~eo is a long-overdue accountof a remarkable groupof plants O.~ordIS really too obliging! It seems I only have to al~slifor a book-no matter that are much-studied. butremain largely beyond the comprehensionof sc~entistsand lay how rare-and out they come with it a few months later. A footnote in an obscure study people alike. The book describes in detailvarious aspectsof the Bornean Pitcher Plants alerted Ine to Hornaday's travels.1 was pleased tofind a copy of the first edition in our (Nepenlhes).including their discovery. ecology.folklore and the species and natural library. Now that the public can enjoy what was once my secret treasure. I almost feel hybrids foundon the island. In general. thelest is aimed at the infonned lay-person. but that I brought thisreprint about. those readerswho arenot botanists woulddo well to keep a botanical dictionarynearby. The naturalist Williatn Hornadaywas born in 1854 in Iowa, which was then the real The opening chapter deals with the discovery and history of the pitcher plants of western frontier ofthe US. He grew up roughing ~t,and hunting.The term "naturalist" as Borneo. This chapter represents Ule most exhaustive and well-written account of tlus used in the laa century, denoted, as much as it did a scholar, a practical collector of topic. and the authorsare to be congratulated for their efforts.The task of sifting through animals. plants and natural productions. Then. what at seems now a primitive stage or all of the old literature must have been an arduous one. and the result is a text which is study, academicbiologists did most of their work with preserved specimens.There was a not only clear and conclse,but tlloroughly readable On the strength of this chapter alone. market for a~malsfrom far away. The skin of a gibbon. Hornadaytells us, was worth at the book is a success The second chapter esa~ninesthe stmctural componentsof pitcher least US$20-that's In silver money:in modem terns RM1.000 plants howthey grow. howthe traps operate, how they flower and fm~tIt is a brief and Hornaday apprenticed withProf. Ward of the UNvers~tyof Rochester. New York. stra~ghtforwardaccount, but it provides an essential background forthe chapters that By 23 years of age. he was a seasoned naturalist and, funded by Ward. set out on a follow. The next subject to beconsidered is the ecology and natural histon' of pitcher collecting trlp throughIndia. Ceylon. Malaya and Sarawak He came to Southeast Asia plants This chapter draws heavily on recently published ~nformat~onand. as such. i through Singapore and did much hunting inSelangor Ah. people of the peninsula, I can represents a succlnctsummary. A considerable amountof new ~nformarionis presented. I sense your glee at these names. Finally you get to read an old account of places you I glving the reader agl~mpse of the ever-changing natureof our ecological perceptionsof actually know1 Entering Singapore by way of the New Harbour was ..like getting into a pitcher plants. However. a couple of key passages contain rms~nterpretationsandlor , house tluongh the scullerywindow"-stagnant water and coal-dust Singapore proper errors. but these will not be obvious to the majonty of readers. It 1s a shame that the presented herselfeven then as an up-to-date and convenient city of business.From there authors have had to rely on information publishedby other scientists. gven the unique z Hornaday tooka steamer to Klang,where the first promising forestappeared. The Klang opportunities they have had to conduct theirown research. River was as-biliousas now. and Hornaday spent ajolly time wallowingin its mud after 1 Sandwichedbetween the chapterson ecologyand the species and natural hybridsis fish, turtles and crocodiles. a short discussion of pitcher plantsin folklore. Althoughinteresting. this chapter is so Then up toKuala Lumpur.How things have changed!In 1878 you travelled to KL short that it might have been more prominent if it were incorporated into Chapter One. first by boat hauled from the shoreof the river. You got 0111 at Darnansara and entered The discussion of the species and natural hybridsis both derailed and well-illuslrated. dense, lug11 forest. The road tluough it gave out nine miles from town, so you walked the Susan Phillipps [mother of Anthea. rl~eco-author] has painted the pitcher plants of rest of the way through jungle on a rough and narrow trail. KL clustered on one bank of Borneo very well. and although the detail of many of her paintings is not as rigoror~sas the Klang creek. a ramshackle, earth-walled. atup-roofed mining village. For all its that of botan~calplates, that was not her aim. and they convey a v~suallypleasing. "near- ' insophistlcation,KL could offer surprises: as-dammit" catalogueof the species. The use of palntlngs rather than photographssets The nest morning, while in the largest Clunese store In the place. th~sbook apart from othersin its genre. and forthat reason alone ~tis both a noteworthy buying provisionsfor our stay in the jungle. we struck a bonanza. We and ~nvaluablecontribution. The o~dyproblem I had w~tl~Clus chapter is that it seems to I found Mumm's champagnefor sale at s~xtycents a quart, and India suffer from corffl~ctingobjectives. On one hand, 11 serves to present Susan Plillipp's pale ale at fifieen cents per pint!... Engaging the strongest coolie we paint~ngs.but on the other. it appears to be a half-hearted attemptat a taxonomic review. could find we loaded Idm withchampagne (at 60 cents per quart!). and I thnk that tlis chapter would have been betterif ~t had concentrated on theformer. marched ldm ahead of us into the jungle. It was the proudest momentof Personally. I found the "common names" irritat~ng,as they are never used. but theyare a my l~fe. My only regret is that I did not fill a tub and take a bathin it. novel add~t~on.and help to explain the meaning ofthe Latin names I for champagne is the only artificial drink I really like. In conclusion.~ ~ dus book is a must for anyone withan interest in carnivorous plants

and the natural lustkry of Borneo.For the bio~b~ist.its shortcomings will be obvious. but , The sights of KL were eshausted in an hour. Nest day Hornadayand his friend were it seems that it was not the authors' intentionto make the test scientifically rigorous. I off farthereast to KapungBarn, consisting of exactly six houses.Here elephantswere as enjoyed the book immensely. and found it to be of a gellerall~higher smdard than any I thick as bugs. With the help of a number ofthe Jakun people living nearby. Hornaday

!

