Volumenverschiebungen Beim Sprung Der Jagdspinne Cupiennius Salei (Keyserling, 1877)

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Volumenverschiebungen Beim Sprung Der Jagdspinne Cupiennius Salei (Keyserling, 1877) Volumenverschiebungen beim Sprung der Jagdspinne Cupiennius salei (Keyserling, 1877) Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften vorgelegt beim Fachbereich Biologie der Johann Wolfgang Goethe - Universität in Frankfurt am Main von Michael Karner aus Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt, 1999 D F 1 2 Dank Wissenschaftliche Arbeit ist auch ein sozialer Vorgang. Ohne viel Unterstützung - in fachlicher wie in menschlicher Hinsicht - wird jede Art von "Forschung" scheitern. Für die Überlassung des Themas, Unterstützung, Rat und Hilfe danke ich meinen Be- treuern, den Herren Professoren Dr. R. Blickhan (Jena) und Dr. U. Maschwitz (Frankfurt). Für die freundliche Versorgung mit Versuchstieren danke ich Herrn Dr. E.-A. Seyfarth (Frankfurt) und Herrn Professor Dr. F. G. Barth (Wien). Die Kollegin und Kollegen der Arbeitsgruppe Biomechanik am Institut für Sportwissenschaft der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität in Jena waren oft bis spät in die Nacht bereit, bei der Beseitigung verschiedenster Schwierigkeiten - von der MatLab- Programmierung bis zur Netzwerkadministration - zu helfen. Dafür, und für wirklich schöne, noch spätere Kneipenabende danke ich: Petra Meier, Michael Günther, Klaus Maier, Sergey Petkun und Heiko Wagner. Sigrid Gablik und Arthur Teichmann sorgten dafür, das alle verwaltungs- und beschaf- fungstechnischen Probleme schnell und unbürokratisch gelöst wurden. Den studentischen (Hilfs-)Kräften Anja Schwiekal, Danny Keßler, Jörg Lorenz, Markus Renner und Holger Schöning gebührt großer Dank für ihre geduldige Hilfe beim Digitali- sieren, Experimentieren und Spinnenfüttern. Den "Ilmenauern" sei für vielfältige Diskussionen und zahlreiche Anregungen gedankt. Allen voran ist Cornelius Schilling zu nennen, ohne dessen organisatorische Aktivitäten es nicht zu dieser Arbeit gekommen wäre - er stellte den Kontakt nach Jena überhaupt erst her. Lena Zentner und Jörg Grabow unterstützten mich mit mathematischer und meßtechnischer Hilfe. Mit Christian Kropf verbrachte ich einige sehr spannende Tage im Labor. Dafür, und für Anregungen und Ideen aus dem Reich der Systematik sei ihm herzlich gedankt. Meiner Mutter und meinen Schwestern danke ich für Ihre Unterstützung und das Ausre- den aller Sorgen. Schließlich will ich mich bei Christiane Bieker bedanken. Vor allem für die Geduld mit doktorandentypischen Gemütsschwankungen. Und für alles andere. 3 Inhalt 1 Einleitung............................................................................................................ 5 2 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................. 7 3 Einführung und Fragestellung ............................................................................ 9 4 Material und Methode ........................................................................................ 13 4.1 Morphometrische Messungen ........................................................................ 13 4.2 Volumenverschiebungen bei Beinbewegungen ............................................. 14 4.2.1 Versuchsaufbau und –Ablauf.................................................................. 14 4.2.2 Datenauswertung................................................................................... 16 4.3 Kinematische Untersuchungen ...................................................................... 21 4.3.1 Versuchstiere ......................................................................................... 21 4.3.2 Videosystem .......................................................................................... 22 4.3.3 Versuchsaufbau..................................................................................... 22 4.3.4 Kalibrierung des Videosystems............................................................... 23 4.3.5 Versuchsablauf ...................................................................................... 23 4.3.6 Auswertung ............................................................................................ 24 4.4 Druckabhängigkeit der Stachelaufrichtung..................................................... 27 4.4.1 Vorversuche........................................................................................... 27 4.4.2 Versuchsaufbau und -ablauf................................................................... 27 4.5 Berechnung der Volumenverschiebungen beim Sprung................................ 28 4.6 Vergleichende Steifigkeitsmessungen an Perania nasuta und anderen Taxa 30 4.6.1 Versuchstiere ......................................................................................... 30 4.6.2 Versuchsaufbau und -ablauf................................................................... 