SUBMARINE STEM Become a submarine explorer Science activities for families and children About XL Catlin XL Catlin, is the global brand used by XL Group PLC’s (NYSE:XL) insurance and reinsurance companies which provide property, casualty, professional and specialty products to industrial, commercial and professional firms, insurance companies and other enterprises throughout the world. Clients look to XL Catlin for answers to their most complex risks and to help move their world forward. XL Catlin is proud to sponsor research and educational programs which explore how our planet’s oceans may be changing. The XL Catlin Deep Ocean Survey is its third major scientific sponsorship following the Catlin Arctic Surveys, (2009 – 2011) that investigated the impacts of changes to the Arctic Ocean, and the XL Catlin Seaview Survey (2012 - 2016) which created the world’s first digital baseline of coral reef health. To learn more visit XLCatlinOceansEducation.com.

About Digital Explorer Digital Explorer is an award-winning education social enterprise based in London. A pioneer in the development of innovative real-world learning programs, Digital Explorer supports teachers and students internationally to understand and engage with critical global issues from the oceans to cultural understanding.

About Nekton Nekton combines world-class experience across multi-disciplinary marine research expeditions, submersible operations, multi-platform content creation and distribution, marketing and communications, scientific research, international collaborative networks and sustainable organisational development.

About the University of Oxford The Nekton Mission is working in close collaboration with the Department of Zoology at the University of Oxford. A science team from the department is leading the deep ocean research program from on board the two Mission vessels. CONTENTS

Introduction Page 1

Overview Page 2

About the expedition Page 3

Exploring the deep Page 4

Food from above Page 5

Food from below Page 7

Activities

Mission 1: Mission director Page 9

Mission 2: Marine biologist Page 11

Mission 3: Submarine pilot Page 13

Mission 4: ROV scientist Page 15

Mission 5: Ocean mapper Page 17

Mission 6: Submarine engineer Page 19

Further information Page 21

Certificate Page 22

Pull-out poster (center pages)

Deep ocean poster Front

Voyage map Back INTRODUCTION

Welcome to Submarine STEM

XL Catlin has supported ocean science research For many of us, the deep ocean remains out of since 2009 as part of our broader commitment sight and out of mind and we need to find new to sustainability and the environment. Our ways to inspire our fascination in the last great notion is simple: as a global re/insurer, building frontier on Planet Earth. climate resilience is part of our mission. We’re Nekton believe that the quickest way to proud to play a role in helping to gather reconnect us all with the ocean is to place people scientific facts that aid in understanding the risks at the centre of the journey of exploration. our planet will face in the years ahead. Our cutting edge Triton submersibles have Educational outreach is a natural extension of XL transparent acrylic pressure hulls, so we can Catlin’s commitment. Working with our partners, now witness people in the deep, creating the we believe that an important legacy is the vital human link that can change our relationship delivery of high-quality curriculum-led education with the ocean forever. programs that in-turn empower others to contribute. And as the shuttles became icons of space exploration, these new submersibles can Submarine STEM is XL Catlin’s latest educational embody our next global odyssey. resource, to help raise ocean literacy and inspire a new generation. We look forward to you joining our Missions and becoming a submarine explorer. We hope you enjoy the materials in these pages.

Mike McGavick Oliver Steeds Chief Executive Officer, XL Catlin Mission Director, Nekton

A resource by With

Nekton alliance

TRITON

1 OVERVIEW

This activity booklet introduces families and Explore Live children to the science of Nekton’s research 80°W 70°W 60°W 50°W program, the XL Catlin Deep Ocean Survey. The Follow the mission journey Follow the progress of the expedition on nektonmission.org and plot important locations using the color- coded technology listed below. first mission to Bermuda and the North West Are the team using submarines in the ocean south west of Bermuda? Circle the location in purple and draw a Halifax, Nova Scotia dotted line between there and the last The departure point for the location. Canadian Coast Guard Ship Hudson to explore the Gully Atlantic launches in July 2016. region and the Sargasso Sea. The Gully 45°N The Gully Marine Protected Area encompasses 2,364 square kilometers, making it the largest underwater canyon in the North Follow the expedition online at West Atlantic. nektonmission.org and learn more about Baseline Explorer Triton 1000/2 Bowditch The Baseline Explorer (BEX) is the A cutting-edge new submersible. Seamount Mission’s submersible deployment The latest fully transparent ship with science laboratories and spherical pressure hulls provide a technical diving equipment. revolutionary new visual and 3D this amazing and undiscovered world and the BEX is owned and operated by perspective on the environment, Global Sub Dive which supports critical for scientific observation Gregg the non-profits Global Underwater and filming. Kelvin Explorers and Project Baseline Seamount Seamount Sargasso Sea 40°N A vast patch of ocean named science of underwater exploration. after the free-floating seaweed Sargassum, that floats in mats across the region. Hamilton, Bermuda Hamilton is the capital of Bermuda. Its population of 1,010 is one of the smallest of any capital city.

ROV Remotely Operated Vehicles are Argus Dive team equipped with at least a video Bermuda Becoming a submarine explorer In tandem with submersibles, camera and lights. Additional Bank divers operate down to 100m on science equipment is commonly Bermuda is the focus for the re-breathers and scooters equipped added. Based on the CCGS Hudson, submersible exploration and the Challenger with stereoscopic cameras for visual the ROV will allow the team to dive deep dive teams. See detailed transects. deeper and explore further into the map. Bank unknown. 35°N

0km 10km 20km Scale C C C Nekton Mission D AN D AN D AN Detailed map of Bermuda area N N N Bermuda & North West Atlantic S S S T D T B T N Seamount Place of interest A N A A A C C C N C S T G S B S A T 0km 100km 200km 300km 400km T S Overview map of Nekton mission Scale

N N N G G G K K K T T T During the live phase of the voyages, the team NSSN NSSN NSSN will be posting updates from the ocean on

DEEP OCEA DEEP OCEA DEEP OCEA N N N N N N nektonmission.org. This is an opportunity to LI S LI S LI S T CIE U T MA U T NE E U A S NT R A N P R A RI NG R C V I V C A P V C A I V O S E E E E N E ask questions of the team via social media and to L T Y L Y L M Y C R E X R X X B O E

U R S learn more about what it takes to be a submarine explorer.

