Lal Bagh Botanical Garden Through Remote Sensing-A Comparative Study

International Journal of Research and Innovations in Earth Science Volume 2, Issue 1, ISSN (Online) : 2394-1375

Dr. Malini A. Shetty Prof. R.K. Somashekar Research Associate,Department of Environmental Science, Prof. Department of Environmental Science,Bangalore Bangalore University,Bangalore-56.Phone - 9480349389 University,Bangalore -56.Phone-080-23213218 email: [email protected] Fax: 080-2321 9295l: Subject Area - Environmental Science email: [email protected]

Abstract: Parks and gardens, particularly botanical gard- city’s most valuable landscape specimens in terms of ens with a high diversity of species, provide a storehouse of age,aesthetic, environmental and economic benefits and genetic resources from within the region and they also community impacts. Lalbagh is a forested oasis in a highly provide food and pharmacological resources for a range of urbanized setting in Bengaluru. The present study using species such as birds, mammals, reptiles and insects the RS and GIS helps to give overall picture of vegetation higher the diversity of species in parks the higher the potential to perform these functions. In the present study distribution and canopy coverage in different parts of Lal Quick Bird imagery of 2005 is used for comparative Bagh through satellite imagery. assessment of NDVI and TNDVI indices with superwised The 2005 Quick Bird imagery of Lalbagh is taken for classified imagery of LalBagh, one of the largest and oldest studying various land use of Lalbagh. The high resolution botanical Garden in the Bengaluru. Lalbagh started in 1760 of imagery has made discretion of various land uses easier was given the status of a Government Botanical Garden in and more recognizable with prominent canopy features of 1856 and since then it has been an internationally renowned individual trees. In the first step NDVI and TNDVI centre for scientific study of plants and botanical artwork imagery of lalbagh was developed. In the second, imagery and also conservation of plants. The NDVI and TNDVI was subjected to supervised classification with seven transformed imagery of Lalbagh showed variation in their values. The different land use classes of supervised classified landuse classes. The NDVI and TNDVI transformed imagery showed more resemblances to the NDVI than imagery was compared with supervised classification TNDVI. It was observed that 33% of lalbagh’s 240 acres is imagery to acquainted with details of different land uses covered with thick canopy comprising mainly large mature with main stress on green cover of Lal Bagh. Similar trees. Small statured ornamental specimens and many small comparative study was carried out by [9]. trees growings in thickets like groupings constituting Thin canopy covered 20% area. Water Constitute about 13%. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS Rocky area is present on the North West comprises about 12% and Grass area about 16.6%. This study gives various land uses of the entire lalbagh in a broader picture and more Data products: supplementary study is needed to give tree wise distribution The2005 Satellite imageryofQuick Bird with 2.4 metre in the entire lalbagh. resolution is used for the present study. Analysis is focussed on an vegetation distribution in terms of canopy Keywords: Lal Bagh, NDVI, TNDVI, Imagery, Land Use. coverage of trees. Geographical data:Topographical map: Scale: 1:50000; 1. INTRODUCTION the co-ordinate system of the baseline data map is applied for geometric correction of satellite imagery. Erdas 9.2 Urban forestry is the management of trees and other and ArcG is 9.2 were used for image processing and forest resources in urban community further analysis. Ecosystem for the environmental, economical, social- Methods: health and aesthetic benefits that trees provide to the Quickbird imagery was utilized as spatial basis for society [14]. Bengaluru’s urban forest canopy comprises mapping various land use classes of Lal Bagh. hundred and thousands of such trees and they are an 1. Geometric correction: Image preparation includes important component of the arboreal biomass. From geometric rectification to the UTM (WGS 84 datum) majestic alleles to imposing individuals many of these coordinate system by 30 ground control points. The geo trees were planted as a part of original park designs and corrected image is then used for further processing. have achieved specimen status over time. Yet we know 2. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) very little about them. Urban green areas have consider- and Transformed Normal Difference vegetation index able ecological benefits that serve to sustain human and (TNDVI):is used to transform multi-spectral data into a environmental health ([1], [6] and [10]). single image band which represents vegetation distribution In the current research, Lalbagh, the leading botanical was computed using standard algorithm garden is selected as it is the focal point of the city linking NDVI = (NIR – R) / (NIR + R). old, new and attracting large number of local, national and TNDVI= Sqrt ((NIR - red/NIR + red) + 0.5). international visitors. At 240 acres it is the largest 3. NDVI- RGB false color composite of vegetation was Botanical garden in the Bengaluru and the State. Trees in developed to display and quantify vegetation using Lalbagh individually and in groups comprise some of the Quick Bird. Copyright © 2015 IJRIES, All right reserved 13

