Joint Force Quarterly 95
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Issue 95, 4th Quarter 2019 JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY Maximizing ISSUE NINETY-FIVE, 4 ISSUE NINETY-FIVE, Strategic Foresight Why Normandy Still Matters TH 2019 Essay Competition Winners QUARTER 2019 Joint Force Quarterly Founded in 1993 • Vol. 95, 4th Quarter 2019 http://ndupress.ndu.edu GEN Mark A. Milley, USA, Publisher VADM Frederick J. Roegge, USN, President, NDU Editor in Chief Col William T. Eliason, USAF (Ret.), Ph.D. Executive Editor Jeffrey D. Smotherman, Ph.D. Production Editor John J. Church, D.M.A. Internet Publications Editor Joanna E. Seich Copyeditor Andrea L. Connell Associate Editor/Book Review Editor Jack Godwin, Ph.D. Associate Editor Patricia Strait, Ph.D. Intern Noah W. Garber Art Director Marco Marchegiani, U.S. Government Publishing Office Advisory Committee Ambassador Erica Barks-Ruggles/College of International Security Affairs; RDML Shoshana S. Chatfield, USN/U.S. Naval War College; Col David J. Eskelund, USMC/Marine Corps War College; Col Thomas Gordon, USMC, USMC/Marine Corps Command and Staff College; MG Lewis G. Irwin, USAR/Joint Forces Staff College; MG John S. Kem, USA/U.S. Army War College; LTG Michael D. Lundy, USA/U.S. Army Command and General Staff College; LtGen Daniel J. O’Donohue, USMC/The Joint Staff; Brig Gen Evan L. Pettus, USAF/Air Command and Staff College; RDML Cedric E. Pringle, USN/National War College; Brig Gen Kyle W. Robinson, USAF/Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy; Brig Gen Jeremy T. Sloane, USAF/Air War College; Lt Gen Glen D. VanHerck, USAF/Joint Staff; Thomas Wingfield, J.D./College of Information and Cyberspace Editorial Board Richard K. Betts/Columbia University; Eliot A. Cohen/The Johns Hopkins University; COL Joseph J. Collins, USA (Ret.)/National War College; Richard L. DiNardo/Marine Corps Command and Staff College; Aaron L. Friedberg/Princeton University; Bryon Greenwald/ Joint Forces Staff College; Douglas N. Hime/Naval War College; Col Jerome M. Lynes, USMC (Ret.)/The Joint Staff; Kathleen Mahoney-Norris/Air Command and Staff College; Bert B. Tussing/U.S. Army War College Cover 2 images (top to bottom): Air Force pararescueman assigned to 83rd Expeditionary Rescue Squadron communicates with Army Task Force Brawler CH-47F Chinook during training exercise in Afghanistan, March 14, 2018 (U.S. Air Force/Gregory Brook); U.S. Marines with 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit hike to cold-weather training site inland, Iceland, October 19, 2018, during Trident Juncture 18 (U.S. Marine Corps/Menelik Collins); Soldiers assigned to 2nd Battalion, 32nd Field Artillery, 1st Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division fire M777 howitzer on Qayyarah West Airfield, Iraq, August 10, 2019 (U.S. Army Reserve/DeAndre Pierce) About the Cover In This Issue Aviation boatswain’s mate (equipment) Airman Heaven Forum Alexander secures lube line to 2 Executive Summary port cylinder of catapult four on flight deck of Navy’s only forward- 4 Strategic Army: Developing deployed aircraft carrier, USS Ronald Trust in the Shifting Reagan, Yokosuka, Japan, August 14, Strategic Landscape 2016 (U.S. Navy/Nathan Burke) By Emily Bienvenue and Zachary Rogers 14 Maximizing the Power of Strategic Foresight By Amy Zalman 22 Strengthening Mission Joint Force Quarterly is published by the National Assurance Against Emerging Features Defense University Press for the Chairman of the Threats: Critical Gaps and 86 Development Beyond Joint Chiefs of Staff. JFQ is the Chairman’s flagship joint military and security studies journal designed to Opportunities for Progress the Joint Qualification inform members of the U.S. Armed Forces, allies, and By Paul N. Stockton System: An Overview other partners on joint and integrated operations; national security policy and strategy; efforts to combat with John P. Paczkowski By Dina Eliezer, Theresa K. terrorism; homeland security; and developments in Mitchell, and Allison Abbe training and joint professional military education to Essay Competitions transform America’s military and security apparatus 92 3D Printing for Joint to meet tomorrow’s challenges better while protecting 32 Winners of the 2019 freedom today. All published articles have been vetted Agile Operations through a peer-review process and cleared by the Essay Competitions By Jaren K. Price, Miranda C. Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review. 