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An Update of the Death Valley Regional Groundwater Flow System Transient Model, Nevada and California

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An Update of the Death Valley Regional Groundwater Flow System Transient Model, Nevada and California Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, U.S. Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration (Interagency Agreement DE–AI52–01NV13944), and Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management (Interagency Agreement DE–AI28–02RW12167), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Nye County, Nevada An Update of the Death Valley Regional Groundwater Flow System Transient Model, Nevada and California Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5150 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover photographs: Top photograph taken from Dante’s View in Death Valley National Park, looking toward the north into Badwater basin in Death Valley. Bottom photograph also taken in Death Valley National Park, is of Furnace Creek Wash looking toward the northeast. The southern Funeral Range is in the background. Both photographs by Wayne Belcher, U.S. Geological Survey, September 21, 2015. An Update of the Death Valley Regional Groundwater Flow System Transient Model, Nevada and California By Wayne R. Belcher, Donald S. Sweetkind, Claudia C. Faunt, Michael T. Pavelko, and Mary C. Hill Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, U.S. Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration (Interagency Agreement DE–AI52–01NV13944), and Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management (Interagency Agreement DE–AI28–02RW12167), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Nye County, Nevada Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5150 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2017 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://store.usgs.gov/. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Belcher, W.R., Sweetkind, D.S., Faunt, C.C., Pavelko, M.T., and Hill, M.C., 2017, An update of the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system transient model, Nevada and California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016-5150, 74 p., 1 pl. https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20165150 ISSN 2328-0328 (online) iii Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................1 Background ...........................................................................................................................................2 Purpose and Scope .............................................................................................................................2 Acknowledgments ...............................................................................................................................4 Site Description ....................................................................................................................................4 Geology ..................................................................................................................................................4 Overview of the Groundwater Flow System ....................................................................................6 Hydrogeologic Framework Model and Structure Revisions .................................................................7 Review of Existing Hydrogeologic Framework Model ...................................................................7 Revision of the Regional Hydrogeologic Framework Model in the Vicinity of Yucca Flat .....10 Representation of Lithologic and Textural Variations in the Amargosa Desert ......................12 Revisions to Fault Representations in the Hydrogeologic Framework Model and Flow Model ............................................................................................................................13 Hydrologic Data Updates ...........................................................................................................................14 Pumping and Irrigation Return Flows .............................................................................................14 Hydraulic Heads .................................................................................................................................16 Recharge from Precipitation .............................................................................................................17 Modification of the Estimated Regional Potentiometric Surface ..............................................17 Numerical Model Construction and Revisions ......................................................................................21 Numerical Code Selection ...............................................................................................................21 Conversion from MODFLOW-2000 to MODFLOW-2005 ................................................................21 Discretization Modifications ............................................................................................................25 Model Calibration ........................................................................................................................................25 Hydraulic-Head Observation Weights ............................................................................................25 Parameter Estimation ........................................................................................................................27 Regularization ............................................................................................................................27 Model Parameters ....................................................................................................................27 Observations/Prior-Information and Weighting ...................................................................32 Hydraulic Head, Hydraulic-Head Change, and Vertical Hydraulic-Head Gradient ...............................................................................................................33 Groundwater Discharge .................................................................................................33 Boundary Flow and Interbasin Flow .............................................................................33 Transmissivity ...................................................................................................................35 Modification of Observation/Prior-Information Weights ..........................................39 Evaluation of Estimated Parameters .......................................................................................................40 Water Levels .......................................................................................................................................40 Water Budgets ....................................................................................................................................43 Spring Discharge and Evapotranspiration ....................................................................................43 Boundary Flows ..................................................................................................................................47 Interbasin Flow ...................................................................................................................................47 Transmissivity and Hydraulic Conductivity ....................................................................................48 Sensitivities .........................................................................................................................................51 iv Parameter Correlation ......................................................................................................................51 Hydrologic Features ..........................................................................................................................51 Evaluation of Selected Areas ...................................................................................................................51 Pahute Mesa .......................................................................................................................................51 Yucca Flat ............................................................................................................................................52 Eleana Range ......................................................................................................................................52 Bare Mountain ....................................................................................................................................52 Southern Funeral Mountains ...........................................................................................................53
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