International Journal of Research and Innovations in Earth Science Volume 2, Issue 1, ISSN (Online) : 2394-1375

4. Supervised classification of the imagery was made to differentiate seven land use classes

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the present paper the FCC (False Color Composition) of the imagery(Figure 1) is prepared using 4, 3, 2 bands of the Quick Bird.Quick Bird imagery (2005) of Lal Bagh is used for comparative study of NDVI and TNDVI with the supervised classified imagery.

Fig.2.(B) Fig.2. (A&B). NDVI and TNDVI image of Lal Bagh.

The seven classes of the NDVI transformed image (Figure 2A) had values ranging from -0.99 (the minimum NDVI value in this dataset) to 0.96 (the maximum NDVI value in this dataset). The majority of old and big trees which comes under class Thick canopy showed mean NDVI value of 0.613, Thin canopy representing small trees and ornamental bushes had values between 0.156 to 0.256, the values vary between - 0.0353 to 0.0414 for bare soil. Rock and impermeable surfaces had values less than - 0.04303. Deep and Shallow water classes have the lowest NDVI values as water is a good absorber of near- Fig.1. FCC of Lal Bagh infrared radiation. The above observation is in conformity with the findings of [16], where they appropriately used The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is vegetation indices and image ratios to potentially improve an extensively used index for vegetation studies and is crop classification accuracy. generally used for evaluating quality of vegetation([7],[10] The TNDVI transformed image (Figure 2B) showed ,[3]–[4]). positive values which vary from 0.0363 to 0.926. The NDVI combined with TNDVI are proven to have an thick canopy representing old big trees of the lalbagh had extremely wide range of applications in measuring TNDVI values between 0.897 and 0.926. For thin canopies vegetation cover. The NDVI/TNDVI transformed image is the mean value was 0.861. Bare soil had values between sliced into 7 land use classes for ease of analysis and is 0.722 to 0.694. The values were less than 0.686 for Rock given pseudo color. The seven classes were identified as and impermeable surfaces. The lowest TNDVI values are Deep water, Shallow water, Rock and impermeable observed for water. surface, Soil, Grass, Thin canopy and Thick canopy. Thick and thin canopy is depicted in much more elaborated manner in NDVI imagery than in TNDVI. The different land use categories in NDVI imagery showed similarity to supervised classified imagery.

International Journal of Research and Innovations in Earth Science Volume 2, Issue 1, ISSN (Online) : 2394-1375

The different landuse classes were clearly depicted in 90 supervised imagery (Figure 3) of Lal Bagh. The Thick 80 canopy class representing old, big specimens trees 70 60 engrossed 80 acre area in Lalbagh. The thin canopy 50 compose 46 acres and the grass area occupies 41 acres in 40 TNDVI Lalbagh. The total vegetation area of the Lalbagh is 30 20 NDVI around 70%. The rock and other impermeable surfaces 10 constitutes 26.6 acres. The water area is around 30 acres, 0 Super which is less than official estimation as some areas of lake is covered with water hyacinth, giving false impression. Spatial relationships in a botanical garden can examine how close vulnerable plants are to open spaces or high-use visitor areas, how tree canopies change over time, or the Fig. 5 Graph depicting areas of different classes of NDVI density of plantings [2]. and TNDVI and Superwised imagery of Lal bagh.

Table I. The Producer’s accuracy, User's Accuracy, In the above graph we could observe similarities in Overall accuracy(%) and Kappa Statistics for different various landuse classes between NDVI and superwised classes of Imageries. imageries, where TNDVI showing delineation with Class Producer's User's Overall Kappa superwised imagery. [5] & [12] observed that NDVI helps Accuracy Accuracy Accuracy Statistics in mitigating the shadow effect of high-spatial resolution D. Water 100 75 98.4% 0.7439 imagery and improve the classification of vegetated areas. S. Water 100 100 1.000 In the imagery, Rock and impermeable surface class is Rock 100 100 1.000 restricted to western part of Lalbagh. Lal Bagh Rock is the Soil 94.44 100 1.000 oldest rock structure on the earth which is supposed to be 3000 million years old. The old big trees which are Grass 100 100 1.000 characteristic specimens of Lalbagh under thick canopy is Thin 94.74 100 1.000 spread all over the garden. Thin canopy comprising canopy ornamental thickets and small trees are prominent in Thick 100 96.97 0.9593 centre spaces of the garden. Canopy Water bodies are depicted more lucidly in NDVI imageries than in TNDVI imageries. Deep and shallow The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient (Table 1 ) in water class comprising Lalbagh lake and lotus pond the current paper shows that the pixels on an average are respectively are the focal point of the garden and the main classified into the correct classes (overall accuracy). water source and drainage area. It is present in south western part of the garden. The lake is spread across an area of about 40 acres and has a maximum depth of 3.5 metres. Grass class is present as patches throughout the garden. The ornamental and economic plant species both of exotic and indigenous origin can be found in Lalbagh and some of the exotic species are introduced from different parts of world like Europe, Australia and Afghanistan.