-7 I

198 Borneo Research Bulletin Issue 25 A Vol. 28 Borneo Research Bulletin 199 nevertheless judged "unlikely inthe extreme" @ 230). since most of the environments editor wishes to thank the editors of Bijdragen for theirk~nd permission to republish it in Bon~eoand the Pen~nsulaare relatively resilient underths kind of pressure. the BRB.) The book does not attempt to treat environmental problems in isolation, butalso assesses the issue of criticality in relationto the socioeconomiccondlt~ons of the (former) Cassandra Pybus. White Rajah: A Dynastic Intrigue. Brisbane: University of forest people. The much-debated conflict betweenshifting cultivation and logging is Queensland Press,1996. A$ 17-95.' reviewed, and it is concluded U~atshifiing cultivationis neither inl~erentlygood nor What is it about the Wlute Rajahs of Sarawak that continues to have sucha inherently bad. "Forest people are certainly capableof malung ecologically damaging powerful romantic pullon the European reader? changes to their production system but.if given securityand respect. they are far more Some years ago,vainly attemptingto deflate the mythology which surroundsthern, likely to make sens~bleand more sustainable adapUUons" (p 140). If their ways of life 1 suggested that the Brookes embodied the~rnperial daydream of enlightenedwhite rnen and their nghts to land and resources are guaranteed by the national govenunents of n~lingover heathen savages in a remote tropical setting.If anything, the nostalgia of lndonesia and ~alaysia.he forest people will adapt to new opportunities likeIhat of : Empire has given all ttus a new lease of life. In addition to his other attributes, James conversion to sustainable agro-forestry.The cnucal danger to livelihoods l~esnot In dle Brooke, the first Rajah, was aself-publ~c~st of great genius. It was he (ass~stedby the destruct~venessof shifting cultivation and its increasing questfor land also under pressure portnit-painter Francis Grant) whodefined the image of the dashing young English frorn logging. but ~n the possibili~that forcst people will beprevented from adapting 1 adventurerpuning down piracy on the Borneo coastand carving out for hmself the raj or their behav~ourin the necessary ways. "Ten years hence weshall either see forest people ' kingdom ofSarawak from the old sultanateof Brunei. Cassandra Pybusis not the lund of participating in the development oftheir own region, along with others. or else see them writer you would expect to fall for ~s old I~ne.Her gntty revis~onsof Tasrnan~an tn~lyreduced to the status of an ~mpovenshed'and abused mnority" (p. 110). history, includ~ngthe Orr case,have revealed her as a hard-nosed observer of humanity Interestingly.the authors concludethat it is not the shifting cultivatorswho are the most and an idiosyncratic feminist.Like so many other visitors, however. she succumbed in vulnerable to logging act~vities.but the labourers attractedto work In the logging and some measureto the rornanuc feverendern~c to Sarawak timber industries. These ~ndustnesare clearly contracting and will continue to do so in Dynastic systems inevitablybreed intrigue and the Brookes have more than their the next decade. jettisoning their migrant ernployees whowill then have linle chance of I fair share of alccesslon disputes Uncle quarrelled with nephew and nephew with uncle returmng to secure a livel~hoodin their places of origin. over three long-lived generations. The dark horseamong all the claimants to the raj was The great achevementof the book is its very carefill and pragmatic examinationof I an olmwafloor-walker calledE~~ ~~~ki~who happened lo be the i1legllimale the facts so far available in the literature. and 11s avoidance of simplistic or ideological , son of (he second ~~,~h,~l~~~l~~~~~~k~, by one of his Inany gu,?dikor This conclusions. The story it tells is almost always a complex andmulti-faceted one. Large was during the 1860s when he "went native" at his up-river fort at Simanggang. Totally areas of forests have been totally cleared and thisis a tremendous loss?yet "there is , I the conventional Victorian disdain for m,scegenat~on,clIarles B~~~~~went nothing to be gained simply by bemoanmg the past" (p 72). Facing the present situat~on about it with a will in the belief thata hybrid race of Anglo-Aslatics would survivethe and makingrealistic predictionsfor the future is the only meaningful approach.Policy- of the vop,cs andemerge as a new class, makers will continue to treat the region as a resource frontler from which to feed [lie 1 pybus does not esplaln why disowned his own~~~~~i~~ son, al~loughit is clear increasing worlddemand for timber. minerals.and energy. Only when a real scarciw is that his new European wifebore much of the responsibilityfor this. When Margaretde confronted is there a chance that the path of endangerment and criticalitywill bend in Windt. the beautiful and aristocraticyoung Englishwoman whom Charleshad married for more sustainabled~rections As comparableexamples from otherparts of Southeast Asia her money, came to Sarawak for the first time ~n1870. she "had the nous" to see dlat the show, such changes are likely to take the formof "cusp-like reversals." swift and very young Esca might be a serious threat to her own sons' inheritance.Taking him back to hard to predict (p.242). England with her three children(all of wlmm d~edof cholera In the Red Sea) she fostered From the polni of view of most readers ~twould perhaps have been better ~fthe him out to the local curate, theRev. WilliamDaykin. and his wife at Sheepstorin Devon. authors had begun by presenting at the outset the theoretical frameworkwhich they The Daykins subsequentlytook him to Africaand hen to Canada where Esca went to favoured themselves.instead of trying to balance betweenthe demands of the serles and school and later assistedh~s ~~npopularly High Church step-fatl~eras a catechst.He never their own (changing) ideas.As it is. the theoretical discussionis relegated to an appendix heard from his real father but received a small annuity from the Sarawak treasury. When and the course of the argument in the main test is sometlrnesconhrs~ng. Especially given Mr. Daykin wroteto Margaret Brooke in 1897 seeking furtherfiuanc~al support for Esca that the work is ~ntendedas "a thematic book that IS also a reg~onalbook," wrinen 1 who had recently she described privately as utllat brat", men he resurfaced primarily for a general ratherthan a regional readership (p.xi). wouldI have espected lo 1 in 1927 lo assert his claimto the rai, he was see the major themes clearly worked out for this general public In (he first chapter. Persuaded by one of his w~fe'srelatives to assert hls rights. Esca produced Nevertheless. Ithnk tlus well-founded and carefully editedbook is still wortl~wlulefor documentsto show that he had been baptised IsakaBrooke more than 50 years earlier by both groups of readers. (Han Knapen. Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology. P.O. Bos 9515. 2300 RA Leiden. Tlre Netherlands. This review originally appearedin I B~jrlragcnlot tk T(1n1-,L~ncl- r/7 I'olke17kuncle.1996. Vol. 152. no. 3. pp. 488-90. Here the Editor note: Reprinted with pennission from the Fl'esr .-ll~.c.rraliun,October Sth, 1996. 200 Borneo Research Bulletin- Issue 28 Vol. 28 Borneo ResearchBulletin 20 1 a missionary who recorded his father'sname as C. Brooke and his mother as Tla It is gill within the West Malayo-Polynesian language groupThe evidence wh~chhe presents not clear whether the mother was Sluanga Dayak adopted by a Malay family or\vhetIler consists of shared ovations in the phonology. in the lexicon! and in the pronominal as Dayang (roughlyequ~valent to "tlie Hon ") Masuah she was a member of SarawakPs system, and 1s mostly based on data on ErnbalohFurtliermore, he discusses some Bmnei-descendedMalay aristocracy. morphological similarities betweenTamanic and South Sulawesi languages.and makes a Ignoring his half-brother Esca's claims.the ageing tlurd Rajah. Charles Vyner critical e\~aluationof Blust and Nothofer's evidencefor an inclusion of Tamanic in ihe Brooke (whowas born to Charles and Margaret inLondon), proceeded to hand Sarawak Malayic sub-group. Finally. he draws some conclusions concerning theclassification of over as a gift to the British government in May 1946 &er Australia's 9th Division had Tamanic and its cultural-historical consequences,and offers some criticism on the liberated it from the Japanese. Thrry years after Esca died of disappointment in Toronto methods used in language classification. (Dr.Youetta M. de Jager) in 1953. two of his darrghters went to Si~nanggangto meet their long-lost Malaycousins. Adelaar, K. Alexander.The history of thng. animal. person. and relatedconcepts in It was this inc~dentthat fired Pybus' imaginationas a story-teller. Malay In Altstrone.~ianlew?ri~~olo,o~es. ed. by A. K. Pawley and M.D Ross Canberra: Although Pybus hasdone a fair amount ofor~g~nal research. her style owes more to Departmentof Linguistics. Research School ofPacific and Asian Stud~es.The Australian travel writing and detective fictionthan to convent~onalhistor)(. The story of how she National University. 1991.p. 1-20 ref: (Pacific Linguistics, seriesC: 127) went about her work and her reflections onwhat she found out are intertw~nedIn the The author examinesthe Proto Malay~c(PM) and Proto Malayo-Polynes~an(PMP) narrative in a way that readers will find engaging Thatit limps to an ending w~thEsca's origin of the Malay words hararig (thng). hi~~ulang(animal). and orang (human being): death is perhaps ~nevitable.Altogether. Wl7r1e Rajah is like the proverbial curate's egg-- a he proposes etymologies for a number of other historically and semantically related little stale but with some good bits. The Canadian storyis kept separatefrom the Sarawak words: herlapa (how muchhow many). uva171(chicken), and rain (to play). His analysis story for much of the book to build up a sense of mystery and suspense. but there are of harcmng sheds new light on the history of the ligature ng which among other languages some loose ends. For example. Margaretis allowed to spend some weeksat Simanggang occurs in Philippinelanguages andin Old Javanese.The ligature was a link between pans in 1'871 without discoveringyoung Esca. of a noun phrase. between digits and higher order numeralsin numerical compounds. Pybus writes with energy andclarity. and for elegance and feelingit would be Most West Indonesialanguages still reflect the nzin numerical compounds.but have lost difficult to match the ~~naginedpassages which are written from Margaret Brooke's it as a ligature In noun phrases. Ng must still have been present innumer~cal compou~ids autobiograph~calperspective and presentedas part of the narrative. in Proto Malay~c.but was lost in Malay. (Dr Youetta M. de Jager) A more substantial and revealingstory than the Esca episode is the relat~onslup between Cllarles and Margaret Brooke w~thtl~e~r poles-apart personalit~es Pybus Andaya. Leonard Y. The Bugis-Makassar diasporas.Jolcrnnl ?/'/he hlalqvsru~~Brunch of esplores this to a polnt. but sets it aside for her Canadian detective work.The destmct~on the Royal Asiatic Socie?. vol. 68. no. 1, 1995. p. 119-138. of Charles' accounts In French of his intrigues withother women (includinghis officers' The attempts made by Europeans to dominate theeconomic life of Southeast Asia wives) and of Margaret's love lettersto Edward Burne-Jones andother Inen during their during the early modem period caused severe disruptionsin the lives of the indigenous long separation hasmade it difficult for the historian. At the same time. the relationship peoples of the area, especially ininsular Southeast Asia. One of the [nost spectacular was a late Victorianclassic which will one day attract a morefocused study. examples of this is the Bugis-Makassar diasporafrom South Sulawesi. Over a period of Despite her disapproval of tlie second Rajah's exploitative. unfeeling andsometimes two centuries, groups spreadout over Sumbatva. Lombok, Bali, Java. Sumatra. theMalay inhuman behav~or.Pybus ends up being much more sympathetic to h~mthan to the Pen~nsula.and southwest Borneo. TheM'akassarese were the most formidable. withan talented but status-consc~ousMargaret. Cl~arl~e Brooke was avery odd fish ~ndeed.but it exodus of thousands of people led by the hghest royal princes. Althoughin~t~ally given a didn't stop women from adoring the rnan whom his wife once described as "Rajah of all warm welcome, the status of the leaders and the sheernumbers of these groups led to he surveyed". (BobReece. School of SocialSc~ences. Murdoch University. Murdoch WA insurmourltable problems of jur~sd~ct~onand allegiance. The~rfa~lure to settle turned 6150, Australla) these groups of Makassarese into a great threat to the VOC's hopes of stability in Indonesian waters.This is one of the reasons military expeditions werelaunched against Makassar in 1667.The Buginese diaspora was more successful.Their success was based ABSTRACTS on hstoricalcircumstance and u~queBugis innovations.They became well-established Adelaar, K. Alesander. The classification of the Talna~liclanguages. In: Langlragr in the Malay world and southeast Sumatra. cor7lncl cmdchange in the .4uslror?esia11 %t,orfif.ed. by Tom Dutton and Darrell T. Tryon. Baier. Mmin Das Ratsel de Apo Kayan rnegalithischeSkulpturen und Sarkophageim Berlin: Mouton de Gn~yter. 1991. p. 1-12. (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Apo-Kayn-Geb~et:Studien einer Relse Im sudostlichen Apo Kayan im Juli/Augustus Monographs. 77). 