N N N E G E G E G K R K R K R TO .O TO .O TO .O The center pages of this booklet are designed to NM ON NM ON NM ON ISSI ISSI ISSI be removed and used as a poster. On one side, Submarine STEM develops young people’s there is a diagram of the deep ocean displaying understanding of Science, Technology, the different ocean layers and the creatures that Engineering & Math using the adventurous live in them. context of investigating the deep ocean in The other side is a map of Nekton Mission 1 cutting edge submersibles. around Bermuda and the North West Atlantic. The deep ocean has only been explored by the The daily position of the expedition vessels will most intrepid scientists and you are invited to be displayed on the homepage of the expedition become part of the team. Using the activities in website and you can plot their progress on the this booklet, you can discover more about the voyage map. different roles involved in exploring the deep. Examples of work Each activity in this booklet is based around one of the members of the Mission team. You will We would love to display examples of your work learn about the importance of each role, before completing these activities. Please email photos taking on a challenge they have designed for and brief descriptions to our education partner, you. Digital Explorer, at [email protected] and we will publish the best examples online. If you’re successful, you will earn one of the ‘Submarine Explorer’ badges (see insert or electronic versions at nektonmission.org/education). Adult supervision and safety Collect all the badges to become a full member of the expedition team and receive a special The activities in this booklet are family-friendly, certificate from the Mission Director (see page meaning that they do not require any specialist 22 or download from equipment. However, each activity should be nektonmission.org/education). conducted with adult supervision. Specific safety Display all your badges on your certificate notes and additional guidance are listed at the end or use the electronic versions to show your of each activity description and supervising adults achievements on your social media profile if you should use their discretion as to the suitability of have one. each activity for their children.

2 ABOUT THE EXPEDITION

Nekton’s mission: to explore the deep ocean The XL Catlin Deep Ocean Survey We’re a blue planet. Planet Ocean – not Planet Earth. The XL Catlin Deep Ocean Survey is Nekton’s first 71% of our planet is covered by ocean, with an multidisciplinary scientific research program to average depth of 2.3 miles. At least 97% of our measure the health and resilience of the deep ocean. biosphere is in the ocean. The deep ocean is all the Scientists from a dozen marine research institutes ocean that is below 200m – the vast majority of it. have been brought together by new scientific The ocean is critical for planetary and human health. research charity, Nekton, to participate in this The ocean shapes the planet’s chemistry, biology scientific mission operating in the waters off and geophysics. It produces half the oxygen we Bermuda, the Sargasso Sea (between Bermuda and breath, and captures at least 16 times the amount Canada) and off Canada’s east coast. of carbon compared to land. Our ocean provides Living and working on board two research vessels, basic protein for nearly 2 billion people. The ocean the Canadian Coast Guard Ship Hudson and the regulates and stabilizes the planet’s climate. Baseline Explorer, 21 scientists will gather data from Simply, if we want to continue life as know it, we the surface to the seabed. The mission will collect need a healthy ocean. physical, chemical and biological data to create a baseline for long-term studies and help explain how How the ocean changes will affect people’s food, the ocean functions. The Survey will target complex safety, livelihoods, transport, access to resources marine habitats including seamounts, hydrothermal and even the air we breathe. However, we know vents, canyons, methane seeps and shipwrecks – very little about the deep ocean. Today we have areas of high biodiversity and barometers for ocean better maps of the Moon, Mars and Venus than we change. do of our own seabed. We’ve mapped an area about the size of Tasmania to the same kind of detail that The XL Catlin Deep Ocean Survey is a pilot for a new we have mapped Mars, Venus, the Moon. We have systematic method that can be deployed by marine biologically sampled even less - 0.0001% of it. biologists globally to rapidly assess ocean health. Subsequent post-expedition rapid assessment Nekton was created to increase scientific and public reports and scientific papers will deliver timely understanding of the deep ocean through our information to the wider science community, and research missions, inspiring story-telling to bring the those responsible for the oceans’ management and ocean to life and highlighting the urgent need for a stewardship. coherent global policy for protecting the oceans. To achieve this, Nekton has assembled an alliance of world leading ocean scientists, media organisations, business leaders, philanthropists, educationalists and civil leaders, joining their forces to explore and research the Earth’s least-explored, largest and critically important ecosystem.

3 EXPLORING THE DEEP

History of submersible exploration Challenges of exploration of the deep ocean The first manned dives to the deep ocean took place At least 95% of the deep ocean is unexplored. It is only in 1930 when William Beebe and Otis Barton an extremely difficult place to observe, let alone to descended to a depth of 245m in the Bathysphere visit ourselves. Until recently marine science was near Bermuda. Over the following years, this team conducted entirely from the surface. of engineer, Barton, and naturalist, Beebe, advanced The most immediate barrier to deep ocean submersible technology, achieving a dive of 923m on exploration is its darkness. Water scatters and August 15, 1934. absorbs light. No light at all penetrates to the The next significant milestone in submersible ‘midnight zone’, at depths below 1000m. In practical exploration took place in 1960. A secret US Navy terms, only in the ‘sunlight zone’ at depths above project, codenamed Project Nekton, saw Jacques 200m, can scientists see what they are studying Piccard and Don Walsh descend 7 miles down in without the need for artificial light. the bathyscaphe Trieste. Reaching the bottom of the But the greatest technological barrier to ocean Challenger Deep, the lowest point of the Marianas exploration is the weight of water itself. The ocean is Trench in the Pacific Ocean, they were the first an extremely hostile environment, where pressure people to achieve full ocean depth. increases by one atmosphere roughly every 10m you Since 1960, several governments and university go down. At the deepest point, approximately institutes have embarked on scientific research 11 kilometres down, the pressure is 1100 of the deep ocean. However, relative to the size atmospheres. This is the same pressure as an and significance of the deep ocean, the world’s elephant standing on your little toe or the pressure in submersible capabilities have far to go. the chamber of a gun when a bullet is fired. The Nekton missions are using the next generation Animals that live in the deep have adapted to life in submersible technology, the Triton submersibles. under pressure, with special swim bladders, squidgy With their fully transparent spherical pressure hulls, bodies and bendy bones. However, humans need these revolutionary vessels allow scientists to view to use technology to explore the deep ocean. The and record the deep ocean as never before. deepest scuba diver has reached 318m down. Below this, humans need to survive inside hollow pressure hulls, built to withstand these extraordinary forces.

