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Dissertation Dissertation submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Presented by M.Sc. Melanie Macherey Born in: Leverkusen, Germany Oral-examination: 05.03.2018 Inhibition of glucocorticoid signaling and synthesis detected by an in vivo zebrafish larva screening system: A novel tool for endocrine disruptor risk evaluation Referees: Prof. Dr. Uwe Strähle Dr. Thomas Dickmeis Summary Summary Pharmaceutical residues in aquatic systems constitute a major environmental risk as pharmaceuticals are designed to interact with specific biological processes. These processes are mostly conserved among all vertebrate groups (e.g. signal transduction, metabolism), thus, drugs may have similar effects in fish as they have in mammals. In particular, endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDCs) are of high ecotoxicological concern as they may interfere with hormonal signaling via multiple pathways and can affect health and reproduction of organisms. EDCs which directly interfere with the reproductive system via sexual steroid hormones such as estrogens and androgens have been in the focus of ecotoxicological risk assessment for decades, but potential interactions with other hormonal groups are so far poorly investigated. One of these neglected hormonal groups are Glucocorticoids (GCs), a subclass of steroid hormones, which regulate metabolism and immune function. Drug interference with the GC pathway may thus hamper an organism’s survival, but research efforts examining the complex interactions of these compounds with this pathway are so far limited. In this thesis, I developed an in vivo testing approach, which enables to detect EDCs of the GC system and to investigate their mechanisms of action. I have applied a bioluminescence- based test system with transgenic zebrafish larvae, the GRIZLY assay, to screen an FDA-approved drug library for compounds that may affect the GC pathway. By means of conducting three assay modes I aimed to identify inhibitors of GC signalingin vitro and in vivo as well as disruptors of GC biosynthesis in vivo. I detected 29 compounds that showed significant inhibitory activity in at least one of the assay modes. Interestingly, I also found five superactivators of GC signaling, substances which increased and/ or extended the bioluminescence signal activity. Concentration-dependent retests validated high reliability of the screen performance. The combined evaluation of compound effects in three assay modes enabled me to pre-categorize the potential substance mechanisms of action according to either direct interference with GC signaling activity or disruption of GC biosynthesis. In order to follow up on the compound mechanisms of action, I conducted chemical and gene expression analysis experiments with selected in vivo inhibitors and superactivators. The obtained results for substance effects on larva-internal steroid levels and target gene expression, combined with the GRIZLY outcomes, allowed me to group the compounds according to their potential mechanisms of action. For example, anti-inflammatory drugs interfered with GC signaling without affecting the GC biosynthesis pathway. Estrogens and retinoids inhibited GC signaling and synthesis, while for progestins both inhibitory and stimulatory effects were observed, suggesting a complex interaction of this compound class with the GC pathway. v Summary Overall, I validated that the GRIZLY assay is a highly suitable in vivo test system to detect pharmaceutical interference with the GC system via various effect pathways. The combined evaluation of three different GRIZLY modes furthermore allows for pre-categorization of compound effect mechanisms, which facilitates the selection of specific follow-up experiments for an in-depth risk assessment for effects of EDCs on the GC system. Moreover, my results show that several of the most-widely prescribed drugs which enter aquatic systems may interfere with GC signaling and steroid hormone biosynthesis in fish. Given the GC regulation of metabolism and the immune system, this may possibly lead, especially under chronic exposure, to a weakened ability of organisms to cope with stressors. In the long-term view, pharmaceutical residues in the environment might thus lead to a reduced biological fitness, which may constitute an additional, so far largely neglected burden for aquatic Organisms. vi Zusammenfassung Zusammenfassung Arzneimittelrückstände in aquatischen Systemen stellen ein hohes Umweltrisiko dar, weil Pharmazeutika speziell für die Interaktion mit spezifischen biologischen Prozessen konzipiert sind. Da diese Prozesse größtenteils in allen Wirbeltiergruppen konserviert sind (z.B. Signaltransduktion, Metabolismus) können Arzneimittel in aquatischen