1994 Trthtts vol. 44, 1995. p. 100-112 Tamaruc corlslsts of a number of dialects (Embaloh [orMalol~]. Kalls and Taman) The author describes a numberof anctent stone remains. statues. and sarchophagi, spoken in the northeas1 part of the province of West Kalimantan inthe Hulu Kapuas found in the Apo Kayan area of East Kallmantan.Apart from their existence and the fact regency near the head of the Kapuas river and 11s tributaries thereabout.The author that they cannot have been producedby the Kayan Kenyah. who only came into the area intends to show that the Tamanicand South Sulawesi languagesare a separate sub-group 200 BorneoResearch Bulletin Issue 28 Vol. 28 Borneo Research Bulletin 20 1 a mlsslonarywho recordedhis father's name as C.Brooke and hismother as Tia. It is still within the West Malayo-Polynesian language group.The evidence which he presents not clear whetherthe motherwas a SkrangDayak adopted by a Malay familyor whether consists of shared innovationsin the phonology, in the lexicon, andin the prono~ninal as Dayang (roughly equivalentto "the Hon.")Mastiah she was a member of Sarawak's system, and is mostly based on data on Embaloh. Funl~ermore.he d~scussessome Brunei-descended Malay aristocracy. morpholog~calsimilarities between Tamanicand SouthSulawesi languages. and makesa Ignoring his half-brother Esca's claims. the ageing tlurd Ra~ah,Charles Vyner cntical evaluation ofBlust and Nothofer's evidence foran inclusion of Tamanicin the Brooke (who was born to Charles and Margaretin London),proceeded tohand Sarawak Malayic sub-group.Finally. he drawssome conclusionsconcenung the classification of over as a gih to the British governmentin May 1946 afterAustralia's 9th Divisionhad Tamaruc and its cultural-historical consequences. andoffers some criticism on the liberated it from the Japanese. Thirty yearsafter Esca diedof disappointmentin Toronto neth hodsused in language classification(Dr. Youetta M, de Jager) in 1953.two of hisdaughters went to Si~nanggangto meet their long-lost Malaycousins It was hsincident that firedPybus' imaginationas a story-teller Adelaar, K. Alexander. The history of thing. animal. person. and relatedconcepts in Although Pybushas donea fair amountof original research. her,style owes more to Malay. In: Ausrrot7e.~iunren?rinolo,oies. ed. by A. K. Pawley and M.D Ross. Canberra: travel wnting anddetective fict~onthan to conventionalhstory. Thestory of how she Departmentof Linguist~cs,Research Schoolof Pacificand Asian Studies. The Australian went about her workand her reflect~onson what she found out are intenwinedin the National University.1991. p. 1-20.ref. (Pacific Linguistics,series C 127) narrativeIn a way that readers will find engaging.That it limps to an endngwith Esca's The author examinesthe Proto Malayic (PM) and Proto Malayo-Polynesian(PW) death is perhaps inevitable. Altogether,Uhire Rqjuh is like Ihe proverbial curate's egg-- a origin ofthe Malay words harang (thing). hinura~ig(animal). andorang (humanbeing): linle stale but wid1 some good bits. The Canadianstory is kept separatefrom the Sarawak he proposes etymologiesfor a number ofother historically and semantically related story for much of the book to build up a sense of mystery and suspense.but there are words: herlapa (how muclhowmany). yvar,~(chicken). and1,rarli (to play). His analysis some loose ends. For esample.Margaret is allowed tospend some weeksat Simanggang of burcmng sheds new lighton the historyof the ligatureng which among otherlanguages in 1871without discovering young Esca. occurs In Phil~ppu~elanguages andin Old Javanese.The ligature was alink between parts Pybus writes with energy and clarity. and for eleganceand feeling it would be of a noun phrase. between digits and higher order numeralsin numerical compounds. difficult to match the i~nag~nedpassages wh~chare written from Margaret Brooke's Most WestIndonesia languagesstill reflect theIIX in numerical compounds. but havelost autobiographcalperspective and presentedas part of the narrative. it as a l~gaturein noun phrases.Ng must still havebeen presentin numericalcompounds A more substant~aland revealingstory than the Esca ep~sodeis the relat~onslup in Proto Malayic.but was lostin Malay.(Dr. Youetta M. de Jager) between Charles and Margaret Brooke with their poles-apan Pybus personalities. Andaya. LeonardY. The Bugis-Makassar diasporas.Joirrnal oJrhe hlolfl.vsiuii Brunch of esplores this to a point.but sets ~taside for her Canadlandetect~ve work. The destruct~on the Ro~valAsiu~ic.Socie@. vol. 68. no. 1. 1995.p. 119-138. of Charles'accounts in French ofhis intrigues withother women (includinghis officers' The attempts made by Europeansto dominate the economiclife of SoutheastAsia wives) and of Margaret'slove letters to Edward Rume-Jonesand other Inen during their dunng the early modern period caused severedisruptions inthe lives of the indigenous long separation hasmade it difficult forthe historian. At the sametime. the relationshp peoples of the area. especially in insularSoutheast Asia.One of the most spectacular was a late Victorianclassic which will one day attracta more focused study. esamplesof this is the Bugis-Makassar diaspora from South Sulawesi.Over a period of Desp~teher disapproval ofthe second Rajah'sexploitative. unfeeling and sometimes two centuries,groups spreadout over Sumbawa. Lombok,Bali, Java, Sumatra.the Malay ~nhumanbehavior. Pybus ends up being much more sympathet~cto him than tothe Peninsula. and southwestBorneo. The Makassaresewere themost formidable. withan talentedbut status-consciousMargaret. Charlre Brooke was avery odd fish mdeed. but it exodusof thousandsof people led by the highest royalprinces. Although~n~tially given a didn't stop women fromadonng the man whom hswife once described as "Rajah of all warm welcome. the status of the leaders and the sheer numbersof these groups led to he surveyed". (BobReece. School of Soclal Sciences. MurdochUn~versity. Murdoch WA ~nsurmountableproblems of jurisd~ct~onand allegiance.Their failure to settle turned 6 150, Australia) these groups of Makassarese Into a great dueat to the VOC'shopes of stabilityin , Indonesian waters.This is one of the reasons militaly expeditionswere launched against ABSTRACTS Makassarin 1667.The Buginese diasporawas more successful Their success wasbased on listorical circumstance and unique Bugis innovationsThey became well-established Adelaar, K. Alesander. The classificatior~of the Tamanic languages In: L~inguuge in the Malay world and southeast Sumatra cotiracr o1ic1change in rl7e Austronesian world. ed. by Tom Dutton and DarrellT. Tryon Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 1994. p. 1-12. (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Baler. Martin. Das Ratselde Apo Kayan. megalitluscheSkulpturen und Sarkophage im Monographs:77). Apo-Kayn-Geblet: Studien einerReise irn siidostlichen Apo Kayan im Juli/Augustus Tamaniccorlslsts of anumber of dialects (Ernbalol~[or Maloh]. Kalis and Taman) 1994.Trihus vol. 44, 1995.p. 100-112. spoken in the northeastpan of the province ofWest Kal~mantanin the Hulu Kapuas The author describes a number of ancient stone remains. statues. and sarchophagi, regency near the head of the Kapuas river and 11s tributaries thereabout.The author found in the Apo Kayan areaof East Kalimantan.Apart from theirexistence and the fact intendsto show that the Tamarlic and South Sulawesi languagesare a separate sub-group that they cannothave been producedby the Kayan Kenyah. who only came into thearea 202 Borneo ResearchBulletin Issue 28 Vol. 28 Borneo Researcl~Ri~lletin 203