4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

To achieve environmental sustainability, city should increase both its percent green open space and m2 of urban green open space per capita.Green spaces of Bengaluru showed more than 33% decrease since 1992. The increasing population and alarming rate of pollution has made the city to lause its sustainability nature and has become the 7th most polluted city with high rate of asthama patients. More and more efforts should be made in this Fig. 4 Tree counting Map of Lal Bagh. regard to increase the green spaces in the city by maintaining the old green spaces like botanical gardens, The tree counting is carried out basing on canopy cover, parks and avenue trees. We need to have clear account on showed 3000 trees. Trees were very prominent on the existing green spaces. The insufficient literature ([15], [13] north and south Western part of the garden. & [8]) lack of government and public understanding with The areas for different land uses of NDVI,TNDVI and regard to green spaces and role played by them in supervised imagery is depicted in Graph. maintaining sustainability of city has resulted in constant Copyright © 2015 IJRIES, All right reserved 15

International Journal of Research and Innovations in Earth Science Volume 2, Issue 1, ISSN (Online) : 2394-1375 decrease of this vast green spaces. aerial imagery, presented at the 1999 ASAE Annual International It is in this direction an effort has been made to study Meeting 18-21 July 1999, Toronto, Ontario. [13] Ramachandra T.V. &Uttam Kumar, Geo informatics for urbaniz- vegetation of Lalbagh, the largest botanical garden of the ation and urban sprawl pattern analysis. In: Joshi P. K. (Eds). Bengaluru through RS which provides quick monitoring of Geoinformatics for Natural Resource Management, Nova Science large areas with no cost data and gives accurate Publishers, Chap 19 (2009). information to map and analyze vegetation cover. Among [14] Schwab James C. Planning the Urban forest: Ecology, Economy and community development. American Planning Association, the different land use classes thick and thin canopy is Planning advisory service report No. 555, 2009.. depicted in much more elaborated manner in both [15] Sudha, P. & Ravindranath, N.H. A study of Bangalore urban supervised and NDVI imagery than in TNDVI. Rock and forest.Land Scape and Urban Planning, 47, 2000, 47-63. impermeable surface class is restricted to western part of [16] Zhengwei Yang, Patrick Willis, Rick Mueller. Impact of band_ratio Enhanced AWIFS Image to crop classification accuracy. Pecora 17, Lalbagh. 2008.The Future of Land Imaging…Going Operational. Denver, Lalbagh lake spread over 40 acres is depicted in both Colorado. NDVI and TNDVI transformed imagery. The Thick canopy class representing old, big Specimens trees AUTHOR’S PROFILE occupied 80 acre area in Lalbagh. The thin canopy compose 46 acres and the grass area occupies 41 acres in Dr. Malini A Shetty Lalbagh. The total vegetation area of the Lalbagh is Place of birth: Udupi, Date: 05/04/1968, BSc. (CBZ), National college, around 70%. The rock and other impermeable surfaces Bengaluru, 1989: MSc. Botany, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, 1992: constitutes 26.6 acres. More endeavour is needed to study PhD. (Botany), Bangalore University, Bengaluru, 2000: PDF (Envi- ronmental Science department), Bangalore University, Bengaluru (2009- the vastness of green spaces and understand its distribution 2015). characteristics and the role played by them in sustainabili- Work experience: ty of cities. 1. Guest faculty, Department of Botany, Bangalore University, 1997- 1998 2. Guest faculty, Department of Environmental Science, Bangalore 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT University, 1999-2001 3. Assistant professor, Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, I am grateful to Department of Science and Technology Dayananda college of Arts and Science, 2001-2003 Papers: for providing financial assistance for this project. 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