Organismen ähnliche Effekte wie in Säugetieren zeigen. Insbesondere endokrin disruptive Chemikalien (EDCs) sind hierbei von hoher ökotoxikologischer Relevanz, da sie mit Hormonsignalwegen über zahlreiche Wirkungspfade interagieren und somit die Gesundheit und Reproduktionsfähigkeit von Organismen beeinträchtigen können. EDCs, die direkt über Sexualhormone wie zum Beispiel Östrogene und Androgene mit Reproduktionsmechanismen interagieren, sind seit Jahrzehnten im Fokus der ökotoxikologischen Risikobewertung, jedoch sind mögliche Interaktionen mit anderen Hormongruppen bislang nur wenig erforscht. Eine dieser wenig beachteten Hormongruppen ist die der Glukokortikoide (GCs), eine Unterklasse der Steroidhormone, welche den Metabolismus und Immunfunktionen regulieren. Medikamente, die mit dem GC Signalweg interagieren, könnten daher die Überlebensfähigkeit eines Organismus beeinträchtigen, jedoch sind wissenschaftliche Bemühungen, die komplexen Substanzinteraktionen mit diesem Signalweg zu untersuchen, bislang begrenzt. In dieser Doktorarbeit habe ich einen in vivo Testansatz entwickelt, der es erlaubt, EDCs des GC- Systems zu identifizieren und ihre Wirkmechanismen zu untersuchen. Ich habe ein ein biolumineszenzbasiertes Testsystem mit transgenen Zebrabärblingslarven angewendet, den GRIZLY Assay, um eine Bibliothek aus von der FDA zugelassenen Medikamenten auf Substanzen zu durchmustern, die Effekte auf den GC-Signalweg haben können. Mithilfe der Durchführung dreier Assay-Modi war es mein Ziel, in vitro und in vivo Inhibitoren des GC-Signals und Disruptoren der GC-Biosynthese zu identifizieren. Ich habe dabei 29 Substanzen ermittelt, die signifikant inhibierende Aktivität in mindestens einem der Assay-Modi zeigten. Interessanterweise habe ich auch fünf Superaktivatoren gefunden, also Substanzen, die die Biolumineszenzsignalaktivität intensiviert und/ oder zeitlich verlängert haben. Konzentrationsabhängige, Nachtests validierten eine hohe Verlässlichkeit des Verfahrens. Die kombinierte Auswertung von Substanzeffekten in drei Assay-Modi ermöglichte es mir, potentielle Wirkmechanismen entweder als direkte Interaktionen mit der GC- Signalaktivität oder als indirekte Interaktionen mit der GC-Biosynthese zu prä-kategorisieren. Um diese Substanzwirkmechanismen weiter zu verfolgen habe ich chemisch-analytische und Genexpressionsanalyse-Experimente mit ausgewählten in vivo Inhibitoren und Superaktivatoren durchgeführt. Die Resultate der Substanzeffekte auf larveninterne Steroidlevel und Zielgenexpression, in Kombination mit den GRIZLY-Ergebnissen, erlaubten es mir, die Substanzen vii Zusammenfassung entsprechend ihrer potentiellen Wirkmechanismen zu gruppieren. Beispielsweise interagierten entzündungshemmende Pharmazeutika mit dem GC-Signal ohne die GC-Biosynthese zu beeinträchtigen. Östrogene und Retinoide inhibierten das GC-Signal und die Synthese, während für Progestine sowohl inhibitorische als auch stimulierende Effekte zu beobachten waren, welche komplexe Interaktionen dieser Substanzklasse mit dem GC-Wirkungspfad andeuten. Insgesamt validierte ich den GRIZLY Assay als ein geeignetes in vivo Testsystem, um Arzneimittelinterferenz mit dem GC-System über verschiedene Wirkmechanismen zu detektieren. Die kombinierte Evaluation von drei verschiedenen GRIZLY-Modi erlaubt es darüber hinaus, Substanzeffektmechanismen zu prä-kategorisieren, was es vereinfacht, spezifische Folgeexperimente für eine tiefergreifende Risikobewertung der Effekte von EDCs auf das GC- System auszuwählen. Darüberhinaus zeigen meine Ergebnisse, dass einige der meistverschriebenen Arzneimittel, die in aquatische Systeme gelangen, möglicherweise mit dem GC-Signal und der Steroidhormonbiosynthese in Fischen interferieren können. Sie könnten so potenziell Metabolismus und Immunfunktion beeinträchtigen und insbesondere unter chronischen Expositionsbedingungen zu einer verminderten Fähigkeit des Organismus, mit anderen Stressoren zurecht zu kommen, führen. Auf lange Sicht könnten Arzneimittelrückstände als eine zusätzliche, bislang größtenteils vernachlässigte Umweltbelastung daher zu einer reduzierten biologischen Fitness von aquatischen Organismen führen. viii Acknowledgements Acknowledgements This work would have not been possible without the support of the following people: First of all I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Thomas Dickmeis for giving me the opportunity to do my Ph.D. in his group and to work on this interesting project. I am thankful for his advice and support in the laboratory, for helpful discussions and for his critical proofreading of my thesis. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my first supervisor and thesis advisory commitee member Prof. Dr. Uwe Strähle for his
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