during the e~ghteenlhcentury. nothing is known about them. (Dr. RosemaryL. Robson- to such a degree that II can decidethe survival of ~ndividuaistate goverrunents. However, McKlllop) most of these writers come to dis conclusion after examining certain aspects of federalism only such as federal grants to individual states or the rise of Kadazan r Bernstein,Jay H.Spirils Copllrrecl i17 Slo17e: Shan~anis~tru17d Trotlilional~\fe(liciile a1?1o17g nationalism in Sabah. None of the studies looked at federal-state relationsin both !he TUI,I~/Iof Borneo. 1996. Boulder. Colorado:Lynne Rienner Publishers. Inc.pp. 207. Peninsular and East Malaysia.nor is there any discussionon an important topic-- the Tlus study focuses on shamanism and the heal~ngpractices of the Taman. The types of federal intervention.It is argued that intenlention by Kuala Lu~npurhas not Taman typically associate illness with an encounter with spirits that both seduce and colne suddenly. but that there are tluee distinct types of intervention: (1) "mild- torment a person in dreams or wak~nglife. Rather than use medicines to counter the intervention," wherebythe federal autluonties usually co-optlocal leaders; (2) "mid- effect of these dlsco~nfort~ngv~sitors, the shamans. called hnlien. use stones that are intervention." a more d~rectapproacll: aid (3) "dlrect-intervention" or direct rule by thought to have come into beingby materializing wild spirits that have converged during Kr~alaLurnpur through a declaration of a state of emergency.The article attempts to the initlation ceremony.The author argues that shamanism continues to flourish not d~ssectthe three types ~nvolvedIn Kuala Lumpur's effortsto control and dominatethe merely because of tradition, but because it meets real needs for therapy that are not states The source of confrontation, regionalism, and pre-conditionsfor Kuala Lumpur's otherwise satisfied.He stresses the exchange of objects In shamanic ceremonies and intervention is also discussed. Although the center-state relat~onslupof these states argues for the relevanceof psychology and symbolic and soc~alprocesses in explaining should be considered as esceptions rather than the norm. some generalco~iclus~ons about the identity of shamans. Finally, he situates Taman shamanismin the context of the the types of federal interventions canbe learnt from the~resperiences. pluralistic medical system ofinterior Borneo. wh~chlncludes thetradit~ons of the nearby Malay Musl~msand Iban Dayalts. Graham, Penelope Huntingfor Gender in the Forests of Borneo: Reflectionson a New Monograph Seriesfor Borneo Researcl~.Sojour17 Vol. 11. no. 1 (1996). 15242. Chazine. Jean-Michel. Nouvelles perspectives arch6ologiquesBorneo, Kalitnantan This note draws aaention to a number of significant initiatives undertakenby the Cental. L'anfhropologie.vol. 99. no.4, 1995. p. 667-670. Borneo ResearchCouncil. especially hose aimed at broader disseminationof the results Borneo has been isolated.I~terally. for 50.000 years Thus far it has largely of Bomeo research and greater Southeast Asla1 inx~olvementin Council conferences.It remained archaeological terra incognita,most work being confined to Sarawak and goes on to discuss in some detailthe initial volume, entitledFe~?role and Alole in Boreo: Sabah. Now for the first time therehas been some archaeological surveywork in Central C'on(rihu(iorls and Chu/lcnges ro Gender Sluciies, in the Borneo Research Council's Kal~mantanAmong the finds are a large rock shelter. with an occupational layer recently establ~sl~ed non no graphseries. In reviewing the scope of this volume, the note containing lithjc tools and potsherds.The latter are Sarawak-like incised paddle pottery considers a range of argumentsput forward insome of the contributionsnotably those from 3000 BP. The rock shelter is located at Liang Kaung inthe Muller Mounta~ns,some deal~ngwith Rungus Dusun sesroles and humansesual~ty. Iban Iiead-hunt~ngand gender 10000 kilonucuesfrom the sea (Dr. Rosemary L. Robson-McKillop) differentiation. Lun Dayeh sociality. European-indigenous miscegenation. andthe Chin Ung Ho (James Chin). A .Yrzrc@ of the Sarctlvnk Uniretl People's Parv. Kuala Borneo penis pin. Lumpur:Oxford University Press. 1996(ISBN: 983 56 00074. 352pp) Hu. Jenny. Marriedto Taiwan: The Indonesian brides of Me~nung..Yinoror~ro., vol 20, no. This is a ploneer study of the Sarawak U~tedPeople's Party (SUPP), Sarawak's 1. 1995. p 46-55. oldest political party. Founded in 1959,the party has changed from a left-wing, anti- Rural bachelorsin Taiwan are showing an increasing tendencyto seek wives among Malaysla pollticalentlty into an establishme~itBarisan Nas~onalcomponent party without the ethnic Hakka comrnunillesIn Belitutng. Bangka, Pontianak. and Singkawang (West losing the support of the Sarawak Chnese cornrnunity.This contrasts to otherChinese- Kalimantan).The women are mostly descendents ofHakka tin-miners, but are hard put to based BN political parties such as the Malaysian Chnese Association (MCA) and find a husband in Indonesia.In Taiwan they have a reputationfor hard work, whereas Gerakan which have ~ncreasinglyseen a deteriorationin their Clunese electoral support. Taiwanese womenprefer not lo labour on fanns. Language is often a problem.as most of The study argues that SUPP's success is due to several factors. As a regional party them speak no Chinese dialects. Therefore thereare now language classesoffered in concentrating inonly one state (Sarawak). it is able to harness a strong senseof Sarawak Mandarin andHakka. (Dr. RosemaryL. Robson-McKillop) nationalism and serve as a power-broker betweenthe Malay and other indigenous groups in the state The period under study covers SUPP's formative yearsin the late 1960s to Hutomo. Sur~panSadi. Kedudultan"Sya~r Carang Kul~na"dari Bajannastn dalam cerlta the stateelection in 1991. Emphas~sis put on SUPP'sperformance In var~ouselections PanjiISur~panSadi Huto~noIn. Bahasawan cendekialsuntilugan Liberty P Sihombing[et al.] Jakana: Fakultas SastraUniversi~as Indonesia. 1994.p. 464-165. James Cbn. Polltics of Federal lntervent~onin Malays~a,w~th reference to Kelantan. Dunng renovations lo Ule Museum Kal~rnantanSelatan in 1976-77, a~nanuscript Sarawak and Sabah.Journal ofCot,r~?ronwealfhand C.onrpuralive politic.^, Vol. 35,No 2 was found of the Svuir C~rongKttlina written in 1940 In Malay script. Itsi~nportance lies (July) 1997. pp 96-120. in the fact that it is the first Panji story known from Kal~mantanSelamn and of this Federahsm. or how it IS practiced in Malaysia. has always been a controversial part~cularvarlant. it is the first luiown in.syrtir form, all other known versions arehik({vnr. political issue. Many have argued that Malaysiais not a tnle federation because the On d~ebasis of the fifteen characteristics forthe older Panji stories it seems Lhat the .yva~r center, the federal government. holdstoo much power and dominates he political system verslon IS more recent than the h~kqvc~f.(Dr. Rosemary L.Robson-McKillop) 111 204 BomeoResearch Bulletin Issue 28 Vol. 28 Borneo ResearchBullet~n 203