Definitions Submarine: a ship capable of submerging and operating under water. Submersible: a ship capable of submerging and operating under water but relies on a support facility or vessel to replenish power and breathing gases. ROV: remotely operated vehicle, a robotic submersible which is controlled from the surface.

4 FOOD FROM ABOVE

Algae floats on the ocean currents and is eaten by tiny animals. 0m

Light penetrates the first 200m of water, allowing plants and algae to grow.

Dead algae, tiny animals and poop sink towards the seafloor. As these small particles fall they can look 500m like snow and scientists refer to this deep sea food source as ‘marine snow’.

Hagfish

Giant red jellyfish 1000m

In the ocean depths, where there is no light, animals Sea pig wait for food to fall from above. This can either be ‘marine snow’ or sometimes the carcasses of large animals like whales or squid. 1500m Giant isopod

The deep sea habitat is marked by the absence of In this dark world, there are other tactics to find light. At school, we learn that the food chain starts food. Animals produce their own light, known as with plants, and that plants need light to grow. So, if bioluminescence. These lights, glowing and flashing in you live in the dark depths of the ocean, where does the darkness are used both by predators to lure their your food come from? prey and the prey to escape becoming lunch. The simple answer is that it falls from above. Most Perhaps the most famous is the angler fish, which life in the deep sea environment relies on various has a glowing lure hanging in front of its jaws. The pieces of food falling from the sunlit surface waters. angler fish remains completely motionless and is This falling food can take many forms. Much of it able to move its lure from side to side like a fishing falls as marine snow, tiny dead and rotting animals, rod. When the prey comes close enough it, the angler fish scales, and poop. At the end of their lives, larger fish snaps it up with its powerful jaws and swallows it creatures also fall to the seafloor, such as sharks, whole. squid and whales. In a barren food desert, whale Other fish, use bioluminescence to avoid being eaten. carcasses can become islands of feasting. The lanternfish has sensors along its back, that It is estimated that 815 million tons of carbon activate light producing organs on its underside. This reaches the seafloor every year. Here, it is eaten by makes it invisible to predators against the scattered animals like the giant isopod and the sea pig, a type light coming from above. of deep sea cucumber. Other animals have adapted to catching the marine snow as it falls through the ocean. The vampire squid uses filaments to catch sinking detritus and mixes it with its own mucus to form slimy food balls.

5 DEEP SEA CREATURES

Giant red jellyfish Giant isopod

Measuring roughly 70cm across, the giant The giant isopod is one of the largest red jellyfish is still a mystery to researchers. crustaceans on the planet. It is related to the Most jellyfish have long stinging tentacles to woodlouse or roly poly, but can grow up to catch their prey, but these are absent on the 75cm long. It scavenges dead matter from giant red. How does it feed and what does it the seafloor and has been spotted eating eat? the face of a trapped shark.

Sea pig Angler fish

The sea pig is a type of sea cucumber and The angler fish has a special trick to catch its related to other sea creatures such as prey in the ocean depths. It has a glowing starfish. It is the only type of sea cucumber ‘lure’ suspended in front of its mouth to that has ‘legs’. It wanders across the ocean attract smaller fish, which it then devours bottom, vacuuming through the sand, when they come close enough. sucking up rotting tissue for food.

Hagfish Dumbo octopus

Hagfish burrow into the rotting flesh of deep Dumbo octopuses get their name from the sea carcasses and eat these from the inside. ear-like fins on the side of their heads, which Also known as slime eels, they can produce make them look like Dumbo, the Disney 20 litres of slime as a defence mechanism. flying elephant. They are the deepest living octopus known, and have been found at depths down to 7000m.

6 FOOD FROM BELOW

Black smoker

C 36°

hite smoker Ghost shark

Vent bacteria

Vent shrimp

Chimney C 0°

Vent mussel Vent worms Yeti crab Cold water seep

In 1977, scientists were shocked to find an Different chemical reactions cause different colored abundance of life in a seemingly toxic, super-heated smoke. The black smokers’ color comes from sulfur environment, deep in the ocean. How could these reacting with metals. With the white smokers, the living things survive centered around underwater metal has reacted below the surface and the white smoking chimneys, gushing super-heated chemical color comes from minerals like silica. fluids into the deep sea? Some of the microbes form communities around Until this point, scientists believed that all life on these chimneys and are eaten by larger animals. Earth needed sunlight to survive, but here on the Other microbes live inside animals, like giant tube seafloor, in complete darkness, there was another worms, providing energy directly to their hosts. source of life. How did it work? These deep sea chimney energy systems are known Most life on earth uses the sun as its power as hydrothermal vents, which basically means hot source. Trees and plants use the energy in sunlight water geysers! to combine water and carbon dioxide to make sugars, providing food for all different kinds of animals, including humans. This process is called photosynthesis from the Greek ‘photo-’ meaning light and ‘synthesis’ meaning place together. In the deep ocean, many hundreds of meters away from the sun’s rays, another process is taking place. It is called chemosynthesis. Tiny microbes use chemical energy instead of light to combine water and carbon dioxide to make sugar. This chemical energy develops because of water that has seeped through the seafloor and is super- heated by the hot molten rock beneath the Earth’s crust. Different chemicals and metals dissolve in this hot water, with temperatures nearing 400°C (752°F). This chemical mixture rises through chimneys and reacts in the cold, oxygen-rich seawater creating the energy needed for life. 7 LIFE AROUND THE VENT

Giant tube worm Vent bacteria

These giant worms can grow over two Vent bacteria are adapted to live in these meters long, but they have no mouth, no extreme conditions, surviving temperatures stomachs and no eyes. Instead they get their between 2°C and over 100°C (36°F and energy from tiny bacteria that live inside 212°F) and among a mix of noxious them, that make sugars using the chemical chemicals. They live inside mussels and energy from the vents. worms and form mats next to vents.

Vent shrimp Yeti crab

These vent shrimps feed on bacteria living These crabs are like vent gardeners. They on their bodies. They have special sensory use their hairy claws to ‘grow’ bacteria to organs to warn them of super-heated water. provide them with food. One Antarctic NASA researchers studying these shrimps species of yeti crab has spikes on the end of say they may hold the clue to life on other its legs to help it climb the vent chimneys. planets.

