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SAILING to SUVARNABHUMI Cultural Routes and Maritime Landscapes

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SAILING to SUVARNABHUMI Cultural Routes and Maritime Landscapes About RIS Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS) is a New SAILING TO SUVARNABHUMI Delhi–based autonomous policy research institute that specialises in issues related Sailing to Cultural Routes and to international economic development, trade, investment and technology. RIS is envisioned as a forum for fostering eective policy dialogue and capacity-building Maritime Landscapes among developing countries on global and regional economic issues. The focus of the work programme of RIS is to promote South-South Cooperation Suvarnabhumi: Cultural Routes and Maritime Landscapes Himanshu Prabha Ray and collaborate with developing countries in multilateral negotiations in various Susan Mishra forums. RIS is engaged across inter-governmental processes of several regional economic cooperation initiatives. Through its intensive network of think tanks, RIS seeks to strengthen policy coherence on international economic issues and the development partnership canvas. For more information about RIS and its work programme, please visit its website: www.ris.org.in About AIC ASEAN-India Centre (AIC) has been working to strengthen India's strategic partnership with ASEAN in its realisation of the ASEAN Community. AIC at RIS undertakes research, policy advocacy and regular networking activities with relevant public/private agencies, organisations and think-tanks in India and ASEAN countries, with the aim of providing policy inputs, up-to-date information, data resources and sustained interaction, for strengthening ASEAN-India Strategic Partnership. For more information about AIC, please visit its website: http://aic.ris.org.in fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh vuqla/ku ,oa lwpuk iz.kkyh Core IV-B, Fourth Floor, India Habitat Centre Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110 003, India Tel.: +91-11-2468 2177-80, Fax: +91-11-2468 2173-74 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] C Website: www.ris.org.in; http://aic.ris.org.in AI fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh vuqla/ku ,oa lwpuk iz.kkyh ASEAN-India Centre at RIS Sailing to Suvarnabhumi: Cultural Routes and Maritime Landscapes Himanshu Prabha Ray Susan Mishra Published in 2019 by Core IV-B, Fourth Floor, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110 003, India Tel.: +91-11-2468 2177-80, Fax: +91-11-2468 2173-74 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected], Website: www.ris.org.in; http://aic.ris.org.in ISBN No.: 81-7122-146-7 Copyright © AIC and RIS All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be produced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without permission from the publisher and the copyright holder. Contents Message from AIC v Acknowledgement vi 1 On the Sailing Ship: Across the Bay of Bengal 1 2. Trade Networks and Commodities 13 3. Shared Religious and Cultural Heritage 25 4. Of Script and Languages: Deciphering the Transactions of the Literate World 35 5. Travels by Leaders in the 19th and 20th Century 45 6. Travels by Leaders: Myanmar 59 7. Indian Leaders in Malaysia 75 8. Indian Leaders in Singapore 97 9. Travels by Leaders: India and Indonesia 115 10. Travels by Leaders: India and Vietnam 129 Message from AIC ASEAN-India relation is firmly embedded in culture, commerce and connectivity (3Cs). Shared historical ties, culture and knowledge have continued to underpin India’s sustained interactions with Southeast Asia. The cultural dimension was introduced as a key component of India’s Act East Policy (AEP) in 2014. Starting as a sectoral partner of ASEAN in 1992, India became a dialogue partner of ASEAN in 1996, a summit-level partner in 2002 and strategic partner in 2012. On January 25, 2018, India and ASEAN celebrated 25 years of its partnership, at a Commemorative Summit in New Delhi, with the participation of Heads of State/Government from all the ten countries of ASEAN and India. For the first time, all the ten ASEAN leaders also attended India’s Republic Day Celebrations on January 26, 2018, in New Delhi, as Guests of Honour. At the ASEAN-India Commemorative Summit, held on 25 January 2018, our leaders have outlined their vision on the future of ASEAN-India Strategic Partnership, where they have identified cultural relations as one of the key areas of ASEAN-India cooperation activities. The ASEAN-India Centre (AIC) at Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS) undertook a research project titled “Sailing to Suvarnabhumi” in 2017 with financial support of the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), Government of India. This publication Sailing to Suvarnabhumi: Cultural Routes and Maritime Landscapes is an outcome of this project. The narrative of India’s cultural interactions with the