Unit 5

Unit 5 A Bone - Classification

1. Warm-up

Work in pairs. Ask your partner these questions.

1. How can you keep your health? 2. How can you cure a cold without going to a doctor? 3. What troubles did you have if you had flu?

2. Reading

Task 1

Can you explain the meaning of the following idiom? Mark is a lazy-bones.

Bones are classified according to the shape: long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid and sutural. 1. Long bones: Bones that are longer than they are wide are called long bones. They consist of a long shaft with two bulky ends or extremities. They are primarily compact bones but may have a large amount of spongy bones at the ends or extremities. Long bones include bones of the thigh, the leg, the arm, and the forearm, e.g. the femur, the tibia, the fibula, the humerus, the ulna and the radius. They provide places for the attachment of large muscles. 2. Short bones: Short bones are roughly cube shaped with vertical and horizontal dimensions approximately equal. They consist primarily of spongy bones which are covered by a thin layer of compact bones. Short bones are found in the hands and feet, they include the bones of the wrist and the ankle. 3. Flat bones: Flat bones are thin, flattened, usually curved and provide muscle attachments. They protect internal organs. Examples include bones of the skull, the pelvis, the sternum and the scapulae 4. Irregular bones: Irregular bones have complicated shapes. They are primarily spongy bones that are covered with a thin layer of compact bones. Their shapes are due to the functions they fulfill within the body, e.g. they comprise the vertebrae, the spinal column, the wrist, the ankle and some facial bones.

Other types of bones according to the shape are: 5. Sesamoid bones: Sesamoid bones develop in some tendons in locations where there is considerable pressure, tension, friction or stress. They may form in the palms of the hands and the quality varies considerably from person to person. Examples include the patella (kneecaps).

26 Unit 5

6. Sutural bones: Sutural bones are classified by their location rather than by their shape, they are parts of sutural joints between the cranial bones. The number of sutural bones are considerable and therefore these are un-named bones.

Figure 5 Classification of bones according to the shape. A- long bone, B- flat bone, C- irregular bone, D- short bone (available on < http://www.images.google.sk/classification.jpg>)

Task 2

Read the passage carefully and underline key words/expressions you think they are important.

Task 3 Answer the questions according to the text about the bones. 1. What is the classification of bones according to the shape? 2. Describe the long and short bones, give some examples. 3. Describe the flat bones and their function in the body. 4. Where can we find the irregular bones in the body? 5. What do you know about the sesamoid and sutural bones?

27 Unit 5

3. Grammar Presentation

Passive voice

The form of passive voice: be + past participle

Active:. The student nurses usually do these jobs. Passive: These jobs are usually done by the student nurses.

Active: A nurse helped the patient into bed. Passive: The patient was helped by a nurse into bed.

Task 1

Underline all examples of passive sentences in the text about bone classification.

Task 2

Develop three sentences of your own using passive voice constructions.

Task 3

Make passive sentences. Re-arrange words to make correct word order.

1. Sutural bones / classify / their location / their shape / rather. 2. Flat bones / internal organs / protect. 3. Short bones / in / the feet / find / and / hands. 4. Have/ shapes/ complicated / irregular bones 5. Provide/ long bones/ places/ for / attachment / large/ of / muscles

4. Writing

Read the text below and write down a few sentences about healthy way of life.

Healthy and slim.

According to some scientists our body is programmed for 100-120 years of life. In spite of this fact we are growing old and dying much sooner. Being healthy, fit and having a slim figure are inseparable parts of one thing. If you live a healthy way of life, you feel fit and you look well, your health and beauty shine in your hair, skin, eyes, nails and in all your behaviour and appearance. We have learned a lot about correctly balanced nutrition, we understand the importance of exercise and sports and thinking positively. To be healthy and slim, active till old age, to do the best for our bodies, to keep them in harmony with natural principles. Not a fashion, not a diet, but a healthy programme for all life long. Eating healthy food makes you slim, being slim and attractive makes you happy and healthy. Text adapted from: Friendship, 2000, 3, p.14

28 Unit 5

Vocabulary attachment [ətæčmənt] – pripojenie, upnutie, pripevnenie classification [klæsifikeišən] – triedenie, klasifikácia comprise [kəmpraiz] – obsahovať, skladať sa cube-shaped [kju:b šeipt] – kockovitý tvar femur [fi:mə] – stehnová kosť fibula [fibjulə] – kosť predkolenia flat bone [flæt bəun] – plochá kosť flattened [ flætnd]- sploštený friction [ frikšn ]- trenie, frikcia, masáž fulfill [fulfil] – plniť, vykonať humerus [hju:mərəs] – ramenná kosť internal organs [in΄tə:nl o:gən] – vnútorné orgány irregular bone [iregjulə bəun] – nepravidelná kosť joint [džoint] – kĺb kneecap [ni:kəp] – jabĺčko long [lo] – dlhý palm [pa:m] – dlaň passive [pæsiv] – pasívny, trpný radius [reidiəs] – vretenná kosť roughly [rafly] – drsne, popraskane sesamoid [sezəmoid] – sezamský shape [šeip] – tvar short [šo:t] – krátky sutural [su:čərl] – stehový, švový, suturálny tendon [tendən] – šľacha tibia [tibiə] – píšťala ulna [alnə] – lakťová kosť voice [vois] – rod, hlas

29