Ghost shark Vent mussels

Ghost sharks are like living fossils. They are These deep sea mussels use hydrogen as not true sharks, which separated off from an energy source. Bacteria living within these ghost sharks 340 million years ago. the mussels use the chemical energy in They might be the oldest type of fish alive hydrogen released through the vents to and find food by sensing for electrical pulses create food. emitted by creatures on the ocean floor.

8 MISSION 1: MISSION DIRECTOR

Overview The Mission director is in overall charge of the expedition. Here you can see Nekton Mission director, Oliver Steeds, he is responsible for planning the expedition. He works with a lot of different people to make sure everything goes well from scientists to engineers, and boat captains to submarine pilots. As a Mission director, you will need to have a good understanding of the ocean, how to explore the deep sea and some of the life you might expect to find.

Activity D CA N N S T D A N C C To help with the planning of our deep sea mission, Oliver needs S T S a diagram showing the different layers of the ocean and extra information about underwater exploration and some of the life found in the deep. It is very important that your diagram is to scale, otherwise

the expedition might get lost! If you complete this activity, you will earn N G your Mission director badge. K T NSSN

Details Steps Age 8+* Chalk version Time 60 – 180 minutes 1. First you need to measure out a space for your ocean cm cm diagram. This should be a whole number of meters, eg 2m, 3m, Equipment 4m, to make measuring the different ocean zones easier. Tape measure or ruler 2. Mark the top and bottom of your ocean diagram with lines 50cm wide, and then join them up to form a long, thin For chalk version rectangle. Colored chalks Paved area such as a patio Paper version m m or playground 1. To make a paper version of your ocean diagram, you need to stick sheets of paper together to make a long, thin rectangle. For paper version 2. Lay sheets of paper on the floor and add enough to make a Poster paint total length of 2m. Coloring pencils or pens Sticky tape Both versions Glue 3. Now mark and label 1000m intervals along the side of your ocean diagram. This will divide your diagram into ten equal cm Scissors sections. If your total diagram is 2m long, each 1000m marker 200m 4cm will be 20cm apart. * For an option for 10 1000m younger children see the 4. As the sunlight layer is very thin, you will need to divide the 20 10 ideas box on the next top 1000m into five equal sections of 200m each. If your total page. diagram is 2m long, each 200m marker will be 4cm apart. 30 20 5. Mark and label the different zones on your diagram using 2000m Further resources 40 the information on the Deep sea poster or the STEM learning section below. 50 30 Deep sea poster (center 3000m pages or download 6. Choose different colors to shade these zones using chalk or 60 bit.ly/SS_DSP) paint. Maybe different shades going from lighter to darker, to 40 70 show how sunlight only gets through the very top layers of the Deep sea life cards 4000m ocean. 80 (download 50 bit.ly/SS_DSLC) 7. Add more information to your diagram. Use the Deep sea 90 poster to add different examples of underwater exploration 3000m Deep sea coloring booklet and animals on your diagram. Make sure these are at the 60 (download correct depths. bit.ly/SS_DSCB) If you are using paper, you can draw these on separate bits of 70 Mission director online paper. Then cut these out and stick them on. badge (download 4000m bit.ly/SS_S1) 8. Congratulations, you have now completed the Mission 80 director challenge. Don’t forget to send us a photo at [email protected]. There’s a special prize for the longest one! 90

9 MISSION 1: MISSION DIRECTOR

STEM learning

This activity introduces children to marine life and habitats. It gives them a sense of the enormity of the ocean and how little we know about its depths.

This zone flourishes with life, powered by the sunlight and resulting algae and other marine plants. 90% of all known ocean life lives here, although it makes up only about 10% of the The challenge activity can help children compare their exisiting Sunlight ocean. zone 200m

Although there is some sunlight that penetrates through to this layer, there is not enough 305m knowledge of terrestrial habitats and scales with the marine world. to power photosynthesis and for most plants to grow. 318m Triton Submersible Nuno Gomes 2005 zone (deepest scuba dive) Twilight Ensuring that the different ocean layers are drawn to scale, will help 1000m Most of the world’s seafloor lies in this zone. Within the midnight zone, there are sea mounts, ocean ridges, hydrothermal vents. Some animals dive down to these depths to with numeracy and proportions. feed or breed. Others live in this zone relying on food to fall from above, or using lures to attract their prey. Only about 1% of all known ocean species live in the Midnight Zone.

1700m Hydrothermal vent The sunlight zone is 200m thick. field 1850m Sixgill shark The twilight zone is 800m thick. (deepest shark) 2000m ROV 2197m The midnight zone is 3000m thick. Colossal squid

Midnight zone 2992m The abyssal zone is 2000m thick. Cuvier’s beaked whale The hadal zone is 5000m thick. (deepest whale) 3790m : Average depth of the ocean

The full depth of the ocean is 10000m*. 4000m 3962m Dumbo octopus The abyssal plain is the single largest environment on the planet. The pressures are immense and there is little oxygen in these deep waters. It covers over 85% of all ocean basins. Covered in layer of thick sediment, it is home to a strange variety of creatures. 4500m To make the ocean layers to scale we will need to do some simple Anglerfish math. Abyssal zone If you are using a 2m length for your diagram, we can calculate the Abyssal zone 6000m thickness of the sunlight layer as follows: This is the realm of the ocean trenches, taking their name from Hades, the ancient Greek name for hell. These depths descend from the abyssal plain, with only 37 such valleys or trenches found across the oceans. We known little about the life in these trenches, 6800m although it seems you might find a sea cucumber or two! Cusk eel Sunlight zone is 200m out of a total 10000m:

200 ÷ 10000 = 0.02

8145m 8605m : Deepest point in the Atlantic Ocean Hadal snailfish Then calculate the proportion of 2m: (deepest fish) The volume of the ocean is an estimated 1.3 billion cubic kilometres of water 9316m 0.02 x 2m = 0.04m or 4cm Deep sea Hadal Zone shrimp

10994m Bathyscaphe Trieste 1960 (first human voyage to 98% 85% 70% So your sunlight zone will be 4cm out of your total 2m of ocean. Use deepest point)

the same method to calculate the thickness of the other zones. 10150m Sea cucumber of the planet’s living of the ocean is of the Earth’s surface space is in the ocean unmapped is water * see the More ideas section 10994m

(See full poster on center pages or download at bit.ly/SS_DSP)

More ideas Safety notes and guidance

Make it simple Test chalk to make sure it is easy to wash off the surface you are For younger children, adults can create the paper version of using. the deep sea diagram. Download the Deep sea coloring booklet here: bit.ly/SS_DSCB and have younger children color in some Use paints that are water soluble and easy to clean. examples of deep sea life and exploration. Then cut these out and stick them at the correct depths. This can make a great wall Use plastic sheeting to protect floors, fabric and surfaces if painting display. the ocean diagram. Scissors should be child friendly and used under supervision. Extra challenge Glue should be child friendly and used under supervision. Math The deepest point of the ocean is estimated to be 10994m, but this makes the math pretty hard. For extra challenge, see if you can work out the math, using this depth rather than the simplified 10000m.