34 Pakistan’s Low Yield in the La Bash, and Bart Land NDU Press is the National Defense University’s cross-component, professional military and academic Field: Diligent Deterrence publishing house. or De-Escalation Debacle 100 The Chain Home Early Warning Radar System: A Case Study The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations By Daniel Hooey expressed or implied within are those of the in Defense Innovation contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Defense or any other agency of By Justin Roger Lynch 46 The Second Island Cloud: A the Federal Government. Deeper and Broader Concept Copyright Notice for American Presence Recall This is the official U.S. Department of Defense edition in the Pacific Islands of Joint Force Quarterly. Any copyrighted portions 104 Wolfe, Montcalm, and the of this journal may not be reproduced or extracted By Andrew Rhodes without permission of the copyright proprietors. JFQ Principles of Joint Operations in should be acknowledged whenever material is quoted 54 America First ≠ America Alone: the Quebec Campaign of 1759 from or based on its content. Morocco as Exemplar for U.S. By Joseph Finnan, Lee P. Gray, Submissions and Communications John H. Perry, and Brian Lust JFQ welcomes submission of scholarly, independent Counterterrorism Strategy research from members of the Armed Forces, security policymakers and shapers, defense analysts, By James B. Cogbill academic specialists, and civilians from the United Book Reviews States and abroad. Submit articles for consideration JPME Today to ScholarOne, available at https://mc04. 112 The Lessons of Tragedy manuscriptcentral.com/ndupress, or write to: 58 Why Normandy Still Matters: Reviewed by Joseph J. Collins Editor, Joint Force Quarterly Seventy-Five Years On, NDU Press 113 Sailing True North 300 Fifth Avenue (Building 62, Suite 212) Operation Overlord Inspires, Fort Lesley J. McNair Instructs, and Invites Us to Reviewed by Peter H. Daly Washington, DC 20319 Be Better Joint Warfighters Telephone: (202) 685-4220/DSN 325 114 Subordinating Intelligence Email: [email protected] By Bryon Greenwald Reviewed by J. Paul Pope JFQ online: ndupress.ndu.edu/jfq 4th Quarter, October 2019 Commentary Joint Doctrine ISSN 1070-0692 70 Attacking Fielded Forces: 116 Unmasking the Spectrum An Airman’s Perspective with Artificial Intelligence from Kosovo By Matthew J. Florenzen, Kurt By Phil Haun M. Shulkitas, and Kyle P. Bair 78 Countering Threat Networks 123 Joint Doctrine Update to Deter, Compete, and Win: Competition Below Armed Conflict with Revisionist Powers By Vayl S. Oxford During Berlin Crisis of 1961, group of U.S. Naval Reservists talk to U.S. Army Soldiers who man Checkpoint Charlie, only American checkpoint along Berlin Wall (U.S. Navy Museum) Executive Summary his year has been one of important victories on the Eastern Front, would And the anniversaries where we can anniversaries and one of change. ultimately end that violent period in honor our fallen and celebrate those Just this past weekend, the world Western Europe. But that effort would who survived continue to reverberate. T th marked the 100 year since the Armi- eventually turn into the Cold War, a Lest we forget. But what can we say stice for World War I, the “war to end long struggle between U.S.-led Western we have learned from this seemingly all wars,” was placed in effect. On that powers and Soviet bloc countries. The endless cycle of struggle that results in date, at the 11th hour of the 11th day of 30th anniversary of the end of that con- war? One answer has been to improve the 11th month, the bloodiest war up flict was marked this year, as the Berlin how our troops fight together as part to that time ended. Or so the world Wall ceased to function as a political and of a joint force. To do so, its leaders had hoped. Just 25 years later, Allied physical barrier between the German need to understand the past, both good forces would assault the beaches and Democratic Republic (GDR) and and bad, and find ways to make our skies above Normandy, France, in an West Germany on November 9, 1989, joint bonds strong enough to meet the unprecedented invasion to roll back the although official destruction of the wall challenges ahead, even those that may Nazi empire, which, along with Russian did not begin until June 13, 1990. surprise us. 2 Forum / Executive Summary JFQ 95, 4th Quarter 2019 I would offer that our world is in of Defense Strategic Research Paper military, and Jaren K. Price, Miranda C. constant motion, and as a result change category provides an interesting look at La Bash, and Bart Land describe how it is what we must always seek to adjust Pakistan’s military stance and reliance on could improve joint operations. Justin and improve our situations. If you have nuclear weapons. Speaking to the strategic Roger Lynch delivers a valuable case a setback, a delay, or a loss, you do as issues of the security environment in the study in military innovation by explaining the unofficial slogan of the U.S. Marine Pacific, the winning CJCS Strategic Essay how British scientists created the Chain Corps suggests—you improvise, adapt, Competition (Strategic Research Paper Home early warning radar system, the and overcome. I would add that we need category) by Andrew Rhodes develops world’s first integrated air defense system. to be constantly learning both from what a new view of how U.S. power should One of the constant challenges in we see and from what others experienced.