Sather. Cl~ffordTlie Bnjari Larrt A~iuprolior~,Htsiory, :v,n,id Fore tn a A./uriiin~eFishing were recru~tedto work in the goldmines Although Clunese merchants had beenvisiung Socien, of South-easiern Suhali. South-East Asian SocialScience Monographs. Kuala the littoral area for centuries, it was only in the 18th century that local rulers, dissatisfied Lumpur Odord U~uversityPress. 1997 (ISBN 983 56 0015 5) RM$ 105 with the product~vityof Malay and Dayak miners, began to encourage the migration of Until 1955,the Bajau Laut of the SempomaDistrict were sea nomadsliving entirely Chinese. PanembahanManpawall launched such a policy in the period 1740-1745,his in boats. Allhough comprising only a small rmnority of the total Bajau-speak~ng esample followed in 1760 by the sultan of Sambas. Hav~ngsketched in the historical population, they formed an integral part of the coastal society of south-eastern Sabah.The background the author turnsto a description of the social organization ofthe Chnese into Balarr Lout traces the listoq~of a single community from theearly nineteenth century ro kongti, of which the most salient characteristic was that theywere composedoi people the present. treatingIn part~culara fifteen-year ~ntervalof rapid transformation.dur~ng i~n~tedby ties of kinship and from the same area. The first conflictsbetween the Chinese which time members of the community abandoned sea nomadism and adaptedto a and the Dayaks arose about a quarter of a century after the Chinese arrived, As the gold coastal marketcentre as com~nerc~alfishermen andlabourers. began to peter out. the Clunese turned to agriculture and greweven more powedul and This estensiveantluopological studylooks in detail at the processes of change. at autonomous. Having first opposed the sulkmates, later theChinese felt that they could the social constitutionof the comrnunlty,and at the underlyingcultural premises that give oppose the Dutch. Their actlonshastened the establ~shmentof d~rectDutch rule in West coherence to village life. notably to notionsof fate. debt. compassion. and ancestry. Kalimantan (Dr RosemaryL. Robson-McKillop) Schiller. Anne. 9,r~rll .Socrr/ices: Religrous Change and Culi~rrulItleririy anrong rhe Smeets. Henk C.M.I. Een pater op toumee: verslag van een dienstreis naar de Ngujri ofI17tlo17esiu.New York: Odord University Press, 1997. bimenlanden van Borneo in 1861 door J.B. Pdinckz s.j.Indische letteren, vol. 10. vo 4. Sr~rullsucr~fices is an ethnographicstudy of the Ngaju Dayaks, rainforest dwellers 1995.p. 213-232. of the interior region of Centml Kalimantan Llkemany throughout By Government decreeof 1/7/1861 Father J.B. Panlm was granted permission to the world. the Ngaju have recently been affectedby exposure to world rel~gions.by accompany the military expedition beingsent out to the Banjarmasinarea where there i~nprove~nentsin transportation and commu~ucation,by new demands on family-based was a great deal oi resistance to the introduction of Dutch rule. Between 27/9/1861 and production. and by other factors pertairung to their growing ~ncorporalioninto an 411 111861 he made a report for every day of his journey. The report was addressed to expanding state system In an era of rapid political and economicchange. The Ngaju Jesuit Provincial in The Hague An undated, expurgated. printed verslon appeared response to these pressures.author Anne Schiller contends.is most clearly seen in the sometime before 1900 In the author's opinion. the travel account gives a direct and religious sphere Overthe past two decades, many Ngaju have taken to recasting and realistic picture of the situation in southest Borneo at that time. (Dr. Rosemary L. re~nterpretingtheir indigenous rel~gion,known formerlyas Kaharingan and nowas H~r~du Robson-McKillop) Kaharingan. Pandosically.this process of religious change involves the codification of Tjahjani Kuhnt-Saptodewo.Sri. The Ngaju Kaharingan rel~gion ~nterdctionbetween oral rel~giousbelief and the standard~zationof ritual. It also includes efforts to d~stinguisl~ and written lradition.In: "religious practices" fromother "customs".These developments figure importantlyin the Tcxr and rrr1e.r. ed. by Jarich Oosten. Leiden: Research School construction of modern Ngaju identitjt. The author focuses especially on the forrn and CNWS. 1994.p. 24-32. (CNWSpublicat~ons. vol. 22). content of riwrrh. an elaborate ritual of secondary treatment ofthe dead. with multiple and The Ngaju death ritual is celebrated in two stages: the primary burial (fanrrrluk nrarci) which usually takes place between three and seven days after death. and the secondary burial (tiwnh) which takes placeabout nine months after the primary burial or later The author studled theli,vtrlt or secondary burial in the traditionalvillage Tumbang Shapiro. Gary L. Data and observation from a short-term l~mnologicalstudy of the Malahni on the Beringai. a tributaq~of the Rungan. wherethe indigenous Kah(~rin,onn Sekonyer kver. a blackwater tributary in Tanjung Pudng National Park. Central rel~gionIS still strong (in 1990 60 percent of the 1375 inhabitants called themselves Kal~inantan,Indones~a. Borneo Research Bulletin. vol. 26. 1995. p. 25-53. , Kahanngan).Busu .Yangiung is the sacred language used for ntual purposes. The codified This paper is a presentation of a pilot study. conducted from July up to and pluases, or ta17tlak,are formulae. with which names of places, objects.ritual activities. or including November1986, of an Indonesian riverfrom the point of view of its being a persons are indtcated dunng the ritual. Scharer (1966) wasthe first to write down a blackwater river. Since the project. the author cautionsthat lloman activities in the lengthy text in Busn So~igiarig containing the la17frrlak r~rtrlei,or primary burial rite. watershed have intensified and that river tnK~chas been getting bus~er.The physical and Following adescription of Bosu Sangiong, and an outline of the tustoryof codification of chemical panmeters studied included riverheight. water temperature. water clarity, Ngaju ritual. the autl~orturns to the problems involved in the transcriptionof oral (ritual) sal~nity.d~ssolved oxygen. and larunic acid as well as ramfall. air temperature. hum~d~ty. tests. To obtain a plcture of thereligious concepts of the Nga.111 the r~riclal;must be and insolation (Dr. Rosemary L Robson-McKillop) recognised as standing fora sacred name, loosenedfrom the contest and transformed to Siahaan. Harlem. Konflikdan perlawanan. kongsi Cina diKali~nantan Barat, 1770-1854. the meaning as tile priests understand it.She illustrates herpoint by her correctionsof the Pris~?ra.vol 23. no. 12, 1994. p 41-55 literal translations of/rmcl~rX- by Hardeland (1848) and Scharer (1966).