Land & sea For a further challenge, research heights of different objects on land and mark these on your map. How deep would Mount Everest reach? What about the highest flying bird or the tallest building?

10 MISSION 2: MARINE BIOLOGIST

Overview Lucy Woodall is one of the scientists on the expedition. She is a marine biologist. This means that she studies animals and other living things that are found in the ocean. Her work helps us understand how all the different animals are linked together and also what might affect their health. Working in the deep ocean is exciting as she sometimes discovers new species that no one else has ever seen before!

Activity EE EA T A E E E Lucy needs some help on the expedition to help understandPlease note: size and depth how fi gures contain deep both mid range and maximum known data. ‘Eats’ and ‘eaten by’ information has been simplifi ed to make this activityT accessible to younger children. A T sea life is connected, but before you can come on board, you will need AMPHIPOD DRAGON FISH GHOST SHARK to prove your knowledge of deep ocean animals. Play the game below with a friend, parent or carer to see whether you can win the Marine

biologist badge. Maybe both of you will win! E T .

Size 34cm Size 15cm Size 150cm Max. depth 7700m Max. depth 1500m Max. depth 2600m Details Steps Weird rating 2/10: They can be cannibals Weird rating 6/10: Although small, they Weird rating 4/10: Ghost sharks have but are a bit like deep sea have huge teeth, and a not changed much in the shrimps. luminous barble. past 340 million years. Age 8+ Get ready Please note: size and depth fi gures contain both mid range and maximum known data. ‘Eats’ and ‘eaten by’ information has been simplifi ed to make this activity accessible to younger children. Predator level PredatorAMPHIPOD level DRAGON FISH GHOST SHARK Predator level Time 20 – 120 minutes 1. Download the deep sea life cards from bit.ly/SS_DSLC and Eats marine snow Eats amphipod, isopod, small fi sh Eats vent shrimp, amphipod print off one copy. Size 34cm Size 15cm Size 150cm Max. depth 7700m Max. depth 1500m Max. depth 2600m Equipment Eaten by dumbo octopus, dragonfi sh Weird ratingEaten2/10: They canby be cannibals anglerWeird rating 6/10: fi Although sh small, they Weird rating 4/10: Ghost sharks have Eaten by six gill shark but are a bit like deep sea have huge teeth, and a not changed much in the shrimps. luminous barble. past 340 million years. 2. Carefully cut out each card. Predator level Predator level Predator level Eats marine snow Eats amphipod, isopod, small fi sh Eats vent shrimp, amphipod Deep sea life cards Eaten by dumbo octopus, dragonfi sh Eaten by angler fi sh Eaten by six gill shark (download from 3. You can color in the different animalsGIANT before ISOPOD you start GIANT ISOPOD GIANTGIANT SQUID SQUID GIANT TUBE WORM GIANT TUBE WORM bit.ly/SS_DSLC) playing.

Size 75cm Size 1300cm Size 240cm Max. depth 2140m Max. depth 1000m Max. depth 1800m Coloring pencils or pens Weird rating 7/10: These are giant Weird rating 7/10: Their eyes can be Weird rating 8/10: Giant tube worms underwater roly polys or 25cm across, the size of a do not have eyes, mouth, Play (2-3 players) woodlice. beach ball. stomach or legs. Predator level Predator level Predator level

Eats marine snow Eats ghost shark, six gill shark Eats sugars from bacteria Scissors DEEP OCEAN LIFE CARDS Eaten by ghost shark, six gill shark Eaten by sperm whale Eaten by vent shrimp, yeti crab 1. To start the game, shuffle and deal all the cards face down. Each person playing holds their cards so that they can only see Further resources the top card. Marine biologist online 2. The player to the dealer’s left startsSize by reading75cm out a category Size 1300cm Size 240cm badge (download from from the top card (eg Size: 50cm).Max. depth 2140m Max. depth 1000m Max. depth 1800m Weird rating Weird rating Weird rating bit.ly/SS_S2) 7/10: These are giant 7/10: Their eyes can be 8/10: Giant tube worms 3. The other player(s) then read out the sameunderwater category roly polys from or 25cm across, the size of a do not have eyes, mouth, woodlice. beach ball. stomach or legs. their cards. The one with thePredator best or level highest value wins, and Predator level Predator level that player collects all the top cards, including their own, and

moves them to the bottom of their pile.Eats marine snow Eats ghost shark, six gill shark Eats sugars from bacteria DEEP OCEAN LIFE CARDS 4. The winner of the round, then,Eaten chooses by ghost a category shark, six gillfrom shark the Eaten by sperm whale Eaten by vent shrimp, yeti crab next card. 5. If two or more cards share a value then all the cards are placed in the middle and the same player chooses again from the next card. The winner this time takes the cards in the middle as well. 6. The person with all the cards at the end is the winner and is awarded the Marine biologist badge.

11 MISSION 2: MARINE BIOLOGIST

STEM learning

This is a playful way of finding out more about deep sea life. On each of the cards, there is additional information about feeding Children will learn about the size, depth and level of different (or trophic to give it its scientific name) levels. Each level in a food animals in the food chain. chain has a science term. As these creatures will be mostly unfamiliar to children, it is First are the producers. These are the living things (eg algae and important that they take time to learn more facts about them, bacteria) that take energy from the sun or vent chemicals and turn before understanding how they are linked. them into basic sugars. Interdependence is the name given to these relationships between The next level are primary consumers. These are small animals living things. This can be a feeding relationship or symbiosis, where that take these basic sugars and convert them into proteins, eg two organisms form a mutually beneficial relationship. An example amphipods and shrimps. of symbiosis is the bacteria sheltering inside giant tube worms and Then secondary consumers are the larger animals that prey on providing the worms with sugars created through chemosynthesis. these small animals, such as crabs and small fish. See below for a food chain activity idea. Moving up the food chain, there are then the tertiary and quaternary consumers, larger predators such as sharks, giant squid and toothed whales. The top predator in a food chain is known as the apex predator.