ASEAN region is an extraordinary story and remains to be fully explored. This publication presents the study undertaken by the ASEAN-India Centre (AIC) at RIS on India’s civilization links with Southeast Asia, with particular reference to maritime history, architecture and archaeology. Chapters in this publication present shared legacy in fields of history and culture. Besides, it also traces ancient trade and maritime links, and contemporary cultural interaction. We would like to record our appreciation of the efforts that have been put by authors of this book Dr Himanshu Prabha Ray and Dr Susan Mishra. We wish to thank Dr Mohan Kumar, Chairman, RIS and Prof. Sachin Chaturvedi, Director General, RIS for their wholehearted support and cooperation. We are grateful to Ambassador Shyam Saran, formerly Foreign Secretary and Chairman, RIS for initiating this research project at AIC. We are also thankful to Mr. Anurag Bhushan, the former Joint Secretary (ASEAN Multilateral), Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), Government of India for his continuous support to the project. We are sure this publication is expected to have the widest possible readership comprising of students, policy makers as well as senior researchers. Coordinator, AIC Acknowledgment This book entitled “Sailing to Suvarnabhumi: Cultural Routes and Maritime Landscapes”, authored by Himanshu Prabha Ray and Susan Mishra, is an outcome of the research project “Sailing to Suvarnabhumi”, funded by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), Government of India and coordinated by the ASEAN-India Centre (AIC) at RIS. All the chapters of this publication were peer-reviewed. The assistance of Dr Prabir De, Coordinator, ASEAN-India Centre (AIC) is duly acknowledged, who coordinated this project at AIC. Mr Tish Malhotra coordinated the production of the book and Mr Sachin Singhal designed this publication. Views expressed in the publication are of authors and not of the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), Government of India; Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS); and ASEAN-India Centre (AIC) at RIS. RIS or AIC assume no responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions in the content of this publication. Usual disclaimers apply. I On the Sailing Ship: Across the Bay of Bengal 1. Introduction the three monastic sites dates from fifth to thirteenth The seas across the India – ASEAN region presented century CE, i.e. the second phase of sculpting at a unique environment to the sailor in antiquity. Kanheri. The three sites are also diverse in their The monsoon winds not only determined the basic location: thus, while Kanheri and Ratnagiri are in rhythm for seafaring activity in much of tropical coastal regions, Mathura is located in the northern and equatorial Asia, but also influenced agricultural heartland of the subcontinent away from the sea. activity in the region. This paper suggests that What links up the three sites are representations one way of understanding this complex web of the saviour from ship-wreck and other dangers of interactions of the past is through a deeper encountered at sea at each of them. Thus, one engagement with the markers of maritime regions objective of the paper is to highlight the uniqueness and the communities that inhabited these spaces. One of Buddhism, which adopted an approach unlike its of the markers being discussed in this paper relates to contemporary religions in evolving the notion of a depiction of boats and ships on religious architecture saviour from worldly disasters, including threats and in the region. While these representations may not be risks involved in seafaring. realistic, they raise the issue of context. Why were A more important agenda is to underscore boats and ships sculpted on Buddhist monastic sites commonalities between the national monuments and and Hindu temples? How are these representations to World Heritage sites of the ASEAN – India region be understood? It is being suggested here that these and the engagement with the sea that these represent. depictions are indicative of the diverse engagement How are representations on religious architecture to with the sea in the region. be understood? Scholars have often identified the The paper is divided into several sections starting sculptural depictions through the textual traditions, with the location of narratives of ship-wreck at three but often there is little consonance between the important sites in India, viz. Mathura, situated about visual and the written. A well-known art historian has 150 kilometres south of Delhi; Kanheri, a group suggested that the large number of Avalokitesvara of rock-cut caves located on the western outskirts representations showing the Bodhisattva saving his of Mumbai on the west coast; and Ratnagiri in the devotees from trouble as shown in the paintings from Brahmani and Birupa river valleys in Jajpur
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