(Dr. Youetta M de The Huukitnr. the played a major role in the economic Jager) development ofWest Kali~nantan.Between 1770 and 1854 many men in South China 206 Ronleo Research Bulletul Issue 28 Vol. 28 Bomeo Research Bullet111 - .- -- - .- 707 Vayda. Andrew P. andAlunad Sallur.B~rsis Serrlers iri Enst Xloli~ira~itar~!r.Kurtri Nurioi~nl BIBLIOGRAPHY Ptrrl; Their pa.cr u~~~lpre.sei?rcu1c1so~ne pos.sihilifies/or fheir/lrrzrre 1996 Jakarta-Center for InternationalForestq Research (CIFOR).Special Publication Brooks, RonaldJ. What policies shouldbe adopted regarding enclavepopulations in nat~onalparks 1995 Ut1(ler,Ji\~e/7o,os.Edinburgh, USA Pentland Press.ISBN. 18582 13223 and other protected areas and how should the polic~esbe implemented? These questions Clun. James. are irnportant for protected areas tluougl~outthe world. The authors report here on soclo- 99 The Sarawak Chinese Voters andTheir support for the Democrat~c economic and lustorical research that they conducled In the rapidly developing Action Party (DM) Sourheasr it.~iail.S'rrttlit.s. VOI 34. No. 2. Indones~anprovince of East Kalimantan lo help deal with suchquestions They use their 1996 PBDS and EI~NC~~in Sarawak Politics. .lor1r11(11(j Co~~~enrpur~~~ findings to make practical recornmendationsabout relocating Bugis farmers and fishers .4sitr. Vol 26. No 4. from East Kalimantan'sI

Gabriel, TheodoreP C. 1996 Environmental change in Malaysian Borneo: fire. drougllta1d rain. in: M. Parnwell andR. Bryant, eds. Bi\~rronn~eti/ulChange in Solrt)l-~ast 1996 C'hrisrian-~\rllrslit?~Re1ation.v: (I case sfur!v of.Tura~~ak,East Ahlaysru. Aldershot, Hants. EnglandBrookfield. VT, USA: Avebury; ISBN: Asiu: People, Polifics und .Szt.stuinable De1~elo~17renl.London 185972325X. routledge Gavin, Traude King. Victor T and Jayum Jawan 1996 The IH/otne17'sl,l'arpn!l7. Ihan rit~rnlJabric~,fio~~~Rortteo Los Angeles 1996 The ban of Sarawak. Malaysia. Ettuucity. marginalisation and UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History;ISBN- 093074,15X. development.In: D. Dwyer and D. Drakakis-Snuth, eds. Ethnrciy and De~elopnre~it:Geogruphic Perspectir~es.London- JohnWiley, pp. 195- Greer. Tony. Waid~Sinun. Ian Douglas. and Kawa Bidin 214 1996 Long term natural forest management and land-usechange in a developing trop~calcatchment. Sabah, Malays~aIAHS publ~cation. Mohd. Yaakupand Mohd. Ayub A~n~rdad,eds. Volu~ne236. 153. 1992 Population and health issues in Sabah. Kota Inabalu: Institute for Development Studies. Harris. AnnetteSuzanne 1995 The impact of Cluistianity on power relationships and social Nngroho. G.. et al exchanges: a case study of change among the Tagal Murut,Sabah. 1986 Esamplesof primary healthcare. In: W.0 Phoon and P.C. Chen, eds.. Malaysia. Thesis (D. mss>--School of Intercultural Studies.Biola TextbookofCbt?11?riu71@ hleclici17e ill Southea~tA.~ia. New York: Wiley, University. pp. 363-371. Horton. A.VM Ong. Edric 1993 The Lirnbang murdersof 1897.Brunei Aizr.velr~?rJotrr17al47-56. 1996 Lil~rtigit? Snrmvak London: Thamesand Hudson. 1995 Bmnel on the eve of the Second World War. VlI: "The State is 001. Keat Gin Indefensible." Surcr\+~uliGuzelre. CXXII. no. 1532 (June 1995):25-41. 1997 Of Free Trade and Native Interests. the Brookes and theEconomic Inger. Robert F. Development of Sarawak. IS41-1 941. Kuala Lumpur: Ovford 1996 The natural history of amphibiansand reptiles in Sabah.Kota Kinabalu University Press; ISBN: 9835600236. Natural HistoryPublications (Borneo) Sdn Bhd.. ISBN: 9838120103. Padoch. C and N. Peluso. eds. Janowski. Moruca 1996 Borneo rn Tronsrfro17. People. Forests. C'onsenjarion, arid 1995 The hearth-group. the conjugal couple and thesymbolism of the rice Develop~,rent.New York. O.\ford Un~versityPress. meal among the Kelabit of Sarawak. In: Janet Carsten and Stephen Sather. Clifford Hugh-Jones. eds. .Ahout the FIouse. Levi-.S/r(~~r.r~clnd Beyold. 84-104. 1997 The Bajau Laut: adaptation, history. and fate in a ~nantimefishing Cambridge:Ca~nbr~dge Umversity Press. society of south-eastern Sabah Kuala Lurnpurmew York: Ovford Un~versivPress. ISBN: 9835600155. 1996 Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Radiolaria fromchert blocks in the Schiffmacher.Her& Lubok Antu melange. Sarawak. MalaysiaJotrrnrrl of Sotttheasr A.viut7 1996 De grote Borneo-espeditie.Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspers. Er~rthSciences. Volume 13. Number I. ISSN: 0748-9347 Schiller. Anne Johnstone. Charlie(1 907-1 994) 1996 An "old" religion in "New Order"Indones~a: Notes on ethrucity and 1993 To Sandakan: the d~anesof Charlie Johnstone. prisonerof war 1942- rel~giousaffiliation. .Socrolog~voJRelrgio17 57 (4): 409-4 17. 45.St. Leonards. NSW. Allen & Unwln: ISBN: 1861738185. Shaluul.A.M S. and R.B. Sruebing King. Victor T. 1996 D~et.growl11 and movements of juven~lecrocodiles C'rococ!vl~ts

1995 Tropical rainforests and ~nd~ger~ouspeoples. symbios~s and poro.r~rsScl~neider in the Klias river. Sabah. Malaysia .Jo~rrtitrlo/ esplo~tationSurclrvclk ~t/rrsetr~?r ./our1701 48: 1-25 TroprculEcologv. Volu~ne 12. Number 5. 1995 Research on environrnental change in Borneo. Inclonesiun Environ~wentalHisrorv Ne~s/et/er 5: 5-6. Slamet-Vels~nk.lna 1996 Hunter-gatherers. In: Jonathan hgg. ed. I~~tblerrur~FIerituge. {lie 1995 Etllerging ~T~erc~rchie.~;Proce.r.~es of .Strurij?cnrion r117clEarly Smre H~o?ra17En\~iroi717renl. Singapore. Arcl~ipelagoPress, pp 74-75. For1,1rrtio17 in the brclonesic~n,Irchipelago: Prehisror?, and the 210 Borneo Research Bulletin Issue 28