More ideas Safety notes and guidance

Extra Challenge Try making a food chain from the different animals depicted on Scissors should be child friendly and used under supervision. the Deep Sea Life cards. Start with one of the animals that shows a zero feeding level, ie marked with .

Then find aprimary consumer that relies on this producer for food. Primary consumers are marked with . Next find asecondary consumer and so on. What’s the longest chain you can make?

12 MISSION 3: SUBMARINE PILOT

Overview Patrick Lahey is one of the submarine pilots on the expedition. It is his job to take the science and communications teams safely into the underwater world. Crushing pressure, unpredictable current systems, entanglement in ghost nets, catastrophic equipment failure, or of course pilot error, are just some of the risks of entering the hostile environment of the deep ocean.

Activity EE EA T A A E E New submarine pilots often have difficulty steering the submarine T E because of how the plastic pressure hulls and the water distort their T vision. Over time, they get used to this, but we can’t have a new submarine pilot crash a submersible. Your challenge is to teach your

brain how to adjust for this distortion. If you pass, you will win the E Submarine pilot badge. T .

Details Steps Age 8+ 1. Fill the glass two thirds full with water. The glass should be clear and without patterns as you will need to look through it. Time 10 – 30 minutes 2. Place it on a table and position the two pens or pencils and Equipment yourself as shown in the diagram. Glass 3. Now pick up one pen(cil) in each hand, and looking through (tumbler size) the glass, try to get the ends to meet. Water 4. How did you get on? Look over the glass to see how close you 2 pens or pencils got. (two different colors if possible) 5. Do you need some more practice? Keep on trying to get the ends of the pen(cil)s to meet. Further resources 6. As you keep on trying, your brain will adapt to your new way Submarine pilot online of seeing the world and the task should get easier. badge (download from 7. Once you think you have got the hang of this, you will need to bit.ly/SS_S3) pass your test to earn your Submarine pilot badge. 8. In one minute, touch the ends of the pen(cil)s together five times. 9. Congratulations, you have now earned your Submarine pilot badge.

13 MISSION 3: SUBMARINE PILOT

STEM learning

This challenge involves the principle of refraction. Refraction is the science name for the bending of light. This happens when the light from the pen(cil) to your eye passes through different types of matter, eg the water, the glass and the air.

You can see how the direction of the light travelling between the lass of water pencil and your eye changes in the diagram opposite. from above The top diagram shows how the refraction of the light confuses your view of the ends of the pen(cil)s. The dark arrows represent what you see, whilst the lighter arrows show where the ends of the pen(cil)s actually are. If you move the pen(cil)s further away, you can see how the path the light travels will actually reverse the direction of the pen(cil)s as you view them, shown in the bottom diagram. This bending of the light also occurs when you are looking out of the clear pressure hull in the submersible. We thought this might be tricky to set up in your kitchen and so we came up with the glass lass of water from above idea, just to give you a sense of how difficult it must be to operate the submersible safely.

More ideas Safety notes and guidance Extra Challenge

If you found this activity too easy, try moving the pencils further You can use any cylindrical glass, bottle or jug. away from the glass. Say about 20cm away. Be careful of knocking over the glass, bottle, etc when you are This will mean that the direction of the pen(cil)s reverse, which trying to get the ends of the pen(cil)s to meet. may pose an even greater challenge!

14 MISSION 4: ROV SCIENTIST

Overview Kerry Howell is the ROV scientist on the expedition. It is her job to direct the ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) from the surface vessel. The team ‘remote controls’ the ROV and the equipment on board, including sampling tools, using a joystick and computer. The ROV is attached to the surface vessel via a cable and optical line. This provides the operator with a video feed to a screen in the operations room, so that the ROV scientist can see what is happening in the deep sea.

Activity EE EA T E A ET To earn the ROV scientist badge, you will need to demonstrate your T E T ability to collect samples from the seafloor. The ROV is one of the ways that scientists can observe the deep ocean as well as collect samples for further analysis on the surface. You will need to show that you can successfully collect a range of deep sea samples using the activity E below. T .

Details Steps Age 6+ Set up (by adult)

Time 20 – 40 minutes 1. Select six objects from the list or your imagination and place Tea towel them on a tray. covering Equipment hallenge sample 2. Select an additional six objects and place them on another site ollection 3 trays bo tray and cover these with a tea towel. Tea towel 3. These are your deep sea sample sites. Selection of objects of different shapes, textures 4. Place a third tray to the side of these with a range of six Tools and sizes, eg: utensils next to it. ractice sample site

Lasagne sheet Practice sample site Frozen pea Raw egg 1. As an ROV scientist you need to collect samples from the Cracked egg (in a bowl) deep sea and put them safely in your collection box. Grain of rice 2. Have a look at the samples you need to collect and choose Loaf of bread three of the utensils to use. Fruit 3. You now have three minutes to transfer the deep sea Vegetables samples to the collection box. Balloon (filled with air) Balloon (filled with water) 4. You get one point for each sample you safely move. 5. How many points did you get? You will need to get a total of Selection of different five points on the second sample site to get your ROV Scientist kitchen utensils, eg badge. Wooden spoon 6. Do you need a little more practice? Bbq tongs Ladle Challenge sample site Toothpick 1. Now for the real thing. Remember, you will have three Clothes peg minutes to earn five points. Straw Spoon 2. Reflect on how useful your utensils were and whether you Fork would like to make any changes. Chopsticks 3. Now the challenge tray will be uncovered and you have three minutes to move your samples to your collection box. Further resources 4. How did you get on? We hope you earned your badge. ROV scientist online badge (download from 5. Too easy? Try some of the challenge ideas on the next page. bit.ly/SS_S4)

15 MISSION 4: ROV SCIENTIST

STEM learning

Most field science, when scientists go out into the world to investigate nature, involves collecting samples. The deep ocean is no different. It is hard to collect samples from such a remote and extreme environment and the ROV Operator needs to be really skilful. The science team also need to think about the sampling equipment they will take with them. If they can only collect a certain type of sample this could skew or alter our understanding of the deep ocean environment.