30 4.6.3 Datenauswertung................................................................................... 32 4.6.4 Morphometrische Untersuchung, Abschätzung von Volumenverschiebungen, Carapax-Hub und Verformungsarbeit....................... 34 5 Ergebnisse....................................................................................................... 35 5.1 Morphometrie ............................................................................................... 35 5.1.1 Ähnlichkeiten der reduzierten Beinlängen............................................... 35 5.1.2 Berechnung der Gelenkdrehachsen-Längen aus der Länge des 4. Beines 37 5.1.3 Berechnung der Carapax-Fläche aus der Länge des 4. Beines ............. 40 5.2 Volumen-Winkel-Kennlinien der Beingelenke ................................................ 40 5.3 Kinematik des Sprunges von Cupiennius salei .............................................. 43 5.3.1 Beobachtungen bei den Versuchen, Sprungtypen.................................. 43 5.3.2 Aufrichtung der Beinstacheln ................................................................. 51 5.3.3 Kinematik der Körperlängsachse: Orientierung, Geschwindigkeiten und Beschleunigungen........................................................................................... 52 4 5.3.4 Dauer der Kontaktphasen ...................................................................... 55 5.3.5 Effektive Beinlängen, Kinematik der Beingelenke................................... 59 5.4 Druckabhängigkeit der Aufrichtung der Beinstacheln .................................... 64 5.5 Volumenverschiebungen und Volumenarbeit beim Sprung ........................... 65 5.6 Prosomale Steifigkeit von Perania nasuta, Vergleich mit anderen Taxa....... 73 6 Diskussion ....................................................................................................... 79 6.1 Absprungtypen, Gelenkkinematik, Aufrichtung der Beinstacheln................... 79 6.2 Volumenverschiebungen in den Laufbeinen und im Prosoma ....................... 87 6.3 Druckerzeugungsmechanismen und Hydroskelett ......................................... 95 6.4 Ausblick....................................................................................................... 105 7 Literatur .......................................................................................................... 107 8 Abkürzungen und Variablen ........................................................................... 110 5 1 Einleitung Die Bewegungsphysiologie hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten zu einem prosperieren- den Zweig der Biologie entwickelt. Dabei haben sich gegenüber früheren Forschungsin- teressen deutliche Veränderungen ergeben. Stand vor einigen Jahrzehnten noch im we- sentlichen das Bewegungsverhalten der untersuchten Organismen im Vordergrund, so wird heute das Augenmerk immer stärker auf die biomechanischen Voraussetzungen der beobachteten Bewegungen gerichtet. Damit ergibt sich für die Bewegungsphysiologie eine deutliche Erweiterung, wie auch an der zunehmenden Nutzung physikalischer Ter- minologien erkennbar ist. Weiterhin wurde mit der Suche nach Anregungen für die Ver- besserung technischer Konstruktionen auch ein wachsendes Interesse der Ingenieurs- wissenschaften an bewegungsphysiologischen Fragestellungen geweckt. Neben der zunehmenden Verbindung zu anwendungsorientierten Forschungsfeldern ist aber auch die die Nutzung bewegungsphysiologischer Befunde in originär biologischen Teildiszipli- nen von Interesse. Beispielhaft sind hier die Evolutions- und Palaeobiologie zu nennen, die aus biomechanischen Erkenntnissen über rezente Organismen wichtige Schlußfolge- rungen auf das Bewegungsverhalten ausgestorbener Organismen ziehen können. Die vorliegende Arbeit entstand in einem ausgeprägt interdisziplinären Umfeld: Im Rah- men des DFG - Schwerpunktprogrammes "Autonomes Laufen" wird der Versuch unter- nommen, biologische Bewegungs- und Lokomotionsmechanismen als Anregungen für technische Konstruktionen zu nutzen. Dabei kommt es zu einem intensiven Dialog zwi- schen Biologie und Technik; es werden Terminologien abgeglichen, mögliche Umset- zungen identifiziert, aber auch die mitunter kaum überwindbar scheinenden Diskrepan- zen zwischen den immer wieder erstaunenden Leistungen von Organismen und den beschränkten technischen Möglichkeiten erkannt. Obgleich in den letzten Jahren immer stürmischere Fortschritte in der Robotik gemacht wurden, ist die Konstruktion schneller Laufmaschinen weiterhin eine Aufgabe, die ingenieurstechnische Methoden an ihre Grenzen führt. Aufgrund ihrer relativ einfachen technischen Realisierbarkeit sind im Be- reich der Mikrosystemtechnik hydraulische Mechanismen besonders interessant. Auch bei Arthropoden gibt es hydraulische Systeme: Besonders auffällig im hydraulischen Beinstreckungsmechanismus
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