Efhnographic Prese17l. KITLV Verhandellngen, no 166. Le~den. KITLV Press THE BORNEO RESEARCHCOUNCIL Taha. A.M. et al. POLICIES 1996 Sunley of availability of iodine-enriched salt in Sarawak. ~VedJ. Categories of Membership ~Clulqysia,50 (4). 391-395. Fellows are scholars who are professionally engaged In research In Borneo or who Thambun Anyang. Yohannes Cyprianus use such research In their own studies. 1996 Daya Taman Kalimantan: Suati~studi etnografis organisasi sosial clan The privileges of Fellows include (1) participation in the organization and activities kekerabatan dengan- - pendekatan antropologi hukum. Nijmegen: of the Council; (2) the right to form committees of Fellows to deal with special research Nijmegen Un~versityPress problems or interests; (3) support of the Council's program of furthering research In the soc~al.biological. and medical sciences In Borneo. (4) subscript~onto the Borneo Toyad. L.M. ResearchBulletin. Srudy of acute diml~ealdiseases and worm infestations among 1981 The Fellows of the Council serve as a pool of knowledge and expertise on Borneo Melanaus and the lban of the Sixzh Division of Sarawak. Masters of matters which may be drawn upon to deal with specific problems both in the field of Public Health thesis. Kuala Lumpur: Un~versit~Malaya research and in the practical application of scientific knowledge. Wadley, Reed L., and Jolm F. Mmin Fellowsh~pIn the Counc~lis by inv~tation,and enquiries are welcomed In hs 1997 Secondary sex ratios and coital frequency with an lban case. regard. ,4n/hropolop38 (1): 79-81. Fellowship includes the privilege of a 10% discount on Monographs, Proceedings. and past issues of the Borneo Research Bullerin Wirueler, Roben, ed 1996 Pol,fics,La114 ant1 E!hn,ci(v in /he hlalu~vt117Pen~nsttlu ~ii(l Borneo: Membership Incligeno~~sPeoples and (he .Y/ctk. New Haven: Yale Universiq Membership is open to all individuals who are interested in research in the social. Program in Southeast Asian Studies Monograph Series.No. 46. medical, 'and biological sciences in Borneo and support the goals of Che Council. lnd~vidualsubscribers to the Bltllelin are registered automatically as Members. Fees Fellow: USS25.00 Member: US$20.00 Spouse: US$5 00 Library Subscriptions: US$20 00 Reduced Fees for-Indonesian,Malaysians, and Filipino Members and Fellows: Fees for Indonesian Fellows and Members for 1997 have been reduced to approximately one-half of the U S. rate:

Fellow: Rp. 38,812 Member: Rp. 3 1.050 Spouse: Rp. 7.763 Fees for Malaysian Fellows and Members starting with 1997 have also been reduced to appror~matelyone-half the U.S. rate:

Fellow: MR45~ - 00 Member. MR35 00 Spouse: MR7.50 Fees for Phlippine Fellows and Members staning with 1997 have also been reduced to approximately one-half the U.S. rate: 212 Borneo ResearchB~~lletin Issue 28 Vol. 28 - Borneo Research Bulletin 213

Fellow: USS12.50 Peso 118.25 The refund is net shppingcharges and$2.50 per book. Member. US$10.00 Peso 33 1.45 No examinat~oncopies: Given the slim profit margin. wcare unable to provide Spouse: USf2.50 Peso 83.63 examination copies. We are able to subsidize a small number ofFellowships and Mernbersh~ps.We Endowment actively solicit requests for aFurther reduced rate. Contributionsto the endowment are most welcome.These are segregated fromgened Note: Reduced ratesare available only for individt~als.Subscript~ons and orders by operating funds The income of the endowment fund IS used to support the publication institutions.govenunent departmentsand booksellers remainat the U.S A. rate. activitiesof the Council. Billing As the BRC IS a membership organization. invoicing for fees isdone on an annual INFORMATIONFOR AUTHORS bas~sseparately and not by volume of the B~rlleirri. Research Notes: These should be concerned with a summary of researcl~on a To enable Fellows and Membersto keep tnck of whether they have paid. we providc part~cularsubject or geographical area.the results of recent research; a review of duplicate invoices for the11records. the literahire: analysesof the state of researcl~,and soforth. Method of Payment: Research Notes differ from otherconLributions ~n that tlre material All payments are to be sent to The Borneo Research Council. P.O. BoxA. Pluil~ps. covered should be based on original research or the useof judgment, experience Maine 04966. U.SA. Payment maybe by check or money order ~nU.S. dollars; by check in and personal knowledgeon the part of the author in the preparationof the material Malaysian ringgit: or by check in Brit~shpounds. Payment may also be by V~saor so tl~atan original conclusionis reached Mastercard. Brief Communications: These differ from the foregoing in that no original Policy on Distributionof GratisIssues of the Bulletin conclusions are drawn nor any data included basedon original research. They also Gratis copies of the Bullerin will be sent to indi\fiduals. government departments. dlffer in consisting primarilyof a statement of research intentionsor a summaryof and other offices in Kalimantan, Bruneil orMalaysian Borneo that are recommended by news. eitller derived from private sourcesor summarized from items appearing in Fellows as hav~ngrelevance for their research. other places thatmay not be readily accessible to the readers of the Bullerin but Rec~p~entsof the Borneo Research Council Medal for Excellence in the wluch have an interest and relevance for them, They will be included with the Advancement of Kuo\vledge in the Social, Medical. and Biological Sciencesin Borneo contributor's name in parentheses following the item to indicate the source ivill be presented with all past and future publicationsof the Borneo Research Council. Summaries of news longer than oneor hvo paragraphs will appear with the Sale of Bulletins con~ributor'sname underthe title and prefacedby "Frotn". Sale of Btrllerinsto booksellers are not discounted. There is a mailing charge of $2.50 per first Bullerrn and $1.50 for additional BibliographicSection- A Bibliography of recent publications willappear in each Rul1erin.r issue of the Btrllerin. and, consequently. repnnts or other notices of recent Sales of 10 issues of the sameBullerr~i receive a 20'X d~scount.with the exception publications would be gratefullyreceived by the Editor. of issuesprior to 1990wh~ch have already been discounted. Citations:Citations are tobe entered without quotation marks ('inverted commas') SubscriptionServices: or underlining. theONLY special fontswill be (1)italicization of titles of books or A 10% discount is given to subscription services No charge is added for mailing non no graphswhen these appear inteM and (2) In when a citation is a chapter in an edited collection Back Issues of the Bulletin: f l per issue through 1990.Afier 1990,$20 per volume. Other Items- Personal news. brief summaries or research activities, recent Salcs of Monographs andProceedings pnblications. and other brief items will appear without the source specifically Slupp~ngCharges: $2.50 first volume.161.50 per additional volume. indicated.The Editor urges those contributing such newsitems to send them in the D~scounts:A 13% discount is given bookstores for single volumes An): order for 10 form in whichthe contributor wishes themto appear rather than leaving this tothe copies of the same item receivesa 20% discount. discretion of the Editor. Prepayment is required for all orders. Policy on Cancellationsand Returns: Working Papers: Research repom or papers exceeding 10 donble-spaced pages If ~temsare returned w~thin90 days and llley are clean coples. a refund is provided. will be published as Working Papers.Autl~ors who submit such papers will be Many bookstoresput their sales pnce on and then try to peel 11 off. consulted by the Editor who, upon obtainingan ar~thor'sconsent. will edit and

I v -