More ideas Safety notes and guidance

Extra Challenge Pitch black deep sea Be aware of any food allergies when selecting the objects. The deep ocean is pitch black, only lit by the lights of the ROV. Try Do not select any utensils that are sharp, eg knives or skewers. doing this activity in the dark, using a head torch to see what’s going on. Brief children to be careful not to move any utensils towards their face. Remote scientist Clear up any spills immediately. ROV scientists are based on the surface ship and use a video feed to direct the ROV deep in the ocean. Replicate this by attempting the challenge in pairs. The person moving the objects is blindfolded, with an un-blindfolded helper directing their actions.

16 MISSION 5: OCEAN MAPPER

Overview Mapping and navigating on the ocean is a bit different to working on land. It is hard to see below the surface. So, ocean mappers like Aileen Bohan need to use a system called sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging). Sound waves are transmitted from the ship and reflect off the seafloor. Animals also use sonar to navigate and detect prey. This is known as biosonar.

Activity EE EA T A AE A To demonstrate your ability to navigate and map using sound, you will E ET E need to apply the principles of sonar. Can you navigate close to unseen objects without crashing into them? Using a jar lid as your sonar tool, you will need to navigate to within 1cm of a wall without knocking into it to earn your Ocean mapper badge. E T .

Details Steps Age 8+ Practise clicking Time 10-15 minutes 1. Select your jar lid with safety button and practise clicking. Change the position of your thumbs to get the loudest click. Equipment Jar lid with safety button (this is the raised area on the jar, that can be pressed / clicked down once the jar is opened)

Further resources Navigation challenge Ocean mapper online 1. Your challenge is to walk to within 1cm of a wall using your badge (download from jar lid and the principles of sonar to guide you. bit.ly/SS_S5) 2. Close your eyes and hold the jar lid in front of your face, with the safety button towards you. 3. Click the button to send your sonar signal and walk slowly towards the wall. 4. Can you sense a change in the sound as you near the wall? This is often felt as a slightly ‘fuller’ sensation in the ears as the sound waves from the clicking rebound off the wall to your ears. 5. Keep on practising until you manage to get within 1cm of the wall without touching it first. Then you will have earned your Ocean mapper badge.

17 MISSION 5: OCEAN MAPPER

STEM learning

Sonar uses the fact that sound reflects off surfaces to measure depth. This reflective principle is responsible for echoes and some applications of sonar are also known as echolocation. The team will also be using sonar to measure the shape of the seafloor. As you can see in the diagram, a sound signal is sent down to the seabed and reflects back up to a receiver. By knowing the speed of sound through the water, and measuring the time it takes for the sound wave to travel from the ship to the seafloor and back again, the team are able to calculate the depth of the water and thus the varying height of the seafloor.

Animals also employ echolocation using biosonar to find their prey and to navigate. Some scientists have referred to this echolocation as an ‘auditory imaging system’, meaning that they can ‘see’ in the dark depths of the ocean.

More ideas Safety notes and guidance Extra Challenge

Experiment with the frequency of your clicking. Does how often Ensure that there are no trip hazards or objects to bump into you click help you navigate more effectively? between the ‘ocean mapper’ and the wall. Change the position of your thumbs to alter the pitch of your Have a responsible adult on hand to support the ‘ocean mapper’ in clicks. How does this affect your navigation skills? case they veer off course. Walk slowly towards the wall, almost at a shuffle. Keep the jar lid in front of your face to protect yourself in case you walk into the wall.

18 MISSION 6: SUBMARINE ENGINEER

Overview John Ramsey is the Submarine engineer on the expedition. It is his job to keep the submarine operational and safe, from the life support systems to the electronics and the buoyancy systems. Keeping the submarine at the right depth is essential for submarine operations. This is done using the buoyancy control system, which change the balance of air and water in the ballast tanks. More water and the submersible sinks. More air and it rises.

Activity EE EA T E E A E A You will learn about the principles of buoyancy and especially neutral T E E E buoyancy in this task. Divers, submersibles and submarines alter the air levels in their buoyancy systems to change their density. In this challenge, you will need to create a neutrally buoyant pen lid submarine to earn your Submarine engineer badge. E T .

Details Steps Age 8+ 1. Remove any labels from your bottle so that you can see what is happening. Time 15+ minutes 2. Fill the bottle to the very top with water. It’s probably best to Equipment do this activity with the bottle standing in your kitchen sink, as A clear 1 to 1.5 liter plastic there are likely to be some small spills. soda bottle 3. Fix a small piece of modeling clay to the end of the point on the pen lid. (see drawing). Start with quite a small piece as you A pen lid (without a hole can more easily add some more. Retrieving the pen lid from the in the top) bottom of the bottle is slightly trickier. Some modeling clay or 4. Put the pen lid into the bottle, modeling clay end first. It poster putty such as Blu- should just barely float, ie about 10cm from the top of the Tack bottle.

Further resources 5. If the lid floats too much, ask an adult to squeeze the sides of the bottle gently, until there is enough of the pen top poking Submarine engineer out to grab a hold of. You can then add a little more modelling online badge (download clay to help it sink a little. from bit.ly/SS_S6) 6. If the pen lid sinks to the bottom, you will need to retrieve the pen lid from the bottom of the bottle and take off a little modeling clay. The best way of retrieving the pen lid is for an adult to place a thumb over the opening, turn the bottle upside down, and then remove their thumb for just long enough for the pen lid to come out. 7. Now screw on the bottle cap nice and tight. Remember to top up the water bottle if you have lost any water getting the amount of modeling clay right. 8. Now to see if you can make your pen lid submarine rise and fall. Squeeze the sides of the bottle hard. This should make the lid sink. If you stop squeezing, the lid will rise again. 9. Your challenge is to apply just the right amount of pressure to make the pen lid float in the middle of the bottle. Achieve this and you will have earned the Submarine engineer badge.

19 MISSION 6: SUBMARINE ENGINEER

STEM learning

This mission is all about density. When you squeeze the sides of the bottle, the air trapped inside the pen lid is compressed. This makes Air will compress when the pen lid more dense than the water, as the air bubble is smaller. As it is now less dense than the water, the pen lid sinks. squeezed hard.

When you release the sides of the bottle, the air bubble is no longer Small buoyancy. compressed and the volume of the air increases. This makes the pen lid less dense than the water, so it rises.

Sink Air pocket

Air will expand when not squeezed.

Large buoyancy.

Surface

More ideas Safety notes and guidance Extra Challenge

Can you experiment with different factors that might affect how This activity is best performed with the bottle placed in a sink. the pen lid floats and sinks? Does the size of the bottle make any If a younger child is standing on a stool, make sure it is stable. difference or how full it is with water? Why might this be the case? A safer alternative for smaller children would be to do this activity outside.

20 FURTHER INFORMATION

News and information on the ocean National Geographic ocean.nationalgeographic.com Stories, background and beautiful imagery from the National Geographic team. The New York Times nytimes.com/topic/subject/oceans News on the oceans from the New York Times. Submarine STEM is complemented by three Wired Magazine existing XL Catlin Oceans Education programs, all wired.com/tag/oceans/ of which can be accessed for free via the Oceans The weird, wonderful and wired from the oceans via the Wired team. Academy website, XLCatlinOceansEducation.com. Deep Sea News deepseanews.com Coral Oceans Specialist news website on the deep sea. Based on the science and findings of the XL Catlin Seaview Survey, the Coral Oceans program brings the Ocean education websites wonder and complexity of the fragile Sea and Sky presents Creatures of the Deep reef habitats to young people in seasky.org/deep-sea/deep-sea-menu.html innovative ways. A series of virtual A wonderful overview of some of the strange mysterious life dives give children an insight into found in the deep. life on the reef, its interdependence and variety. It also introduces the NOAA education resources uncertain future for coral ecosystems education.noaa.gov/Ocean_and_Coasts/ around the world and some of Education resources on the ocean and coasts, including a the actions that can be taken to background on ocean literacy. secure vibrant coral reefs for future National Geographic Ocean Education generations. nationalgeographic.org/education/programs/oceans- education/ Education resources on the ocean from the National Geographic team. Frozen Oceans Smithsonian Institution Ocean Portal The Frozen Oceans resources relate ocean.si.edu/deep-sea to the science of the Catlin Arctic Education resources on the deep sea and more from the Surveys from 2009 to 2011. The Smithsonian. melting of the sea ice is one the most easily identifiable signs of climate change. But this is not the only change occurring in the region, with A little bit more… the chemistry of the Arctic Ocean Triton Submarines FROZEN changing faster than at any other tritonsubs.com point in the past 300 million years. Learn more about the submersibles being used on the OCEANS expedition. Cross-curricular investigation for ages 7-11 Ocean Elders bring the oceans to your classroom oceanelders.org Hear some of the voices speaking out on behalf of the ocean. Our Ocean Planet BBC Blue Planet Our Ocean Planet is a comprehensive bbc.co.uk/programmes/b008044n/clips introduction to ocean topics for A stand-out documentary series on the ocean. Watch clips elementary school aged children. online or buy the series. The resource aims to inspire a wonder about the ocean, explain our relationship with it and showcase careers that involve working closely with it. Children will become ocean explorers, sailing the oceans, learning from experts as they visit the different oceans and seas around the world.

21 XL CATLIN DEEP OCEAN SURVEY SUBMARINE EXPLORER CERTIFICATE

EE EA EE EA EE EA EE EA T T T T E A E A E A A E A T T E E E E T A T T

E E E E T . T . T . T .

Congratulations on successfully becoming a Submarine EE EA EE E A Explorer. We look forward to having you on board the T A A T E E A A expedition in the future. A E E E E E E

E E Oliver Steeds T . T . Mission Director, Nekton To download and print more Submarine Explorer certificates, please visit nektonmission.org/education Photo credits

Front cover Triton Submarines Page 3 Project Baseline & Triton Submarines Page 4 Triton Submarines Page 5 Giant red jellyfish (NOAA), Giant isopod (Wikipedia / Eric Kilby), Sea pig (NOAA), Hagfish (NOAA) Page 6 Vampire Squid (MBARI), Giant isopod (Wikipedia / Eric Kilby), Sea pig (NOAA), Anglerfish (Wikipedia Javontaevious), Hagfish (NOAA), Dumbo octopus (NOAA) Pages 7&8 Vent bacteria (NOAA), Yeti crab (A. Fifis (CoML, ChEss & EoL), via WoRMS for SMEBD), Giant tube worm (NOAA), Vent mussel (NOAA), Vent shrimp (NOAA), Ghost shark (NOAA) Page 9 Oliver Steeds (courtesy of Nekton) Page 11 Lucy Woodall (courtesy of Lucy) Page 13 Patrick Lahey (courtesy of Patrick) Page 15 Kerry Howell (courtesy of Kerry) Page 16 Specimens (courtesy of Nekton) Page 17 Aileen Bohan (courtesy of Aileen) Page 19 John Ramsey (courtesy of John)

Poster (front) Triton submersible (Triton Submarines), Deep sea diver (Wikipedia, Dr Lyn Turner), Sixgill shark (NOAA), Hydrothermal vent field (NOAA), Cuvier’s beaked whale (Whaleopedia), ROV (Nekton), Anglerfish (Wikipedia, Javontaevious), Cusk eel (NOAA), Hadal snailfish (GuardianLV), Sea cucumber (Echinoblog), Bathyscape Trieste (Wikipedia, Adrignola), Deep sea shrimp (University of Aberdeen) Poster (back) All images courtesy of Nekton, Project Baseline and Triton Submersibles. This Submarine STEM Activity Booklet is designed to give families and children an insight into some of the science involved in deep sea exploration. This booklet and other education resources are available for free download from nektonmission.org/education.

The activities in this booklet are based around six missions, each one set by a member of the expedition team. Complete them all to earn your Submarine Explorer certificate.

Mission 1 Mission director – ocean scales Mission 2 Marine biologist – creatures in the deep Mission 3 Submarine pilot – seeing mind tricks Mission 4 ROV scientist – sampling skills Mission 5 Ocean mapper – seeing with sound Mission 6 Submarine engineer – prepare to dive

EE EA EE EA EE EA T T T A E A E A A E T E E E A T T

E E E T . T . T .

EE EA EE EA EE EA T E T A T E E A T A A A A E E E E E T E E

E E E T . T . T .

We hope you enjoy these activities and learning about the deep ocean, and look forward to having you join us on the journey at nektonmission.org

Digital Explorer Submarine STEM is sponsored by XL Catlin. [email protected] This resource may be reproduced for www.digitalexplorer.com educational purposes only. Copyright © Digital Explorer CIC 2016